robin rothfeder phd student, university of utah acsp, houston 10/24/2015
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Questions What does it mean to ‘ecologize’ planning theory? How do we do it?TRANSCRIPT
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Ecological,
Planning, Theory
Robin RothfederPhD Student, University of UtahACSP, Houston10/24/2015
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Outline• Questions• Context• Literature gap• Filling the gap• Conclusions
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Questions
What does it mean to ‘ecologize’ planning theory?
How do we do it?
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Seed of an Answer
“The principles of ecological science… are principles of intrinsically radical social import” (Hay, 2002, p. 131)
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ContextHumans are the primary drivers of fundamental changes to Earth processes (IPCC, 2007; Sayre et al., 2013)
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ContextMore than half of the global human population lives in cities (United Nations, 2013)
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ContextThe traditional dichotomy between built environments and natural environments is breaking down• Human well-being• Social justice• Urban form• Economic stability• Natural resource use • Environmental quality • Ecosystem health
(Merchant, 1980; Spirn, 1984; Norgaard, 1994; Van der Ryn and Cowan, 1996; Beatley, 2000; Ewing et al., 2002; Alberti et al., 2003; Pickett et al., 2004, 2013)
A system of interdependent, interconnected challenges and opportunities
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Planning Theory
Ecological Planning
Literature Gap
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Ecological Planning
Literature
Historical threads: • Olmsted (1879), Howard (1898), Geddes
(1915), Jacobs (1961, 2000), Mumford (1968, 1971), McHarg (1969), Glikson (1971), Spirn (1984)
Modern proliferation:• Urbanism (Beatley, 2000; Mostafavi and
Doherty, 2010; Spirn, 2011)• Planning (Ndubisi, 2002; Steiner, 2008)• Design (Van der Ryn and Cowan, 1996,
2006; Steiner et al., 2013)• Landscape Studies (Leitao and Ahern,
2002; von Haaren, 2014)• Urban Ecology (Felson et al., 2013;
Childers et al., 2014)
“yet to develop a strong theoretical basis for addressing matters of power, conflict, contradiction and culture” (Wilkinson, 2011, p. 149)
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Planning Theory
LiteratureElements/tasks of planning theory:
Allmendinger (2002), Friedmann (2008)
The ‘dark side’ of planning/modernity: Yiftachel (1998), Flyvbjerg and Richardson (2002)
Communicative and collaborative rationality: Innes and Booher (2000, 2003, 2010), Healey (1992, 2010, 2012)
Calls for “substantive,” “realist” planning theory: Beauregard (1990), Yiftachel (1999, 2006), Hillier (2005), Rydin (2007), Healey (2012), Wilkinson (2012), Harrison (2014)
“the ecological crisis… is still surprisingly absent in work of planning theorists” (Harrison, 2014, p. 77)
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Planning Theory
Ecological Planning
Literature Gap
“the ecological crisis… is still surprisingly absent in work of planning theorists” (Harrison, 2014, p. 77)
“yet to develop a strong theoretical basis for addressing matters of power, conflict, contradiction and culture” (Wilkinson, 2011, p. 149)
Understanding history, values, culture, and power in the context of linked social-ecological systems
and the global ecological crisis
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Planning Theory
Ecological Planning
“the ecological crisis… is still surprisingly absent in work of planning theorists” (Harrison, 2014, p. 77)
“yet to develop a strong theoretical basis for addressing matters of power, conflict, contradiction and culture” (Wilkinson, 2011, p. 149)
Literature Gap
• Two-directional (intersectional)• Empirically verifiable: subject
matter and leading authors• Interdisciplinary
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Friedmann’s 3 tasks for planning theory (2008)
1)Philosophical Task: Rigorously addressing the values that detract from, or add to, the “continued sustenance and flourishing” of humans and the natural environment
2)Task of Adaptation: Recognizing and responding to “real-world constraints with regard to scale, complexity, and time”
3)Task of Translation: taking ideas and knowledge from outside of planning and making them “accessible and useful for planning and its practices”
Conceptual Framework
EPPT
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Environmental Ethics“Environmental ethics should be a legitimate and necessary component of planning theory…
… virtually all facets of planning, whether economic development, growth management, housing, or transportation, have direct impacts on the natural environment.”
Beatley, 1989
EPPT
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Environmental Humanities
“A set of propositions (assumptions which may be
true, partially true, or entirely false) that we hold
(consciously or unconsciously, consistently or inconsistently) about the basic constitution of reality, and that provides the foundation on which we live and move and have our
being (Sire, 2009, p. 20).
