rocks. a rock is a hard material made of one or more minerals or anything that when you pick it up...
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RockRockss
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A rock is a hard material made of one or more minerals
Or anything that when you pick it up and throw it at someone it produces the reaction: "Owww! Why did you hit me in the head with a rock?"
The dictionary is no use here: Rock n: a large mass of stone; a concreted mass of
stony material; consolidated mineral matter I love this one: something like a rock in firmness
By the way, a stone is " a piece of rock"! A rock can be made of only one mineral entirely (monomineralic) or a mixture of many minerals (polymineralic)
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3 groups of rocks3 groups of rocks
• A rock is a group of minerals joined together in some way– IgneousIgneous – formed by the cooling &
solidification of molten rock (magma)– SedimentarySedimentary – formed by the compaction
& cementation of layers of sediment (rock fragments, organic remains, chemical deposits)
– MetamorphicMetamorphic – formed when existing rocks are CHANGED by intense heat & pressure
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Igneous Igneous Rocks Rocks
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Igneous rocks form from Igneous rocks form from the cooling or the cooling or SOLIDIFICATIONSOLIDIFICATION of magma (melted rock) of magma (melted rock)
The The RECRYSTALLIZATIONRECRYSTALLIZATION of minerals is of minerals is evident in Igneous Rocksevident in Igneous Rocks
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• Magma is a mixture of liquid rock, crystals, and gas
• It is characterized by a wide range of chemical compositions, with high temperature, and properties of a liquid
• Magmas are less dense than surrounding rocks, and will therefore move upward
LIQUID HOT MAGMALIQUID HOT MAGMA
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• If magma makes it to the surface it will erupt and later crystallize to form an extrusive or volcanic rock
• If it crystallizes before it reaches the surface it will form an igneous rock at depth called a plutonic or intrusive igneous rock
• Because cooling of the magma takes place at a different rate, the crystals that form and their texture exhibit different properties
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intrusive igneous rocksintrusive igneous rocks• Form by the
cooling of magma UNDERGROUNDUNDERGROUND– “IN” –trusive
Also known as PLUTONIC
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• Underground cooling is SLOWERSLOWER– Rock crystals are crystals are
LARGELARGE & have a coarse texture
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gabbrogabbro
granitegranite
pegmatitepegmatite
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Granite Mineral CompositionGranite Mineral Composition
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extrusive igneous extrusive igneous rocksrocks
• Forms from the cooling of LAVALAVA (magma that has reached earth’s surface)
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Lava flows forming Lava flows forming extrusive igneous rocks extrusive igneous rocks
(obsidian)(obsidian)
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• Cools QUICKLYQUICKLY (exposed to colder air)– Rock crystals are
SMALLSMALL and rocks have a fine/glassy texture
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Shiprock, NMShiprock, NM
An intrusive igneous rock formation called a An intrusive igneous rock formation called a “volcanic neck”“volcanic neck”
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Pumice is an Extrusive Igneous Rock that is Pumice is an Extrusive Igneous Rock that is VESICULAR (has gas pockets).VESICULAR (has gas pockets). Because Because
pumice formed so quickly, the rock formed pumice formed so quickly, the rock formed around the pockets of gas, creating “holes” in around the pockets of gas, creating “holes” in the rock. This allows the rock to float in water the rock. This allows the rock to float in water
because of its lower density!because of its lower density!
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Key idea:Key idea:
The The texturetexture of the of the igneous rock is igneous rock is
determined by the size, determined by the size, shape, and shape, and
arrangement of the arrangement of the mineral crystalsmineral crystals!!
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types of magmatypes of magma• FELSIC MAGMAFELSIC MAGMA
– Light colored– Thick (high
viscosity)– Contains high
amounts of silica•Granite
• MAFIC MAGMAMAFIC MAGMA– Dark colored– Thin (low
viscosity)– Contains high
amount of magnesium & iron•Basalt
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the “bells & whistles” for the “bells & whistles” for identifying an IGNEOUS identifying an IGNEOUS
rockrockIgneous rocks have obvious CRYSTALSRYSTALS!!!
