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ro g Theory: Critical Regionalism Facility: Bookstore Context: UNM campus

Kimberly Owen College of Architecture Texas Tech University December 11,1998

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Table of Contents page no.

I. Abstract II. List of Figures III. Theory: Cultural Regionalism

a) overview b) issue: c) case s tudy d) notes

IV. Facility: Bookstore a) overview b) issue: comfort c) case s tudy d) notes

V. Context: UNM campus a) overview b) issue: accessibility c) case s tudy d) notes

3 4

6 7 11 13

14 15 20 24

25 27 32 34

page no. VI. Space Relat ionship Diagrams

1) En t rance 35 2) Integrated Trade Books 36 3) Course Book Gallery 37 4) Book Service Desk 38 5) Book Depar tment Manager 39 6) Bookstore Manager 40 7) Check-outs 41 8) Supply Depar tment 42 9) Art & Engineer ing 43 10) Gifts 44 11) Snacks/Food 45 12) Stairs 46 13) Elevator 47 14) Receiving Room 48 15) Public Toilet Room 49 16) Private Toilet Room 50 17) Clerical Offices 51

VII. Space Summary 52 VTII. Space Analysis Notes 54 IX. Economic Analysis 55 X. Design Concepts 59 XI. Works Cited 60

List of Figures page no.

1. Louisiana State University (1) 7 2. UNM plan (2) 8 3. UNM exploded plan (3) 8 4. Human scale 8 5. Existing pedest r ian v^'alkway (2) 9 6. Bookstore unloading a rea 9 7. Bookstore pa rk ing 9 8. Pueblo revival style (4) 10 9. UNM roof plan (2) 10 10. Tan stucco on UNM campus (2) 10 11. Sea Ranch Condominium I (5) 12 12. Duke University Medical Bookstore (6) 15 13. Building overhang 16 14. Vestibule 16 15. Tree placement su r rounding building 16 16. Circular pa th 17 17. Ramp 17 18. Stairs and Elevators 17 19. High canopy 18 20. P lant ing sur rounding building 18

page no. 21. Window placement in bui lding 18 22. History and sociology depar tment 19 23. Gift and snack depar tment 19 24. Supplies and course book depar tment 19 25. UNM bookstore en t rance (6) 20 26. UNM bookstore in ter ior (6) 22 27. UNM bookstore en t rance (6) 23 28. Bookstore en t rance 28 29. Views to bookstore 28 30. Pa ths leading to en t rance 28 31. Bicycle racks 29 32. Center line separa t ing pedes t r ian pa ths 29 33. Grade separa t ion 29 34. Two ent rances 30 35. Building facing Central avenue 30 36. Bookstore pa rk ing lot 30 37. Bookstore pa rk ing lot 31 38. Bookstore pa rk ing lot 31 39. Pa rk ing lot en t rances 31 40. Master plan for Stanford University (7) 32

Notes for Figures

1. See, for reference, page 9 of Thomas Gaines's The Campus as a Work of Art. 2. For campus map, see www.unm.edu on the internet. 3. For an exploded plan of UNM's campus, call the University of New Mexico's public affairs department at (505)277-5813 and request their general campus map. 5. See Tzonis and Lefaivre's case study on MLTW's Sea Ranch in California, pages 90-3, in their book titled Architecture in North America. 6. See Ken White's Bookstore Planning and Design, pages 150-3. 7. See Turner's Campus: An American Planning Tradition, page 173.

http://www.unm.edu

A b s tra

rhe project is a bookstore located on University of New Mexico's campus. The bookstore will serve approximately 30,000 students as

well as the residents of Albuquerque. The building will maintain the campus's continuity by taking into consideration important campus design features and the campus's history. The building will be physically as well as mentally comfortable to its users. It will also be easily accessible from both the campus body and the city's residents.

Critical Regionalism is an approach to architecture that bridges the gap between culture and civilization. (1) Paul Ricoeur describes it as a paradox, where on one hand, the nation must "root itself on the soil of its past, forge a national spirit, and unfurl this spiritual and cultural revendication before the colonialist's personality. But in order to take part in modern civilization, it is necessary at the same time to take part in scientific, technical, and political rationality, something which very often requires the pure and simple abandon of a whole cultural past." (2) Critical Regionalism can be used to describe the attempt at becoming modern while returning to sources, reviving the old civilization while participating in universal civilization. (3)

o ry| Kenneth Frampton describes Critical Regionalism as a marginal practice, one that is critical of modernization but at the same time refuses to abandon the progressive aspects of the modern architectural legacy. (4) Critical Regionalism favors the small rather than the big plan. It tends not to emphasize the building as a free-standing structure but rather places the emphasis on the territory to be established by the structure built upon the site. Critical Regionalism sees architecture as a tectonic fact. (5) It stresses site-specific factors, from topography to the play of light on and through the structure. It is sensitive to all factors which cause the body to involuntarily respond.

