robert crawford, mba west middle school. explain how the binary system is used by computers. ...

Part 2, Computing FundamentalsChapter 2, Understanding Computers

Lesson 2-2, Making Computers Work

Robert Crawford, MBAWest Middle School

Explain how the binary system is used by computers.

Describe how software is written and translated

Summarize the tasks of the operating system Identify two leading operating systems and

explain why compatibility is an issue

◦ This is one of the largest units; be ready for a lot of new, and detailed, information. (And I actually cut some stuff out)

UNIT O BJECTIVES

ASCII Character Set Compiler Interpreter Object Code Object-Oriented Programming

KEY TERMS

Procedural Programming

Programmer Source Code Unicode

Digital ComputingUnderstanding Binary

Remember, all the computer can do is act on pieces of information.◦ It can compare that piece of information to

another piece of information◦ It can perform a mathematical operation on the

piece of information

◦ That’s all it can do!

Digital Computing

The Binary World◦ In almost all cases that information is expressed

as ones and zeros. These ones and zeros then represent other numbers. It is reasonably easy to convert other information in

to binary

Digital Computing

The Binary World It is reasonably easy to

convert other information in to binary The first thing to

remember is that a Byte is not made up of a single Bit, it is made up of 8 Bits

Digital Computing

Number of Binary Digits (bits)

Common Name

1 Bit

4 Nibble

8 Byte

16 Word

32 Double Word

64 Quad Word

http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/binary/bin_2.html

The Binary World It is reasonably easy

to convert other information in to binary We start by making a

table

Digital Computing

http://www.electronics-tutorials.ws/binary/bin_2.html

Binary Digit

28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20

256 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

The Binary World◦ Binary is relevant because all the

computers can work with is 1s’ and 0s’

◦ This is because it is made up of transistors Which are nothing but little

switches

Digital Computing

http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Transistors-white.jpg

The Binary World◦ Binary is relevant because all the

computers can work with is 1s’ and 0s’

◦ This is because it is made up of transistors Which are nothing but little

switches◦ These transistors are combined

to make computer chips

Digital Computing

http://howtoblogpost.blogspot.com/2011/05/how-to-identify-terminals.html

http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-MV7DnIwDFZk/Td-vW7BlTTI/AAAAAAAAAYE/MsoXFC--OwE/s1600/New+Bitmap+Image+(3).JPG

The Binary World◦ Binary is relevant because all the computers can

work with is 1s’ and 0s’◦ Of course, these 1s’ and 0s’ add up to numbers,

and the numbers have meaning.◦ The meanings are defined by ASCII

American Standard Code for Information Interchange

◦ These are standardized so that a particular digital “word” always means the same thing, no matter who wrote the program.

Digital Computing

The Binary World◦ Don’t panic!

You don’t need to know this chart!

Digital Computing

The Binary World◦ What you do need to understand is that

in the ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) chart certain, defined, numbers represent certain characters and punctuation marks. ASCII provides a common system for coding characters,

or character set that uses 8 Bit Words. Unicode is similar but uses16 bit words

What would be the difference between an 8 bit word and a 16 bit word? Remember this?

Digital Computing

Binary Digit

28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20

256 128 64 32 16 8 4 2 1

Software Provides Directions

What is software and how is it made

How does the computer know what to do with the data in the digital form?


The computer gets its instructions from its software.◦ Who produces software?


The computer gets its instructions from its software.◦ Software is produced by Programmers.

They write the instructions for the computer These instructions become the software




However, in their written form, these instructions are referred to as source code . . . The code that provides the source,

or beginning, of the software.




However, in their written form, these instructions are referred to as source code . . . The code that provides the source, or beginning, of the

software.


Sub (hello_world)Print$ “Hello World”

Gosub hello_world

There are two basic types of programming languages.◦ Remember, programming languages are what

programmers use to write the source code, which becomes software, the instructions to the computer.


There are two basic types of programming languages.◦ Procedural Programming◦ Object-oriented Programming


There are two basic types of programming languages.◦ Procedural Programming

Uses step by step instructions to tell the computer what to do.

◦ Object-oriented Programming



Uses step by step instructions to tell the computer what to do. Languages include:

C Fortan Pascal Basic

(no, this list will not appear on a quiz)

◦ Object-oriented Programming



Uses step by step instructions to tell the computer what to do. Languages include:

C Fortan Pascal Basic

(no, this list will not appear on a quiz)

◦ What you need to remember is: Programming languages are what programmers use to

write the source code, which becomes software, the instructions to the computer.



Provides rules for both creating and managing objects. An object can be both data and rules for how to

process the data



Provides rules for both creating and managing objects. An object can be both data and rules for how to process

the data Languages include:

C++ VBScript Java

Be aware that your Computer Science AP class in high school will feature Java . . . From the syllabus:

(Note: Students who study a language other than Java in AP Computer Science must also be taught to use Java, as specified in the AP Java subset.) C6 - The course teaches students to code fluently in an object-oriented paradigm using the programming language Java.