So if you see minerals, it’s probably igneous!
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sedimentarsedimentary rocksy rocks
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Formation:Formation:
• Sedimentary rocks form from the COMPACTION & CEMENTATIONCOMPACTION & CEMENTATION of rock fragments
• Rock fragments are “glued” together by a matrix of calcite, silica, or iron oxide
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3 types of sedimentary 3 types of sedimentary rocksrocks
• CLASTICCLASTIC – formed from fragments of other rocks– Sandstone, Conglomerate
• CHEMICALCHEMICAL – formed from the mineral precipitates of evaporated seawater– Rock Salt
• ORGANICORGANIC – formed from the remains of plants & animals with rock fragments– Coal, Fossil Limestone
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CLASTICCLASTIC
• Formed when rock fragments & sediment are carried & deposited by WIND, GLACIERS, & RUNNING WATERRUNNING WATER
• Sediments are DEPOSITEDDEPOSITED, then COMPACTEDCOMPACTED & finally CEMENTEDCEMENTED together
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• Fragments that make up these rocks come in many shapes & sizes
• They are formed from PRE-EXISTING rock that has been eroded!!!
• Can be igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic fragments
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Most sediment is carried byMost sediment is carried byRunning Water!Running Water!
• The further water carries the sediment, the more ROUND & ROUND & SMOOTHSMOOTH the particle becomes
• When a stream slows down, it drops the LARGESTLARGEST particles first, & the SMALLESTSMALLEST last (HORIZONTAL SORTING)(HORIZONTAL SORTING)
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BrecciaBreccia – very large sediments that are angular
(note hammer for size reference)
ConglomerateConglomerate – large
sediments that are rounded (have been
transported by a stream!)
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STRATIFICATIONSTRATIFICATION
• Sandstones & Siltstones form from smaller sediments that tend to create “layers” of sediments in rocks
• This is known as STRATIFICATIONSTRATIFICATION (layering)
• There will be layers of SIMILARSIMILAR colored minerals
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Angel’s Landing, Zion Angel’s Landing, Zion Nat’l Park, UtahNat’l Park, Utah – note
rock layers (extra note – this is where my husband proposed to me – at the
very top!)
Mrs. Blanarovich
getting proposed
to!
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Red Sandstone, UtahRed Sandstone, Utah – note distinct LAYERING of sediments (sand)
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Horseshoe Bend, Utah
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Grand Canyon Nat’l Park, ArizonaGrand Canyon Nat’l Park, Arizona – sedimentary rock formation at its best! The canyons were formed by the Colorado River
cutting into the rock layers over time!
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CHEMICALCHEMICAL
• Formed when dissolved minerals in seawater are deposited (seawater seawater evaporates,evaporates, leaving the minerals behind)
• Usually old swamps, seas, or lakes evaporate
• Also known as CRYSTALLINECRYSTALLINE because of the fine crystals – Limestone, Rock Salt, Rock Gypsum (sheetrock)
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Salt “Mines”Salt “Mines” - Rock Salt is being formed as the salt water evaporates
from the sea.
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““Devil’s Golf Devil’s Golf Course”Course” – millions of years ago this was a sea of salt water. It has been
evaporating over time…
…and has formed
“pockets” of chemical
limestone, rock salt, and rock gypsum!
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ORGANICORGANIC
• Formed from the remains of plants & animals that are compacted– Fossil LimestoneFossil Limestone – formed when
shell remains of marine organisms are cemented in fragments•Shells are made of CALCITE which reacts
with acid and is a natural “cement”
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Brachiopod fossils in limestone Imprint
of a leaf
Trilobite fossils – over 250 MILLION years old!!!
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If peat at the bottom of a If peat at the bottom of a swamp is buried & swamp is buried &
compressed, coal may compressed, coal may formform Coal – Coal –
note note distinct distinct layering layering of peatof peat
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bells & whistles for bells & whistles for sedimentary rock sedimentary rock
identification!identification!• StratificationStratification –
“layering” of sediments
• FossilsFossils – actual remains or imprints
• Ripple marks, mud cracks, etc…
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Ripple Marks in the Shale from
running water as the
rock was forming!