"We are in a

tunnel, at the

twilight of dogmatism and the dawn of real dialogues."

Paul Ricoeur

Issue: campus continuity

^^ The American campus is a world within itself, a temporary paradise, a gracious stage oflife.^''

Le Corbusier

o ry| Critical Regionalism, as deflned by Alexander Tzonis and Liane Lefaivre, is an architecture which is in harmony with its environment. (6) Critical Regionalism causes the viewer to reflect on the values of the environment. A "continuity" exists between the students of the community that is not fragmented, fugitive, or shallow. (7) There also exists a continuity in time, where each building makes up part of a process rather than standing alone. Finally, a spatial continuity exists between the buildings on campus along with their scale and color and mood. We should aim for an architecture that has a sense of community, an importance of respecting building traditions, and the natural landscape.

Goal: In designing a new structure on University of New Mexico's campus, the coherent architectural character should promote the attractiveness of the campus through continuity and consistency.

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The form of the bookstore's building should relate to the adjacent structures and their overall characteristics to ensure compatibility. (8)

Size of plan similar to adjacent structures

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Height of elevation similar to adjacent structures

Human scale established

8

Performance Requirement #2: The new building design should consider existing pedestrian and vehicular access, parking, service and open space requirements. (9)

Vehicular access to unloading area

Nearby parking for employees and customers

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Performance Requirement #3:

New construction should develop in relation to the features which are characteristic of the original existing buildings. (10)

Pueblo Revival style maintained

Roof shaping similar to existing buildings

Consistent tan stucco

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10

^ ry| CASE STUDY

• MLTW (Moore LyndonTurnbuU Whitaker) • Sea Ranch of California • 1963-5

The Sea Ranch of California, built in 1963-5, is located on a 5000-acre coastal meadow surrounded by a forest of great fur and redwood trees to the east and sandstone surf-pounded cliffs to the west. (11) The Sea Ranch Condominium 1 settles into the site in a harmonious way. Its sloped roofs follow the natural slope of the hills toward the sea. The Sea Ranch was planned as an experimental community for two thousand families that hoped to develop an alternative to the conformity and oppression of the man-made environment and to revive a sense of community and place. The architects called their project "an organic approach to planning that is not only aesthetically involved with the landscape but ecologically involved as well." The intention was to preserve the coastline, the beaches, the Gualala River, the great stands of timber, the trail hiking, the fishing, and the abalone hunting.

"We believed our task was to make places for people. Beyond the pragmatic, they must be appropriate and engage the mind and be de

lightful to the spirit."

Donlyn Lyndon

11

Halprin, the landscape designer, wrote "77re notion of entering this wild and accessible area and making a community seemed a great challenge...I was convinced that the Sea Ranch could become a place where wild nature and human habitation could interact in a kind of intense symbiosis." (12) Every level of the original design bears the mark of the native character of the site. The buildings take on the forms from the local vernacular of barns and sheep sheds. The tradition of building residences in the unadorned, unpainted local redwood was followed. The materials used on the condominium buildings were taken from the site, consisting of lapped Douglas Fir girts bolted outboard to groups of rough-sawn fir columns. There is a unique coupling of formal rigor and sen-suousness experienced in the surface textures and impressions: smooth, uninterrupted lines, natural hues, as the shafts of sunlight and shadow play upon them, and the scent of so much exposed timber near the ocean and the quality of the joints and copper flashing of the complex.