Worldviews Ethics Behaviors
EPPT
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Environmental Humanities
Ontology – “the structure of being”
Epistemology – “the structure of knowledge and method”
(Norgaard, 1994)
Multi-scalar: Societal/Cultural
InstitutionalIndividual
(Devall and Sessions, 1985)
Worldviews Ethics Behaviors
“The foundation of our everyday norms or values (‘the way the world ought to be’ and ‘what we ought to do’)” (Richardson, 2005,
p. 345)
“Translate thought into action, worldviews into movements… can override social changes and maintain existing social
hegemony or be undermined, weakened, and transformed by social change and
social movements” (Merchant, 2005, p. 64)
“Bodily motions that affect production and
reproduction” (Merchant, 2005, p. 64)
EPPT
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Environmental Humanities
Traditional: Enlightenment-era framework based on order,
predictability, and ‘rationality’
“Has permeated and reconstructed human consciousness so totally that
today we scarcely question its validity… (setting) guidelines for decision-making
in technology, industry, and government” (Merchant, 2005, pp. 47-
48).
Worldviews Ethics Behaviors
Traditional: Equates marginalized human populations with ‘nature’
and grants both only an instrumental value
“A framework of values based on power and control” (Merchant,
2005, p. 53)
Traditional: “Manipulation, exploitation, and domination” of marginalized entities (both
human and nonhuman) (Merchant, 2005, p. 41)
EPPT
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Environmental Humanities
Traditional: Enlightenment-era framework based on order,
predictability, and ‘rationality’
Worldviews Ethics Behaviors
Traditional: Equates marginalized human populations with ‘nature’
and grants both only an instrumental value
Traditional: “Manipulation, exploitation, and domination” of marginalized entities (both
human and nonhuman) (Merchant, 2005, p. 41)
EPPT
• 1st generation critical theorists (Horkheimer and Adorno, 1944; Leiss, 1972)• Ecofeminists (Merchant, 1980, 2005; Plumwood, 1993)• Environmental philosophers (Naess, 1973; Devall and Sessions, 1985)• Ecopsychologists (Roszak, 1992; Fisher, 2002)• Social ecologists (e.g. Bookchin, 2009)• Ecological economists (Norgaard, 1994; Costanza et al., 2002)• Physicists (Capra, 1995)
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Environmental Humanities
Alternative: A framework based on the ‘intrinsically radical’ principles of ecology
HolisticNon-linearSubjectiveDynamic
(Merchant, 1980, 2005; Macy, 1991; Norgaard, 1994)
Worldviews Ethics Behaviors
Alternative: Interconnected biosphere extends value and consideration to marginalized
and disempowered entities
Alternative: Interconnected biosphere demands mutuality, partnership, humility, respect,
and care
EPPT
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Environmental Humanities
Alternative: A framework based on the ‘intrinsically radical’ principles of ecology
Worldviews Ethics Behaviors
Alternative: Interconnected biosphere extends value and consideration to marginalized
and disempowered entities
Traditional: Interconnected biosphere demands mutuality, partnership, humility, respect,
and care
EPPT
• Ecological conscience (Leopold, 1949)• Ecology of mind (Bateson, 1972)• Deep ecology (Naess, 1973; Devall and
Sessions, 1985)• Transpersonal ecology (Fox, 1990)• Ecological literacy (Callicott, 1993)
• Ecological economics (Norgaard, 1994)• Ecological worldview (Goldsmith, 1998)• New ecological paradigm (Dunlap et al.,
2000)• Ecological impulse (Hay, 2002)• Radical ecology, (2005)• Social ecology (Bookchin, 2009)
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“The land ethic simply enlarges the boundaries of the community to include soils, waters, plants, and animals, or collectively: the land”
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Environmental Humanities
Alternative: A framework based on the ‘intrinsically radical’ principles of ecology
Worldviews Ethics Behaviors
Alternative: Interconnected biosphere extends value and consideration to marginalized
and disempowered entities
Alternative: Interconnected biosphere demands mutuality, partnership, humility, respect,
and care
EPPT
Dunlap and Van Liere (1978), Dunlap et al. (2000), Schultz et al. (2000), Stern, (2000), Kortenkamp and Moore (2001), Nordlund and Garvill (2002), Mayer and Frantz (2004), Stern and Dietz (2004), Rothfeder et al. (2009)
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QuestionsWhat does it mean to ‘ecologize’ planning theory?• Understand critical environmental history• Understand ‘radical’ social implications of ecology
How do we do it?• Translational approach, incorporating rigorous theory
from the Environmental HumanitiesEPPT
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EPPT
ConclusionsThe ‘dark side’ of planning (and modernity)• EH brings critical environmental history based on
rationality and power, specific to linked social-ecological systems and the global ecological crisis
Communicative and collaborative rationality• Dovetails with the transformative narrative of EH, with
added understanding of ecology as a radical social tradition that forms a basis for constructive action
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EPPT
ConclusionsCalls for ‘substantive,’ ‘realist’ planning theory• EH brings theory that recognizes epistemological subjectivity
but is rooted in the biophysical reality of ecological crisis
Tasks for planning theory• EH performs the philosophical task for a field that is
primarily applied and practice-based• EH performs the task of adaptation for a field working to
more directly address ecosystem functioning and the ecological crisis• EH offers a translational theory base
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Thank You!
