rni no. upeng/2006/22736 vol. 13, no. 1, january, 2018

Vol 13 No 1 January 2018RNI No UPENG200622736ISSN 2229-628XRegistration No 131380

Owner Doctorrsquos Krishi Evam Bagwani Vikas Sanstha Publisher Dr Ram Prakash Srivastava 108 Lakhraj Khazana Faizabad Road Lucknow Printed at Army Printing Press 33 Nehru Road Sadar Cantt Lucknow

ANNUAL MEMBERSHIP FEE EFFECTIVE FROM AUGUST 2015

Disclaimer The viewsresults and interpretation expressed by the authors are their own The publisher and editors are no way responsible for any liability arising out of the text contributed by authors

Dr Sushil Soloman Vice-Chancellor CSA University of Agricultural and Technology KanpurDr (Mrs) Chandish R Ballal Director NBAIR Hebbal BangaloreDr PK Chakrabarty ADG (PP) ICAR New DelhiDr A K Saxena Director NBAIM Maunath Bhanjan (UP)Dr RK Jain Dean IARI Pusa New Delhi-12Dr RK Pathak Ex-Director CISH 34 New Bahar Sahara State Jankipuram Lucknow - 221 021 (UP)Dr Kishan Chandra Additional Commissioner (INM) Krishi Bhavan New Delhi and Director NCOF GhaziabadDr Vasudeo Zambare Research Scientist Centre forBioprocessing Research and Development South Dakota School of Mines and Technology Rapid City South Dakota (USA)

Dr C Chattopadhyay Director NIBSM Baronda Raipur (MP)

Dr SD Sawant Director ICAR NRC for Grapes Pune (MS)Dr AD Pathak Director IISR Lucknow UPProf Nazeer Ahmad Vice Chancellor SKUAST of Kashmir Srinagar (JampK)Dr VK Gupta Chief Editor Oriental Insects PO Box 358120 Gainesville Florida (USA)Dr AN Mukhopadhyay Former Vice-Chancellor Assam Agricultural University Jorhat AssamDr RC Saxena Former Principal Scientist ICIPE (Kenya)Dr RK Anand Former Principal Scientist IARl New Delhi Dr HB Singh Professor and Head Department of Plant Pathology BHU VaranasiDr GP Shetty Director Multiplex Group of Companies BangaloreDr OP Singh President Dhanuka Pesticide Ltd New Delhi

Advisory Editorial Board

Editor-in-ChiefDr AK Misra Former Project Coordinator AICRP (STF) Central Institute for Sub-tropical Horticulture Lucknow

EditorDr Jagdish Chandra Former Principal Scientist Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research Lucknow

Indian individual (INR)

Indian Institution (INR)

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JOURNAL OF ECO-FRIENDLY AGRICULURE(A Bi-annual Scientific Research Journal)

Doctors Krishi Evam Bagawni Vikas Sanstha(Doctors Agricultural and Horticultural Development Society)

Registration No 131380 ISSN 2229-628XChief Patron

Dr CD Mayee Ex-Chairman ASRB 50K Bharat Nagar Nagpur ndash 440 033President

Dr MD Pathak Chairman CRIWMI Lucknow and Former Director Training and Research IRRI Manila Philippines

Vice-PresidentDr Rajiv Dutta Professor and Dean Centre for Nanobiotechnology and Bioengineering

Sharda University Knowledge Park III Greater Noida UP - 201306General Secretary

Dr RP Srivastava Former Director and Principal Scientist CISH LucknowAssistant Secretary

Dr Rajesh Kumar 61 Raksha Vihar Colony Chunukhera Cara Lucknow - 226001

Vol 13 No 1 2018

Acknowledgment DKEBVS acknowledges the nancial support from ICAR and SERB New DelhiJournal is approved by UGC (Journal No 48500) and ICAR (Journal ID-154)

(Doctors Agricultural and Horticultural Development Society)Registered under Society Registration Act 21 1860

Main ofce A-601 Indira Nagar Lucknow-226 016 Indiawwwecoagrijournalcom

E-mail ecofriendlyagriculturegmailcomecoriendlyapproachesgmailcom

Doctors Krishi Evam Bagwani Vikas Sanstha

Twelfth Annual Day Function of ldquoJournal of Eco-friendly Agriculturerdquo

On the completion of 12 years of successful publication12 th Annual Day Function of Journal of Eco-friendlyAgriculture was organized by Doctorrsquos Krishi Evam BagawniVikas Sanstha (Doctorrsquos Agricultural and HorticulturalDevelopment Society) Lucknow on 8th August 2017 incollaboration with ICAR-Indian Institute of SugarcaneResearch Lucknow Dr AD Pathak Director ICAR-IndianInstitute of Sugarcane Research Dilkusha Lucknow gracedthe occasion as chief guest and Dr MD Pathak ChairmanCRIWMI Lucknow and Former Director Training andResearch IRRI Manila Philippines was the Guest ofHonour

During the occasion an Annual Key Note Address wasdelivered by Dr Manu Dutt Pathak Chairman Centre forResearch and Development of Waste amp Marginal LandLucknow former DG UP Council of Agricultural Researchand former Director Training and Research IRRI ManilaPhilippines on the topic ldquoBio-rejuvenation of sodic wasteland by a chemical free ecofriendly and cheap technologyrdquoHe shared his experience about conversion of waste landwithout chemical with ecofriendly approach which cansave large amount of state exchequer

In his 15 years of research experience in sodic wasteland at two locations ie Pipersand near Lucknow andvillage Kursi in Barabanki District where he conductedexperiments in waste land finally able to convert both farmsfrom waste land to productive areas He is so much interestedin the subject that he purchased the above sodic waste landfarms for this experiment He informed this while deliveringhis key note address In his deliberation he emphasizedthat soil sodicity has been a major worldwide problem andespecially in Uttar Pradesh limiting agricultural productionMost of the earlier work carried out to ameliorate these soilsprimarily included chemical measures Since these chemicalsare expensive governments have been subsidizing it Forthe first time Dr MD Pathak showed that an environment-friendly and inexpensive approach to tackle this problem

In this technology first sodic soils with irrigationfacility if left undisturbed get reclaimed by itself providedno cattle grazing is done or removal of vegetation from thearea takes place Secondly to exploit the use tolerant orresistant crops for soil sodicity There are many tolerantvarieties of different crops which can be grown on thesesoils and in this process the land is reclaimed without anyextra cost

In the first exploratory experiment 300 germplasm of22 different crops were sown after minimum soil tillage Onegermplasm of each barley linseed mustard and rice cropscould germinate normal with normal growth and yield whileothers either failed to germinate or their seedlings did notsurvive Subsequently 4194 germplasm of 21 different cropswere evaluated for their germination and survival at the threedifferent levels of soil sodicity Several crop lines wereselected which were tolerant to sodicity and could grownormally

Four years after starting these experiments the entire15-acre farm became fully fertile without any symptoms ofsoil sodicity and its soil pH dropped to normal sodicity levelswhich was repeated in other farm

The approach will lead to a major saving to thegovernment and farmers increase agricultural productionsubstantially and not cause environmental contamination

His findings were published in the ldquoJournal ofEcofriendly Agriculturerdquo which is published by DoctorrsquosKrishi Evam Bagawni Vikas Sanstha (Doctorrsquos Agriculturaland Horticultural Development Society) Lucknow

During the function on 8th August at ICAR-IndianInstitute of Sugarcane Research Lucknow the recent issuewas released and Dr MD Pathak was honoured with ashawl and memento by chief guest Dr AD Pathak DirectorSugarcane Research Institute Lucknow Chief Guest andGuest of Honour were also honoured by society

It is relevant to mention that Dr MD Pathak is aninternationally recognised scientist known for his ricevariety IR 20 which was released from IRRI Phillipines formultiple resistance againsed two different species of leafhopper and plant hopper pests besides tungro and grassystunt viruses bacterial leaf blight bacterial leaf streakdiseases and resistance to several other insect pests anddiseases and also recorded as tolerant to iron toxicity and toiron phosphorus and zinc deficiencies This varietyoccupied the largest area in the world and Dr Pathak wasawarded Borlaug award during 1973 and the first prize ofthe Research Accomplishment Award of the InternationalYear of Rice 2004

The function was attended by large number of scientistsfrom different institutes and universities of Lucknow

Glimpses of 12th Annual Day Function of Journal ofEco-friendly Agriculture

Sodic soil waste land prior to start of the experimentin 1994

The undisturbed plots developed thick weed coverand good crop in a period of 3 years

Normal germination and plant growth of spinachgarlic and mustard varieties in sodic land

Performance of different pigeon pea genotypes in soilpH 94-99

Honouring guest of honour Dr MD Pathak byDr AK Mishra Chief Editor of the Society

Dr AD Pathak chief guest of the function honouringDr MD Pathak with a memento and shawl

Release of recent issue of Journal of EcofriendlyAgriculture

Honour ing chief guest Dr AD Pathak byDr Rajeev Dutta Vice Prisident of the Society

Journal of Eco-friendly Agriculture 13(1) 2018 1

Ratul Moni Ram and HB SinghJournal of Eco-friendly Agriculture 13(1) 1-12 2018

copy2018

Review article

Microbial consortium in biological control An explicitexample of teamwork below groundRatul Moni Ram and HB Singh

Department of Mycology and Plant Pathology Institute of Agricultural Sciences Banaras Hindu University Varanasi- 221 005 UP IndiaEmail hbs1rediffmailcom

ABSTRACT

Biocontrol strategy has been approved as the most acceptable and sustainable approach to moderate the croplosses due to phytopathogens and pests Though the screening of biocontrol agents (BCA) is done meticulously toselect the best among the lot still a single strain proves inept to fight the numerous opponents present below groundaround the plant system Under natural conditions microbes do live in harmony supporting two to several differentgenera together utilizing the available nutrients and thereby creating a team of beneficial cluster acting against theirnegative counterparts This team of helpful microbes acting as a team to protect the plants from the pathogens istermed as ldquoconsortiardquo Though there exist certain parameters to be kept in mind before designing an effectiveconsortium against a particular target pathogen in a definite habitat of the host plant Microbes tolerant to environmentalshock with longer shelf life and sustainability possessing higher enzymatic activity with higher rate of metabolismalong with being non-pathogenic to the host plant should be preferred which should incur lower cost of massmultiplication Though the mechanisms of action remain the same as that for a single biocontrol agent but inconsortium the synergism between the microbes is the most essential character that calls for the higher rate of successin field comprising different genera of BCA The present review overviews the studies that have been carried outreporting the successful effects of applying microbial consortia against different phytopathogens and pests alongwith giving a brief account of the mechanisms undertaken by the BCAs to combat the same

Key words Biocontrol microbial consortia synergism phytopathogen

Towards the increasing inclination for a safer andsustainable approach against the use of chemicals biocontrolstrategy has taken a surge for managing phytopathogensproving effective management to crop losses for differentplant families Biological control has already proved to befeasible alternative to chemicals and therefore various eco-friendly products containing wide genera of microbes havebeen successfully commercialized (Punja and Utkhede 2003)Another attractive aspect of utilizing the beneficial microbesfor pest and pathogen management is the sustainability ofthe strategy which aids in improving the prevalenthomeostasis in the environment along with providing ahealthy and acceptable commodity quality (Anonymous1987 1989) The success for this strategy lies in the synergismbetween the microbial community of different genera workingtogether to protect the host plant from the diverse abioticand biotic stresses (Saxena et al 2013) Also it largelydepends on the size of the active populations of suchmicrobes maintained at the site of action for their enhancedperformance (Savazzini et al 2009)

PGPR (plant growth promoting rhizobacteria) andPGPF (plant growth promoting fungi) the beneficial microbeshave also been shown effective in enhancing plant growthof numerous agronomic crops including legumes cereals

etc (Guo et al 2004 Saxena et al 2014) Increasing theaccessibility of nutrients to the host plant thereby reducingthe ethylene level within the plant along with augmentedproduction of stimulatory compounds like plant growthregulators have been few of the important strategies utilizedby the group of beneficial microbes to restrict the growth ofphytopathogens (Whipps 2001) The basic mechanismsemployed by the BCAs include production of anti fungalcompounds and competing with the target pathogen forspace and nutrients (Vinale et al 2008 Keswani et al 2014)

An appropriate and calculated quantity of everythingis beneficial while the excess of the same cause detrimentaleffect also (Fig 1) Similar is the case with the BCAs as wellsignificant larger populations of a specific BCAs at the targetsite may pose danger for the native non-target species therebyresulting in alternation of the prevalent micro habitat of hostplant (Singh et al 2013) Care must be taken into accountwhile preparing microbial formulation to avoid possibilitiesof competitive displacement and toxicity to non-targetmicroorganisms existing naturally in environment (Aroraet al 2008) Apart from screening an efficient BCA to targetthe host pathogen ecosystem development of economic andefficient delivery systems for successful applications ofselected BCAs on the field in another very important

2 Journal of Eco-friendly Agriculture 13(1) 2018

Microbial consortium in biological control An explicit example of teamwork below ground

component of the biocontrol technology (Bashan 1998)Delivery systems like dusts starch granules extrudedgranules alginate pellets and seed coatings have beenutilized for preparing formulations of the screened BCAs inorder to manage pests and pathogens which can be preparedunder laboratory conditions (Gasic and Tanovic 2013)

antimicrobia l activities give a better possibility offunctionality of at least one of the released bio-agents PGPRis a broad category belonging to diverse genera and most ofthem comprise of different species of Pseudomonas BacillusRhizobium Trichoderma and Serratia The fungal generaTrichoderma explicit multifarious applications in variousfields besides biological control (Keswani et al 2014)

Application of single antagonistic strain often resultsin inconsistent control The best way to overcome suchhindrance is to combine the application of different microbesin a single unit Such combinations may result in moreextensive colonization of the rhizosphere along withexpression of defense responses in varying ecosystems(Bashan 1998) The successful outcome of such combinationshas resulted in development of formulations involvingmicrobial consortium (Duffy et al 1996) Multiple organismsboost the potential and constancy of control throughnumerous mechanisms and finally provide a better stabilityover wide range of environmental conditions (Pandey andMaheshwari 2007)

Fig 1 Positive and negative prospects of biological control

Biological control in plant disease managementBiological control is regarded as an eco-friendly and

sustainable approach to disentangle the prevalent scenarioin crop disease management along with the aim of qualitycrop production Originally biological control was referredto as lsquonatural controlrsquo wherein the pests and pathogens werecontrolled by employing their natural enemies or antagonistin order to manage or eradicate their populations (Baker andCook 1983) But as the term is vast including the action of allenvironmental factors either biotic or abiotic so biologicalcontrol was regarded as a phase of natural controlAccording to Garret lsquoBiological control of plant disease maybe precisely defined as any condition or practice wherebysurvival or activity of a pathogen is reduced through theagency of any living organism with the result that there isreduction in incidence of the disease caused by the pathogenrsquoHowever Cook (1988) defined biological control as lsquouse ofnatural or modified organisms genes or gene products toreduce the effects of pests and diseasesrsquo Wilson (1997) againdefined biological control as lsquoThe control of a plant diseasewith a natural biological process or the product of a naturalbiological processrsquo

According to Sharma et al (2009) two basic strategiescould be employed to apply the antagonist one by utilizingthe anti-microbial property of the already existing microbesin the field or another by introducing the efficient strainsartificially In plant pathology biological control refers tothe suppression of pathogenic microbes apart fromcontrolling the weed populations by utilizing the microbialantagonists both under field and green house conditionsgenerally being referred to as BCAs Application of BCAsproves to be beneficial in maintaining plant health andhygiene along with enhancing the crop yield (Singh 2006)(Fig 2) Combinations of several agents with numerous

Fig 2 Beneficial effects of a griculturall y importantmicroorganisms

Microbial consortiumMicrobial consortium may be stated as a group of

different microorganisms that have the ability to act togetherin a community The rhizosphere provides residence to alarge number of microbial populations which impartsvarious functions to plants that may be beneficial ordetrimental to their growth (Jain et al 2012) In general the


Ratul Moni Ram and HB Singh

beneficial microbes tend to live in diverse communities andget bound to the root surface The cross talk between theplant and microbe render them to work and live as acommunity thus exhibiting excellent symbiosis (Koornneefand Pieterse 2008) The basic idea behind using microbialconsortium is that a single BCA may not prove to be activeunder various soil conditions or against all the pathogensattacking a particular host plant thus combination ofmicrobes may prove to be more relevant in the long run toprovide better and quick results (Bashan 1998) Thus thefocus on the use of multiple microorganisms has gainedmomentum and lead to the development of microbialconsortium The use of microbial consortium not onlyfacilitates disease suppression but also have a positiveimpact on plant growth promotion (de Boer et al 2003) Theprime advantage of microbial consortium is that if by anychance one microbe fails to show its potential then it ispresumed that the other one will show its activity to its fullextent Moreover application of microbes in a consortiumimproves consistency efficiency and reliability of microbesunder different soil conditions (Stockwell et al 2011) Inseveral studies conducted across the globe it has beenrevealed that use of various combinations of bioagentsprovided a higher level of protection compared to soleapplication (Dunne et al 1998) The different mixtures ofbiocontrol agents are used to control numerous plant diseasescaused by bacteria and fungi Previous studies ofcombinations of biological agents for plant diseases haveincluded mixtures of fungi (de Boer et al 1997) mixtures offungi and bacteria (Leeman et al 1996) and mixtures ofbacteria (de Boer et al 2003)

Need for microbial consortiumThe constant use of chemicals for decades has leaded a

negative impact on the environment The growing concernregarding the ecosystem has advocated the farmers to shiftmanagement practices towards biological control Biologicalcontrol proved to be an efficient management practice for asufficient period till the targeted organism developedresistance against a particular bioagent (Pal and Gardner2006) These hindrances have forced the scientists to opt formicrobial consortium in which more than one bioagent wasused The success of consortium have fascinated scientiststo develop different types of consortium in which differentorganisms were used ie fungi and bacteria bacteria andactinomycetes bacteria and mycorrhiza etc (Fig3) Thusmicrobial consortium has proved to be an efficient tool ofbiological control which has being widely used forcontrolling serious diseases of crop plants (Pandey andMaheshwari 2007 a b de Jansen et al 2002 Anjaiah et al2003)

Prerequisite for preparing microbial consortiumDevelopment of microbial consortium demands certain

characteristics from the constituent microorganisms Themicrobes should be selected which are compatible with eachother and are resistant to environment fluctuations (Singhet al 2012) Moreover they must be fast acting easy to handleand store non pathogenic longer shelf life and have highefficacy The production of consortium should be cheap andeconomical Most of the reported biological agents have leadto provide high levels of disease suppression compared withthe individual antagonists (Dandurand and Knudsan 1993)

Types of microbial consortium

Consortium comprising fungi and bacterial strainsCombinations of fungal and bacterial strains are being

widely used for preparation of microbial consortiumTrichoderma and Pseudomonas strains are the most popularand frequently studied bioagents for developing consortiumas they have been reported to suppress disease incidencealong with imparting growth promotion in different crops(Raja et al 2013 Yadav et al 2017) It is reported thatarbuscular mycorrhiza are usually an important source ofcarbon and have the ability to provide energy source to therhizospheric bacteria like P fluorescens for biocontrol It wasreported that a bacterial strain P fluorescens BBc6 which could

Fig 3 Various applications of microbial consortium



synergistically combine with mycorrhizal strains andimprove the efficiency of Laccaria bicolor S238N