[Case Study, "c37

Figure 11 Sea Ranch Condominium I

12

o ry| NOTES

1. See, for instance, Kenneth Frampton's Modern Architecture; A Critical History, page 315. 2. See, for reference, Paul Ricoeur's * Universal Civilization and National Cultures^ in History and Truth, pages 271-84. 3. See, for example, Tzonis and Lefaivre's Architecture in North America, pages 17 and 18. 4. For example, see Frampton's Modern Architecture: A Critical History, pages 315-7. 5. See Carol William's thesis on Critical Regionalism: cohousing an intentional community. 6. For further information, refer to Tzonis and Lefaivre's Architecture in North America, pages 90 and 91. 7. For more information regarding continuity in architecture, see Tzonis and Lefaivre's interpretation of Edward Larrabee Barnes's Hapstack Mountain School of Arts and Crafts in Architecture in North America, pages 67-9. 8. See Paul Turner's section on Movement and the Urban Model, pages 267-85, in his book titled Campus; An American Planning Tradition. 9. See the design guidelines set forth by the University Architect on the internet, www.uky.edu. 10. See Thomas Gaines's chapter on What Makes a Successful Campus, pages 1-11, in his book titled The Campus as a Work of Art or call Rich Lampasi, the existing UNM bookstore manager, at (505)277-3774. 11. See Tzonis and Lefaivre's analysis of MLTW's Sea Ranch of California in Architecture in North America, pages 92-3. 12. For citation, see page 90 of Tzonis and Lefaivre's Architecture in North America, pages 90-3.

TEXAS TECH LIBRARY 13

http://www.uky.edu

Approximately 10,000 bookstores sell books in one form, location, and style in the United States. (1) Even though the quantity of bookstores in the United States is high, few are professionally planned. Because of this, the number of bookstore failures is very high, according to the American Booksellers Association (ABA). However, these failures could have been dramatically minimized with better planning. The same bookstore planning and design principles apply to all types of bookstores, regardless of their sizes. The only changing factor is the scale.

mtyi There are two distinct types of retail bookstores- general bookstores and specialty bookstores. General bookstores offer a wide variety, the term variety used to suggest different types of books and merchandise such as gifts, candy, greeting cards, soft goods, etc. Specialty bookstores offer great assortments of one type of merchandise. They specialize in a particular field of interest and concentrate on storing and selling a limited number of book categories and classes of merchandise. Most college bookstores are usually considered to be general in nature. Most college bookstores have highly specialized and scholarly book departments. Their primary purpose is to have on hand course-related books and supplies available to students and faculty. The books and merchandise that college bookstores carry vary from campus to campus. Most college bookstores are small. The differences in college bookstores depend on the following factors: their size in square feet of area, the number of students enrolled at the university, the nature of the academic courses provided, and the nature of the book merchandise sold in the bookstore.

14

When the new UNM campus bookstore opens for business, it will open its doors to people of all sorts. People tend to prefer bookstores that are warm and comfortable. (2). To win over the competition, a bookstore must be more physically and mentally comfortable than its rivals. This is done by creating a satisfying or enjoyable experience. (3) Comfort arises through the elimination of physical and mental constraint. The bookstore should be designed to be neither brittle nor delicate, but, rather, relaxing and unpretentious.

12; Duke University Medical Bookstore

15

Goal #1: The building should be designed to make its interior as well as its exterior spaces more physically comfortable.


The building should protect its users from disturbing environmental conditions. (4)

Overhangs extending 1/3 of the building height

vestibule located at both entrances

Trees placed on south side of building

16

Performance Requirement #2: The design of the new UNM bookstore should be user-friendly to all. (5)

6-foot wide wide circulation paths

Ramps with 5% slope located at both entrances

Elevators and stairs for vertical circulation

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Goal #2: The building should be designed to make its interior and exterior spaces more mentally comfortable.

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A sense of openness and visual continuity should be maintained between the bookstore and the campus. (6)

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Several windows that frame views of campus

18

Performance Requirement #2: Book categories and nonbook departments should be placed in logical relation to each other. (7)

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Gifts near snacks and food

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19

CASE STUDY • Jess Holmes, A.LA. & Van Dorn Hooker, A.I.A. • University Bookstore • The University of New Mexico • Albuquerque, NM . 1990

Figure 25: UNM Boolcstore

The design concept of the University of New Mexico Bookstore was to maintain a low profile so as not to compete with the other large structures in the immediate vicinity. (8) The main book sales area is located one level below grade. The administration area and nonbook sales departments are located at grade level. The roof of the bookstore forms a plaza connecting directly to a concourse which links a lecture hall, the Humanities building, and the Student Union with the Art Building.

