rockets module 41 rockets and the conquest of space
TRANSCRIPT
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Rockets and the
Conquest of Space
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Objective
• To understand more about the conquest of space… the final frontier– Discoveries and inventions– Pioneers, engineers, and astronauts
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Early Discoveries
• Greek named Hero demonstrated rocket engine principle of “Action/Reaction”
• 1st Century AD steam reaction motor
• Generates ‘thrust’ – the force that moves the rocket
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Newton’s Three Laws of MotionSir Isaac Newton 1642-1727
• First Law - A body at rest tends to stay at rest; a body in motion tends to stay in motion
• Second Law – Force equals mass times acceleration
• Third Law - For every action there is an equal and opposite reaction
Reaction
Action
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Chinese Invent Gunpowder First ‘solid fuel’ 1200 AD
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Gun Powder
Granular mixture of:• 15% charcoal, fuel to burn—carbon (C) • 75% saltpeter (KNO3 potassium nitrate) oxygen • 10% Sulfur (S), also a fuel
– lowers ignition temperature to – increase speed of combustion (burning)
• Roger Bacon (England) improved formula
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Advances In Solid Fuel Rockets• William Congreve improved military use• William Hale devises spin stabilized rockets• Jean Froissart achieves higher accuracy launching
through tubes (bazooka)
Solid fuel stored Combustion
Chamber
Exhaust nozzle
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Father of Modern Astronautics
• Konstantin Tsiolkovsky Russian (1857-1935)
• Scientific study of space exploration
• Recognized liquid fuel has more energy
• Deaf at age 13—Self taught
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Popularizing Space Travel• Herman Oberth (1923) German
– Wrote about space travel– Helped create first realistic science fiction movie
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Father of Modern Rocketry
Robert Goddard• Launched first
successful liquid fuel rocket
• March 16, 1926
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Basic Liquid Fuel Rocket Engine
From Propellant Tanks
OxygenFuel
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V-2 – First Large Liquid Fuel Rocket
• Developed by Wernher von Braun in Germany during WWII.
• Surface to surface missile
• Send 2000 pound warhead (payload) 200 miles
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Major Systems of a Rocket
46
Payload
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Intercontinental Ballistic Missile
• 1960 ICBM able to fly anywhere in the world in 30 minutes
• Carry 3,000 lb. five megaton hydrogen bomb warhead 8,000 miles
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First Artificial Earth Satellite
• Sputnik -Launched by the Soviet Union in 1957 (Russia)
• Sergei Korolev• Began the
Space Race
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First Man in Space
• Yuri Gagarin
• Russian (USSR)
• April 12, 1961
• One orbit of the earth
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Alan Shepard
• First American in Space
• Flew in the Mercury Spacecraft
• NOT and orbital flight• 115 Miles up and down• May 1961• Launched by a
Redstone
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First American to Orbit John Glenn - February, 1962
Launched by the Atlas
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Early Manned Spacecraft
Vostok
First man in space Yuri Gagarin 1961
Mercury
First American in Orbit John Glenn 1962
Gemini
First Rendezvous 1965
Apollo
First man to walk the Moon - Neil Armstrong
1969
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First Men on the Moon
• Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin
• July 1969
• Launched by the Saturn V
• Effectively ended the Space Race
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We’ve Been to the Moonand scheduled to return by 2018
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Comparative Sizes
Mercury / Atlas John Glenn
1962
Vostok / R-7 Yuri Gagarin
1961
Saturn V / Apollo Neil Armstrong
1969
Space Shuttle
1981- Present
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Fourth Generation — Reusable
Shuttle
1981-2010
265,000 lbs
Mercury
Gemini
ApolloOrion
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First U.S Space Station -- Skylab
• Launched 1973
• 91 metric tons
• Three crews
• 1973-74
• Re-entered 1979
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International Space Station
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On to Mars – The Phoenix Lander
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Astronaut “Steve the
Cat”
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Exploring SpaceOne Mouse at a Time
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Time Line to SpaceTsiolkovsky
1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Goddard
Oberth
Sputnik
ICBM
Gagarin & Shepard
Von Braun V-2
Glenn
Armstrong
Skylab
Space Shuttle
Challenger Columbia
Space Race
ISS
YWB
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Quiz TimeMatch the Name on the Left with their accomplishment
1. Greek named Hero
2. Chinese
3. Sir Isaac Newton
4. Jean Froissart
5. William Hale
6. Konstantin Tsiolkovsky
7. Herman Oberth (1923)
8. Robert Goddard
A. Invented Gunpowder rocketB. Higher accuracy using tubes
(bazooka)C. Published book on space travel
first science fiction movieD. Demonstrated Reactive forceE. Father of Modern RocketryF. Three laws of motionG. Devises spin stabilized rocketsH. Father of Modern Astronautics
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Quiz TimeMatch the Name on the Left with the accomplishment
1. Wernher von Braun
2. Alan Shepard
3. Neil Armstrong
4. Yuri Gagarin
5. John Glenn
6. Sputnik
A. First man to walk on moon
B. Designed the V-2 and Saturn V
C. First American to OrbitD. First Man to OrbitE. First American in spaceF. First artificial Earth
Satellite
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Is this you in a few years?
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Rockets – The Space Shuttle
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Replacement for Saturn V
• Saturn V sent men to the moon 1968-72
• Launched Skylab Space Station 1973
• 250,000 lbs. To earth orbit
• Shuttle 65,000 pounds to earth orbit
Shuttle 4.4 million lbs. 6 million lbs. thrust
Saturn V 6.0 million lbs. 7.5 million lbs. thrust
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Initial Reusable Design - 1970
• Expected to fly weekly – 52 flights/year
• High Development costs required a more conservative design
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The Compromise• Solid Fuel Boosters• Expendable tank
• Four flight vehicles• No ‘escape system’.
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First Flight - 1981
• Use of Solid Fuel limits safety factor at launch
• Can’t shut down solids once ignited
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Final Costs• Flying only 8 Shuttles
per year• Each flight costs
$500,000,000 (Half a billion dollars)
• High cost caused by few flights divided by extensive maintenance and launch expenses
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Challenger – January 1986
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Critical Flight Profiles - Reentry
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Shuttle Tiles - Side View
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Shuttle Tiles – Bottom View
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AF Photo over ABQ
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The Columbia is Lost Feb 1, 2003
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In Memory of those who have Perished
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Questions Being Raised• High costs
• High risk
• Questionable manned spaceflight program objectives
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Consequences
• Discontinue Shuttle program 2010
• Develop a less costly, safer, re-usable spacecraft
• Crew Excursion Vehicle called Orion
• Rocket ARES 1
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The end...
of the beginning
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Critical Flight Profiles - Launch