Combined application of T viride and P fluorescensreduces incidence of sheath blight disease compared tocontrol (Mathivanan et al 2005) Dandurand and Knudsen(1993) reported that incidence of root rot of pea caused byAphanomyces euteiches fsp pisi was considerably reduced onapplication of combined treatment of T harzianum and Pfluorescens strain 2-79RN10 compared to single T harzianumtreatment Rhizobium and Glomus intraradices when appliedtogether demonstrated an adverse effect on the pathogensby increasing availability of N and P to plants and ultimatelydepriving it for the pathogens Raja et al (2013) recordedhighest height of chilli plant with T harzianum + T virideand followed by T harzianum + P fluorescens Application ofP putida WCS358 and F oxysporum strain Fo47 resulted insuppression of Fusarium wilt of carnation and flax Yadavet al (2017) observed that Trichoderma viride T asperellumand T harzianum alone individually gave inhibition of 378309 and 257 per cent When it is mixed with Pseudomonasfluorescens it gave inhibition of 235 per cent Thiscombination also gave inhibition of growth of Fusariumoxysporum the chick pea wilt

Similarly F oxysporum f sp radicis-lycopersici can beeffectively controlled by application of fluorescentPseudomonas sp with a nonpathogenic F oxysporum therebymaking the pathogen deprive of C and Fe (Lemanceau et al1993) A successful control of F oxysporum f sp cucumerinumwas achieved by combined effect of P putida with saprophyticstrains of F oxysporum (Park et al 1998) Bacillus mycoidesand Pichia guilermondii altogether demonstrated a successfulcontrol of Botrytis cinerea infection on strawberry (Guetskyet al 2001)

Consortium comprising only bacterial strainsThe application of rhizospheric bacteria such as

Bacillus Pseudomonas and Streptomyces spp has beenreported to control several important plant diseases innumerous crops (Chung et al 2005 Hass and Defago 2005)There are various examples of management of plant diseaseswith combination of different bacteria or different strains ofsame bacterium Muthukumar et al (2010) reported thattreatment of chilli seeds with endophytic strains of Pfluorescens in combination (EBC 5 and EBC 6) resulted inlower incidence of pre- and post emergence damping-offcaused by Pyth ium aphanidermatum The combinedapplication of Paenibacillus and Streptomyces sp suppressesFusarium wilt of cucumber In addition to it combination ofStenotrophomonas maltophila and P fluorescens improvesprotection against Pythium-mediated damping-off in sugar

beet compared to their single application (Dunne et al 1998)

A consortia of Sinorh izobium mel ilot i PP3 andBurkholderia sp MSSP and have been reported to promotegrowth of pigeon pea due to their ability to enhance IAAproduction and solubilise phosphate (Pandey andMaheshwari 2007 a b) Similarly P fluorescens NBRI-N andP fluorescens NBRI-N6 in a consortium controlled collar rotin betelvine caused by S rolfsii (Singh et al 2003) The dryroot rot of bean caused by F solani f sp phaseoli has found tobe controlled successfully by application of B subtilis MBI600and Rhizobium tropici with considerable increase in yield(de Jansen et al 2002)

A mixture of B amyloliquefaciens strain IN937a and Bpumilus strain IN937b successfully inhibit soil and air bornepathogens such as Ralstonia solanacearum R solani S rolfsiiand cucumber mosaic virus (Jetiyanon et al 2003) Themixture triggered a set of defense enzymes leading tosignificant disease reduction in four plant pathosystemsviz tomato with S rolfsii and Ralstonia solanacearum andpepper with S rolfsii and C gloeosporioides It is reported thata cluster of bacteria producing antibiotics and chitinase havethe ability to suppress sheath blight disease of rice causedby R solani compared to a single microbial treatmentSimilarly combined application of P fluorescensSinorhizobium fredii and Azobacter chroococcum reducesincidence of fusarium wilt of Cajanus cajan (Choure andDubey 2012)

Studies conducted on microbial consortiumThe use of microbial consortium may provide defense

against a particular pathogen or a series of pathogensattacking a host plant Apart from providing defense againstthe pathogens they also facilitate plant growth promotionThe microbial consortium may either comprise of onlybacterial strains or a mixture of fungal and bacterial strainsThese may be further categorized into dual triple orquadruple based on number of microbes present in theconsortium In literature there are various examples citinguse of microbial consortium for disease control and plantgrowth promotion

M incognita and M phaseolina are responsible forcausing root rot disease in chickpea and is considered as aserious problem which limits the production of the crop(Siddiqui and Husain 1992) However it is reported thatthe disease can be minimized to a considerable extent byapplying a consortium of Pseudomonas striata Rhizobium spand Glomus intraradices Application of consortium hasresulted in an increase in root colonization and reduction innematode multiplication rate was found compared toindividual application The increased availability of



nutrients such as P and N quenched by Rhizobium andP striata has been regarded to play a negative role towardsgrowth and development of the nematode (Pant et al 1983)

The successful application of consortium comprisingof Bacillus Pseudomonas and Streptomyces sp have beendocumented for management of several plant diseases innumerous crops (Chung et al 2005 Hass and Defago 2005)The dry root rot of bean caused by F solani f sp phaseoli hasfound to be managed successfully by application of B subtilisMBI600 and Rhizobium tropici with considerable increase inyield (de Jansen et al 2002) Similarly consortia ofSinorhizobium meliloti PP3 and Burkholderia sp MSSP havebeen reported to promote growth of pigeon pea due to theirability to enhance IAA production and solubilise phosphate(Pandey and Maheshwari 2007 a b) Sung and Chung (1997)reported that a cluster of bacteria producing antibiotics andchitinase have the ability to suppress sheath blight diseaseof rice caused by R solani compared to a single microbeP fluorescens Sinorhizobium fredii and Azobacter chroococcumwhen applied together reduces the incidence of fusariumwilt of Cajanus cajan (Choure and Dubey 2012) De Boer et al(2003) reported that Fusarium wilt of Radish can be effectivelycontrolled by using a combination of P putida strains RE8and WCS358 Similarily P fluorescens NBRI-N andP fluorescens NBRI-N6 demonstrated a superior control overcollar rot in betelvine caused by S rolfsii (Singh et al 2003)

Raaijimakers et al (1995) reported that in a consortiumcomprising two different strains of pseudomonas one strainof Pseudomonas act as siderophore while another strainshowed ability to induce disease resistance in the plant Theaction of two pseudomonads was effective only when theyare applied in combination however their single treatmentdoes not have any impact disease control In another examplemixtures of fluorescent pseudomonads have demonstratedan enhanced protection against take-all disease of wheatcaused by Gaeumannomyces graminis var tritici along withsignificant increase in yields (Pierson and Weller 1994)However another consortium comprising Trichodermakoningii and a nonpathogenic strain of Fusarium oxysporumresulted in significant enhancement in the control of take-alldisease of wheat (Duffy et al 1996) and Fusarium wilt oftomato (Lemanceau et al 1992) Stockwell et al (2011) statedthat combined efficacy of Pseudomonas fluorescens A506 andPantoea vagans strain C9-1 or Pantoea agglomerans strainEh252 is higher than individual strains While A506 plays akey role in suppressing growth of the pathogen by limitingits chances on floral colonization C9-1 and Eh252 producespeptide antibiotics which aids in disease control Themanagement of F oxysporum f sp cucumerinum could beachieved by the combined effect of bacterium P putida with

saprophytic strains of F oxysporum (Park et al 1998)

Mathivanan et al (2005) reported that application ofP fluorescens and T viride significantly reduces rice sheathblight disease in rice The incidences of root rot of pea causedby Aphanomyces euteiches f sp pisi was considerably reducedon application of combined treatment of T harzianum andP fluorescens s train 2-79RN10 compared to singleT harzianum treatment (Dandurand and Knudsen 1993)Bacillus mucoides and Pichia guilermondii has showedtremendous potential in suppressing gray mold of strawberrycaused by Botrytis cinerea (Guetsky et al 2002) The consortiacomprising Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MBAA1) Bacillus cereus(MBAA2) Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (MBAA3) andTrichoderma citrinoviride (MBAAT) has found to successfulcontrol various fungal diseases of Glycine max L (Thakkarand Saraf 2014)

Apart from role of microbial consortium in biocontrolof various diseases they are also responsible for plant growthpromotion It is reported that the bioagents in combinationproduces various growth promoting substances like IAAGA and cytokinins along with high nutrient uptake abilitywhich facilitates in better growth of crop plants There arereports on combination of P fluorescens strains EBC5 andEBC6 found to increase germination percentage shoot lengthand root length of chilli plant (Muthukumar et al 2010)Naseby et al (2000) reported that three strains of T harzianumincreased fresh shoot weight root weight root length in peamore than single strain Jain et al (2017) reported that 12isolates of Trichoderma spp Inhibit the mycelial growth ofRhizoctonia solani causing banded leaf and sheath blight oflittle millet

Plant microbe interactionPlants always confront a battle with the environment

surrounding them Biotic stress is a natural element in plantlifecycle and thus the plants develop certain defensestrategies to counter biotic stress (Durrant and Dong 2004)Defense against pests is usually brought either by mechanicaldefense or production of chemicals which may be toxic or inother ways not desired by the invading organisms Howeverfor defense against the pathogens the hosts have evolvedcertain mechanisms such as microbe associated molecularpattern (MAMP) triggered defense hormone signaling innateimmunity systemic acquired resistance (SAR) chemicalwarfare hypersensitive response and programmed celldeath (Boller and Felix 2009 Zipfel 2009) In spite ofpossessing such phenomenal features the plant still undergopathogen attack and suffers losses in terms of quality andquantity

Biological control has constantly evolved as an



important strategy for management of plant disease It is notonly an important tool for managing phytopathogens butalso aids in plant growth promotion (Vacheron et al 2014)The plant microbe interactions can further be classified asneutral beneficial or detrimental The beneficial microbescolonizing the rhizospheric zone suppress plant diseaseand facilitate its growth through various mechanisms suchas antibiosis high nutrient uptake production of enzymesand toxins as well as release of pathogen inhibitingcompounds (Whipps 1997) The symbiotic associationbetween various microbes has found to display elevateddefense compared to individual application

Induced systemic resistancePlants are known to produce various defense related

compounds in response to stress conditions The time atwhich defense has been initiated decides the fate of the plantie whether it can withstand the pathogen attack or maysuccumb (Choudhary et al 2007) If defense mechanismsare triggered in the plant prior to pathogen attack diseasecan be reduced to a considerable extent Two types ofresistance have been reported to trigger inside the plants ieInduced Systemic Resistance (ISR) and Systemic AcquiredResistance (SAR) Induction of ISR in plants is through nonpathogenic microorganisms residing in the plant

Table 1 Microbial consortia effective against different plant pathogens along with their mode of actionMicrobial consortium Target pathogen Mode of action References Trichoderma viride and P fluorescens Trichoderma viride T asperellum and T harzianum Trichoderma spp (12 isolates) Trichoderma viride Trichoderma viride

Rhizoctonia solani Fusarium oxysporum Rhizoctonia solani Alternaria spp Fusarium oxysporum and Pythium irregualre

ISR and plant growth promotion -do- -do- Seed treatment and foliar spray Seed treatment and foliar spray

Mathivanan et al 2005 Yadav et al 2017 Jain et al 2017 Shakywar et al 2013 Jamwal and Jamawal 2012

Fusarium oxysporum strain F047 and P putida Fusarium oxysporum Siderophore mediated competition for carbohydrate

Lemanceau et al 1993

P fluorescens strain 2-79RN10 and T harzianum Aphanomyces euteiches f sp pisi Siderophore ISR and plant growth promotion

Dandurand and Knusden 1993

Gaeumnnomyces graminis var graminis and mixture of fluorescent pseudomonads

Gauemannomyces graminis var tritici Antibiosis Dufy et al 1995

P aeruginosa Mesorhizobium sp and T harzianum

S rolfsii ISR Singh et al 2012

P aeruginosa Bacillus subtilis and T harzianum S sclerotiorum ISR Jain et al 2012 Trichoderma harzianum Tr6 and Pseudomonas sp Ps14

Cucumis sativus A thaliana Primed expression of a set of defense-related genes

Alizadeh et al 2013

T harzianum P fluorecsens and G intraradices Fusarium oxysporum Plant growth promotion Srivastava et al 2010 Rhizobium and P striata Nematode Increase N and P availability Pant et al 1983 P fluorescens and Stentrophomonas maltophila Pythium spp ISR Dunne et al 1998 Pichia guilermondi and B mycoies B cinerea Competition Guetsky et al 2001 2002 P fluorescens NBRI-N6 and P fluorescens NRI-N

Sclerotium rolfsii ISR Singh et al 2003

P strita and Rhizobium sp Meloidogyne incognita Plant growth promotion Siddique and Singh 2005 Bacillus sp strain mixture IN937b + SE49 and T4 + INRN

Colletotrichum gleosporoides and Cucumber mosaic virus

ISR Jetiyanon et al 2003

Burkholdria OSU 7 Bacillus OSU 142 and Pseudomonas BA 8

Brown rot of apricot Moniliana laxa Ehr

Antibiosis Altindag et al 2006

P fluorescens EBC5 and P fluorescens EBC6 Pythium apanidermatum ISR Muthukumar et al 2010 P chlororaphis PCL1391 and P fluorescens WCS365

Colletotrichum lindemuthianum Plant growth promotion Reduced sporulation and conidial germination

Bardas et al 2009

P fluorescens Aur 6 and Chryseobacterium balustinum Aur 9

Pyricularia oryzae ISR Lucas et al 2009

B subtilis MBI600 and Rhizobium tropici UMR 1899

Fusarium solani f sp phaseoli Siderophore production Estevez de Jensen et al 2002

Rhizobia B cereus strain BS03 and P aeruginosa RRLJ04

Fusarium udum Higher PAL PO and PPO activities

Dutta et al 2008

Trichoderma harzianum DB11 and Gliocladium catenulatum Gliomix

Phytophthora cactorum and P fragariae

Possible antimicrobial activities Vestberg et al 2004



rhizospheric zone prior to pathogen challenge HoweverSAR is elicited in the plant in response to local infection andleads to systemic expression of long lasting resistance againsta broad range of phytopathogens Both resistance triggers adefense response inside the host which protects them fromthe invading pathogen and their subsequent attack Thebeneficial rhizobacteria usually do not cause necrosis in thehost plants which may strengthen the possibility that thereis considerable variation in the eliciting factors produced bythem from that of pathogen elicitors (Somers et al 2004Garbeva et al 2004 Persello-Cartieaux et al 2003)

Three pathways leading to induction of systemicresistance in Arabidopsis have been reported so far out ofwhich two lead to production of pathogenesis-related (PR)proteins (Neuhaus 1999) In the first pathway PR proteinsare formed in response towards attack of pathogenicmicroorganisms whereas second pathway leads toproduction of PR proteins as a result of wound or necrosisHowever in both the pathways alternate mechanisms forinduction of PR proteins are present The expression of PR-proteins can be used as an indicator of ISR (Van Loon 1997)The pathogen-induced pathway uses salicylic acid (SA) asthe primary signaling molecule whereas the defense signalis triggered in wound induced pathway by Jasmonic acid(JA) and ethylene (Raskin 1992 Mauch-Mani and Metraux1998 Cameroon 2000) When applied exogenously thesecompounds and their analogues induce similar responsesalong with a substantial cross talk between the pathways(Pieterse et al 2001)

Cross talk between salycylic acid and jasmonic acidethylene dependent pathways

The induction of systemic resistance in plants isregulated by complex signaling pathways includingsalicylic acid or jasmonic acid and ethylene (Dong 1998)These pathways have neither synergistic nor antagonisticeffect on each other This cross talk between the signalingmolecules offers great regulatory potential to the plantDepending upon the invading microorganism the plant candifferentially use a pathway that can best halt the pathogenThe plant can block one or the other signal guided by thedefense compound required The defense compounds areSA induced PRPs plant defensin thionins and proteaseinhibitors (Van Peer et al 1991)

Resistance conferred by SA dependent pathway maybe effective against certain pathogens on which the JAethylene pathway may be ineffective and vice-versa Thus itentirely depends upon the plant to block the unwantedsignal This has been confirmed using Arabidopsis mutantgenotypes that do not respond to JAethylene signal (coil

mutant) or SA signal (npr1 mutant or transgenic nahG plants(Bowling et al 1994) The basal resistance of JA mutantagainst the fungal pathogens Alternaria brassicola and Botrytiscinerea was lost whereas there was no change in resistanceagainst Perenospora parasitica In contrast npr1 and transgenicnahG plants which are both blocked in response to SA showa lower level of basal resistance against P parasitica whereasbasal resistance against A brassicola and B cinerea remainunaffected (Parker et al 1996) This clearly demonstratesthat the defense compounds produced by SA dependent orSA independent pathways have different specificitiesagainst pathogens

The ISR mediated pathway has been studied inArabidopsis thaliana in which JA and ethylene are the mainsignaling molecule involved Pseudomonas spp have beenreported to induce resistance in several plants viz tobaccocucumber radish carnation and Arabidopsis whichultimately enhances the defense potential of the host plantupon pathogen challenge (Bakker et al 2007 Weller et al2012) The combined activity of ISR and SAR lead to enhanceprotection against the pathogens which defy the twopathways or through ISRSAR alone Apart fromPseudomonas ISR is also triggered by various Bacillus sp suchas B subtil is B pumilus B pasteurii B cereus Bamyloliquifaciens B sphaericus and B mycoides which elicitsignificant disease reduction in a wide range of hosts(Chaudhary and Johri 2008 Kloepper et al 2004)

Role of antioxidantsReactive oxygen species (ROS) are produced in plants

in response to recognition of a pathogen attack They arealso potential regulators of various cellular processes suchas growth development and other defense related pathwaysSuperoxide ion (O2) or its dismutation product hydrogenperoxide (H2O2) plays a vital role in recognition of differenttypes of pathogens Plants possess the ability to regulate thelevels of ROS in such a manner that the levels are detrimentalto the pathogen but not to the host There are two phases ofROS accumulation by avirulent pathogens- first which issmall and transient followed by a constant phase havingdirect correlation with resistance However reports whereROS accumulation have taken place in three phases havealso exists ie Blumeria graminis f sp hordei infecting barleyand Septoria tritici infecting wheat Induction of ROS in plantsleads to strengthening of host cell walls via a cross linkingof glycoproteins

ROS especially H2O2 is an important componentmediating primary defense responses triggered by the host(Custers et al 2004 Walters 2003) However the actualtoxicity of ROS in a given plantndashpathogen interaction is



dependent on sensitivity of the pathogen towards a particularlevel of the ROS induced The amount of extracellular H2O2formed relies on various factors such as type of plant speciesage or developmental stages of the plant cells and nature ofthe elicitor (Legendre et al 1993) It is reported thatmicromolar concentrations of H2O2 inhibited sporegermination of a number of fungal pathogens in vitro Thusa concentration of 01 mM H2O2 completely inhibited growthof Pectobacterium carotovorum sub sp carotovorum and alsoresulted about 95 per cent inhibition in growth of Phytophthorainfestans

In response to stress there is an increase in the synthesisof antioxidants However it has been found that theformation of antioxidants is quite high in case of plantstreated with microbial consortium Singh et al (2013) reportedthat in respect of single microbial treatment the antioxidantactivities increased 18-33 folds in the triple microbeconsortium consisting of T harzianum THU0816 P aeruginosaPHU094 and Mesorhizobium sp RL091 treated chickpeaplants under S rolfsii challenge Apart from the ROS otherdefense related enzymes such as PAL and PO are alsoenhanced in a consortium of Trichoderma and Pseudomonas(Kartikeyan et al 2006)