20

Gate Study* cd*«* SIZE AND LOCATION OF DEPARTMENTS

The bookstore's size and location of departments was determined based on the types of selling that would be used. (9) Personal selling (pens, expensive books), selling from sample (engraved stationary, imprinted Christmas cards), and self-service (general books, supplies, art materials, novelties, gifts, etc.) affect the choice and placement of fixtures, the provision of space for customer movement within the department, and the amount of space to be allocated to feature displays. Individual spaces were designed for the selling of cards, softgoods, snacks/food, book and parcel check, gifts, a book service desk, check-outs, art and engineering, used book buy back, books, and office supplies. The book department is located on both the lower level and the main floor.

LOCATION OF MERCHANDISE

To make it easy for the customer to find a book or to shop for related merchandise, the book categories and the nonbook departments are placed in logical relation to each other, creating a shopping pattern that does its own suggestion selling. All the books, including class texts, reference and trade, and new and used titles, are integrated, arranged by subject matter, and identified with simple graphics. This merchandizing concept made it possible to bring together and correlate all the reading materials at the high-ceilinged end of the store and to located the remaining art, supply, campus wear, and gift departments on the two selling levels at the opposite end.

21

CONTROLLING TRAFFIC

Many psychological factors were incorporated into the design of the bookstore to control customer in-store traffic patterns. People naturally gravitate toward brilliantly illuminated, brightly colored areas. Sunlight filters into the lower selling level through nine bronze-tinted, pyramid shaped skylights banked together in the main ceiling over the integrated book departments. Other pyramid skylights allow natural light to efi'ectively beam past the gift department ceiling and drop through an open triangular well to the lower level supply department. The natural light flooding the lower level helps pull customers from the entrance door to the lower level, creating opportunities along the way for impulse purchases.

Figure 26: UNM Bookstore

22

THE ENTRANCE

There are two entrances into the bookstore. The entrances are located on the main floor level on opposite ends from one another. Both entrances are situated on the roof plaza of the lower level. A small entrance area exists to protect against the cold during the winter months. The outside entrance area is covered and is often used as a meeting place for customers.

AISLES AND CIRCULATION ^

The bookstore has a large floor area (26,000 square feet) and a complex merchandising program. Therefore, the layout consists of a centralized main aisle that has branch aisles to disperse shoppers through the sales area. The aisles are parallel to one another and are connected by a pattern of cross aisles. The main aisles are approximately six feet wide, allowing some degree of merchandising. The cross aisles are slightly more narrow.

Ctn Study, cd...

I Figure 27: UNM Bookstore I

23

NOTES 1. For more information on bookstore design and planning, refer to Ken White's Bookstore Planning and Design. 2. See White's section on The Value of Traditional Design Elements, pages 16-17, in his Bookstore Planning and Design. 3. For a definition on comfort, see Webster's Ninth New Collegiate Dictionary, page 263. 4. See the design guidelines set forth by the University Architect on the internet, www.uky.edu. 5. See, for instance, chapter 15 titled The Physically Handicapped in Brewster's Campus Planning and Construction, pages 279-83. 6. For a demonstration of visual continuity, see Turner's study of the State University College of Fredo-nia, pages 267-71, in his book titled Campus; An American Planning Tradition. 7. See White's Bookstore and Planning Design, page 31, section titled Location of Merchandise. 8. For a visual representation of the plans and photographs of the existing UNM campus Bookstore, see 150-3 of White's Bookstore Planning and Design. 9. For more information regarding the location and adjacency of spaces, see chapter 4 of White's Bookstore Planning and Design.

24

http://www.uky.edu

C2€yTk ''Indeed, the college campus has an ambience all its own. Like the historic village, the world's fair, the theme park, it is a place we want to go to, to be in, identify with; there is a there there." (1)

-Thomas A. Gaines

Aesthetic vitality is crucial to developing any cultural center, specifically a campus. (2) A good campus consists of a group of harmonious buildings related by various means (such as arches and landscaping) that create well-proportioned and diverse urban spaces containing appropriate furnishings- benches, pools, fountains, gazebos, and walkways. Natural phenomena like hills, trees and water courses should be respected. A campus must have attractive urban spaces to succeed as a work of art. Poorly designed spaces bounded by good buildings do not make a campus. Buildings should be concerned less with surface and more with volume.

"The American campus is a world

within itself, a tempo

rary paradise, a gracious stage

in life." LE CORBUSIER

25

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America's best campuses, from the standpoint of planning, architecture and landscaping are few in number, mostly because of faulty selection procedures. (3) The majority of campuses built in history were sooner or later visually savaged.