Robin Rothfederr.rothfeder@utah.
edu
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Literature Gap: Subject MatterSearch Term Landscape
JournalLandscape and Urban Planning
Planning Theory and
PracticePlanning Theory JPER JAPA
ecol* (all fields) 310 2,253 170 97 396 598per issue 4.697 4.694 2.833 1.865 0.853 5.155
ecol* (abstracts) 64 665 6 1 14 36per issue 0.970 1.385 0.100 0.019 0.030 0.310
ecological planning (all fields) 217 2,025 119 0 13 405per issue 3.288 4.219 1.983 0.000 0.028 3.491
"ecological planning" (all fields) 24 116 3 0 8 9per issue 0.364 0.242 0.050 0.000 0.017 0.078
ethic* (all fields) 139 278 128 152 383 295per issue 2.106 0.579 2.133 2.923 0.825 2.543
ethic* (abstracts) 11 22 6 19 27 17per issue 0.167 0.046 0.100 0.365 0.058 0.147
epistem* (all fields) 28 41 60 108 148 25per issue 0.424 0.085 1.000 2.077 0.319 0.216
ontolog* (all fields) 11 14 28 76 38 7per issue 0.167 0.029 0.467 1.462 0.082 0.060
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Literature Gap: Ecological Planners
Search Term Landscape Journal
Landscape and Urban Planning
Planning Theory and
PracticePlanning Theory JPER JAPA
Steiner 52 113 0 2 4 25per issue 0.788 0.235 0.000 0.038 0.009 0.216
Pickett 8 198 2 1 1 2per issue 0.121 0.413 0.033 0.019 0.002 0.017
Ahern 13 128 1 1 3 2per issue 0.197 0.267 0.017 0.019 0.006 0.017
Spirn 50 32 0 1 9 6per issue 0.758 0.067 0.000 0.019 0.019 0.052
Ellin 2 1 4 1 8 4per issue 0.030 0.002 0.067 0.019 0.017 0.034
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Literature Gap: Planning Theorists
Search Term Landscape Journal
Landscape and Urban Planning
Planning Theory and
PracticePlanning Theory JPER JAPA
Flyvbjerg 3 5 55 75 65 25per issue 0.045 0.010 0.917 1.442 0.140 0.216
Healey 5 17 194 157 178 45per issue 0.076 0.035 3.233 3.019 0.384 0.388
Yiftachel 2 0 40 67 48 9per issue 0.030 0.000 0.667 1.288 0.103 0.078
Friedmann 8 7 63 91 197 148per issue 0.121 0.015 1.050 1.750 0.425 1.276
Allmendinger 0 1 38 78 22 3per issue 0.000 0.002 0.633 1.500 0.047 0.026
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A narrative of history, power, and culture, specific to linked social-ecological systems and explaining the roots of the global ecological crisis
A centuries-old worldview that devalues and subjugates both marginalized human groups and the natural world
Horkhimer and Adorno, 1944; Leiss, 1972; Naess, 1973; Devall and Sessions, 1985; Merchant, 1980; Norgaard, 1994; Roszak, 1992; Fisher, 2002; Bookchin, 2009
Environmental Humanities
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An alternate narrative rooted in the “intrinsically radical” cultural implications of ecology (Hay, 20002)
A worldview that promotes mutuality, humility, respect, and care
Leopold, 1949; Bateson, 1972; Fox, 1990; Callicott, 1993; Norgaard, 1994; Goldsmith, 1998; Dunlap et al., 2000; Hay, 2002; Merchant, 2005
Environmental Humanities
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A framework for linking worldviews (epistemologies and ontologies), ethics, and actions
Understanding “the transactions and interrelationships between people and their physical surroundings… (including) built and natural environments, the use and abuse of nature and natural resources, and sustainability-related behavior” (Journal of Environmental Psychology, 2014)
Dunlap and Van Liere, 1978; Dunlap et al., 2000; Schultz et al., 2000; Stern, 2000; Kortenkamp and Moore, 2001; Nordlund and Garvill, 2002
Environmental Humanities
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BackgroundEnvironmental Science
Environmental Economics
Environmental Humanities