Drawbacks of microbial consortiumThe role of microbial consortium in plant growth

promotion and disease suppression has been widelydocumented (Chandanie et al 2006 Raimam et al 2007)However there are several reports which reveal thatconsortium is unable to demonstrate minimal effectcompared to their single application (Schisler et al 1997Schmidt et al 2004) Bacillus subtilis and Fusarium oxysporumstrains when applied together did not provide control overFusarium wilt of chickpea (F oxysporum f sp ciceri) ascompared to single treatment (Hervas et al 1997) Co-inoculation with B subtilis 101 and Azospirillum brasilenseSp245 had no significant effect on plant growth whereastheir individual application showed opposite result (Feliciet al 2008) In another example Walker et al (2012) reportedthat co inoculation of maize roots with a mixture ofPseudomonas Glomus and Azospirillum do not play any rolein activation of secondary metabolites as compared withsingle application of Glomus This may be due to noncompatibility of the two strains which show antagonisticactivity against each other (Siddiqui and Shaukat 2002Whipps 2004) The non compatibility of isolates in microbialmixture may be attributed to their independent signallingpathways which do not show a synergistic effect Forexample competition for iron or different substrates limitthe colonization ability of introduced biocontrol strains One

of the key points in preparing a successful microbial consortiais to identify and screen different BCAs with diverse activitieswhose combined effect leads to enhance plantrsquos performanceotherwise the main objective behind its development will allgo in vain

Future prospectsIn microbial consortium one of the chief hindrances

lies in the maintenance of the viable number of spore countof the microorganisms after their formulation and prior toapplication When the consortium is tested for experimentalpurposes it is possible to prepare the inoculum within 1-2days before its application but in case of their commercialapplication they must survive long transportation run Thefuture research which lay an important thrust is theformulation of biocontrol agents in such a way so that theycan thrive the long gap between their manufacture andapplication Bioagents used in microbial consortium mustbe safe and sound to human health as few of them areresponsible for causing dreadous human infection Forexample Pseudomonas aeruginosa which shows highantagonistic activity towards Pyricularia grisea causing grayleaf spot of turf occur as a virulent opportunistic humanpathogen causing surgical wounds with severe burnsMoreover Burkholderia cepacia a popular biocontrol agent ofpea root rot has found to cause opportunistic lung infectionsin patients with cystic fibrosis Cost efficacy convenienceand consistency of biological controls are important factorsthat must be considered during formulation of microbialconsortium Crop based microbial consortium may bedeveloped to meet specific requirement Work on gene andon gene products of bioagent of microbial consortium to bedone for specifying mode of action Statistical procedure andmathematical model to be developed for assessing theinteraction between constituents of microbial consortiuminteraction with pathogen and for assessing their biocontroland growth promotion ability separately The study on therole of different microbes in consortia apart from plant diseasemanagement could also be a new field of research In additionto it different metabolites from the culture of microbial mixescould be assessed for their potential in boosting cropproduction and regulation of some specific genes

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTRatul Moni Ram is highly grateful to UGC for Rajiv

Gandhi National fellowship

REFERENCESAlizadeh H Behboudi K Ahmadzadeh M Javan-Nikkhah

M Zamioudis C Pieterse CMJ and Bakker PAHM2013 Induced systemic resistance in cucumber andArabidopsis thaliana by the combination of Trichoderma



harzianum Tr6 and Pseudomonas sp Ps14 Biological Control6514ndash23

Altindag M Sahin M Esitken A Ercisli S Guleryuz MDonmez MF and Sahin F 2006 Biological control ofbrown rot (Moniliana laxa Ehr) on apricot (Prunus armeniacaL) by Bacillus Burkholderia and Pseudomonas applicationunder in vitro and in vivo conditions Biological Control 38369ndash372

Anjaiah V Cornalis P and Koedam N 2003 Effect of genotypeand root colonization in biological control of fusariumwilts in pigeonpea and chickpea by Pseudomonas aeruginosaPNA1 Canadian Journal of Microbiology 4985ndash91

Anonymous 1987 National Research Council RegulationPesticides in Food National Academy Press WashingtonDC

Anonymous 1989 National Research Council AlternativeAgriculture National Academy Press Washington DC

Arora NK Khare E and Maheshwari DK 2008 Plant growthpromoting Rhizobacteria Constraints in bioformulationcommercialization and future strategies (ed DKMaheshwari) Plant Growth and Health PromotingBacteria Microbiology Monographs 18

Baker KF and Cook RJ 1983 The nature and practice ofbi olog ical control of pla nt pathogens AmericanPhytopathological Society St Paul Minnesota

Bakker PA Pieterse CM and Van Loon LC 2007 Inducedsy stemic r esistance by fluorescent Pseudomon asspp Phytopathology 97(2) 239ndash243

Bardas GA Lagopodi AL Kadoglidou K and Tzavella-Klonari K 2009 Biological control of three Colletotrichumlindemuthianum races using Pseudomonas chlororaphisPCL1391 and Pseudomonas fluorescens WCS 365 BiologicalControl 49139ndash145

Bashan Y 1998 Inoculants of plant growth promoting bacteriafor use in agriculture Biotechnological Advantages 16729ndash770

Boller T and Felix G 2009 A renaissance of elicitors perceptionof microbe-associated molecular patternsand dangersignals by pattern-recognition receptors Annual Review ofPlant Biology 60379ndash406

Bowling SA Guo A Cao H Gordon AS Klessig DF andDong X 1994 A mutation in Arabidopsis that leads toconstitutive expression of systemic acquired resistancePlant Cell 61845ndashl 857

Cameron R 2000 Salicylic acid and its role in plant defenseresponses What do we really know Physiology and MolecularPlant Pathology 5691ndash93

Chandanie WA Kubota M and Hyakumachi M 2006Interactions between plant growth promoting fungi andarbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus mosseae andinduction of systemic resistance to anthracnose disease incucumber Plant Soil 286209ndash217

Choudhary DK and Johri BN 2008 Interactions of Bacillus

spp and plants ndash with special reference to induced systemicresistance (ISR) Microbiological Research 164 493ndash513

Choudhary DK Prakash A and Johri BN 2007 Inducedsystemic resistance (ISR) in plants mechanism of actionIndian Journal of Microbiology 47289ndash297

Choure K and Dubey RC 2012 Development of plant growthpromoting microbial consortium based on interactionstudies to reduce wilt incidence in Cajanus cajan L varManak World Journal of Agricultural Sciences 8118ndash128

Chung WC Huang JW and Huang HC 2005 Formulationof a soil biofungicide for control of damping-off of Chinesecabbage (Brassica chinensis) caused by Rhizoctonia solaniBiological Control 32278ndash294

Cook RJ 1988 Biological control and holistic plant-health carein agriculture 3(2)51-62

Custers JHHV Harrison SJ Sela-Buurlage MB vanDeventer E Lageweg W and Howe PW 2004 Isolationand characterisation of a class of carbohydrate oxidasesfrom higher plants with a role in active defence PlantJournal 39147ndash160

Dandurand LM and Knudsen GR 1993 Influence ofPseudomonas fluorescens on hyphal growth and biocontrolactivity of Trichoderma harzianum in the spermoshere andrhizosphere of pea Phytopathology 83265ndash270

de Boer M Bom P Kindt F Keurentjes JJB van der Sluis Ivan Loon LC and Bakker PAHM 2003 Control ofFusarium wilt of radish by combining Pseudomonas putidastrains that have different disease-suppressive mechanismsBiological Control 93626ndash632

de Boer M van der Sluis I van Loon LC and Bakker PAHM1997 In vitro compa tibi lity between fluor escentPseudomonas spp strains can increase effectivity of Fusariumwilt control by combinations of these strains In PlantGrowth-Promoting RhizobacteriamdashPresent Status andFuture Prospects Proc International Workshop on PlantGrowth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (eds A Ogoshi KKobayashi Y Homma F Kodama N Kondo and SAkino) Nakanishi Printing Sapporo Japan 380ndash382

de Jensen CE Percich JA and Graham PH 2002 Integratedmanagement strategies of bean root rot with Bacillus subtilisand Rhizobium in Minnesota Field Crops Research 74107ndash115

Dong X 1996 SA JA ethylene and disease resistance in plantsCurrent Opinion in Plant Biology 1316ndash323

Duffy BK and Weller DM 1995 Use of Gaeumannomycesgraminis var graminis alone and in combination withfluorescent Pseudomonas spp to suppress take-all of wheatPlant Disease 79907ndash911

Duffy BK Simon A and Weller DM 1996 Combination ofTrichoderma koningii with fluorescent Pseudomonas for controlof Take all disease of wheat Phytopathology 86188ndash194

Dunne C Loccoza YM McCarthya J Higginsa P Powellb JDowlinga N and OrsquoGara F 1998 Combining proteolytic



and phloroglucinol-producing bacteria for improvedbiocontrol of Pythium-mediated damping-off of sugar beetPlant Pathology 47299ndash307

Durrant WE and Dong X 2004 Systemic acquired resistanceAnnual Review of Phytopathology 42185ndash209

Dutta S Mishra AK and Kumar BSD 2008 Induction ofsystemic resistance against fusariam wilts in pigeon peathr ough interaction of plant gr owth promoti ngrhizobacteria and rhizobia Soil Biology and Biochemistry40452ndash461

Estevez de Jensen C Percich JA and Graham PH 2002Integrated management strategies of bean root rot withBacillus subtilis and Rhizobium in Minnesota Field CropResearch 74107ndash115

Felici C Vettori L Giraldi E Forino LMC Toffanin ATagliasacchi AM and Nuti M 2008 Single and co-inoculation of Bacillus subtilis and Azospirillum brasilense onLycopersicon esculentum effects on plant growth andrhizosphere microbial community Applied Soil Ecology40260ndash270

Garbeva P van Veen JA and van Elsas JD 2004 Microbialdiversity in soil selection of microbial populations bypl ant and soil type and implications for d isea sesuppressiveness Annual Review of Phytopathology 42243ndash270

Gasic S and Tanovic B 2013 Biopesticide formulationspossibility of application and future trends Pesticides andPhytomedicine 2897ndash102

Guetsky R Shitenberg D Elad Y and Dinoor A 2001Combining biocontrol agents to reduce the variability ofbiological control Phytopathology 91621ndash627

Guetsky R Shtienberg D Elad Y Fischer E and Dinoor A200 2 Improving biological contr ol by combiningbiocontrol agents with several mechanisms of diseasesuppression Phytopathology 92976ndash985

Guo JH Qi HY Guo YH Ge HL Gong LY Zhang LXand Sun PH 2004 Biocontrol of tomato wilt by plantgrowth promoting rhizobacteria Biological Control 2966ndash72

Haas D and Defago G 2005 Biological control of soil-bornepathogens by fluorescent pseudomonads Nature ReviewsMicrobiology 3307ndash319

Hervas A Landa B and Jimenez-Diaz R 1997 Influence ofchickpea genotype and Bacillus sp on protection fromFusarium wilt by seed treatment with nonpathogenicFusarium oxysporum European Journal of Plant Pathology103631ndash642

Jain A Singh S Sarma BK and Singh HB 2012 Microbialconsortium mediated reprogramming of defense networkin pea to enhance tolerance against Sclerotinia sclerotiorumJournal of Applied Microbiology 112537ndash550

Jain AK Kumar Ashish Singh Chouhan SS and Tripathi SK2017 Cultural characteristics and evaluation of Trichoderma

isolates against Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn causing banded leafand sheath blight of little millet Annals of Plant ProtectionSciences 25(1)140-143

Jamwal S and Jamawal A 2012 Management of root rot complexof gerbera caused by Fusarium oxysporum fsp gerberae andPythium irregualre by Trichoderma spp Annals of PlantProtection Sciences 20160-163

Jetiyanon K 2007 Defensive related enzyme response in plantstreated with a mixture of Bacillus strains (IN937a andIN973b) against different pathogens Biological Control42178ndash185

Jetiyanon K Fowler WD and Kloepper JW 2003 Broadspectrum protection against several pathogens by PGPRmixtures under field conditions in Thailand Plant Disease871390ndash1394

Keswani C Mishra S Sarma BK Singh SP and Singh HB2014 Unraveling the efficient applications of secondarymetabolites of various Trichoderma spp Applied Microbiologyand Biotechnology 98(2)533ndash544

Kloepper JW Ryu CM and Zhang S 2004 Induced systemicresistance and promotion of plant growth by Bacillus sppPhytopathology 941259ndash1266

Koornneef A and Pieterse CM 2008 Cross talk in defensesignaling Plant Physiology 146(3)839ndash844

Leeman M den Ouden FM van Pelt JA Cornellissen CMatamala Garros A Bakker PAHM and Schippers B1996 Suppression of fusarium wilt of radish by co-inoculation of fluorescent Pseudomonas spp and root-colonizing fungi European Journal of Plant Pathology 10221ndash31

Lemanceau P Bakker PAHM De Kogel WJ AlabouvetteC and Schippers B 1992 Effects of Pseudobactin 358production by Pseudomonas putida WCS 358 on suppressionof fusarium wilt of carnation by non pathogenic Fusariumoxysporum Applied Environmental Microbiology 582978ndash2982

Lemanceau P Bakker PAHM De Kogel WJ AlabouvetteC and Schi pper s B 19 93 Anta goni stic effect ofnonpathogenic Fusarium oxysporum Fo47 and Pseudobactin358 upon pathogenic Fusarium oxysporum f sp dianthiApplied Environmental Microbiology 5974ndash82

Lucas JA Solano BR Montes F Ojeda J Megias M andGutierrez Manero FJ 2009 Use of two PGPR strains in theintegrated management of blast disease in rice (Oryza sativa)in Southern Spain Field Crop Research 114404ndash410

Mathivanan N Prabavathy VR and Vijayanandraj VR 2005Application of talc formulations of Pseudomonas fluorescensMigula and Trichoderma viride Pers Ex SF gray disease thesheath blight disease and enhances the plant growth andyield in Rice Journal of Phytopathology 153697ndash701

Mauch-Mani B and Meacutetraux JP 1998 Salicylic acid and systemicacquired resistance to pathogen attack Ann als ofBotany 82(5) 535ndash540

Muthukumar A Bhaskaran R and Sanjeevkumar K 2010



Efficacy of endophytic Pseudomonas fluorescens (Trevisan)migula against chilli damping-off Journal of Biopesticide3105ndash109

Naseby DC Pasual JA and Lynch JM 2000 Effect of biocontrolstrains of Trichoderma on plant growth Pythium ultimumpopulation soil microbial communities and soil enzymeactivities Journal of Applied Microbiology 88161ndash169

Neuhaus JM 1999 Plant chitinases (pr-3 pr-4 pr-8 pr-11) Pathogenesis-related proteins in plants Boca Raton CRC Press 77ndash105

Pal KK and Gardener BM 2006 Biological control of plantpathogens The Plant Health Instructor DOI 101094PHI-A-2006-1117ndash02

Pandey P and Maheshwari DK 2007a Two-species microbialconsortium for growth promotion of Cajanus cajan CurrentScience 92(8)1137ndash1142

Pandey P and Maheshwari DK 2007b Bioformulation ofBurkholderia sp MSSP multispecies consortium growthpromotion Cajanus cajan Candian Journal of Microbiology53213ndash222

Pant V Hakim S and Saxena SK 1983 Effect of different levelsof NPK on the growth of tomato and on the morphometricsof root knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita Indian Journalof Nematology 13110ndash113

Park CS Paulitz TC and Baker R 1998 Biocontrol of fusariumwilt of cucumber resulting from interactions betweenPseudomonas putida and non pathogenic isolates of Fusariumoxysporum Phytopathology 78190ndash194

Parker JE Holub EB Frost LN Falk A Gunn ND andDaniels MJ 1996 Characterization of eds1 a mutation inArabidopsis suppressing resistance to Peronospora parasiticaspecified by several different RPP genes The PlantCell 8(11)2033ndash2046

Persello-Cartieaux F Nussaume L and Robaglia C 2003 Talesfrom the underground molecular plant-rhizobacterialinteractions Plant Cell and Environment 26189ndash199

Pierson EA and Weller DM 1994 Use of mixtures of florescentpseudomonas to suppress take ndash all and improve the growthof wheat Phytopathology 84940ndash947

Pieterse CMJ van Pelt JA van Wees SCM Ton J Leacuteon-Kloosterziel K Keurentjes JJB Verhagen BMWKnoester M van der Slius I Bakker PAHM and vanLoon LC 2001 Rhizobacteria-mediated induced systemicresistance triggering signaling and expression EuropeanJournal of Plant Pathology 107(1)51ndash61

Punja ZK and Utkhede RS 2003 Using fungi and yeasts tomanage vegetable crop diseases Trends in Biotechnology21400ndash407

Raaijimakers JM Leeman M Van Oorschot MMP Van derSluis I Schippers B and Bakker PAHM 1995 Dose-response relationship in biological control of fusarium wiltof radish by Pseudomonas spp Phytopathology 85 1075ndash1081

Raimam MP Albino U Cruz MF Lovato GM Spago F

Ferracin TP Lima DS Goulart T Bernardi CMMiyauchi M Nogueira MA and Andrade G 2007Interaction among free-living N-fixing bacteria isolatedfrom Drosera villosa var villosa and AM fungi (Glomus clarum)in rice (Oryza sativa) Applied Soil Ecology 3525ndash34

Raja Abhilasha Lal A Simon S and Bassayya 2013 Managementof seedling rot of chilli using Trichoderma spp andPseudomonas fluorescens Annals of Plant Protection Sciences21387-390

Raskin I 1992 Role of salicylic acid in plants Annual review ofPlant Biology 43(1)439ndash463

Savazzini F Longa CMO and Pertot I 2009 Impact of thebiocontrol agent Trichoderma atroviride SC1 on soil microbialcommunities of a vineyard in northern Italy Soil Biologyand Biochemistry 41(7)1457ndash1465

Saxena A Mishra S Raghuwanshi R and Singh HB 2013Biocontrol agents Basics to biotechnological applicationsin sustainable agriculture In Recent Advances inMicrobiology Vol 2 (eds SP Tiwari R Sharma R Gaur)Nova Publishers USA 141ndash164

Saxena A Raghuwanshi R and Singh HB 2014 Trichodermaspecies mediated differential tolerance against biotic stressof phytopathogens in Cicer arietinum L Journal of BasicMicrobiology 541ndash12

Schisler DA Slininger PJ and Bothast RJ 1997 Effects ofantagonist cell concentration and two-strain mixtures onbiological control of Fusarium dry rot of potatoesPhytopathology 87177ndash183

Schmidt CS Agostini F Simon AM Whyte J Townend JLifert C Killham K and Mullins C 2004 Influence ofsoil type and pH on the colonization of sugar beet seedlingsby antagonistic Pseudomonas and Bacillus strains and on theircontrol of Pythium damping-off European Journal of PlantPathology 1101025ndash1046

Shakywar RC Pathak M Singh S Kumar M and Kumar S2013 Integrated management of Alternaria blight ofpigeonpea in Arunachal Pradesh Annals of Plant ProtectionSciences 21444-446

Sharma RR Singh D and Singh R 2009 Biological control ofpostharvest diseases of fruits and vegetables by microbialantagonists A review Biological Control 50205ndash221

Siddiqui IA and Shaukat SS 2002 Mixtures of plant diseasesuppressive bacteria enhance biological control of multipletomato pathogens Biology and Fertility of Soils 36260ndash268