Of the 2,000 four-year campuses in the United States, only a small percentage possess a sustained visual achievement through urban organization, building design, and outdoor design. Loss of direction has often been the downfall of an otherwise good start. The best campuses encompass the oldest and the newest, the urban and the pastoral, the private and the public, the coed and the non-coed, the science-oriented and the liberal arts, the distinguished designers and the unknown, the traditional styles and the modern.

The University of New Mexico, being a part of the unusual country in which it stands, is unique because it is old and new, in an era declined to forget the old in stress of the new. (4) More than 170 buildings were created in Pueblo Revival architecture- buildings in the style and colors of our ancient Native American pueblos. These buildings range from the Zimmerman Library, the state's largest with over 2 million volumes, to a center for the arts, eight galleries and museums, world class athletic facilities, student dormitories and theaters. It is set in a park-like setting of lush trees, grass, plants, ponds, and fields. Views of the UNM campus include architecture, fountains, trees and ponds, the Championship golf course, and a community events center known as the "Pit".

26

icon Issue: accessibility

Years ago, the campus bookstore for the University of New Mexico was located in Central Campus. (5) However, as the years progressed, a demand for a larger, more adequate bookstore became evident. The current centrally-located site could not be expanded to meet the demanding needs. Therefore, a new bookstore was recently built on the Central Avenue on the south side of campus. Central Avenue is one of the main streets running along the campus site and carries a high level of traffic. The new bookstore was located here in hopes of benefiting from the city's residents as well as the student body. For this reason, I have chosen to locate the new UNM bookstore on the site designated for the existing new UNM bookstore. If profits are to be made, the bookstore must be easily accessible from both sides (the campus and Central Avenue).

27

Con Goal #1: The bookstore should be easily accessible from the campus so as to accommodate the students and faculty.

Performance Requirement #1: The bookstore's entrance should be easily seen from major adjacent campus structures. (6)

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Two story structure with highly visible entrance

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Unobstructed views from adjacent buildings

Paths funnel towards entrance

28

dSon Performance Requirement #2: Differentiating paths leading to the bookstore's entrance should be provided for both bicycles and pedestrians to promote quick, easy, and safe access. (7)

60 bicycle racks provided near entry

Center line separating bicycle/pedestrian paths

Grade separations between bicycle/pedestrian paths.

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C ^TJ Goal #2: The UNM bookstore should be easily accessible from Central Avenue so as to accommodate the city's residents.

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Performance Requirement #1: The circulation route off Central Avenue to the bookstore should be easily approached. (8)

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Two entrances from Central Avenue provided

Building highly visible from street

Bookstore parking lot seen from street

30

Con Performance Requirement #2: Adequate parking should be provided to meet the needs of all vehicular customers during rush periods. (9)

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CASE STUDY VfifMi'.fVfi

• Stanford University • Palo Alto, California • John C. Olmstead and Charles A. Coolidge

1887-C.1903 SJi«lfE*-i , <W«'43

Stanford University was shaped by the personal motive for its founding. (10) Leland Stanford, president of the Central Pacific Railroad and ex-governor of California, was one of the wealthiest men in America when in 1884 his only child died while the family was touring Europe. Stanford and his wife resolved to create a university in their son's memory and decided to locate it on their country estate, Palo Alto, south of San Francisco.

"Anyone who keeps the ability

to see beauty, never

grows old.'' Franz Kaflca

32

Con Case Study, cd

The campus's design resulted from the architects' battle for a naturalistic concept and the client's desire for great monumentality. The campus possesses a strongly unified character. The courtyards, formed of Richardsonian-Romanesque buildings and linked by open arcades, suggestive of Spanish missions and other Mediterranean building types, comprise one of the earliest uses of the fully enclosed quadrangle in American campus planning. (11) Squat columns surmounted by simple carved capitals support a red tiled roof. (12) The low structures have grouped transom windows in a medieval fenestration pattern of vertical openings with almost equilateral rectangles above. This is a Roman device that can be seen at the Forum of Trajan. The inner quad has a continuity without uniformity, harmony without affectation, scale without inhibition. The overall scheme has a monumental formality with a major north-south axis defined by a mile-long approach to the campus. Lined with palm trees, this axis passes through the Memorial Arch and a sequence of spaces and culminates at the centrally placed Memorial Church. The main quadrangle defined a secondary, east-west axis. Men's and women's dormitories were placed to the east and west in the design.

