Role of Dietary Role of Dietary Methionine in Poultry Methionine in Poultry

ProductionProduction

Summarized & Presented BySummarized & Presented By

Ahmed M. Al-Zahrani – PhD studentAhmed M. Al-Zahrani – PhD student

Animal Science DepartmentAnimal Science DepartmentAdvance Poultry NutritionAdvance Poultry NutritionAdvisor prof. Tariq ShafeyAdvisor prof. Tariq Shafey

ContentsContentsIntroductionSource of MethionineComparative Bioeffcacy of DLM

and LMA Absorption and Transportation Interrelationship between

Methionine and Other Nutrients◦Dietary Cyst(e)ine and Sulfur◦Methyl Donors◦Protein Level in the Diet

ContentsContentsMethionine and Heat Stress.Effect of Methionine on the

Immune SystemMethionine Requirement

◦Broiler Chickens◦Laying Hens

Conclusions

IntroductionIntroduction

This presentationThis presentation

Effects of supplementation

Effects of DLM and LMA sources.

ImportanceImportance of Methionine: of Methionine:

EAS for protein synthesis.methyl donor group.precursor in metabolic pathways.Involved in polyamine synthesis.As a sulfur donor.Enhance production. First limiting amino acidReduce cost.

Balance of EAA help to:Enhances growth. Maximizes edible meat yield.Reduces carcass fat.Balance animal’s nutrient

intake.

↑ Methionine:◦Impair body weight gain. ◦0.5% ↑ not harmful to broiler chicks fed

corn-soybean meal diets.

DeficiencyDeficiency has a significant negative impact has a significant negative impact

Growth.Metabolic disorder.Disease.

Why more methionine supp. required?

Because: ◦The need for plant protein source▲ instead

of animal protein. ◦Using byproducts of seed oil ▲

Used in two forms:◦DLM.◦HMTBA Hydroxy Methyle Thio Butanic Acid.

Source of MethionineSource of Methionine

Synthesis Methionine produced from propylene (a petroleum derivative).

DLM & LMA is known as:DL-Methionine (DLM: powder form).DL-2-hydroxy-4-[methyl] butanoic

acid: LMA: liquid 88% & powder 84%

HMTBA DLM

88% DL-HMTBA, 12% water (Liquid )

84 % DL-HMBTA 16 % Calcium Soult (powder)

99% DL-methionine

Organic acid& amino acid

precursor

Amino-acid precursor

Absorbed by diffusion along entire GIT

Absorbed by carrier in small intestine

L-isomer convertedin the peroxisomes

L-isomerdirectly active

D-isomer convertedin the mitochondria

D-isomer convertedin the peroxisomes

Comparative Comparative Bioeffcacy Bioeffcacy

of DLM and LMAof DLM and LMA  

Bioavailability of LMA compared with DLM in 65-90%.

Bioavailability difference of DLM & LMA remain unclear.

Biological efficiencies of LMA were 81 and 79% of the values for DLM, on an equimolar basis, for weight gain and feed conversion ratio, respectively.

LMA is an acceptable source of methionine (88% bioefficacy) for broiler chicks.

Regression analysis revealed that:

◦LMA as efficacious as pure DLM on an as-fed basis, was:

◦meanwhile LMA as efficacious as DLM on a weight-for- weight was:

68% (weight gain)

67% (feed conversion)

62% (carcass yield)

64% (breast meat yield)

72% (weight gain)

51% (feed conversion),

48% (carcass yield)

60% (breast yield)

The effects of dietary treatments on growth performance

of male broiler chickens from 0-6 weeks of age

Basal diet

DLMRelative bioefficacy of LMA to DLM

76% 80% 84% 88%

Initial weight (g) 38.6 38.6 38.6 38.6 38.6 38.6

Final weight (g) 2.376a 2.725b 2.721b 2.789b 2.735b 2.804b

Weight gain (g) 2.338a 2.687b 2.682b 2.751b 2.697b 2.765b

Feed intake (g/day)

4.030a 4.277b 4.268b 4.491b 4.319b 4.498b

Feed conversion ratio

1.72a 1.59b 1.59b 1.63b 1.60b 1.63b

Mortality (%) 0.00 0.00 1.33 0.67 1.33 3.33

Uniformity (%) 88.08 90.44ab 90.19ab 92.31b 90.65b 91.61b

comparing the gain-response curve to dietary levels of LMA and DLM:◦Both have different dose-response forms.