Siddiqui ZA and Husain SI 1992 Interaction of Meloidogyneincognita race 3 Macrophomina phaseolina and Bradyrhizobiumsp in the root rot disease complex of chickpea Cicerarietinum Fundamental and Applied Nematology 16491ndash494

Siddiqui ZA and Singh LP 2005 Effect of fly ash Pseudomonasstriata and Rhizobium on the reproduction of nematodeMeloidogyne incognita and on the growth and transpirationof pea Journal of Environmental Biology 26117ndash122

Singh HB 2006 Achievements in biological control of diseases



with antagonistic organisms at National Botanical ResearchInstitute Lucknow In Current status of biological controlof plant diseases using antagonistic organisms in India(eds B Ramanujan and RJ Rabindra) Technical DocumentProject Directorate of Biological Control Bangalore India329ndash340

Singh A Mehta S Singh HB and Nautical CS 2003 Biocontrolof collar rot disease of betelvine (Piper betel L) caused bySclerotium rolfsii b y using rhizosphere competentPseudomonas fluorescens NBRI-N6 and Pseudomonasfluorescens NBRI-N Current Microbiology 47153ndash158

Singh A Sarma BK Upadhyay RS and Singh HB 2012Compatible rhizosphere microbes mediated alleviationof biotic stress in chickpea through enhanced antioxidantand phenyl propanoid activities Microbiological Research16833ndash40

Singh BN Singh A Singh BR and Singh HB 2013 Trichodermaharzianum elicits induced resistance in sunflower challengedby Rhizoctonia solani Journal of Applied Microbiologydoi101111jam12387

Somers E Vanderleyden J and Srinivasan M 2004 Rhizospherebacterial signalling a love parade beneath our feet CriticalReview in Microbiology 304 205ndash240

Srivastava R Khalid A Singh US and Sharma AK 2010Evaluation of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus fluorescentPseudomonas and Trichoderma harzianum formulation againstFusarium oxysporum f sp lycopersici for the management oftomato wilt Biological Control 5324ndash31

Stockwell VO Johnson KB Sugar D and Loper JE 2011Mechanisti call y compatible mixtures of bacteri alantagonists improve biological control of fire blight ofpear Phytopathology 101113ndash123

Sung KC and Chung YR 1997 Enhanced suppression of ricesheath blight using combination of bacteria which producechiti nases or antibiotics Pl ant Growth-PromotingRhizobacteriamdash Present Status and Future Prospects In Proc Int Workshop on Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria4th (eds A Ogoshi K Kobayashi Y Homma F KodamaN Kondo and S Akino) Nakanishi Printing SapporoJapan pp 370ndash372

Thakkar A and Saraf M 2014 Development of microbialconsortia as a biocontrol agent for effective managementof fungal diseases in Glycine max L Archives of Phytopathologyand Plant Protection DOI 101080032354082014893638

Vacheron J Desbrosses G Marie-Lara B Touraine B Moenne-Loccoz Y Muller D Legendre L Wisniewski-Dye Fand Prigent-Combaret C 2014 Plant growth promotingrhizobacteria and root system functioning Ecophysiology ofroot systems-environment interaction 166

Van Loon LC Bakker PAHM and Pieterse CMJ 1998Systemi c resistance ind uced by rhiz ospherebacteria Annual Review of Phytopathology 36(1) 453ndash483

Van Loon LC1997 Induced resistance in plants and the role ofpathogenesis-related proteins European Journal of PlantPathology 103(9) 753ndash765

Van Peer R Niemann GJ and Schippers B 1991 Inducedresistance and phytoalexin accumulation in biologicalcontrol of Fusarium wilt of carnation by Pseudomonas spstrain WCS417r Phytopathology 81 728ndash734

Vestberg M Kukkonen S Saari K Parikka P Huttunen JTainio L Devos NWeekers F Kevers C Thonart PLemoine MC Cor dier C Alabouvette C a ndGianinazzi S 2004 Microbial inoculation for improvingthe growth and health of micropropagated strawberryApplied Soil Ecology 27243ndash258

Vinale F Sivasithamparam K Ghisalberti EL Marra R WooSL and Lorito M 2008 Trichodermandashplant pathogeninteractions Soil Biology and Biochemistry 401ndash10

Walker V Couillerot O Felten AV Bellvert F Jansa JMaurhofer M Bally R Moenne-Loccoz Y and ComteG 2012 Variation of secondary metabolite levels in maizeseedling roots induced by inoculation with AzospirillumPseudomonas and Glomus consortium under field conditionsPlant and Soil 356151ndash163

Walters DR 2003 Polyamines and plant disease Phytochemistry6497ndash107

Weller DM Mavrodi DV van Pelt JA Pieterse CM vanLoon LC and Bakker PAHM 2012 Induced systemicresistance in Arabidopsis thaliana against Pseudomonas syringaepv tomato by 2 4-diacetylphloroglucinol-producingPseudomonas fluorescens Phytopathology 102(4)403ndash412

Whipps JM 1997 Developments in the biological control ofsoil-borne plant pathogen Advanced Botanical Research 261ndash134

Whipps JM 2001 Microbial interactions and biocontrol in therhizosphere Journal of Experimental Botany 52487ndash511

Whipps JM 2004 Prospects and limitations for mycorrhizas inbiocontrol of root pathogens Canadian Journal of Botany821198ndash1227

Wilson CL 1997 Biological control and plant diseases-a newparadigm Journal of Industrial Microbiology and Biotechnology19158ndash159

Yadav M L Simon S and Lal AA 2017 Efficacy of Trichodermaspp Pseudomonas fluorescens and neem cake against thechick pea wilt (Fusarium oxysporum fsp ciceri) Annals ofPlant Protection Sciences 25(2)347-350

Zipfel C 2009 Early molecular events in PAMP-triggeredimmunity Current Opinion in Plant Biology 12414ndash420

Manuscript recived on 782017Manuscript accepted for publication 2102017


P Datta and K DasJournal of Eco-friendly Agriculture 13(1) 13-14 2018

copy2018

Yield and quality parameters of guava fruits grown inconventional and organic farming systemP Datta and K Das

Department of Fruits and Orchard Management Faculty of Horticulture Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya PO Mohanpur-741 252 NadiaWB IndiaE-mail pallab_bckvrediffmailcom

ABSTRACT

The yield and quality profile of organic and conventionaly grown guava fruits in new alluvial zones of WestBengal were compared In total 400 fruits (from both growing systems) were analyzed for a range of qualityparameters Data were evaluated by ANOVA and means were compared by using t-test Compared with conventionalsystem organic fruits were rich in minerals like phosphorus potassium zinc manganese and calcium More fruitweight and yield were obtained in conventionally grown system while quality parameter and shelf life were better inorganically grown fruits An important constituent ie vitamin C content of guava fruits was also higher (13927 mg100g-1) in organically grown fruits as compared to conventional once Hence organic system can be recommended forquality produce of guava

Key words Guava quality organic sysytem conventional system

Guava (Psidium guajava L) is one of the important fruitcrops of West Bengal particularly in the alluvial zone ofWest Bengal The fruits are rich in minerals vitamin C andpectin Guava is such a horticultural crop where fruits areconsumed fresh after harvest along with peel hence for safenutrition there is need of organic cultivation of guavaVitamin C content in guava fruit is an important ingredientwhich act as antioxidant and as agent that contributes toanticarcinogenic or cardioprotective properties (Rice-Evanset al 1996 Rapisarda et al 1999) This vitamin C is alsoconsidered as a very important water soluble antioxidantas it protects compounds in extracellular and intracellularspaces in most biological systems and reduces tocopherolradicals back to their active form at the cellular membranesIt can also directly scavenge superoxide radicals singletoxygen hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radicals (Kaur andKapoor 2001 Klimezak et al 2007) So the usefulness ofguava fruit is important for the purpose of health benefitsThe quality of organic fruit is often higher as compared toconventionally grown once Greater vitamin C content incitrus in organically grown fruits compared toconventionally grown system was also reported by Tarozziet al (2006) Scanty information is available in guava fruit onthis aspect Keeping this the present investigation wasundertaken

MATERIALS AND METHODSThe study was conducted at the farmerrsquos field nearby

Regional Research Station Bidhan Chandra KrishiViswavidyalaya Gayeshpur during 2012-2014 on 8 yearsold guava trees cv L-49 having uniform growth and vigour

The two growing systems were studied First in the orchardwhere recommended dose of chemical fertilizers (N-260 gP2O5ndash320 g and K2O-260 g) plant-1year-1 were applied ieconventional system and the second was organic system Inorganic system trees were grown with Azotobacter (200 g) +Azospirillum (100 g) + VAM (100 g) + potassium mobilizer(100 g) + 25 kg vermicompost all plant-1 year-1 In this systemplant protection measures were also by organic means onlyYield and fruit physical quality were recorded at maturity atharvest The mature fruits from each system harvested wereused for physico-chemical analysis following all standardmethods as described by Ranaganna (2000) Mineral contentof the fruits were also estimated following all standardmethods

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONMineral contents of guava fruits varied significantly in

two growing systems (Table 1) Phosphorus potassium zincmanganese and calcium content of fruits were higher inorganically grown fruits while nitrogen and iron content offruits were relatively higher in fruits grown conventionallyie with chemical fertilizers Similar results were alsoobtained by Neuhoff et al (2011) in oranges Shankar et al(2012) in tomato and Dutta and Talang (2014) in mangoThe absorption of micro-nutrient such as iron and zinc fromsoil is significantly influenced by the application of organicmanures and bio-fertilizers Soil that has been managedorganically has more micro-organism which produces manycompounds that influences the plant to absorb moremicronutrients from soil It is also reported that substancessuch as citrate and lactate combine with the soil minerals


Yield and quality parameters of guava fruits grown in conventional and organic farming system

and make them more available to plant roots Particularlyfor iron it is especially important because many soils containadequate iron but not in an available form The presence ofthese micro-organisms explains the trend showing a highermineral content of organic food crops (McClintock 2004)

Yield and quality parameters are also influenced bydifferent growing systems (Table 2) Fruit weight and yieldwere recorded relatively more in conventional farming systemas compared to organic farming while biochemicalparameters like total soluble solids total sugar and ascorbicacid content of fruit were more in fruits grown organicallycompared to conventional system Organically grown fruitsalso exhibited more shelf life (9 days) at ambient roomtemperature The increased fruit quality may be explainedfrom the fact that organic growing system enhanced thenutrient availability by enhancing the capability of plant forbetter uptake of nutrients from rhizosphere The results arein close conformity with the findings reported by Korwaret al (2006) and Pathak et al (2005) in aonla Dutta and Talang(2014) also found similar results in mango Finally it isconcluded that organic growing system can be recommendedin guava for obtaining better fruit quality including vitaminC content which is an important constituent

REFERENCESDutta P and Talang H 2014 Comparison of the quality of

organically and conventionally grown mango in newalluvial zones of West Bengal Journal of Eco-friendlyAgiculture 9(2)148-149

Kaur CH and Kapoor HC 2001 Antioxidants in fruits andvegetables-the millenniumrsquos health International Journal ofFood Science and Tehchnology 36703-725

Klimezak I Maleska M Szlachta M and GliszezynskandashSwinglo A 2007 Effect of storage on the content ofpolyphenols vitamin C and the antioxidant activity oforange juice Journal of Food Composition Analysis 20313-322

Korwar GR Pratibha G Ravi V and Palanikumar D 2006Influence of organic and inorganic on growth yield ofanola (Emblica officinalis Gaertin) in semi arid tropics IndianJournal of Agricultural Sciences 76457-461

McClintock NC 2004 Production and use of compost andvermicompost in sustainable farming system MSc Thesissubmitted to the graduate faculty of North Carolina StateUniversity USA

Neuhoff D Vlatschkov V and Raigon D 2011 Comparison ofthe quality of conventionally and organically grownoranges in spain Proceedings of the 3rd Scientific Conferenceof ISOFAR Organic is lifendashknowledge for tomorrow 28Sept-01 October 2011 Republic of Korea pp 487-490

Pathak RK Ram RA and Shukla SK 2005 Cultivating anolaorganically Indian Horticulture 504-9

Ranganna S 2000 Handbook of analysis and quality control for fruitsand vegetables products Tata McGrow Hill publishingCompany New Delhi

Rapisarda P Tomaino A Lo Cascio R Bonina F de PasqualeA and Saija A 1999 Antioxidant effectivness as influencedby phenolic content of fresh orange juice Journal ofAgriculture and Food Chemistry 474718-4723

Rice-Evans C Miller NJ and Paganga G 1996 Structure-antioxidant activity relationships of flaronoids andphenolic acids Free Rad Biol Med 20933-950

Shankar KS Sumathi S Shankar M and Reddy NN 2012Comparison of nutritional quality of organically versusconventionally grown tomato Indian Journal of Horticulture69(1)81-90

Tarrozi A Hrelia S Angeloni C Morroni F Biaggi PGuardigli M CantellindashForti G and Hrelia P 2006Antioxidant effectiveness of organically and non-organically grown red oranges in cell culture systemsEuropean Journal of Nutrition 45152-158


Table 1 Mineral content of organically and conventionallygrown guava fruits

Parameter Organic Conventional Level of significant

Nitrogen ( dry weight)

049 051 P001

Phosphorus ( dry weight)

011 009 P001

Potassium ( dry weight)

075 061 P001

Zn (ppm) 4100 2300 P001 Fe (ppm) 5700 5800 NS Mn (ppm) 1790 1120 P001 Ca ( dry weight) 0074 0069 P001

Table 2 Effect of growing systems on yield and qualityparameters of guava fruits

Parameter Organic Conventional Level of significance

Fruit weight (g) 13810 14233 P001 Fruit yield (kg tree- 1)

3677 4127 P001

Fruit length (cm) 722 731 NS Total sugar () 697 611 P001 Acidity () 031 037 P001 Ascorbic acid (mg 100g -1)

13927 12397 P001

Shelf life (days) 9 5 P001 Total soluble solids (degBrix)

1020 980 P001


Parkey Gogoi and Deepa Borbora PhookanJournal of Eco-friendly Agriculture 13(1) 15-18 2018

copy2018

Response of Knol khol (Brassica oleracea L var gongylodes)to different organic amendments and microbial consortiumParkey Gogoi and Deepa Borbora Phookan

Department of Horticulture Assam Agricultural University Jorhat - 785 013 Assam IndiaEmail parkeygogoi28gmailcom Mobile - 8876186916

ABSTRACT

The performance of Knol khol (Brassica Oleracea L var gongylodes) var White Vienna was evaluated in differentorganic amendments along with microbial consortium during 2014-15 and 2015-16 There were eight treatmentsconsisting of T1 (Microbial consortium + Rock phosphate) T2 (T1 + 25 t ha-1 compost) T3 (T1 + 5 t ha-1 compost) T4 (T1+ 25 t ha-1 Vermicompost) T5 (T1 + 5 t ha-1 Vermicompost) T6 (Enriched compost 25 t ha-1) T7 (Enriched compost 5t ha-1) and T8 (Recommended dose of fertilizer) The highest yield of 19145 q ha-1 was recorded in conventionaltreatment while among the organic treatments T7 (Enriched compost 5 t ha-1) recorded the highest yield (16973 qha-1) and other yield attributing parameters The lowest yield attributing characters were exhibited by T1 (Rockphosphate + Consortium) On quality parameters the organic treatments exhibited superior results when comparedto inorganic treatments

Key words Knol khol carotene ascorbic acid ash enriched compost protein

Knol khol is characterized by the formation of knobwhich arises from thickening of stem tissues above thecotyledons It is a good source of carbohydrate proteinvitamin C and minerals like Ca P and K Growth yield andquality depend upon nutrient availability in soil which isrelated to judicious application of manures and fertilizersTo increase the productivity and profitability the use ofchemical fertilizers pesticides and other chemical inputsare increasing day by day resulting in economicenvironmental and ecological problems which adverselyaffected the sustainability of agricultural system as well ashuman health hazards The continuous use of chemicalfertilizers badly affect the texture and structure of soil reducesoil organic matter content and decreases microbial activityof soil (Alam et al 2007) Hence the vegetables that areproduced organically are gaining importance because of lesschemical residues The organic manures give better qualityproduce as compared to those grown with inorganic sourcesof fertilizers

MATERIALS AND METHODSThe present experiment was carried out in the

Experimental Farm Department of Horticulture during2014-15 and 2015-16 in Assam Agricultural UniversityJorhat in Randomized Block Design with three replicationsThe experimental site is located 26deg47 N latitude 94deg12 Elongitude and 868 m above mean sea level of UpperBrahmaputra Valley Agro Climatic Zone of Assam Theexperiment was laid out with eight treatments in RBD withthree replications The treatments were T1 Rock phosphate+ Consortium T2 T1 + Compost 25 t ha-1 T3 T1 + Compost

5 t ha-1 T4 T1 + Vermicompost 25 t ha-1 T5 T1 +Vermicompost 5 t ha-1 T6 T1 + Enriched compost 25 tha -1 T7 T1 + Enriched compost 5 t ha -1 and T8 Recommended dose of fertilizer 80 60 60 NPK hectare-1The consortium used in the experiment was the mixture ofAzotobacter Azospirillum Phosphate solubilising bacteria andRhizobium and the variety was White Vienna There were 24plots each having 36 plants with a spacing of 40 x 30 cmwithin rows and plants respectively Individual plot sizewas 432 m2 and the total area of the experimental site was250 m2 Yield quality and soil health parameters werestudied for two consecutive years and statistically analyzed

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONThe present study was targeted with the aim to find

out the effect of biofertilizer consortium (RhizobiumAzotobacter Azospirillum and PSB) alone or in combinationwith other organic fertilizers like vermicompost and enrichedcompost at different doses on growth yield and quality ofKnol khol and post soil fertility status

The knob diameter is an important determinant of yieldin Knol khol which was greatly influenced by differentsources (Table 1) In the present study the highest knobdiameter of 841 cm was recorded in T8 (RDF) followed by789 cm in the treatment receiving Enriched compost 5 t ha-1The increase in the knob diameter might be due to the morephotosynthesis rate from larger photosynthetic area and theirtranslocation towards knob resulting in increase in the knobdiameter The present findings are in close conformity withthe findings of Sharma and Singh (2003) and Chaurasiaet al (2001) The increased knob diameter in organic treatment


Response of Knol khol (Brassica oleracea L var gongylodes) to different organic amendments and microbial consortium

might be due to the better plant stand and direct contributionof organic inputs with consortium in improving the fertilitycondition of the soil because of microbial activities

A significant influence of treatment on knob yieldplant-1 and yield hectare-1 was observed with a maximum of21176 g plant-1 and 19145 q ha-1 respectively in T8 ie RDF(80 60 60 kg NPK + 10 t FYM ha-1) This could be due to therapid availability and utilization of nitrogen for variousinternal processes in the plant The higher leaf numberprovided by this treatment facilitates larger photosyntheticarea coupled with increased uptake of water and nutrientsfrom soil might have resulted in increased production ofphotosynthates leading to better filling of knobs and therebyincreasing yield Irrespective of the types of nutrient sourcesin all cases the treatments receiving enriched compost 5 tha-1 recorded more yield of 20370 g plant-1 and 16973 kgha-1 than other treatments Increase in the yield is due to thesupply of additional nutrient through organics as well asimprovement in the physical and biological properties ofsoil (Sharma et al 2005) The increase also might be due tofact that these nutrients are being important constituents ofnucleotides proteins chlorophyll and enzymes involvedin various metabolic process which have direct impact onvegetative and reproductive phase of the plants It seemedthat organic manure need more time for nutrients to beavailable for plant absorption However the beneficial effectof organic manure on yield may be due to an increase inorganic matter rate caused by the generation of carbondioxide during compost decomposition (Wilkinson 1979)and improvement of the soil physical conditions whichencouraged the plant to have a good root development byimproving the aeration of the soil (Arisha et al 2003)Application of organic manure increases microbialpopulation in soil that helps the soil to release variousimmobile nutrients These microbes also produce PGR thatare important for plant growth and photosynthetic activity(Levy and Taylor 2003) These results are in consonance

with Raja et al (2006) and Zaki et al (2009)