33

C^on NOTES

1. For citation, see Gaines's introduction, page x, in his book The Campus as a Work of Art. 2. See Gaines's chapter on What Makes a Successful Campus in The Campus as a Work of Art, pages 1-11. 3. See, for reference, pages 121-2 of Gaines's The Campus as a Work of Art. 4. For more information on the University of New Mexico, search the internet at www.unm.edu. 5. Information obtained from interview with Rich Lampasi ((505)277-3774), manager of existing new UNM bookstore. 6. See Gaines's overview of the Louisiana State University in The Campus as a Work of Art, pages 146-50. 7. See, for instance, Brewster's sections on bicycle and pedestrian safety on campus, chapter 14, in his Campus Planning and Construction. 8. For more information on campus safety for vehicles, see chapter 14 in Brewster's Campus Planning and Construction. 9. See Brewster's section on Campus Traffic in Campus Planning and Construction, pages 257-8. 10. For more information, see Turner's Campus; An American Planning Tradition, pages 169-77. 11. For a detailed description of the quadrangle in American campus planning, see chapter 6 of Turner's Campus; An American Planning Tradition. 12. For a more in-depth description of Stanford University, see Gaines's The Campus as a Work of Art, pages 122-6.

34

http://www.unm.edu

The entrance area has several functions. (1) It should give a sense of spaciousness to a bookstore and should provide a meeting place for customers. It is also the first inside statement of a theme suggested by the exterior and should act as the introduction to the bookstore's amenities. It should also ensure easy exit and entry.

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Number of users; 10

Square footage per person: 18

Usable square footage: 180

Quantity: 2

Total square footage; 360

35

The section of the bookstore carrying integrated trade books should have small multiple bookshelves that are capable of displaying books on all sides. This section should be located immediately upon entry into the bookstore.

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Number of users; 67


Usable square footage; 2000

Quantity; 1

Total square footage: 2000

36

Activity Space Course Book Gallery

The course book gallery should provide enough bookshelves to hold all course books during peak rush periods. It should be located directly adjacent to the receiving room. The aisles between the book-stacks should provide enough space for two people to pass each other comfortably (see figure). Also, bookstores have inventory several times a year, and many times an employee will be sitting in an aisle. When this occurs, there should be enough space for other employees and customers to pass. This section should be located in the public sector but should not be the first section seen upon entering.

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Number of users; 200 Square footage per person; 30 Usable square footage: 6000 Quantity; 1 Total square footage; 6000

Time-Saver Standards, p. 382

37

Activity Sp Book Service Desk

The book service desk's location is important because it should not interfere with circulation. It should be located by the book department manager's office so as to make it convenient when questions arise.

I Time-Saver Standards, p.819 |

Number of users; 2

Square footage per person; 25


Quantity; 1


38

The book department manager's office should provide a large enough work/activity zone to accommodate the paperwork, equipment, and other tasks necessary to support his/her duties. Seating should be provided for visitors. A desk, chair, fax machine, and table are needed to properly accompany the manager. The office should be located in the private sector of the store and should be easily accessible to the receiving room.

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Number of users: 1



Quantity: 1


39

A.ctivity S p a c e

Bookstore Manager

The bookstore manager's office should be slightly larger than that of the book department manager to signify his/her position. The office should provide large enough work/ activity zone to accommodate the paperwork, equipment, and other tasks necessary to support his/her duties. Seating should be provided for visitors. A desk, chair, fax machine, and table are needed to properly accompany the manager. The office should be located in the private sector and should be adjacent to the clerical offices.

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Because the new bookstore is designed as a two-story structure, it is important to have checkout counters located on both floors. This makes it convenient for the customers because they will not be forced to carry their books up and down the stairs before having them bagged. Both check-out counters should be centrally located and easy to spot.

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Square footage per person: 112.5


Quantity: 2


41

The supply department should be located near the books to promote selling. The supplies should be placed on racks no higher than five feet. Circulation between the display shelves should allow enough room for a minimum of two people to pass one another. Thfe supply department is to include general office supplies, school supplies, and notebooks.

Time-Saver Standards, p. 811 |

Number of users: 17



Quantity: 1


42

The art and engineering department is to include all art supplies and different types of paper and boards. It should be located near the supply department and along a main wall so as to hold the boards. All racks displaying supplies should be no higher than five feet and circulation between the racks should follow a comfortable pattern.

