role of government & comparison of the sizes of public sectors in various countries
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Role of Government & Comparison of the sizes of public sectors in various countries. Presented by Youri, Marshella, Carolyn, Min, Azfar (Group 5). Guidance of Efficiency. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
Role of Government & Comparison of the sizes of public sectors in various countries.
Presented by Youri, Marshella, Carolyn, Min, Azfar (Group 5)
Guidance of Efficiency
“A firm is said to be operating efficiently when it produces a given quantity and quality of goods at the lowest possible cost” (101).
“One person cannot be made better off without harming someone else, then economic efficiency prevails” (101).
Group 5.Carolyn Chan
Information
Market Imperfections—information is not perfect.
Group 5.Carolyn Chan
Information
Imperfect Market:– Market for used cars.
• “Prospective buys cannot distinguish between low-quality cars and high-quality cars. Although a buyer can get some information about a particular car by looking at the car and taking it for a test drive, this information is not sufficient to determine whether the car is a low- or high-quality. In contrast, the seller knows from experience” (Sullivan 317).
Group 5.Carolyn Chan
Price System
When the market price rises, buyers know that the quantity demanded at the prior equilibrium price exceeded the quantity supplied.
Group 5.Carolyn Chan
Externalities
“The cost or benefits of a transaction that are borne by someone not directly involves in the transaction” (103).– Government can use tuition subsidies to
increase the equilibrium number of college degree.
Group 5.Carolyn Chan
Externalities
Group 5.Carolyn Chan
Public Goods
Consumption of the good by one individual does not reduce the amount of the good available for consumption by others.
• Example: all sorts of goods and services, including: streets, highways, education, parks, and public safety, national defense, and space exploration.
• For example, if one individual eats a cake, there is no cake left for anyone else; but breathing air or drinking water from a stream does not significantly reduce the amount of air or water available to others.
Group 5. Marshella
Private Property Right
The limitation of ownership to an individual
Example : when a person buys a house, he/she must pay a certain price to the seller before getting the right to own it. Once the price is paid, the house is that person’s possession and no one else can enter or trespass without permission by the owner.
Free RideThe enjoyment of the benefits of a good by
a producer or consumer without having to pay for the good.
Example: People enjoy the public radio and television stations without having to spend money on them. They get free rides from people who donate money to them.
Group 5. Marshella
Defined as a persistent market situation where there is only one provider of a product or service.
It happens because : - lack of economic competition for the good or service.- lack of viable substitute goods.
Example: Microsoft has achieved market dominance because Microsoft’s plan to charge subscription fees for access and use. Microsoft sees itself as a Global- Software Utility Company in the future.
Group 5. Marshella
Monopoly
Business CycleThe periodic but irregularup-and-down movements ineconomic activity, measuredby fluctuations in real GDPand other microeconomicsvariables.A business cycle is identified as a
sequence of six phases :
• Contraction• Trough • Expansion • Peak• Recession• Depression or slump
Group 5. Marshella
The Public Choice Theory of Government
Rent seeking : occurs when an individual, organization, or firm seeks to make money by manipulating the economic environment rather than by making a profit through trade and production of wealth.
Such as by : Gaining control of land and other pre-existing natural resources or by imposing burdensome regulations or other government decisions that may affect consumers or businesses.
Group 5. Marshella
Public Choice Theory
How individual decision- making results in policy that conflicts with the overall desires of the general public.
For instance: Many special interest and pork barrel projects are not the desire of the overall democracy. However, it makes sense for politicians to support these projects because it will benefit them psychologically as they feel more powerful and important. It also can benefit them financially as it may open the door to future wealth as lobbyist ( after they retire ).
Group 5. Marshella
Microeconomic Policy1. Provide the public goods that society requires
Government provides public goods avoid the free-rider
problem that would occur if private firms provided the goods
2. Internalizing the externality
A wide range of government policies have been proposed to
deal with externalities -regulation -taxes and subsidies -market-based regulation
3. Promoting CompetitionGovernment regulates industries where free market competition may not
exist and policies other industries to promote competition.Ex) Justice Department , Federal Trade Commission Group 5. Yuri
Macroeconomic Policy
1.Monetary Policy Monetary policy is policy directed toward control of money
and credit. Major player is the Federal Reserve
The Federal Reserve controls the three tools of monetary policy-
open market operations, the discount rate, and reserve requirements
Two basic goals: to promote "maximum" sustainable output and employment and to promote "stable" prices
Group 5. Yuri
2. Fiscal policy
Policy directed toward government spending and taxation. Fiscal policy is determined by laws that are passed by Congress and
signed by the president. Government has the responsibility of minimizing the damage from
business cycles.
Inflation is too strong
government can use fiscal policy increase taxes
decrease in government spending increase taxes
decrease the money in circulation Group 5. Yuri
Budget surplus
When government spending is less than revenue
Budget deficit
When government spending is greater than revenue
Current situation U,S . Budget deficit 2007 is
$400 billion
20073. Government Spending
Group 5. Yuri
Market Centrally Planned
Types of economy
United
States
Japan
Germany United Kingdom
Sweden
Cuba
25
50
75
100
Canada
Go
vern
men
t ex
pen
dit
ure
s as
P
erce
nt
of
tota
l o
utp
ut
North Korea
Vietnam
Group 5. Azfar
Centrally planned economy
• An economic system where government has control over the goods and services produced and the control of prices that they are sold to the citizens.
• Ex) Cuba, North Korea
Group 5. Azfar
Market economy
When the government plays a small role in control of goods and services plus the control of the economy
• Ex) United States, Canada
Group 5. Azfar