Effect of organics on quality parametersTable 2 shows the qualities of knobs and vitamin C

(ascorbic acid) content The present study shows that thehighest ascorbic acid content (6422 mg 100 g-1) was recordedin T7 (Enriched compost 5 t ha-1) and the lowest ascorbicacid content of 3501 mg 100g-1 was observed in treatmentreceiving RDF The findings are in close agreement with thoseearlier reported by Guo et al (2004) in cabbage and Sableand Bhamare (2007) in cauliflower A negative correlationbetween vitamin C content and level of applied nitrogen isoften reported (Lee and Kader 2000)

Ash content represented the total amount of non-combustible substances ie minerals present in the plantproduct In the present study highest ash content of 466 percent in knob was found in T5 (T1 + Vermicompost 5 t ha-1)This might be due to the increase in quality parametersbecause soil that has been managed organically has moremicroorganisms which produce many compound thatinfluence the plant to absorb more micro nutrients from soil

In the present study it has been observed that theprotein content was highest under T8 (RDF) treatment andthe lowest was under T1 ie Rock phosphate + Consortium(Table 2) The increase in protein content with higher dose ofnitrogen content might be due to the fact that nitrogen is amajor contributor of protein synthesis When nitrogen isadequate proteins are formed from the manufacturedcarbohydrate A positive correlation between protein contentand level of applied nitrogenous fertilizer was also found byKhorr and Vogtmann (1983) Similar results has been clearlydemonstrated by Kumpulainen (2001) in potato and Shelkeet al (2001) in brinjal

Carbohydrate content in Knol khol seems to be affectedby different treatments significantly From Table 2 it is seenthat maximum carbohydrate content (674 ) was recorded

Table 1 Knob yield of Knol khol (Brassica oleracea Lvar gongylodes)Knob diameter

(cm) Knob yield plant-1

(g) Knob yield ha-1

(q ha-1) Treatment

2014-15 2015-16 Pooled 2014-15 2015-16 Pooled 2014-15 2015-16 Pooled T1 Rock phosphate + Consortium 515 526 521 5827 5607 5717 4649 4748 4699 T2 T1 + Compost (25 t ha-1) 606 614 610 8338 88 8587 8757 9826 9292 T3 T1 + Compost (5 t ha-1) 671 650 660 12524 13004 12764 10454 10671 10566 T4 T1 + Vermicompost (25 t ha-1) 711 713 712 15335 15533 15434 12794 12965 12880 T5 T1 + Vermicompost (5 t ha-1) 753 754 753 17183 17615 17399 14329 14848 14588 T6 Enriched compost (25 t ha-1 ) 777 765 771 18213 18590 18402 15181 15599 15390 T7 Enriched compost (5 t ha-1) 788 791 789 20144 20596 20370 16807 17145 16973 T8 RDF (806060 kg ha-1 NPK + 10 t ha-1 FYM) 838 845 841 20904 21433 21176 18935 19556 19145 S Ed (plusmn) 019 023 022 269 194 165 144 103 099 CD (5) 045 052 050 645 535 457 400 285 275


Parkey Gogoi and Deepa Borbora Phookan

in T7 (Enriched compost 5 t ha-1) and minimum carbohydratecontent (503 ) was recorded in T8 (RDF) It might be due tothe fact that when a plant is exposed to more of nitrogen itincreases protein production and reduces carbohydrateconcentration

Carotene content of Knol khol under differenttreatments showed significant differences among themselves(Table 3) The highest carotene content (473 microg g-1) wasobserved in T7 (Enriched compost 5 t ha-1) and lowest carotenecontent (266 microg g-1) was recorded in T1 (Rock phosphate andconsortium) Increased availability and uptake of nutrients

particularly micronutrients may be one of the reasons forimproved carotene content in organically treated Knol kholSimilar results were reported by Borgohain (2012) in tomatoTable 3 represents the mineral content of knob such as Ca Pand K which were recorded more in organic treatmentsIncreased mineral content in organic treatments might bedue to more beneficial micro organisms in the soil whichproduce many compounds that influence the plant to absorbmore micronutrients from soil Similar observations alsoreported by Shelke et al (2001) in brinjal

Physiological weight loss (Table 4) was found highest

Table 2 Biochemical characters of Knol khol (Brassica oleracea Lvar gongylodes)Ascorbic acid (mg 100g-1)

Carbohydrate ()

Protein ()

Ash ()

Treatment

2014-15 2015-16 Pooled 2014-15 2015-16 Pooled 2014-15 2015-16 Pooled 2014-15 2015-16 Pooled T1 3535 3507 3521 503 505 504 168 181 174 497 605 601 T2 3916 4005 3960 533 538 535 175 182 178 618 621 619 T3 4350 4466 4408 523 529 526 215 193 204 492 494 493 T4 4685 4823 4755 542 545 544 225 250 237 645 658 651 T5 5166 5384 5275 605 619 612 233 264 248 861 872 866 T6 6248 6037 6142 630 635 632 251 261 256 821 820 820 T7 6422 6287 6354 669 680 674 264 282 275 824 836 830 T8 3337 3665 3501 502 505 503 292 305 298 687 690 688 S Ed (plusmn) 108 047 062 009 005 003 006 008 007 008 010 006 CD (5) 299 130 173 022 012 019 018 026 022 022 026 016

Table 3 Calcium phosphorus potassium and carotene content in different treatmentsCalcium () Phosphorus () Potassium () Carotene (microg g-1) Treatment

2014-15 2015-16 Pooled 2014-15 2015-16 Poold 2014-15 2015-16 Pooled 2014-15 2015-16 Pooled T1 151 155 152 021 026 023 250 256 253 267 265 266 T2 111 118 114 018 026 022 269 260 264 305 306 305 T3 133 139 136 056 051 053 306 287 296 340 325 332 T4 128 135 131 059 064 061 358 390 374 386 394 390 T5 177 170 174 061 066 063 408 419 413 455 471 463 T6 189 204 196 048 049 048 413 421 417 412 408 410 T7 200 212 206 066 072 069 458 466 462 465 482 473 T8 086 092 089 060 065 062 392 391 391 335 338 336 S Ed (plusmn) 003 003 002 003 002 002 004 005 003 018 028 025 CD (5) 009 008 006 007 006 004 017 019 015 045 063 053 Table 4 Physiological weight in loss () in different treatments Knob wt (g) Treatment Day 1 Day 3 Day 5 Day 7 Day 9 Day 11 T1 5836 816 1812 2202 - - T2 8310 731 1517 1960 2600 - T3 12410 758 1518 1834 2560 - T4 15025 672 1224 1671 2522 - T5 17367 633 1063 1533 2414 2418 T6 18542 550 1171 1501 1957 2698 T7 20042 471 938 1388 1966 2405 T8 21263 1012 2112 3036 - - S Ed (plusmn) 116 122 235 212 109 CD (5) 342 367 579 486 232



in conventional treatment and significantly low under theorganic treatments Low PLW in organic treatments mightbe due to higher availability of antioxidants and growthretarding substances which interferes with metabolicactivities within the vegetables (Mc Sheehy 1977) Moreoverthe availability of all macro and micro nutrients from theorganic sources in moderate amounts might have also helpedin enhancing the storage period The higher moisture contentin inorganic Knol khol leads to increased respiration rottingand decaying and ultimately decreases the shelf life Thiscorroborate with the results of Mali (2004) in cucumber andKumar (2011) in cabbage

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe authors are thankful to advisory committee Dr

(Mrs) J Saikia Dr A Saikia Dr DJ Nath and Dr (Mrs)DD Borah for their valuable suggestions during the courseof study as well as in the preparation of the manuscript

The author owes a deep sense of gratitude to Dr (Mrs)Madhumita C Talukdar Professor and Head Departmentof Horticulture Jorhat for providing all the necessaryfacilities

Senior author wishes to express her gratitude to herfamily members for their encouragement and inspiration

REFERENCESAlam N Islam MS Johan MS and Ali MK 2007 Effect of

vermicompost and NPK fertilizer on growth yieldcomponent of red amaranthus Australian Journal of Basicand Applied Science 1(4)706-716

ArishaHME Gad AA and Younes SE 2003 Response of somepepper cultivars to organic and mineral nitrogen fertilizerunder sandy soil conditions Zagazig Journal of AgriculturalResearch 301875-1899

Borgohain S 2012 Organic nutrition in tomato (Lycopersiconesculentum Miller cv Pusa Ruby) M Sc (Hort) Thesis AssamAgricultural University Jorhat

Chaurasia SNS De Nirmal and Singh KP 2001 Effect ofdifferent organic nutrients on the production of rootvegetables IIVR Annual Report pp 42

Guo X Hongbin Z Wenjun W Shuya Y Ji W and Lishu X2004 Effect of different rates of nitrogen and potassium onthe yield and quality of cabbage Pl Nutri Ferti Sci10(2)161-166

Knorr D and Vogtmann H 1983 Determination of quality andquantity of ecologically grown foods Biological Agricultureand Horticulture 129-38

Kumar J 2011 Performance of cabbage (Brassica oleracea Lvarcapitata) as influenced by organic inputs and bioferilizersMSc (Agri) Thesis Assam Agricultural University Jorhat

Kumpulainen J 2001 Nutritional and toxicological qualitycomparison between organic and conventionally grownfoods Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 74281-293

Lee SK and Kader AA 2000 Preharvest and postharvest factorsinfluencing vitamin C content of horticultural crops Postharvest Biology and Technology 20 (3)207-220

Levy JS and Taylor BR 2003 Effects of pulp mill solids andthere composts on early growth of tomatoes BioresourceTechnology 89 (3)297-305

Mali MD 2004 Effect of organic manures on yield and qualityof cucumber (Cucumis sativus L) cv Himangi MSc (Agri)Thesis MPKV Rahuri

Mc Sheehy TW 1977 Nutritive value of vegetables grownunder organic and chemical systems of farming Qual PlantFoods for Human Nutrition 27 (2)113-123

Raja P Una S Gopal H and Govindarajan K 2006 Impact ofbio-inoculants consortium on rice root exudates biologicalnitrogen fixation and plant growth Journal of BiologicalSciences 6815-823

Sable PB and Bhamare VK 2007 Effect of biofertilizers (AZBand Azospirillum) alone and in combination with reduceslevels of nitrogen on quality of cauliflower cv Snowball-16 Asian Journal of Horticulture 2 (1)215-217

Sharma and Singh 2003 Effect of seed rate and fertilizers doseson growth yield and seed quality of pea (Pisum sativum L)cv Arke Seed Research 31 (1)43-46

Sharma RP Sharma A and Sharma J K 2005 Productivitynutrient uptake soil fertility and economics as affected bychemical fertilizers and farm yard manure in broccoli(Brassica oleracea var italica) in an entisol Indian Journal ofAgricultural Sciences 75 (9)576-579

Shelke SR Adsule RN and Amrutsagar VH 2001 Effect ofconjunctive use of organic sources with urea fertilizer onsoil chemical properties yield and quality of brinjal Journalof Indian Society of Soil Science 49 (3)506-508

Wilkinson SR 1979 Plant nutrient and economic value of animalmanures Journal of Animal Science 48121-133

Zaki MF Abdelhafez AAM and Eldewiny CY 2009 Influenceof biofertilizers and nitrogen sources on growth yield andquality of broccoli (Brassica oleracea L var italica) EgyptJournal of Applied Science 24 (3)14-39



KV Malshe BG Desai MG Palshetkar and RG KhandekarJournal of Eco-friendly Agriculture 13(1) 19-21 2018

copy2018

Response of brinjal (Solanum melongena L) to organicmanures and foliar nutritionKV Malshe BG Desai MG Palshetkar and RG Khandekar

Dr B S Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth Dapoli - 415 712 Dist Ratnagiri Maharashtra IndiaE-mail kvmalsherediffmailcom

ABSTRACT

An investigation was undertaken at Agricultural Research Station Palghar District Palghar MaharashtraState during rabi season of 2010-11 to study the effect of organic manures and foliar nutrition on growth and yield ofbrinjal The application of vermicompost and spraying of 05 per cent at 30 and 45 days after transplanting in brinjalrecorded the highest plant height (11350 cm) 456 branches per plant with large sized fruits The plant spread fruitweight length and diameter did not differ significantly due to combined effect of organic manures and foliar sprayThe significantly maximum fruit yield (154 kg plant-1 and 34665 q ha-1) was recorded in M2T3 treatment ie applicationof vermicompost and spraying of 05 per cent 191919 NPK at 30 days and 45 days after transplanting

Key words Brinjal vermicompost foliar nutrition yield

The brinjal (Solanum melongena L) is popular highproductive and principal vegetable crop and known as poormanrsquos crop It is a widespread vegetable and can be grownthroughout the year in almost all the states of India except athigher altitudes

Plant nutrition plays an important role for enhancingyield and quality in brinjal In recent years the role of foliarnutrition and organic manures are gaining more importanceto boost not only the productivity but also to improve thequality of the produce Application of some portion of organicsource of manure as a source of required nutrients playpositive impact on soil physical and chemical propertieswhich ultimately increase the productivity FYM andvermicompost are locally available and cheap sources oforganic manures Subbiah et al (1985) obtained higher yieldsof tomato and eggplant with combined use of FYM andfertilizers Maintenance of soil fertility is a prerequisite forthe long term sustainable agriculture where organic manurescan play a vital role Moreover the foliar nutrition is greatlybeneficial when used as in addition to soil fertilizationAbsorption of nutrients through foliage is known to affectthe plant metabolism faster than their absorption throughroots Hence an investigation was undertaken to study theeffect of organic manures and foliar nutrition on growth andyield of brinjal

MATERIALS AND METHODSA field experiment was carried out at Vegetable

Improvement Scheme Farm Agricultural Research StationPalghar District Palghar Maharashtra State during rabiseason of 2010-11 The soil properties of experimental siteare given in table 1 The experiment was laid out in factorial

RBD with four replications The brinjal variety CHES-309was selected for the study as it is recommended forcultivation in the region The main plot treatments were oftwo sources of organic manures viz farm yard manure (FYM) 250 t ha-1 and vermicompost 125 t ha-1 The subplottreatments were the different levels of foliar nutrition of191919 NPK as no spray 05 per cent at 30 days aftertransplanting 05 per cent at 30 days and 45 days aftertransplanting and 10 per cent at 30 days after transplantingRecommended tillage practices for land preparation werecarried out and plots of 45 m X 36 m were prepared andspecified dose of organic manures were incorporated in theplots as per the main plot treatments The seedlings of sixweeks old were transplanted at a spacing of 75 cm X 60 cmAll the experimental plots received NPK fertilizers 150 50 50 kg ha-1 Full dose of P K and 13rd dose of N was given atthe time of transplanting of seedlings and remaining N wasgiven in two equal doses at three weeks interval The foliarspraying of 191919 NPK (granular foliar fertilizer) was doneat scheduled time and concentration The recommendedcultural practices like irrigation weed control plantprotection etc were followed equally to all the experimentalplots Observations on growth (at 75 days after

Table 1 Physico-chemical properties of experimental sitesProperties Value pH 86 EC (dsm) 036 Organic Carbon () 099 Available Nitrogen (N) kg ha-1 14896 Available Phosphorus (P2O5) kg ha-1 204 Available Potassium (K2O) kg ha-1 17617 Calcium Carbonate 3 to 7


Response of brinjal (Solanum melongena L) to organic manures and foliar nutrition

transplanting) fruiting parameters and yield were recordedData were analyzed statistically (Panse and Sukhatme1985)

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONThe data on effect of organic manures and foliar

nutrition on growth of brinjal is presented in table 2 Theorganic manures and foliar nutrition showed the significanteffect on growth of brinjal plants

The highest plant height (10103 cm) was recorded invermicompost treatment which exhibited 654 cm moregrowth than FYM treatment In case of foliar nutrition themaximum plant height (10546 cm) was observed in sprayingof 05 per cent 191919 NPK at 30 days and 45 days aftertransplanting (T3) followed by 10 per cent at 30 days aftertransplanting (T4) The plant height also significantly differedin interaction The significantly highest plant height (11350cm) was recorded in M2T 3 treatment combinationapplication of vermicompost and spraying of 05 per cent191919 NPK at 30 days and 45 days after transplantingfollowed by application of vermicompost and spraying of10 per cent 191919 NPK at 30 days after transplanting(M2T4) The lowest height was recorded in application ofFYM without foliar nutrition (M1T1)

The significantly maximum plant spread (4765 cm)was recorded in vermicompost treatment which exhibited181 cm more growth than FYM treatment In case of foliarnutrition the maximum plant spread (4919 cm) was recordedin spraying of 05 per cent 191919 NPK at 30 and 45 daysafter transplanting (T3) which was at par with 10 per cent191919 NPK at 30 days after transplanting (T4) The plantspread also significantly differed in interaction andsignificantly maximum plant spread (5098 cm) was recordedin application of vermicompost and spraying of 10 per cent191919 NPK at 30 days after transplanting (M2T4) whichwas at par with M2T3 treatment combination ie applicationof vermicompost and spraying of 05 per cent 191919 NPKat 30 days and 45 days after transplanting The lowest plantspread (4215 cm) was recorded in application of FYM

without foliar nutrition (M1T1) The increased growthparameters might be associated with combined effect oforganic manures and foliar nutrition

The significantly higher number of branches plant-1

(428) was recorded in vermicompost treatment than FYMtreatment The maximum branches (444 plant-1) wasobserved in plants with spraying of 05 per cent 191919NPK at 30 and 45 days after transplanting (T3) which wasat par with 10 per cent 191919 NPK at 30 days aftertransplanting (T4) In interaction significantly maximumbranches (456 plant-1) was recorded in M2T3 treatmentcombination ie application of vermicompost and sprayingof 05 per cent at 30 days and 45 days after transplantingThe minimum number of branches plant-1 (313) was noticedin application of FYM without foliar nutrition (M1T1) Thismay be attributed to higher levels of nutrients enhancingphotosynthetic and other metabolic activities leading to anincrease in various plant metabolites responsible for celldivision The results are analogues with Rahman et al (1998)and Narayanamma et al (2006)

The data on effect of organic manures and foliarnutrition on weight and size of brinjal fruits are presented intable 3 The organic manures and foliar nutrition showedthe significant effect on weight length and diameter of brinjalfruits while interaction showed the non significantdifferences In case of organic manures the highest fruitweight length and diameter 9070 g 1414 cm and 492 cmrespectively was recorded in vermicompost treatmentAmong the different foliar nutrition treatments themaximum fruit weight length and diameter 9284 g 1482cm and 507 cm respectively was recorded in spraying of 10per cent at 30 days after transplanting (T4) followed by 05per cent 191919 NPK at 30 days and 45 days aftertransplanting (T3) The increase in fruit weight and fruitvolume might be due to the better utilizat ion ofphotosynthates and increased allocation of photosynthatestowards the economic parts These findings are also inconformity with the results of Narayanamma et al (2006)and Ullah et al (2008)