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Number of users: 30



Quantity: 1


43

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The gift department should be placed near the entrance to promote selling. Display tables should be visible from all four sides, and circulation through the gift department should be spacious enough to be comfortable for all.

Gifts

r>4urtaaai»w • •


s

Niunber of users: 8



Quantity: 1


nssaa

44

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Activity Space Snacks/Food

All food items, including drinks, should be placed near the cashier centers. The snacks should be placed on racks no higher than five feet and should be readily accessible to the customers upon check-out.


Number of users: 4



Quantity: 1


45

Activity Space

The stairs leading down to the lower level should be located so tha t they a re easily accessible to all. The stairs , if used as the only means of vert ical circulat ion, should be fire-proofed. All doors should push open following a descending route .

r r

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I Encyclopedia of Architecture, p. 401 (3) |

Number of users: 8



Quanti ty: 2


46

The elevator should be located directly by the entrance and needs to be handicap accessible. The elevator should be placed near the other means of vertical circulation to provide an option to its user.

m ^ r Encyclapedia of Architecture, p.242

Number of users: 4



Quantity; 1


47

Activity Receiving Room

The relationship between the receiving room and the sales area is of utmost importance. The receiving room should be located immediately adjacent to the selling area. Since the receiving room is nonincome-producing, it is essential to keep it to a minimum. But at the same time adequate space must be provided to open, unpack, count, check, and verify the price of incoming books and other merchandise.

Provisions must be made to file shipping documents and process return shipments. A "hold" area for books and merchandise awaiting pricing and other processing information is essential, as is storage space for a reasonable quantity of store bags, supplies, and used shipping cartons kept on hand to facilitate returns.

Number of users; 15 Square footage per person; 333 Usable square footage; 5000 Quantity; 1 Total square footage: 5000

HH_A Trrrt

lAJ I Time-Saver Standards, p. 548

48

The public restrooms should be handicap accessible. The handicap toilet should be located at the end of the toilet room due to its additional length. A five foot by five foot clear floor space should be provided for wheelchair rotation. The handicap stall should be equipped with handrails. The door to the restroom should swing out and a privacy screen should be provided. Two separate restrooms will service men and women.


Number of users; 4



Quantity: 2


49

The private toilet room is to serve employees only. A five foot by five foot clear floor space should be provided for wheelchair rotation. Handrails are necessary for safety. The employee toilet room should not be accessible to customers and therefore should not be placed in their line of sight. It should be located in the private sector of the bookstore.


Number of users: 1



Quantity: 1


50

Activity Space Clerical Offices

The semiprivate clerical offices should be adjacent to one another. One room should provide adequate space for three employees to each have his/her own desk, chair, and work table. The other office should hold two employees that handle the bookstore's finances. This office should be connected to a room that contains the bookstore's safe.


Number of users: 5



Quantity; 1


51

fl^^^Hn

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

|8pAC« ] Space Entrance

Integrated Trade Books

Course Book Gallery

Book Service Desk

Book Department Manager

Bookstore Manager

Check-outs

Supply Department

Art & Engineering

Gifts

Snacks/Food

Stairs

Elevator

Receiving Room

Public Toilet Room

Private Toilet Room

Clerical Offices

# of Users 10

67

200

2

1

1

4

30

17

8

4

8

4

15

4

1

5

Bum m m ft^2/person

18

30

30

25

100

150

112.5

30

30

25

25

25

20

333

50

100

110

usable ft^2 180

2000

6000

50

100

150

450

900

500

200

100

200

80

5000

200

100

550

quantity 2

2

Total =

XJ total 360

2000

6000

50

100

150

900

900

500

200

100

400

80

5000

400

200

550

17,890

52

8 p a c # Sumtrnkmry

The total usable square footage is 17,890.

Therefore: 17,890 X 1.2 = 21,468 is the gross square footage. (4)

** This figure is reasonable because the University Bookstore currently located on the site is 26,000 square feet.

53

NOTES

1. For more information on office spaces and requirements, see Bareither and Schillinger's University Space Planning, appendix D. 2. For more information regarding room sizes and placement of furnishings, see Chiara and Callender's Time-Saver Standards for Building Types, 3rd edition. 3. For more information regarding room sizes and placement of furnishings, see Joseph Wilkes's Encyclapedia of Architecture Design, volume 5. 4. See handout distributed in David Driskill's ARCH 5363 class on classifications based upon accepted standards of the Building Owners and Managers Association (BOMA).