Programming languages are also broken down (categorized) by how they convert source code in to a format usable to the computer.◦ What is source code?



Programming languages are also broken down (categorized) by how they convert source code in to a format usable to the computer.◦ Source code is made up of the instructions to the

computer, written by programmers, using programming languages The source code becomes the software that provides

the instructions to the processor.


◦ Source code is made up of the instructions to the computer, written by programmers, using programming languages The source code becomes the software that provides

the instructions to the processor. This definition sounds pretty complicated.

Why can’t we just say it’s software?

◦We can’t say it’s software because it isn’t software!

◦ All the computer can work with is 1s’ and 0s’


The computer cannot work with these high-level languages we have just named:◦ C, Fortran, Pascal, Basic, C++, Java, VBScript

◦ It can only work with 1s’ and 0s’


We are going to take a moment and look that the Wikipedia definition of Source Code


He seems to be spending a lot of time on source code, I wonder ifwill ever be on a test . . .


Programming languages are also broken down (categorized) by how they convert source code in to a format usable to the computer.◦ Compiled◦ Interpreted


Programming languages are also broken down (categorized) by how they convert source code in to a format usable to the computer.◦ Compiled

More common for complex, commercial software .exe files

◦ Interpreted More common for

simple instructions .bat files


In computing, source code is any collection of computer instructions (possibly with comments) written using some human-readable computer language, usually as text. ◦ The source code of a program is specially

designed to facilitate the work of computer programmers, who specify the actions to be performed by a computer mostly by writing source code.

The source code is often transformed by a compiler program into low-level machine code understood by the computer. The machine code might then be stored for execution at a later time.

Alternatively, an interpreter can be used to analyze and perform the outcomes of the source code program directly on the fly.


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code

Okay, so it is something written by people , and intended to be something easy for people to understand

and it gets converted into something that the computer can understand; But, what was that step in the middle?


In computing, source code is any collection of computer instructions (possibly with comments) written using some human-readable computer language, usually as text. ◦ The source code of a program is specially designed to facilitate the work

of computer programmers, who specify the actions to be performed by a computer mostly by writing source code.

The source code is often transformed by a compiler program into low-level machine code understood by the computer. ◦ The machine code [or executable] might then be stored

for execution at a later time. ◦ [most software is distributed as an executable]

Alternatively, an interpreter can be used to analyze and perform the outcomes of the source code program directly on the fly.


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Source_code

Software controls the system

Functions and types of Operating Systems

Recall that the software that tells the computer how to do its work is the Operating System (OS).


Recall that the software that tells the computer how to do its work is the Operating System (OS). The OS has several jobs:◦ Managing peripherals:◦ Managing Data:◦ Managing Memory:◦ Coordinating data processing:◦ Providing the user interface:


Recall that the software that tells the computer how to do its work is the Operating System (OS). The OS has several jobs:◦ Managing peripherals:

Moving data and commands between the CPU and the monitor, printers, disk drives, and other peripherals.

◦ Managing Data:◦ Managing Memory:◦ Providing the user interface:




◦ Managing Data: Finding the needed programs and files

◦ Managing Memory:◦ Coordinating data processing:◦ Providing the user interface:





◦ Managing Memory: Storing data and programs in RAM and on the hard drive.

◦ Coordinating data processing:◦ Providing the user interface:






◦ Coordinating data processing: Performing many tasks at once and insuring that processes

do not interfere with one another◦ Providing the user interface:






◦ Coordinating data processing: Performing many tasks at once and insuring that processes do not

interfere with one another◦ Providing the user interface:

Organizing than displaying the options you see on your screen when you turn on your computer


Systems Compatibility◦ The three most common families of operating

systems are: Windows Macintosh OS (OSx) Linux

Software controls the System


systems are: Windows

Runs on Intel based processors Uses Generic hardware

Macintosh OS (OSx) Linux



systems are: Windows Macintosh OS (OSx)

Initially ran on Motorola Processors; but now also uses Intel processors.

Linux





Requires Apple Hardware (not really )

Linux





Requires Apple Hardware (not really )

Apple is a systems provider They are not just a hardware vendor or OS provider

Linux




Is based on UNIX (but isn’t UNIX) Runs on a large variety of hardware Has very limited support




◦ At one time these systems were incompatible




◦ At one time these systems were incompatible OSx and Linux can now read files written for each

other and Windows. Various programs allow software intended for

windows to run on OSx and Linux.


Explain how the binary system is used by computers.

Describe how software is written and translated◦ Programmer, Source Code, compiled, Interpreted

Summarize the tasks of the operating system

Identify two leading operating systems and explain why compatibility is an issue

UNIT O BJECTIVES

ASCII Character Set Compiler Interpreter Object Code Object-Oriented Programming

KEY TERMS

Procedural Programming

Programmer Source Code Unicode

robert crawford, mba west middle school. explain how the binary system is used by computers. ...

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