Rocks and soil

Universe

Galaxy

Explosion

The big bangThe big bang theoryScientist believe The universe existence was extremely hot, tiny white spot with enormous mass 14 billion years agoExplosion occursUniverse expandedCooled downAtoms were the first element formed hydrogen & helium

Atoms + gravity forms huge gas cloudsAtoms become more closer forming huge spheres of hot gasTemperature & pressure increasedNuclear fussion takes placeHydrogen helium Large amount of energy is releasedStars formation

Stars swell up and form a red giant starThen, release gas and dust as a nebula around itShrink to form a white dwarf star

Very large stars do not release gas/dustThey explodeForm a supernovaLarger elements formed

The formation of the solar system

4.6 billion years agoSun and solar system formed from a huge cloud of gas and dustExploding star made the clouds to rotate Form a discHydrogen and helium collected in the centre and formed star

The structure of the Earth

Three main regions The coreThe crustThe mantleMajor parts of the Earths structure

Core Divided into inner core and outer coreInner core:Iron + nickel (2740 km diameter)Radioactive substances (uranium)5000CMetals remains solid although high temperature because of high pressure of other materials pushing and preventing the solids from melting

Core Outer core:2000 km thickComposed of >>> iron + nickelMetals are in liquid form

Magnetic field between inner and outer coreas both cores travels in different speed

Mantle

Made of rocky material2900 km thickComposed of iron, silicon, oxygen, magnesiumMain compound silicates (silicon + oxygen)1500C2000km below earth surfaceRocks remain solids due to the high pressureUpper mantle near the crust is cooler and under less pressureCrust

Made from much cooler rocks than mantleRocks on surface is much cooler Temperature increase as you go down the crust Mining processRocks24

RocksDefinition: More than one kind of mineral stuck together

25Types of RocksSedimentary Rocks

Metamorphic Rocks

Igneous Rocks

26What are the 3 types of Rocks?Igneous rock is formed from molten rock that has cooled and hardened.

Sedimentary rock is formed from material that has settled into layers and hardened.

Metamorphic rock is a rock that has changed by heat and pressure.3 types of RocksExamplesIgneousMetamorphicSedimentaryGraniteSlateSandstoneObsidianMarbleLimestonePumiceGneissShaleDeep inside the Earth, rocks and minerals melt under tremendous heat. This forms magma.When the magma cools back down, it hardens and forms new rocks. These rocks are called IGNEOUS rocks.

IGNEOUS ROCKSHow are they made?30IGNEOUS ROCKSSamples of Igneous RocksBasalt, granite, obsidian, pumice

http://www.fi.edu/fellows/fellow1/oct98/create/igneous.htm31METAMORPHIC ROCKSSamples of Metamorphic Rocks

http://www.fi.edu/fellows/fellow1/oct98/create/metamorph.htm32

The forces of wind, water, and gravity break rocks down into little pieces. This is called weathering.

Big rocksSmaller rocksSand

SEDIMENTARY ROCKSHow are they made?33After a long time, these little pieces of rocks get stuck back together and form new rocks.

Time + PressureSEDIMENTARY ROCKSHow are they formed?34

SEDIMENTARY ROCKSSamples of Sedimentary RocksSandstone, limestone, shale, conglomerate

http://www.fi.edu/fellows/fellow1/oct98/create/sediment.htm35The Rock CycleFormation of rocksForms of rocksThe Rock CycleIgneousSedimentaryMetamorphicAnother Rock Cycle

http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/investigations/es0602/es0602page02.cfm

How do Rocks form?

How much time does it take to form a rock? If you squeeze and heat a rock for a few million years, it can turn into a new kind of rock.

ContinuedWhere does the heat come from?When rocks are close enough to the magma to be heated but not close enough to be melted, the rocks can be changed.

ContinuedWhere does the pressure come from? Rocks below the surface are squeezed by the layers of rock above them. The thicker the layers, the more pressure there is.

MineralsDefinition: A mineral is an inorganic, homogeneous solidInorganic means never been aliveHomogeneous means made of only one thing

44MineralsExamples: Gold, iron, copper, salt, diamonds, coal, feldspar, calcium, phosphorus

IronFeldsparGold

45What is the difference between rocks and minerals?A mineral is a nonliving solid found in nature.But, arent rocks nonliving and found in nature too??Then what is the difference between a rock and a mineral?

Rocks and MineralsRocks are made up of one or more minerals!!!The reason why some rocks have more than one color, is because they contain more than one mineral.Also, some rocks are made of other things, such as sand and pebbles, in addition to minerals.In ConclusionRocks and Minerals are found everywhere on earth.Rocks are made from minerals and can contain several different kinds.Rocks can be divided into 3 different groups based on their properties.People use rocks in many different ways!SoilExplain how rocks are broken down, how soil is formed, and how surface features change. WeatheringBreak the rocks into smaller fragments. There are two types of weathering1. physical and 2. chemical. Physical Weathering Changes in TEMPERATUREExample: Rocks in desert(day too hot, night too cold)Rocks heat upMinerals in rocks expands by different amountPressure increase push one anotherWhen rocks cooled down, minerals contract and develop space in between

The effect of ICEWhen it rains on porous rocks (sandstones), water stays in the rockWhen weather becomes cooler, the water freezes (forms ice)Rock crumble (hancur)

ABRASION Pieces of rock rub together (example: in fast flowing river)Glacier slowing moving down mountains

The effect of PLANTSPlant roots grow in soilHave strong and woody rootsGrows larger and larger every yearCrack the soil and breaks the rock

Chemical Weatheringrocks above groundRainwaterAcidic breaks up rocks into smaller piecesHot and wet weather conditionSpeed up chemicals that breaks down rocksHot, wet places (rainforest), rock break down faster than cold, dry places (antartic)Chemical Weatheringrocks below ground

3 Layers of SoilTopsoil (The layer on TOP)Subsoil (The prefix SUB means under)Bedrock (Its hard as rock down there!)

Properties of soilDifferent soil types develop in different climates.

Forest soils have a light gray upper horizon, a horizon rich in aluminum and/or iron, and form in warm to cool humid regions where coniferous forests grow.

Tropical soils are reddish and iron-oxide rich, depleted in nutrients, and form in humid and warm regions.

Organic soils are dark colored, rich in decomposed organic matter, and form in poorly drained lowlands such as swamps and wetlands.

Desert soils form in arid settings and are commonly rich in calcium carbonate.

Tundra soils form in Arctic environments, have a dark organic-rich upper layer, and a mineral rich layer over frozen ground.

If all five factors are the same in two geographic regions, the soil will be the same in both. Some basic examples of different soil types include:

Temperate deciduous soilConiferous forest soilGrassland soilConiferous forest soilTropical rain forest soilDesert soilLoam

40% sand40% silt20% clay+humussilt

clay