54

Bconomic Analyto This is a preliminary economic analysis for a proposed bookstore at the University of New Mexico, Albuquerque. It will be based on a 20,000 square foot bookstore analysis from Means Guide Construction Costs, as well as a short interview with Rich Lampasi ((505)277-3774), the manager of the existing bookstore at UNM.

The University owns the site upon which the new bookstore will be placed. Therefore, the bookstore will use a float bond issue to build the new bookstore. The bookstore will borrow a certain amount of money and will pay the interest each year of the payback period. Each year the bookstore will put a certain amount of money away for the overall cost of the structure. Then, at the end of the payback period, the bookstore will pay off the borrowed amount. All auxiliaries on the campus must pay an administrative fee each year for special services such as for the landscape crew.

55

Project Cost

Building Cost: According to the 1998 Means Square Foot Costs, the cost per square foot of a retail store is $65.45. The cost per square foot of a library is $87.90. In order to be sure not to underestimate the cost, I will use $85/s.f. bringing the total to $1,824,780. Site work: According to Means no percentage is needed to cover site work, so to be sure I will take 5% of the Building's Costs: $91,239 Construction Loan Costs: According to the handout given by David Driskill in Architecture Programming class, I will use 11% of building cost: $200,726 Contingency: According to handout, I will use 5% of building cost: $91,239 Therefore, the t o t a l project cost = $2,207,984

Payback Period

The time allotted for the new bookstore's payback period is thirty years. This period is set forth by the University of New Mexico.

I = PC

I = $2,207,984 / (30 years * 21,468 s.f.)

Therefore,

I = $3.42 /s.f.

56

Design Concepts DESIGN RESPONSES

Several factors, as previously mentioned in the program, have influenced the design for the new University of New Mexico campus bookstore.

The site is located directly off Central Avenue on the southeast corner of campus. The building's structure is composed of a two-story, 21,468 square-foot building. Two main entrances are located on the north and east sides of the building. Parking for the bookstore is provided directly east of the structure. The major circulation paths on campus are extended to the bookstore and provide different accommodations for pedestrians and bicyclists.

57

Design Concepts

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rWorks C i t e d Barei ther , Har lan D. and J e r r y L. Schillinger. University Space Planning. Universi ty of Illinois

Press, London, 1968.

Brewster, Sam F. Campus Planning and Construction. The Association of Physical P lant Adminis t ra tors of Universit ies and Colleges, Washington, D.C., 1976.

Callender, John and Joseph De Chiara. Time-Saver S tandards for Building Types. Third edition, Mc-Graw Hill, Inc., New York, 1990.

Driskill, David. Class notes for ARCH 5363, 1998.

Duerk, Donna P. Archi tectural Programming. J o h n Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1993.

Frampton, Kenneth. Modern Architecture; A Critical History. London, Thames and Hudson, Ltd., 1992.

Gaines, Thomas A. The Campus as a Work of Art. New York, Praeger Publishers , 1991.

Internet , www.uky.edu., 1998.

Internet , www.unm.edu., 1998.

Lampasi, Rick. Telephone Interview (505)277-3774, Friday, November 6, 1998.

60

http://www.uky.edu

http://www.unm.edu

orks Cited, cd Riccoeur, Paul . ^Universal Civilization and National Cultures', in History and Truth (1965), 271-

84. Turner , Paul Venable. Campus: An American P lanning Tradi t ion. Cambridge, Massachuset ts ,

and London, England, The MIT Press, 1984.

Tzonis, Alexander and Liane Lefaivre. Archi tecture in North America. London, Thames and Hudson, Ltd., 1995.

University of New Mexico, Public Affairs Depar tment (505)277-5813, The University of New Mexico: General Campus Map for Visitors. Monday, November 9,1998.

White, Ken, Bookstore Planning and Design. McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 1982.

Wilkes, Joseph A. Encyclopaedia of Archi tectural Design: Engineer ing & Construction. Volume 5, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1990.

Williams, Carol Elizabeth. Critical Regionalism; cohousing an intent ional communityni t / by Carol Elizabeth Williams. Thesis (M. Arch.)- Texas Tech University, 1997.

61

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