rock engineering in ancient india
TRANSCRIPT
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Ancient Myths or
Futuristic ideas for modern inventions ?
Epic Mahabharata contains more than 50 myths turned into realities.
• Television- Sanjay narrates war to Dhrutarashtra
• Tissue Culture /Test tube babies – Birth of 100 Kauravas
• Nuclear Weapons - Bramhastra
• Architectural Illusions - Mayasabha- by Maya
• Hovercraft – Chariot of Yudhistira
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Myths related to Rocks
1. Ahilya turned into rock due to curse of her husband sage Gautam, but centuries after she was transformed into original form, when lord Rama touched the stone slab with his feet
2. In the court of king Akbar, singer Baiju Bawara defeated Tansen by turning a marble piece into liquid with his music
3. Ancient Indian sculptors knew few secret herbal liquids to soften and re-harden rocks for ease of carving.
4. Herbal pigments were used to detect micro-cracks of stone selected for idol making.
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A.S. NeneProfessor of Civil Engineering (Retd)
VNIT Nagpur
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Uses of Stones
Making sculptures
Building blocks for construction.
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Sources of building stones
From hills From underground mines From Riverbanks and forests
Unsuitable stones • obtained from barren land, graveyards, • embedded in ground, • obtained from sites unsuitable for habitation.
Ref. Kashyapashilpa
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Classification of stones
Classification by Color
White
Milk, Jaya flower, Buffalo’s eye, Conch, Moon, Pearl Crystal et
Red
Indragop (insect), Rabbit’s blood or Pomegranate Flower etc.
Yellow Flowers like, Mallika or Korandi
Black
Kajal (eye ointment), Blue lotus, Wasp, Vest part of peacock, black gram etc
Ref. Kashyapashilpa
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Stones of first or third category are unsuitable
Classification by Age
Child Sound produced as un-
burnt bricks, long or flat in
shape as a leaf
Young Long ringing sound like
bell, soft in touch, with
good smell, without pores
Old Non-ringing sound, highly
porous, highly weathered
Ref. Mayamat
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Classification by Gender
Male Big, rounded, stone which
produces sparks when hit with
chisel , Suitable for columns
Female Medium size, soft in touch,
broad at base, Suitable for
beams
Neutral Small, broad at top, not
sounding , Suitable as
aggregatesRef. Vishnudharmottar Purana
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Defects in building stones
Lines • curvilinear (as thread),
• straight (as sun ray)
• parallel (as rains)
Spots size. lemon fruit (25-30 mm),
grape size (5-10 mm),
less than 5 mm.
Ref. Mayamat
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Detection Of Defects In Rocks
Microscopic defects in stones , which
were invisible to eyes, were detected
by applying some herbal paints so that
the defects were clearly visible.
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1.Mix & grind equal parts of Ativish 1
Hirakas 2 and Geru 3 in milk, apply this
paint to stone and allow to dry overnight. Shilparatna Chp. 14
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2. Mix and grind equal parts of Hirakas 1 and
Chor 2 in cow milk and apply this paint to
stone and dry for three days.
Shilparatna Chp. 14
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3. Mix and grind equal parts of Jatamasi1
Kusht2, Gaya3 and Ratree4 in decoction
of Trifala, apply this paint to stone and
allow it to dry for three days.
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4. Mix and grind equal parts of Jatamasi 1,
Rog 2 and Ashwamar 3 in rainwater mixed
with milk.
Shilpadeepak
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Stone softening
The Incas employed certain methods to make
their stones fit perfectly. They knew a plant
whose juices rendered the surface of a block so
soft that the intricate fittings were
accomplished.
Stone with 14 angles
Stone wall at Cuzco (Peru)
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Chanca Piedra – Stone Breaker
Sanskrit name – Bhoomya Amalakee
Latin name - Phyllanthus niruri L.
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Adamantine glues
A bonding agent was very essential for
fixing idols, as a mortar, when cement and
other modern materials were unknown.
Even now, these glues, known as
Astabandha, are prepared in temple
premises for fixing or re-fixing images of
gods.
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Astabandha – Eight ingredients mortar( Kerala formula)
Ingredients Image
1. Highly powdered conch (Shankha
2. Gall nut (haritaki- Hirda)
3. Sealing wax
4. Gooseberry (Amala)
5. Resin of a tree (Pinus damar)
6. Medium & fine gravels (from Kerala river Bharatapuzla-Neela)
8. Cotton fibers
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Preparation of Ashtabandham
It is 41 days process of pounding by
5 persons the ingredients with
wooden hammers (of Tamarind tree)
weighing 10 kg. each.
The mixture is sieved through fine
cloth.
The sieved material is rolled into
balls.
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Breaking of stone blocks Heating: The stone block is heated by making
a pyre of wooden logs of Palash or Tinduk trees.
The heating is continued till the color of wooden
logs becomes bright red or orange. Cooling: The fire is moved to adjacent area of
rock surface. The preheated surface is cooled
down
quickly by pouring certain types of liquids listed
below.•Solution of quick lime in cold water•Solution prepared by mixing buttermilk with
rice paste, ripe berries. •Solution prepared by boiling Neem leaves and
some tree barks.Ref. Brihat Samhita Chp 53
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Tempering or hardening of tools
1. Heating the tool in fire until it becomes red hot. 2. Application of paste of certain materials and /
or dipping the red-hot tool in a specific solution. 3. Sharpening the tools.
The Paste / solution used in step 2 2a-Paste made of • excreta of pigeon and rat, • powder of horns of a buffalo • milk extract of a plant (Mandar)
2b - Solution of buttermilk and ash of banana plant
Ref. Brihat Samhita
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Suranga –A water tunnel
Suranga
Suranga is a tunnel bored horizontally on the slopes of hills to get clean drinking quality water. Found in many districts of Dakshina Kannada-Karnataka and Kasaragod- Kerala. (A Skill developed by Women).‘Quanat’ is a similar structure found in Iran and Iraq.
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Building Stones
The Indus valley civilization shows the use of
• Tertiary limestone,
• Sandstones
• Mesozoic steatite.
Marble cutting achieved a remarkable level of
sophistication, with the intricate undercutting in
the 11th and 12th century temples at Mount
Abu
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ConclusionsDifferent types of stones were used
in different time spans
Selection of the stones was by texture ,strength and absence of micro cracks.
More information on defects of rock was provided in ancient texts.
Ancient knowledge is applicable even in modern times.
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References
1.Vishnu Purana (Vedic Period)
2.Kashyapashilpa (Kashyapa 6th Cent.
BC)
3.Brihat Samhita (Varahmihir -6th
Cent.AD)
4.Mayamat (Mayasura 11th Cent.AD)
5.Shilparatnakar (15th Cent. AD)
6.Shilpratna (Srikumara in 16th century
AD)
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China, Japan and Korea are world leaders in the field of Computers, But children in these countries use ABACUS. In India Vedic Maths is subject of past!
Epilogue
If we are unable to decipher our ancient wisdom,
let us at least preserve and pass it on to the next generation
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