Table 2 Effect of organic manures and foliar nutrition on growth of brinjalPlant height (cm) Average plant spread (cm) No of branches plant-1 Treatment

M1 M2 Mean M1 M2 Mean M1 M2 Mean T1 8575 9081 8828 4215 4433 4324 313 425 369 T2 9295 9563 9429 4648 4523 4585 438 400 419 T3 9743 11350 10546 4830 5008 4919 431 456 444 T4 10183 10419 10301 4645 5098 4871 419 431 425 Mean 9449 10103 9776 4584 4765 4675 400 428 414 For comparing means of SEplusmn CD (5) SEplusmn CD (5) SEplusmn CD (5) Organic manures (M) 095 304 054 163 008 025 Foliar nutrition (T) 045 139 044 135 013 040 M X T 090 277 087 269 016 049


KV Malshe BG Desai MG Palshetkar and RG Khandekar

Data on yield plant-1 and hectare-1 as influenced by theorganic manures and foliar nutrition and their interactionare furnished in table 4 The application of FYM andvermicompost showed the significant difference in yield ofbrinjal The significantly higher fruit yield (122 kg plant-1

and 27508 q ha-1) was recorded in vermicompost treatment(M2) where 1070 per cent higher yield was found than FYMtreatment Among the different foliar nutrition treatmentsthe significantly higher fruit yield (140 kg plant-1 and 32311q ha-1) was recorded in spraying of 05 per cent 191919NPK at 30 days and 45 days after transplanting (T3) followedby10 per cent 191919 NPK at 30 days after transplanting(T4) The interaction effect was also significant andsignificantly maximum fruit yield (154 kg plant-1 and 34665q ha-1) was recorded in M2T3 treatment combination ieapplication of vermicompost and spraying of 05 per cent191919 NPK at 30 days and 45 days after transplantingThe minimum fruit yield (088 kg plant-1 and 19744 q ha-1)was noticed in application of FYM without foliar nutrition(M1T1) This might be due to synergic effect of organic manureand foliar nutrition Higher yield may also be attributed tosatisfactory nutrient availability and increased plantmetabolism which ultimately lead to more carbohydratesaccumulation Besides these increased vegetative growth atpeak growth stage might have resulted in higher yield Thisresult is in agreement with the observations of Devi et al(2002) and Ullah et al (2008)

From the above findings it can clearly be inferred thatapplication of vermicompost and spraying of 05 per cent191919 NPK at 30 days and 45 days after transplanting inbrinjal recorded the highest plant growth characters likeheight spread and branching with large sized fruits Thistreatment combination was also beneficial for maximizingthe yield of brinjal fruits

REFERENCESDevi HJ Maity TK Thapa U and Paria NC 2002 Effect of

integrated nitrogen management on yield and economicsof Brinjal Journal of Interacademicia 6450-453

Narayanamma M Sai Reddy C Chiranjeevi CH andPrabhakar Reddy I 2006 Influence of water solublefertilizers on yield of brinjal Vegetable Science 33(2) 94-95

Panse VG and Sukhatme PV 1985 Statistical methods foragricultural workers Pub ICAR New Delhi 145-148

Rahman MM Sarker MAM Hasina A and Kashem MA1998 Role of some indigenous substances as organicfertilizers on the growth and yield of brinjal plantsBangladesh Journal of Science Indus Research 33(2)275-281

Subbiah K Sundararajan S Muthuswami S and Perumal R1985 Responses of tomato and brinjal to varying levels ofFYM and macronutrients under different fertility status ofsoil South Indian Horticulturalist 33198-205

Ullah MS Islam MS Islam MA and Haque T 2008 Effectsof organic manures and chemical fertilizers on the yield ofbrinjal and soil properties Journal of Bangladesh AgriculturalUniversity 6(2)271-276


Table 3 Effect of organic manures and foliar nutrition on fruit weight and size of brinjalFruit weight (g) Fruit length (cm) Fruit diameter (cm) Treatment

M1 M1 Mean M1 M2 Mean M1 M2 Mean T1 8594 8731 8663 1271 1316 1294 412 461 437 T2 8800 8981 8891 1330 1381 1356 453 487 470 T3 9075 9225 9150 1381 1455 1418 500 510 505 T4 9225 9344 9284 1459 1505 1482 504 510 507 Mean 8923 9070 8997 1360 1414 1387 467 492 480 For comparing means of SEplusmn CD (5) SEplusmn CD (5) SEplusmn CD (5) Organic manures (M) 045 139 012 038 009 029 Foliar nutrition (T) 140 448 026 084 006 019 M X T 090 NS 025 NS 012 NS

Table 4 Effect of organic manures and foliar nutrition on

yield of brinjalTreatment Yield plant-1 (kg) Yield (q ha-1) M1 M2 Mean M1 M2 Mean T1 088 100 094 19744 22531 21138 T2 102 104 103 23100 23344 23222 T3 126 154 140 29956 34665 32311 T4 117 131 124 26601 29491 28046 Mean 108 122 115 24850 27508 26179 For comparing means of SEplusmn CD (5) SEplusmn CD (5) Organic manures (M) 004 012 784 2510 Foliar nutrition (T) 002 006 303 933 M X T 004 011 606 1866


Interaction effect of consortium of Azospirillum PSB and AM fungus with reduced levels of N amp P fertilizers on growth of direct seeded riceJournal of Eco-friendly Agriculture 13(1) 22-26 2018

copy2018

Rice (Oryza sativa L) is the second most important cerealin the world after wheat and the principal crop in Asiaserving as food for about 50 per cent of the worldrsquos populationAmong the rice growing countries India ranks first in areafollowed by China and Bangladesh In Karnataka rice iscultivated in an area of 133 m ha with an annual productionof 376 m t and productivity of 2827 kg ha-1 (Anon 2014)

Currently growth of rice plants uses a lot of chemicalfertilizer and chemical pesticide Moreover rice is grown inflooded conditions and uses lots of irrigated water Over theyears this has led to serious environmental problems suchas depletion of soil quality and health increasing salinityemergence of resistant pathogens and elimination of soilmicrobes The increase of production of rice must be achievedthrough improvement in agricultural productivity Microbesare the beneficial key factor in maintaining soil quality bydecreasing the dose of chemical fertilizers and increasingthe crop production The current scientific challenge is tofind physiological and agronomic systems in cropestablishment under direct seeded rice (DSR)

Azospirillum represents the main group ofmicroaerophilic associative nitrogen fixing bacteria(Dobereiner and Day 1976) Associative nitrogen fixingbacteria colonize endorhizosphere and fix atmosphericnitrogen They have significant potential for commercialapplications as biofertilizers (Bashan and Holguin 1997)The phosphorus solubilising microorganisms (PSB) includedifferent groups of microorganisms which not onlyassimilate phosphorus from insoluble forms of phosphates

Interaction effect of consortium of Azospirillum PSB and AMfungus with reduced levels of N amp P fertilizers on growth ofdirect seeded riceSanthosh GP Siddaram MD and Shubha S

Department of Agricultural Microbiology University of Agricultural Sciences Raichur ndash 584 104 (Karnataka) IndiaE-mail sgp2222rediffmailcom Mobile - 9448068696

ABSTRACT

The efficient strains of Azospirillum phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) and AM fungus were used toinoculate as single dual and combined in direct seeded rice (DSR) The field experiment was laid out in randomisedblock design (RBD) with 10 treatments and 3 replications Among all the treatments the combined inoculation ofAzospirillum PSB and AM fungus with 75 of recommended doses of N and P performed better with respect tonumber of leaves (9567) root dry matter (1587 g hill-1) stem dry matter (1175 g hill-1) leaves dry matter (1175 ghill-1) total dry matter (3937g hill-1) root length density (753 gcm3) and biomass yield (24200 g hill-1) at harvestwhile the other growth parameter viz leaf area (83167 cm2 hill-1) and leaf area index (4153) showed maximum at 90DAS of the DSR compared to other inoculated treatments RDF application and uninoculated control

Key words AM fungi Azospirillum DSR and PSB

but also cause a large portion of soluble phosphates to bereleased in quantities in excess of their requirementsArbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis is a mutualisticassociation between vast range of terrestrial plants and aclass of fungi (Glomeromycota) which occurs in the root zoneof plants This association aid in plant mineral nutritionand plant health with a wide range of applications insustainable agricultural systems With the use of AM fungiit is possible to increase plant water acquisition andordrought tolerance (Ferrol et al 2002)

The success of the microbe-microbe-plant interactiondepends on the survival and persistence of themicroorganisms in soil and the effective colonization in therhizosphere If two or more microorganisms are used maylead to synergistic effect which may have direct reflectionon plant growth and yield Further DSR is irrigated in rowsas done in field crops Interaction between Azospirillum PSBand AM fungi may stimulate plant growth in a positivemanner like plant growth promotion root colonization anddisease suppression in direct seeded rice Further theevaluation was carried out with 75 per cent of recommendeddoses of fertilizers in biofertilizer inoculated treatments andcompared with RDF alone and uninoculated control

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Collection and maintenance of pure culture ofbioinoculants

Pure cultures of Azospirillum (A brasilense ADSR-9)PSB (Bacillus megaterium var phosphaticum) and AM fungus


Santhosh GP Siddaram MD and Shubha S

(Glomus sp MDSR-3) were maintained and obtained fromDepartment of Agricultural Microbiology College ofAgriculture Bheemarayangudi University of AgriculturalSciences Raichur The efficient strains of Azospirillum andAM fungus have been isolated from rhizosphere of DSR andscreened in vitro for their efficiency in the department earlier

Field experimentThe field experiment was conducted to know the

influence of efficient strain of Azospirillum phosphatesolubilizing bacteria (PSB) and AM fungus on growth ofdirect seeded rice The experiment was laid out inrandomized block design (RBD) with 10 treatments and 3replications

The treatment details were as follows

Leaf area hill-1

For measuring leaf area number of leaves hill-1 wascounted The length and maximum width of each leaf on themiddle tiller was measured and leaf area of each leaf wascomputed as follows

Leaf area = K x L x W

Where K = constant factor L = length of leaf (cm) W =maximum width of leaf (cm)

The value of constant K was taken as 075 upto 90 daysand 067 during maturity stage (Gomez 1972) The leaf areahill-1 was then calculated as follows

Leaf area hill-1 = total leaf area of middle tiller x totalnumber of tillers hill-1

It was recorded for five hills separately and averagedto get leaf area in cm2 hill-1

Leaf area indexLeaf area index is defined as the leaf area per unit land

area It was worked out by the formula given by Watson(1952)

A LAI = mdashmdash PWhereLAI = Leaf area indexA = Leaf area (cm2)P = Land area (cm2)

Root length densityRoot length density was recorded at 45 90 DAS and at

harvest by uprooting plants carefully and measuring theroot length density from tip of the longest root to the neckregion and expressed in gcm3

Biomass yield per hillAll the plants from 1m row length were uprooted at 45

90 DAS and at harvest and fresh plants were weighed todetermine the total biomass yield and expressed in ghill

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Dry matter distribution in different plant partsThe maximum dry weight of root (1587 g hill-1) stem

(1175 g hill-1) leaf (1175 g hill-1) and total dry matter (3937g hill-1) of DSR at harvest were recorded in treatment T10(Azospirillum X PSB X AMF + 75 N + 75 P + 100 K)followed by T9 (PSB X AMF + 75 N + 75 P + 100 K)which recorded root dry matter of 1480 g hill-1 stem dry

Growth attributesFive plants were randomly selected in each treatment

for recording various observations on growth parameters at45 90 DAS and at harvest

Dry matter distribution in different plant partsFive plants were uprooted at random from adjacent to

net plot area excluding two border rows in the field Leavesstem and root portions were separated The samples weredried in hot air oven at 65oC for 72 hours until constantweight The completely dried samples were weighed andthe dry weight of different plant parts was expressed in ghill-1

Total dry matter production and its distribution in differentplant parts

The total dry matter production hill-1 was obtained withthe summation of leaves stem and root dry weight and wasexpressed in g hill-1

Number of leaves hill-1

Total numbers of fully opened leaves from five taggedplants or hills were counted and mean hill-1 was computed

Treatment Treatment detail T1 Uninoculated Control T2 Recommended dose of fertilizers (100 NPK) T3 75 N + 75 P + 100 K T4 Azospirillum + 75 N + 75 P + 100 K T5 PSB + 75 N + 75 P + 100 K T6 AMF + 75 N + 75 P + 100 K T7 Azospirillum X PSB + 75N+75P+100K T8 Azospirillum X AMF + 75 N + 75 P + 100 K T9 PSB X AMF + 75 N + 75 P + 100 K T10 Azospirillum X PSB X AMF + 75 N + 75 P + 100 K


Interaction effect of consortium of Azospirillum PSB and AM fungus with reduced levels of N amp P fertilizers on growth of direct seeded rice

matter of 1065 g hill-1 leaf dry matter of 1065 g hill-1 andtotal dry matter of 3610 g hill-1 The uninoculated controlrecorded the lowest root dry matter of 470 g hill-1 stem drymatter of 810 g hill-1 leaf dry matter of 752 g hill-1 and totaldry matter of 2032 g hill-1 (Table 1) Similar results werenoticed on growth parameters by several workers Goussousand Mohammad (2009) reported that the greater dry weightof onion plants which were colonized by AM1 a mixture ofindigenous mycorrhizal fungi and AM2 Glomus intraradicesThe synergistic interaction between AMF and N2 fixers inthe rhizosphere soil of DSR under pot culture conditionmight help in increasing the availability of N and P Furtherit may also help in production of growth promotinghormones Sivakumar and Thanizhiniyan (2012) reportedthe influence of AM fungi and Azospirillum on the growthyield and nutritional potential of tomato The results showedhighest root length shoot length fresh weight dry weight atvarious stages of growth (35 50 and 75 days)

Number of leavesCombined inoculation of Azospirillum PSB and AM

fungus with 75 N 75 P and 100 K (T10) recorded highestnumber of leaves (9567) followed by T9 which recorded 8933leaves at harvest The lowest number of leaves (6167) wasrecorded in uninoculated control (Table 2) Similar resultswere noticed on growth by Chandrashekar (2003) whoobserved that the plant growth parameters viz shoot androot length and number of leaves per plant in green gramplants at 45 days after sowing significantly increased due toinoculation of P-solubilizing fungal strains along with rockphosphate application as compared to rock phosphate alone(control)

Leaf area hill-1 and Leaf area indexAt 90 DAS combined inoculation of Azospirillum PSB

and AM fungi with 75 N 75 P and 100 K significantlyrecorded maximum leaf area hill-1 and leaf area index Duringthis time the seeds treated with T10 recorded highest leafarea hill-1 (83167 cm2) and leaf area index (4153) followedby T9 which recorded leaf area of 82367 cm2 hill-1 and leafarea index of 4113 The lower leaf area (75467 cm2 hill-1)and leaf area index (3776) was recorded in uninoculatedcontrol (Table 2) The declining trend was observed after 90DAS Priya and Geetham (2015) reported that co-inoculationof Azospirillum and phosphate solubilizing bacteria showeda significant performance in number of leaves length andbreadth of the leaves (leaf area) shoot length plant heightroot length dry weight and number of pods (yield) whencompared with single inoculations and control

Root length densityThe seeds treated with T10 recorded highest root length

density (753 gcm3) followed by T9 which recorded 691gcm3 at harvest The lowest root length density (210gcm3 atharvest) was recorded in uninoculated control (Table 3)Vasanthakumar (2003) reported that combined inoculationof Azospirillum (AZUS10) and PSB isolate (PSB7) producedsynergistic effect resulting in increased root length shootlength stem girth number of leaves and number of branchesin solanaceous crop plants

Biomass yieldThe seeds treated with T10 recorded highest biomass

yield (24200 g hill-1) followed by T9 which recorded 23570 ghill-1 at harvest The lowest biomass yield (13960 g hill-1 at

Table 1 Effect of Azospirillum PSB and AM fungi on dry matter distribution of roots stem leaves and total dry matter in directseeded rice

Note DAS Days after sowing Values are mean of three replications Mean values followed by the same letter are not significantlydifferent based on Duncanrsquos multiple range test (plt005) agt b gt c

Dry matter of roots g hill-1 Dry matter of stem g hill-1 Leaves dry matter g hill-1 Total dry matter g hill-1 Treatment

45 DAS 90 DAS At harvest 45 DAS 90 DAS At harvest 45 DAS 90 DAS At harvest 45 DAS 90 DAS At harvest T1 144e 250d 470d 132g 386j 810j 135f 345j 752h 410i 981j 2032g T2 169cde 290d 560d 144f 513h 862h 140f 510h 825g 453gh 1312h 2247f T3 158de 280d 493d 143f 479i 816i 136f 443i 767h 437hi 1202i 2076g T4 170cde 310d 563d 144f 602g 911g 164e 566g 857f 478fg 1478g 2331f T5 194cd 410c 810c 147f 653f 933f 168e 615f 910e 509f 1678f 2652e T6 214c 460bc 927b 171e 661e 952e 202d 660e 947d 586e 1781e 2826d T7 281b 530b 1010b 307c 923c 1028c 278b 890c 1037b 866c 2343c 3075c T8 264b 460c 943b 231d 802d 962d 243c 745d 977c 738d 2007d 2882d T9 364a 720a 1480a 370b 976b 1065b 284b 926b 1065b 1018b 2622b 3610b T10 390a 780a 1587a 471a 1026a 1175a 472a 995a 1175a 1333a 2801a 3937a SEM+ 003 006 013 003 010 013 003 009 013 010 026 039 CD (005) 010 019 039 010 029 041 010 028 040 031 078 117



harvest) was recorded in uninoculated control (Table 3)Similar result was given by the response of rice plants toinoculation with an Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (AM) fungusGlomus intraradices Azospirillum brasilense or combination ofboth microorganisms when assayed under well-watered ordrought stress conditions Water deficit treatment wasimposed by reducing the amount of water added but AMplants with a significantly higher biomass received the sameamount of water as non-AM plants with a poor biomass(Ruiz-Sancheza et al 2011)

The concept of biofertilizers was developed based onthe observation that these microorganisms can have abeneficial effect on plant and crop growth and keep the soilhealthy for future Based on these reports it can be assumedthat biofertilizers could offer an opportunity for DSR farmersto increase productivity and resource use efficiency And

Table 2 Effect of Azospirillum PSB and AM fungi on number of leaves and leaf area

Note DAS Days after sowing Values are mean of three replications Mean values followed by the same letter are not significantlydifferent based on Duncanrsquos multiple range test (plt005) agt b gt c and leaf area index in direct seeded rice

No of leaves hill-1 Leaf area hill-1 (cm2) Leaf area index Treatment

45 DAS 90 DAS At harvest 45 DAS 90 DAS At harvest 45 DAS 90 DAS At harvest T1 - 1900d 4167e 6167d 14514bcd 75467j 21567g 0713f 3776c 1056g T2 - 3000c 4767d 6400cd 15903bcd 76633h 22267f 0796e 3840c 1176e T3 - 2300d 4333de 6367cd 15600d 76167i 22167f 0786e 3806c 1103fg T4 - 3000c 5600c 6833cd 16167cd 77133g 22567e 0803de 3846c 1133ef T5 - 3100bc 5633c 6867cd 16167bcd 77600f 22900d 0806de 3886bc 1173e T6 - 3567abc 5933bc 7100c 16767abc 78100e 23167cd 0836cd 3906bc 1393d T7 - 3733a 6400a 8567b 17300abc 80300c 23400bc 0856bc 4056ab 1393d T8 - 3600ab 6267ab 7133c 16967abc 79200d 23400bc 0836cd 4056ab 1596c T9 - 3833a 6467a 8933ab 17733ab 82367b 23500b 0886b 4113a 1766b T10 - 3867a 6500a 9567a 18533a 83167a 23900a 0926a 4153a 1896a SEM+ 047 079 106 091 105 096 0012 0059 0020 CD (005) 142 236 317 1857 311 286 0034 0179 0050