◦LMA outperforms DLM at commercial levels, whereas DLM outperforms LMA at deficient levels.

Absorption and Absorption and TransportationTransportation

  

Absorption Transportation

Absorption and transportation of methionine are complicated processes.

Absorption

Absorbe through the small intestine.

The absorption of dipolar amino acids such as L-methionine by the small intestine (brush- border membrane vesicles) in chicken is mediated by multiple pathways.

Absorption

Methionine uptake capacity in both the duodenum and jejunum:• ↑ between hatching and 7d.• remained constant between 7 and 14d.

• so they assume that from 7d feed intake may be the major factor controlling nutrient uptake in chicks.

Absorption

↑ Methionine → ↓ uptake of methionine and other nutrients.

L-lysine uptake is strongly inhibited by ↑ methionine.

↑ SAA affects organic bone matrix metabolism.

Absorption

L-methionine absorption may be accomplished by both:• concentration• and energy- dependent processes.

while the absorption of LMA is concentration-dependent.

The small intestine has similar capacities to absorb LMA and L- methionine.

Transport Transport What & How?

The cell membrane consists of 2 layers of protein molecules enclosing a middle layer of lipid (fat) molecules.

Many tiny openings or pores.

The cell membrane is famous for its selective permeability.

The processes to pass cell membrane: (Diffusion, active transport & ingestion)

Transportation

L-methionine is transported by a single Na+ -dependent mechanism.

↑ methionine down regulates specific transport mechanisms of the small intestine involved in the apical L-methionine transport.

By focusing on differences between methionine sources, different multiple transport systems appear to be involved in transporting both DLM and LMA.

Interrelationship between Interrelationship between Methionine and Other NutrientsMethionine and Other Nutrients

Dietary Cyst(e)ine andSulfur Dietary Cyst(e)ine andSulfur Methyl DonorsMethyl Donors

Protein Level in the DietProtein Level in the Diet

Dietary Cyst(e)ine and SulfurDietary Cyst(e)ine and Sulfur

Methionine have many interrelationships with other nutrients.

WHY?because many metabolic pathways and other nutrients (cystine, choline, betain, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, and folate) involve methionine.

The molar efficacies of methionine, 1/2 cystine and cysteine were the same.

Poultry require meth. & cysteine for protein synthesis.

Methyl Donors

Methionine, betaine and choline are methyl donors that play important roles in methylation reactions.

Eeffect of methionine is unique and other methyl donors could not substitute for methionine.

Protein Level in the Diet

Level of methionine depend on the protein concentration.

TSAA level depends on the dietary protein level. It does not change with age when it is expressed in terms of dietary protein.

Broiler chick’s requirement for TSAA increased with increasing dietary protein concentrations.

The amino acid requirements tended to ↓ as protein content ↑.

In laying hens when the ratio of protein: methionine was kept constant:-◦Methionine sup. to (18% CP) ↓ egg

production.◦Methionine sup. To (14 and 16% CP) ↑

production.

↑ cysteine content by ↑ dietary protein → ↓ methionine requirement.

Methionine Methionine and Heat Stressand Heat Stress

↑ temp. → ↓ feed intake to maintain homeothermy.

Imbalance amino acid or methionine deficiency → ↑ heat production when temp. is ↑.

Raising broiler at ↑ temp. requires higher TSAA.

Dietary protein produces a ↑ heat increment. So we need to replace it with essential amino acids during ↑ temp.

↓ limiting amino acid or protein content in the diet negatively affects production performance.

Arg: Lys, methionine source and duration of exposure to heat stress affected protein utilization in hyperthermic birds.

Methionine to a low-protein diet → ↓ mortality of hens under heat stress.

Item

Control(16% CP)

0.38% Met

Low-CP diet (14% CP)

0.44% Met

0.38% Met

0.30% Met

0.26% Met

Feed intake (g/day) 98.14a 99.98a 99.73a 98.21a 87.85b

Protein intake (g/day) 15.70a 14.00b 13.96b 13.75b 12.30c

Met intake (mg/day) 372.94b 439.93a 378.96b 294.64c 228.40d

Egg production (%) 75.60a 74.76a 72.51b 69.16b 65.24c

Egg weight (g) 54.92a 54.82a 55.22a 54.43a 50.80b

Egg mass (g/hen/day) 42.05a 40.98b 40.41b 37.64c 33.34d

FCR (g feed /g egg) 2.33c 2.43b 2.47b 2.60a 2.63a

Mortality (%) 8.22b 5.87c 5.89c 6.07b 11.75a

Effects of additional methionine in low-protein diet on production performance of laying hens from 24 to 44 weeks of age under heat stress (35°C)

Net absorption during heat of LMA was significantly ↓ than DLM (broiler chicks 21 to 42 days of age).