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ESRT page 7ESRT page 7
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metamorphic metamorphic rocksrocks
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Key Key ideasideas
• Formed when existing rocks are changed by HEAT & PRESSUREHEAT & PRESSURE
• The new rocks resemble the “parent” rock
• IMPORTANT- THE ORIGINAL ROCK CANNOT MELTCANNOT MELT WHEN IT BECOMES METAMORPHIC! (If it melts, it’s igneous!)
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Types of Types of metamorphismmetamorphism
• REGIONALREGIONAL• Large areas of
rock are changed by HEAT & PRESSURE
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• CONTACTCONTACT• Magma touches
layers of rock and the HEAT causes the rock layers to change
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Identifying Identifying characteristicscharacteristics
• FOLIATIONFOLIATION – mineral alignmentmineral alignment – the minerals in the rock are layered, which facilitates breakage along flat planes
• BANDINGBANDING – alternating layers of different colored mineralsdifferent colored minerals– These bands are usually distorted from
the heat & pressure
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Foliation – note the Foliation – note the “scratches” in the “scratches” in the
rock – this is mineral rock – this is mineral alignment!alignment!
More More foliatiofoliatio
n – n – slate & slate & phyllitephyllite
Banding – mica Banding – mica schistschist
ExcellenExcellent t
example example of of
banding banding & &
distortiodistortion – this n – this
is is GNEISS GNEISS
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Metamorphic mountains Metamorphic mountains formed from regional formed from regional
metamorphismmetamorphism
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Alaska’s Copper Mountain – contact Alaska’s Copper Mountain – contact metamorphismmetamorphism
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the bells & whistles for the bells & whistles for metamorphic rock metamorphic rock
identificationidentification• FOLIATIONFOLIATION – mineral alignment –
look for “scratches” in the rocks
• BANDINGBANDING – layers of DIFFERENT DIFFERENT COLORSCOLORS – not to be confused with sedimentary layers!!!!!! (these will be obviously different parent rock layers)
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When I was young, liquid granite I was diagnosed schizophrenic Neither feldspar, nor mica, nor quartz But the sum of the three Bonded igneously That means melted together for life
Well, I was hot and dejected Oh, I was injected Under layers and layers of dirt But, it was there that I changed All my crystals rearranged Into G-N-E-I-S-S, gneiss
So, take a look, and you'll see That I'm not what I used to be I've been touched metamorphically All the heat and the pressure Have changed me forever So don't take me for granite, I'm gneiss
Well, I wasn't to been seen Until time changed the scene Exposing my face to the sun But, now its here that I sit Being worn down bit by bit Oh, erosion is wearing me down
Refrain
So, be aware, have a look Underground or underfoot For that beautiful pinky-gray face The Canadian shield Holds a magnamous yield Of the rock that was changed into gneiss
Refrain
The GNEISS The GNEISS SONGSONG
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OkayOkay……
Let’s sum Let’s sum up!up!
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There are 3 classifications of There are 3 classifications of ROCKSROCKS
• IgneousIgneous – formed by the cooling of magma (melted rock)
• SedimentarySedimentary – formed by compaction & cementation of rock fragments
• MetamorphicMetamorphic – formed by heat & pressure changing existing rocks
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• The ROCK CYCLE shows how each The ROCK CYCLE shows how each type of rock forms & how each rock type of rock forms & how each rock can change into a different type of can change into a different type of
rock!rock!
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The ROCK CYCLE is also The ROCK CYCLE is also found in your ESRT found in your ESRT
page 6!page 6!
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Remember the “bells & Remember the “bells & whistles” when identifying whistles” when identifying
rocks!rocks!
• IgneousIgneous – obvious crystals of – obvious crystals of different mineralsdifferent minerals
• SedimentarySedimentary – stratification, – stratification, fragments, fossilsfragments, fossils
• MetamorphicMetamorphic – foliation, – foliation, bandingbanding