Table 3 Effect of Azospirillum PSB and AM fungi on root length density and biomass yield in direct seeded rice


Root length density (gcm3) Biomass yield (g hill-1) Treatment

45 DAS 90 DAS At harvest 45 DAS 90 DAS At harvest T1 039d 120e 210f 2690e 7033c 13960e T2 130bc 292cd 520d 4411cde 8320c 16750cde T3 110cd 210de 301e 3680de 7080c 14490de T4 139bc 330bc 530d 4590cd 9194bc 18260bcd T5 140bc 354abc 550cd 4683cd 9240bc 18350bcd T6 147bc 364abc 600cd 4780cd 9256bc 19300bc T7 180abc 403ab 690ab 5880bc 9430bc 21340ab T8 180abc 370abc 632bc 4860cd 9270bc 19480bc T9 190ab 440a 691ab 6944ab 12020ab 23570a T10 250a 455a 753a 8080a 12850a 24200a SEM+ 030 040 030 610 950 1360 CD (005) 079 111 087 1821 2830 4015

the increasing availability of biofertilizers in many countriesand regions and the sometimes aggressive marketing bringsever more farmers into contact with this technology

REFERENCESAnonymous 2014 Agricultural statistics at a glance Directorate

of Economics and Statistics Department of Agriculture andCooperation Ministry of Agriculture Government of Indiapp 72-74

Bashan Y and Holguin G 1997 Azospirillum-plant relationships environmental and physiological advances CanadianJournal of Microbiology 43103-121

Chandrashekhar BS 2003 Studies on mineral phosphatesolubilizing fungi from vertisols of northern Karnatakaand other biofertilizer potential PhD Thesis Universityof Agricultural Science Dharwad Karnataka India

Dobereiner J and Day JM 1976 Associative symbiosis in



tropical grasses Characterization of microorganisms anddinitrogen fixing sites In Proceedings of the firstInternational Symposium on nitrogen fixation (eds WENewton and CJ Nyman) Washington State UniversityPress Pullman WA 2518-538

Ferrol N Barea JM and Azcon-Aguilar C 2002 Mechanism ofnutrient transport across i nterfaces in ar buscularmycorrhizas Plant Soil 244231-237

Gomez KA 1972 Techniques for field experiment with riceInternational Rice Research Institute Manila Philippines

Goussous SJ and Mohammad MJ 2009 Comparative effect oftwo arbuscular mycorrhizae and N and P fertilizers ongrowth and nutrient uptake of onions Int J Agric Biol11(4)463-467

Priya KP and Geetham PKMA 2015 A co-inoculation studyon the potential integrate of Azospirillum and Phosphatesolubilizing bacteria for improving plant growth and yield

The International Journal of Science amp Technology 3(4)44-49Ruiz-Sancheza M Armadab E Mu˜noza Y Ineacutes E Garciacutea de

Salamonec Arocab R Ruiacutez-Lozanob JM and Azcoacuten R2011 Azospirillum and arbuscular mycorrhizal colonizationenhance rice growth and physiological traits under well-watered and drought conditions Journal of Plant Physiology1681031-1037

Sivakumar PV and Thamizhiniyan P 2012 Enhancement ingrowth and yield of tomato by using AM fungi andAzospirillum International Journal of Environmental Biology2(3)137-141

Vasanthakumar SK 2003 Studies on beneficial endorhizospherebacteria in solanaceous crop plants M Sc (Agriculture)Thesis University of Agricultural Sciences DharwadKarnataka India

Watson DJ 1952 The physiological basis of variation in yieldAdv Agron 4101-145



Santhosh GP Siddaram MD and Shubha SJournal of Eco-friendly Agriculture 13(1) 27-32 2018

copy2018

Rice (Oryza sativa L) is the second most important cerealin the world after wheat and the principal crop in Asiaserving as food for about 50 per cent of the worldrsquos populationIt occupies an area of 15376 m ha with an annual productionof 59885 mt with a productivity of 3895 kg ha-1 in the worldAsia produces and consumes 90 per cent of worldrsquos riceAmong the rice growing countries India ranks first in areafollowed by China and Bangladesh with an area of 4395 mha and production of 10654 mt with an average productivityof 2424 kg ha-1 In Karnataka rice is cultivated in an area of133 m ha with an annual production of 376 mt andproductivity of 2827 kg ha-1 (Anonymous 2014)

Microorganisms play major role in the availability ofnutrients Among the major nutrients nitrogen andphosphorus are most vulnerable for microbial transformation(Alexander 1961) The success of the microbe-plantinteraction depends on the survival and persistence of themicroorganisms in soil and the effective colonization in therhizosphere If two or more microorganisms are used incombination it may lead to synergistic effect which mayhave direct reflection on plant growth and yield Hence thepresent investigation aims at the field evaluation of efficientAzospirillum phosphate solubilising bacteria and AM funguson growth and yield of direct seeded rice (DSR) with anobjective to know the microbial population and nutrientdynamics in rhizosphere soil of DSR

MATERIALS AND METHODSA field experiment was carried out at Agricultural

Research Station Dhadesugur University of AgriculturalSciences Raichur Karnataka India during 2015-16 to know

Microbial population and nutrient dynamics in rhizospheresoil of direct seeded riceSanthosh GP Siddaram MD and Shubha S

Department of Agricultural Microbiology University of Agricultural Sciences Raichur - 584 104 Karnataka IndiaE-mail sgp2222rediffmailcom Mobile 9448068696

ABSTRACT

A field experiment was undertaken to investigate the microbial population and nutrient dynamics in rhizospheresoil of direct seeded rice (DSR) The research was conducted at ARS Dhadesugur during the year 2015-16 Theexperiment was laid out in randomized block design with ten treatments and three replications Among all thetreatments combined inoculation of Azospirillum + PSB + AMF + 75 N + 75 P + 100 K recorded significantlyhigher soil microbial population with respect to bacteria (604 x 106

cfu g-1 dry soil) fungi (789 x 103 cfu g-1 dry soil)actinobacteria (711 x 104 cfu g-1 dry soil) Azospirillum (3930 x 102 cfu g-1 roots) PSB (801 x 103 cfu g-1 dry soil)compared to individual and dual inoculation Similarly per cent root colonization spore count of AM fungi soilbiomass carbon and chemical properties of soil performed better with combined inoculation of efficient strains ofAzospirillum PSB and AM fungus as compared to other treatments and uninoculated control

Key words Azospirillum PSB AM fungi DSR

the microbial population and nutrient dynamics inrhizosphere soil of DSR All the parameters were analyzedbefore sowing and during crop growth (45 90 days aftersowing and at harvest) The isolates of Azospirillum and AMfungi which fared best under pot cultural studies in DSRcarried out earlier in the department viz ADSR-9(Azospirillum brasilense) and MDSR-3 (Glomus sp) along withPSB strain Bacillus megatarium var phasphaticum were usedindividually and in combination with 25 per cent reducedlevels of recommended N and P were evaluated using DSRunder field conditions

The following were the treatments and details

Treatment Treatment detail T1 - Uninoculated Control T2 - Recommended dose of fertilizers (100 NPK) T3 - 75 N + 75 P + 100 K T4 - Azospirillum + 75 N + 75 P + 100 K T5 - PSB + 75 N + 75 P + 100 K T6 - AMF + 75 N + 75 P + 100 K T7 - Azospirillum X PSB + 75 N + 75 P + 100 K T8 - Azospirillum X AMF + 75 N + 75 P + 100 K T9 - PSB X AMF + 75 N + 75 P + 100 K T10 - Azospirillum X PSB X AMF + 75 N + 75 P + 100 K

Biological properties

Soil samples collected from experimental field wereused for enumeration of common soil microorganisms likebacteria fungi actinobacteria and different physiologicalgroups such as Azospirillum phosphorus solubilisingbacteria (PSB) and AM fungi


Microbial population and nutrient dynamics in rhizosphere soil of direct seeded rice

Enumeration of bacteria fungi and actinobacteriaEach soil sample was sieved through the 2 mm sieve to

remove the bigger particles and were used for isolation ofbacteria fungi and actinobacteria (NA MRBA and KA mediawere used respectively) by serial dilution agar platetechnique and the plates were incubated for 24 hrs 4 daysand 6 days respectively at 28ordmC Colonies that appeared onmedia were enumerated and expressed in terms of CFU pergram of soil on dry weight basis

Enumeration of AzospirillumBefore sowing Azospirillum was enumerated from soil

of experimental plots by serial dilution pour plate techniqueusing malate medium with ammonium chloride Aftersowing of DSR the enumeration of Azospirillum was carriedout using DSR root samples Here fresh root samples of DSRwere collected and washed thoroughly in running tap waterand surface sterilized by dipping in 01 per cent HgCl2solution for three minutes followed by dipping in 70 percent ethyl alcohol for one minute The roots were finallywashed in six times of sterile distilled water and cut into bitsof 1 cm length The root bits were then placed at subsurfacelevel in screw capped tubes containing sterilized semisolidN free malate medium under aseptic conditions The tubeswere then incubated at 28ordm C for a period of one week andtubes that show growth (white translucent undulatingsubsurface pellicles) of Azospirillum were selected for isolationand all the samples were serially diluted by 5th fold seriesand analysed for the Azospirillum by MPN method usingsemi solid malate medium The MPN counts of Azospirillumwere taken for root samples collected from every replicationand mean value of three replications was taken in the table2

Enumeration of PSBThe phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) were

isolated from rhizosphere soil of DSR by dilution platingtechnique on Pikovskayarsquos agar medium (Pikovskaya 1948)containing tricalcium phosphate (TCP) The plates wereincubated at 28ordmC for two to seven days Detection andestimation of the phosphate solubilisation ability ofmicroorganisms have been possible using plate screeningmethods Phosphate solubilizers produce clear halo zonesaround the microbial colonies in media supplemented withinsoluble mineral phosphates such as tricalcium phosphateor hydroxyapatite

Per cent root colonization and spore count of AM fungiThe soil samples were collected at different stages for

per cent root colonization studies From each treatment

individual plant was uprooted and washed with water androot part was taken for estimation of root colonization byAM fungi and it was expressed in percentage Likewise thenumber of spores were counted treatment wise at differentstages and was expressed as number of spores 50-1 g of soil

Soil biomass carbonSoil biomass carbon was determined by chloroform

fumigation cum incubation method (Jenkinson and Ladda1981) Soil biomass carbon estimation was based on theprinciple that moist soil was exposed to ethanol freechloroform for twenty four hours the fumigant was removedby repeated evacuation and then the soil was inoculatedand incubated at 28oC for ten days at fifty per cent of itswater holding capacity Based on the difference between thequality of CO2 evolved by fumigated and that of un-fumigatedsoils the soil biomass carbon was estimated before sowingand at different stages of DSR crop growth

Organic carbonA composite soil sample from the field experimentation

were dried under shade powdered using pestle and mortarand passed through 02 mm sieve for analysis (Jackson 1973)A known weight of soil was treated with excess volume ofpotassium dichromate solution in the presence ofconcentrated H2SO4 and organic carbon in the soil wasoxidized to CO2 The excess of potassium dichromate unusedwas titrated back against ferrous ammonium sulphate inthe presence of concentrated phosphoric acid and diphenylamine indicator

Estimation of available nitrogen phosphorus andpotassium

The alkaline potassium permanganate method ofSubbaiah and Asija (1956) was used for the estimation ofavailable N content in soil A known weight of soil wastreated with excess of alkaline 032 per cent potassiumpermanganate (made alkaline with 25 NaOH solution)The liberated ammonia was trapped in boric acid anddetermined by titration against standard H2SO4 Theavailable N content in kg ha-1 was computed using titre valueThe Phosphorus content was determined by chloromolybdicblue colour method using UV spectrophotometer (Jackson1973) Available phosphorus content of the soil was extractedby using 05M NaHCO3 and intensity of blue colour wasdetermined at 660 nm The available phosphorus contentwas computed and expressed in kg ha -1 Availablepotassium content from soil was extracted by using neutralN NH4OAC as described by Jackson (1973) Theconcentration of potassium in the extractant was determinedby flame photometer




General and beneficial soil microfloraThe initial soil microbial populations viz bacteria

fungi actinobacteria Azospirillum PSB AM fungi and soilbiomass carbon in the experimental site were non-significantin different treatment plots

During the growth stages of DSR microbial populationincreased with the age of host upto 90 DAS but showeddeclining trend at the harvest stage The results indicatedthat at 90 DAS combined inoculation of efficient strains ofAzospirillum PSB and AM fungus (T10) has recorded highestpopulation of bacteria (604 x 106 cfu g-1 dry soil) fungi (789

x 103 cfu g-1 dry soil) actinobacteria (711 x 104 cfu g-1 drysoil) (Table 1) Azospirillum (3930 x 102 cfu g-1 roots) and PSB(801 x 103 cfu g-1 dry soil) (Table 2)

Percentage root colonization and spore count of AM fungiThe per cent root colonization showed an increasing

trend upto 90 DAS but it showed a decline at harvest stageThe percentage root colonization in the rhizosphere soil ofDSR were significantly highest due to combined inoculationof Azospirillum PSB and AM fungus (4530 5940 and 3500at 45 90 DAS and at harvest respectively) as compared todual treatment combinations individual inoculation anduninoculated control (Table 3)

Table 1 Effect of inoculation of Azospirillum PSB and AM fungus on viable population of bacteria fungi and actinobacteria inthe rhizosphere soil of direct seeded rice

Note RDF for rice is 150 75 3750 kg NPK ha-1 Values are mean of three replications Mean values followed by the same letter are notsignificantly different based on Duncanrsquos multiple range test (plt005) agt b gt c

Viable bacteria (CFUx106 g-1 of dry soil)

Viable fungi (CFUx103 g-1 of dry soil)

Viable actinobacteria (CFUx104 g-1 of dry soil) Treatment

45 DAS 90 DAS At harvest 45 DAS 90 DAS At harvest 45 DAS 90 DAS At harvest T1 344c 410f 3 05d 370d 408h 305g 298g 418e 311g T2 390b 415e 3 98b 387d 551ef 422f 392f 554d 489ef T3 383b 411f 350c 380d 540f 406f 378f 543d 473f T4 407b 545d 465a 489c 575de 468de 502e 642bc 573b T5 401b 554cd 455a 490c 582d 458e 520de 629bc 570b T6 410b 569cd 454a 498c 510g 480d 529cd 625c 512cd T7 405b 565cd 461a 497c 595d 475de 535cd 653b 504de T8 415b 575bc 463a 492c 649c 541c 543c 646bc 531c T9 412b 595ab 466a 541b 689b 571b 584b 695a 599a T10 531a 604a 472a 590a 789a 642a 610a 711a 620a SEM+ 008 007 006 007 008 006 006 008 007 CD (005) 029 022 019 019 026 020 020 026 022

Table 2 Effect of inoculation of Azospirillum PSB and AM fungus on MPN counts of Azospirillum and phosphate solubilisingbacterial population in rhizosphere soil of direct seeded rice

Note RDF for rice is 150753750 kg NPK ha-1 Values are mean of three replications Mean values followed by the same letter are notsignificantly different based on Duncanrsquos multiple range test (plt005) agt b gt c

MPN of Azospirillum (CFU x 102 g-1 of roots) Viable PSB (CFU x 103 g-1 of dry soil) Treatment

45 DAS 90 DAS At harvest 45 DAS 90 DAS At harvest T1 1470d 2470b 1366d 322f 403g 369h T2 1500cd 2670b 1700cd 415d 541f 408g T3 1470d 2570b 1670cd 368e 529f 499f T4 2000b 3670a 2166abc 547c 625de 573d T5 1870bcd 2770b 1866bcd 536c 618e 577d T6 1533cd 2730b 1766bcd 528c 648d 545e T7 2270ab 3800a 2266ab 564c 638de 577d T8 2170ab 3700a 2200abc 614b 707c 635 c T9 1900bc 3500a 2000bc 694a 767b 697b T10 2433a 3930a 2533a 710a 801a 777a SEM+ 026 044 026 012 009 007 CD (005) 077 131 077 038 026 022



Soil biomass carbonThe soil biomass carbon increased with increase in the

age of host upto 90 DAS and decreased at harvest Howeversoil biomass carbon was more in 90 than 45 DAS (Table 4)The soil biomass carbon in the rhizosphere soil of DSR weresignificantly highest due to combined inoculation ofAzospirillum PSB and AM fungus (30500 33316 and 25693mg kg-1 of soil at 45 90 DAS and at harvest respectively) ascompared to rest of the treatment combinations andindividual inoculation with either of Azospirillum PSB AMor uninoculated control

Itrsquos a well know fact that soil microbial activity andnutrient concentration are found in the rhizosphere area(Brown 1975) Any change in this region might affect therhizosphere microflora and in turn plant growth (Oswaldand Ferchau 1968) It is likely that amount of root and itsnutrient status might have decreased with the advancementin the age of the host especially during harvest which inturn caused a decrease in the rhizosphere microbialpopulation (Gajda and Martyniuk 2004) The results ofpresent study are strongly supported by the fact drawn byKundu and Gaur (1980) They observed a synergeticinteraction between Azotobacter and phosphate solubilisingbacteria when the two organisms were inoculated togetherin cotton In the combined inoculation treatments thepopulation of both the organism was enhanced in additionto increase in yield of cotton

Chemical properties of soilThe initial organic carbon nitrogen phosphorus and

potassium before sowing of DSR in the experimental site

were non-significant with each other in different treatmentplots

The available OC (Table 4) N P2O5 and K2O content ofsoil (Table 5) showed the declining trend throughout theexperiment from 45 DAS to harvest The availability of OCnutrients in the rhizosphere soil of DSR were significantlyhigher due to combined inoculation of efficient strains ofAzospirillum PSB and AM fungus as compared to othertreatments and uninoculated control The available organiccarbon in the soil in T10 recorded 0463 0406 and 0396 percent at 45 90 DAS and at harvest respectively The availablenitrogen in the soil in T10 recorded 27900 27450 and 26890kg ha-1 at 45 90 DAS and at harvest respectively Similarlyavailable phosphorus in the rhizosphere soil was 38333460 and 3090 kg ha-1 at 45 90 DAS and at harvestrespectively Likewise available potassium in therhizosphere soil of DSR in T10 was found to be 36750 35250and 35206 kg ha-1 at 45 90 DAS and at harvest respectivelyThe results were in agreement with Masciandaro et al (2000)as they observed that Azospirillum 2 kg ha-1 increased theavailable nitrogen through fixation Singh et al (1990)studied the interaction effects of Glomus fasciculatum andAzospirillum brasilense on yields of various genotypes ofwheat They observed the differences in VAM rootcolonization and increased grain yield with high P2O5content in the dual inoculated wheat plants grown underpot culture and field conditions Similar results wereobtained by Veeraswamy et al (1992) where they studied theeffect of Glomus intraradices and Azospirillum lipoferum ongrowth of sorghum Dual inoculation treatment resulted insignificant increase in plant growth root acid and alkalinephosphatases uptake of P N Zn Cu and Fe