At ↑ temp. (35°C):◦ length and weight of the small intestine ↓.◦ Absorption rate of both methionine sources ↑

compared to that under thermoneutral conditions (22°C). They also suggested a higher absorption velocity for DLM than that for LMA.

Uptake & utilization in heat-stressed birds into

intestinal epithelial cells were : ↓ for DLM but not for LMA.

Effect of MethionineEffect of Methionine on the Immune on the Immune

SystemSystem

High methionine supplementation promotes good health for poultry.

For example:improved leukocyte migration inhibition, cellular immune response and humoral immune response.

↑ blood serum total protein, albumin, globulin and antibody response to Newcastle disease virus.

Methionine overcome growth depression.

TSAA supp. of diets containing aflatoxin improved performance in chickens. 

↑ (DLM and LMA) → ↓ intestinal populations of Clostridium perfringens in broiler chickens. and may ↓ the risk of necrotic enteritis.

The toxicity of LMA was low relative to DLM.

Methionine RequirementMethionine RequirementBroiler ChickensBroiler Chickens

Laying HensLaying Hens

Broiler ChickensBroiler Chickens

Feed consumption is mainly controlled by dietary energy.

Level and balance of (EAA) significantly affected feed intake, consequent weight gain and carcass composition.

Broiler chicks react to amino acid deficiencies within a short period (hours) by adjusting feed intake.

TSAA requirement ↑ than methionine:for

maximum feed utilization and breast meat yield than

for obtaining maximum weight gain.

based on the feed conv. ratio in broilers :◦ 0.95% TSAA most profitable if grown to 1.7

kg.◦ 0.85% TSAA most profitable if grown to 2.2

kg.

Genetic diversity influences the methionine utilization.

Different strains require different amounts of methionine.

↑ Methionine →:◦ ↑ breast meat.◦↓ abdominal fat pad.

due to a good balance of AA

Broiler nutrition recommendations according to the nutrition Broiler nutrition recommendations according to the nutrition guideline of strainsguideline of strains

Strain Stage

Nutritional recommendation (%)

Relative to lysine

TSAA MethionineTSAA Meth.

Totel Digest Totel Digest

Ross 308

Starter 1.07 0.94 0.51 0.47 74 38

Grower 0.95 0.84 0.45 0.42 76 38

Finisher 0.60 0.76 0.41 0.38 78 39

Cobb

Starte 0.98 0.86 0.56 0.50 74 38

Growe 0.96 0.84 0.53 0.48 75 40

Finisher1 0.88 0.77 0.48 0.43 78 41

Finisher2 0.80 0.7 0.44 0.40 78 41

ArborAcres

Starter 0.97 0.86 0.53 0.46 71 39

Growe 0.85 0.75 0.46 0.41 72 39

Finisher1 0.78 0.69 0.42 0.37 73 39

Finisher2 0.77 0.68 0.42 0.37 76 41

NRC (1994)

Starter 0.90 - 0.50 - 82 46

Growe 0.72 - 0.38 - 72 38

Finisher 0.60 - 0.32 - 71 38

Laying HensLaying Hens

Methionine expressed as mg/day.

NRC (1994) reported :

Above 413 mg/day → :◦↑ Albumen total solids and protein.

At 507 and 556 mg/day → :◦↑ yolk protein compared to 413

Strain Meth (mg) TSAA (mg)

White-egg hens

300 580

brown egg type

330 645

Investigators found the following:

White-egg laying hens require ↓ TSAA than brown-egg laying hens.

Commercial laying hens require ↑ TSAA than the NRC (1994) recommendation.

Hen Requiremen

t

Meth (mg/d)

TSAA (mg/d)

424 - 440 740 - 811

The requirement for maximum egg production is ↓ than for maximum feed utilization.

And the requirement for egg quality is ↑ than for egg production and feed utilization.

Methionine intake should be ↑ than 420 mg/day to maximize the quantity and quality of egg production.

ConclusionsConclusions

Methionine is important for poultry production.

Level should carefully considered.Requirement to support immune system

is high because it is needed for protein synthesis & to produce some antioxidants.

Absorption and utilization of DLM and LMA under heat stress is unclear (complicated.)

In normal situations, LMA can be used as a source of methionine.