Table 3 Effect of inoculation of Azospirillum PSB and AM fungus on per cent root colonization and spore count of AM fungiin direct seeded rice


Per cent root colonization Spore count of AM fungi 50-1 g soil Treatment

45 DAS 90 DAS At harvest 45 DAS 90 DAS At harvest T1 1240f 1160ef 910h 940h 1130g 1140f T2 1310ef 1280ef 1070g 1130f 1351f 1190ef T3 1260f 1230ef 1190f 1030g 1350f 1160f T4 1350ef 1290ef 1080g 1150f 1370ef 1210ef T5 1390de 1310ef 1320e 1250e 1490ef 1320de T6 3640d 4970d 3030c 1620d 5559d 3830c T7 1500e 1360e 1320e 1259e 1630e 1440d T8 4130b 5340c 3150c 2280c 6330c 3920c T9 4490a 5560b 2740a 3000b 7450b 4330b T10 4530a 5940a 3500a 3400a 8290a 4467a SEM+ 041 053 030 027 069 040 CD (005) 122 159 090 082 205 119



Table 5 Effect of inoculation of Azospirillum PSB and AM fungus on available nitrogen phosphorus and potassium contentin the rhizosphere soil of direct seeded rice


Available Nitrogen (kg ha-1) Available P2O5 (kg ha-1) Available K2O (kg ha-1) Treatment

45 DAS 90 DAS At harvest 45 DAS 90 DAS At harvest 45 DAS 90 DAS At harvest T1 22033g 21580g 21030g 2800d 2670d 2350c 33120d 31130c 29950b T2 25630ef 24820f 24630ef 3090c 2770cd 2400bc 36060c 34940ab 33890a T3 25270f 24410f 24260f 2870d 2720cd 2400bc 35500cd 34570b 33520a T4 26070de 25180ef 25060ef 3140c 2760cd 2490bc 36090bc 34980ab 33920a T5 26070de 25620de 25060de 3230c 2860cd 2530bc 36430abc 34570b 34000a T6 26100d 25620de 25060de 3270c 2900c 2620b 36470ab 34590b 34110a T7 26230cd 25650d 25090d 3603ab 3230b 2860a 36550a 35050a 34130a T8 26570bc 25780cd 25230cd 3660ab 3290ab 2920a 36650a 35160a 34140a T9 26700b 26250b 25560bc 3760ab 3380a 3020a 36680a 35199a 34200a T10 27900a 27450a 26890a 3833a 3460a 3090a 36750a 35250a 35206a SEM+ 150 150 150 070 070 080 140 150 130 CD (005) 441 441 440 217 219 236 401 450 1718

Thus it can be concluded that the initial soil microbialpopulation before sowing of DSR viz bacteria fungiactinobacteria Azospirillum PSB and AM fungi were non-significant in soils collected from experimental plotsHowever the populations of the said soil microfloraincreased in the rhizosphere with increase in the age upto90 DAS At 90 DAS treatment T10 which is combinedinoculation of efficient Azospirillum PSB and AM funguswith reduced doses of N and P (Azospirillum + PSB + AMF +75 N + 75 P + 100 K) recorded 604 x106 789 x103 711x104 3930 x102 801 x103 cfu g-1 of dry soil population ofbacteria fungi actinobacteria Azospirillum and PSBrespectively while AM fungi recorded per cent rootcolonization of 5940 per cent and spore count of 8290 50-1 gsoil Meanwhile soil biomass carbon of 33316 mg kg-1 ofdry soil was recorded at 90 DAS in T10 Though the biological

parameters showed an increasing trend upto 90 DAS but itshowed a decline at harvest stage The present studyindicated that the growth and yield of DSR would beimproved by the application of beneficial microorganismsalong with the nutrient management by reducing at least 25per cent of the recommended N and P fertilizer

REFERENCEAlexander M 19 61 Microbiology of r hizosphere In

Introduction to Soil Microbiology Wiley J and Sons IncNew York and London pp 442-460

Anonymous 2014 Agricultural statistics at a glance Directorateof Economics and Statistics Department of Agriculture andCooperation Ministry of Agriculture Government of Indiapp 72-74

Brown ME 1975 Rhizosphere micro-organisms opportunists

Table 4 Effect of inoculation of Azospirillum PSB and AM fungus on soil biomass carbon and organic carbon in direct seededrice


Soil biomass carbon (mg kg-1 ) Organic carbon () Treatment 45 DAS 90 DAS At harvest 45 DAS 90 DAS At harvest

T1 15803g 30106f 18081f 0316d 0313c 0303c T2 19285f 30320ef 19113f 0376bc 0376bcd 0363cd T3 18920f 30606def 18776f 0383bc 0366d 0356d T4 26507e 30810def 22130e 0383bc 0376bcd 0363d T5 27320e 31113cdef 22442e 0390bc 0380bcd 0366bcd T6 28063d 31506cde 23060d 0393b 0373cd 0366bcd T7 28590c 31900bcd 23553c 0373c 0373cd 0373bc T8 29039b 32413abc 24120c 0393b 0383bc 0380b T9 30185b 32913ab 24974b 0393b 0390b 0376bc T10 30500a 33316a 25693a 0463a 0406a 0396a SEM+ 324 469 308 0006 0006 0005 CD (005) 964 1394 917 0017 0014 0014



bandits or benefactors In Soil Microbiology (ed Walker)Halsted Press New York pp 21-28

Gajda A and Martyniuk S 2004 Microbial biomass C and Nand activity of enzymes in soil under winter wheat grownin different crop management systems Polish Journal ofEnviron Studies 14(2)159-163

Jackson M L 1973 Soil Chemical Analysis Prentice Hall of IndiaPrivate Limited New Delhi pp 38-82

Jenkinson DJ and Ladda JN 1981 Microbial biomass in soilSoil Biochemistry 15415-471

Kundu BS and Gaur AC 1980 Effect of phosphobacteria onthe yield and phosphate uptake of cotton crop CurrentScience 49159-162

Masciandaro GB Ceccanti V Ronchi and Bauer C 2000 Kinetciparameters of dehydrogenase and inorganic fertilizersBiology and Fertility of Soils 32(6)579-587

Oswald ET and Ferchau HA 1968 Bacterial association ofconiferous mycorrhizae Plant and Soil 28187

Pikovskaya R I 1948 Mobilization of phosphates in soil inconnection with the vital activities of some microbialspecies Mikrobiologiya 17 362-370

Singh CS Amawate JS Tyagi SP and Kapoor A 1990Interaction effect of Glomus fasciculatum and Azospirillumbrasilense on yields of various genotypes of wheat (Triticumaestivum) in pots Zentrabl Mikrobiol 145203-208

Subbaiah BY and Asija GL 1956 A rapid procedure for theestimation of available nitrogen in soils Current Science25259-260

Veeraswamy J Padmavathi T and Venkateswarlu K 1992Interaction effects of Glomus intraradices and Azospirillumlipoferum on sorghum Indian Journal of Microbiology 32305-308



S Shubha Marenna GP Santosh RC Gundappagol and SatyanarayanaraoJournal of Eco-friendly Agriculture 13(1) 33-36 2018

copy2018

There is evidence that the capacity of white rot fungi(WRF) in decolourizing dyes results in part from the activityof enzymes that take partin lignin depolymerization processLow molar weight compounds as metals and H2O2 can alsobe involved in pesticides degradation (Sun et al 1993)Peroxidative activity does not seem to be the only extracellularenzyme available to WRF for dyes degradation anddecolourization rate could not be related to one particularenzyme but to the result of the ligninolytic mechanism actionTo understand the basidiomycetes complex enzymatic systemand the use of different dyes such as Remazol Brilliant BlueR (RBBR) Methyl Green (MG) Methyl Blue (MB) and CongoRed (CR) indicative for the degradative potential system Thewhite rot fungi (WRF) seem to be the unique microorganismswhich show capacities of degrading and mineralizing ligninand a series of organic pollutant compounds highly toxicand recalcitrant This capacity is at least in some extentcaused by non-specific enzymatic system produced by thesefungi during the lignin degradation and includes severalenzymes of Lignin Peroxidase (LiP) Manganese Peroxidase(MnP) and Laccases The multi-enzymatic system involvedin the lignin degradation and mineralization is constitutedof different ligninolytic enzymes combinations being theoccurrence of MnP and Laccase higher than LiP (Wesenberg

Evaluation of dye decolourization ability of native lignindegrading fungi and bacteria from organic farm fields ofHyderabad-Karnataka regionS Shubha Marenna Krishnabeni GP Santosh RC Gundappagol and Satyanarayanarao

Department of Agrilcultural Microbiology Organic Farming Research Institute University of Agricultural Sciences College of AgricultureRaichur ndash 584 104 IndiaE mail mmgujaranigmailcom

ABSTRACT

Dyedecolourization was used as substrate to evaluate ligninolytic activity in lignin degrading fungi andbacterial strains isolated from organic farming fields of Hyderabad-Karnataka region Eleven fungal and eightbacterial strains were selected and tested for their capacity to degrade lignin by subjecting them to the Bavendammtest using malt extract tannic acid medium (META) low nitrogen agar with methylene blue [LNAM (MB)] and lownitrogen agar with phenol red media [LNAM (PR)] Eleven fungal strains viz KGST-1 KGST-2 KGSA KKSTKKSU-1 KKSP BKST RLST-1 RLSP-1 RMSP and KKSU-2 and eight bacterial strains viz KGSB-1 KGSPKGSB-2 KKSB-2 BKSB RMSP-1 RMSP-2 and RMSB were positive on all the three media The ability of the strainsto decolourize different indicators Remazol Brilliant Blue R (RBBR) Methyl Green (MG) Methylene Blue (MB) andCongo Red (CR) of the respective indicator on NA and PDA agar plates was tested The fungal isolates KGST-1KGST-2 and KKSP could decolourize RBBR and Congo Red even better than the reference strains KGSA and RMSPcould efficiently decolourize methylene green along with RBBR Among the bacterial isolates KGSB-1 and RMSP-2could decolourize RBBR even better than native isolates and reference strains

Key words Dye dicolouriztion ligninolytic activity remazol brilliant blue R methyl green methyl blue and congo red

et al 2003) Phanerochaete chrysosporium has been widely usedas a model system to understand the process of lignin andsome environmental pollutants biodegradation The use ofdyes offers a series of advantages in relation to conventionalsubstrate because they are stable soluble and cheapsubstrates with high rates of molar extinction and lowtoxicity


Identification of production of extracellular oxidases andlignolyase

The microbes were spotted on indicator media like MaltExtract Tannic Acid Agar Medium (META) and low nitrogenagar medium amended with phenol red (002) andmethylene blue (002) separately (Karthikeyan and SivaKumar 2000) The colonies showing halo zones surroundingthem on META medium and low nitrogen with methyleneblue medium were considered posit ive for lignindegradation The colonies showing red color surroundingthem on low nitrogen agar medium amended with phenolred were considered as positive The isolates positive on allthese media were purified and maintained on nutrient agarand potato dextrose agar plates and refrigerated till furtheruse


Evaluation of dye decolourization ability of native lignin degrading fungi and bacteria from organic farm fields of Hyderabad-Karnataka region

Dye decolourization activity on NA and PD platesIn dye decolorization tests (Katia et al 2005) PDA

medium containing 004 wv Ramazol Brilliant Blue R(RBBR) (R8001 Sigma) 004 wv methyl green (M5015Sigma) or 001 wv guaiacol (G5502 Sigma) were usedGuaiacol was added into PDA before sterilization whileRBBR and methyl green were added as a sterilized filteredsolution Each fungal strain was inoculated onto all mediaincubated at 300C and the growth was followed for a periodof two weeks The cultivation was done in duplicate

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Screening of microorganisms for lignin degradation onindicator media

Three indicator media were employed as suggested byKarthikeyan and Sivakumar (2000) They were a) malt extracttannic acid medium (b) low nitrogen agar medium withmethylene blue and (c) low nitrogen agar medium withphenol red All the native isolates along with two referencebacteria and fungi were spotted on these media andincubated

Malt extract tannic acid mediumOn this medium 8 bacterial and 11 fungal isolates

showed positive reaction by producing halo zones aroundthe colonies The bacterial isolates were KGSB-1 KGSPKGSB-2 KKSB-2 BKSB RMSP-1 RMSP-2 and RMSB andfungal isolates were KGST-1 KGST-2 KGSA KKST KKSU-1 KKSP BKST RLST-1 RLSP-2 RMSP and KKSU-2 (Table1) Two bacterial and two fungal reference strains tested werepositive on the META medium viz Pseudomonas putidaBacillus subtilis Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Pleurotusostreatus

Low nitrogen agar medium with methylene blueOn this medium 8 bacterial and 11 fungal isolates

showed positive reaction by producing halo zones aroundthe colonies The bacterial isolates were KGSB-1 KGSPKGSB-2 KKSB-2 BKSB RMSP-1 RMSP-2 and RMSB andfungal isolates were KGST-1 KGST-2 KGSA KKST KKSU-1 KKSP BKST RLST-1 RLSP-2 RMSP and KKSU-2 (Table1) Two bacterial and two fungal reference strains tested werepositive on the LNAM + MB medium viz Pseudomonas putidaBacillus subtilis Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Pleurotusostreatus

Low nitrogen medium with phenol redOn this medium 8 bacterial and 11 fungal isolates

showed positive reaction by producing halo zones aroundthe colonies The bacterial isolates were KGSB-1 KGSP

KGSB-2 KKSB-2 BKSB RMSP-1 RMSP-2 and RMSB andfungal isolates were KGST-1 KGST-2 KGSA KKST KKSU-1 KKSP BKST RLST-1 RLSP-2 RMSP and KKSU-2 (Table1) Two bacterial and two fungal reference strains tested werepositive on the LNAM + PR medium viz Pseudomonas putidaBacillus subtilis Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Pleurotusostreatus

Dye decolourization ability of the isolates on PDA and NAplates

The ability of the strains to decolourize differentindicators Remazol Brilliant Blue R (RBBR) Methyl Green(MG) Methylene Blue (MB) and Congo Red (CR) of therespective indicator on NA and PDA agar plates The resultsare shown in table 2 The results show that fungal isolatesKGST-1 KGST-2 and KKSP could decolourize RBBR andcongo red even better than the reference strains FR1 andFR2 KGSA and RMSP could efficiently decolourizemethylene green along with RBBR Among the bacterial

Table 1 Screening of microorganisms for lignindegradation using different indicator media

Note FR1 = Fungi Reference 1 FR2 = Fungi Reference 2 BR1= Bacteria Reference 1 BR2 = Bacteria Reference 2 META - MaltExtract Tannic Acid LNAM + MB - Low Nitrogen Agar Mediumwith Methylene Blue LNAM + PR - Low Nitrogen Agar Mediumwith Phenol Red (+) = Present (ldquo) = Absent

Isolate META LNAM (MB) LNAM (PR) Phanerochaete chrysosporium (FR1) + + + Pleurotus ostreatus (FR2) + + + Native Fungal Isolates KGST-1 + + + KGST-2 + + + KGSA + + + KKST + + + KKSU-1 + + + KKSP + + + BKST + + + RLST-1 + + + RLSP-2 + + + RMSP + + + KKSU-2 + + + Pseudomonas putida (BR1) + + + Bacillus subtilis (BR2) + + + Native Bacterial Isolates KGSB-1 + + + KGSP + + + KGSB-2 + + + KKSB-2 + + + BKSB + + + RMSP-1 + + + RMSP-2 + + + RMSB + + +


S Shubha Marenna GP Santosh RC Gundappagol and Satyanarayanarao

isolates KGSB-1 and RMSP-2 could decolourize RBBR evenbetter than reference strains (Table 2)

Screening of microorganisms for lignin degradation usingdifferent indicator media

Eleven fungal and eight bacterial strains were selectedand tested for their capacity to degrade lignin by subjectingthem to the Bavendamm test using malt extract tannic acidmedium (META) low nitrogen agar with methylene blue(LNAM (MB)) and low nitrogen agar with phenol red media[LNAM (PR)] Eleven fungal strains viz KGST-1 KGST-2KGSA KKST KKSU-1 KKSP BKST RLST-1 RLSP-1 RMSPand KKSU-2 and eight bacterial strains viz KGSB-1 KGSPKGSB-2 KKSB-2 BKSB RMSP-1 RMSP-2 and RMSB werepositive on all the three media All the reference strainsshowed positive on the three media that were tested Positivereaction indicated can be correlated for production of Lignin

Peroxidase (LiP) Manganese Peroxidase (MnP) and Laccaseactivity

Similar studies were conducted by (Chamuris et al2000) They used indicator media as an approach for rapidscreening of fungal isolates for lignin degrading ability andTurpeinen et al (2003) isolated fungi from decompostingorganic materials and tested their ability to secrete radicalgenerating oxido-reductases using a special ABTS-agarmedium Two isolates of Paecilomyces inflatus formedcharacteristic dark green rings around the fungal myceliumThis indica ted the production of extracellularoxidoreductases viz laccases or peroxidases Surprisinglynone of the bacterial and actinomycete strains showedpositive reaction on any indicator media tested


The ability of the strains to decolourize differentindicators Remazol Brilliant Blue R (RBBR) Methyl Green(MG) Methylene Blue (MB) and Congo Red (CR) of therespective indicator on NA and PDA agar plates was testedThe fungal isolates KGST-1 KGST-2 and KKSP coulddecolourize RBBR and Congo red even better than thereference strains KGSA and RMSP could efficientlydecolourize methylene green along with RBBR Among thebacterial isolates KGSB-1 and RMSP-2 could decolourizeRBBR even better than native isolates and reference strainsThe ability of more numbers of dye decolourization indicatesthe production of more numbers of extracellular Lignolyticenzymes

Similar studies were conducted by (Katia et al 2005)They studied on enzymatic system involved in RBBRdecolorization was produced by basidiomycete fungi in solidmedium This system was produced even in the absence ofthe RBBR and the decolorization was performed in theabsence of added H2O2 showing that there are differentcombinations of extracellular lignolytic enzymes producedin significant quantities under simple conditions ofcultivation Which enzymes are being stimulated or activatedand their relat ion to organochlorine compoundsdegradation is not well known RBBR decolorizing activityis a simple indicative method for a multi-enzymatic systemand can be a valuable approach to be used as a tool forxenobiotic biodegradation studies as well as an indicationof the physiological conditions of basidiomycetes duringbioremediation process

This method is popular because the use of colourindicators is generally simpler because there is norequirement of complex and costly equipments and chemicals

Table 2 Dye decolourization ability of the isolates on PDAand NA Plates

Note FR1 = Fungi Reference 1 FR2 = Fungi Reference 2 BR1= Bacteria Reference 1 BR2 = Bacteria Reference 2 + = Positivefor decolorization of dye ldquo = Negative for decolorization of dye

Isolate PDA + RBBR

PDA + MG

PDA + CR

PDA + MB

Phanerochaete chrysosporium (FR1)

+++ ndash + ndash

Pleurotus ostreatus (FR2) ++ + ndash ndash Native Fungal Isolates ndash KGST-1 +++ ndash ++ ndash KGST-2 +++ ndash +++ ndash KGSA ++ ++ ndash ndash KKST + + ndash ndash KKSU-1 + + ndash ndash KKSP + ndash ++ ndash BKST + ndash + ndash RLST-1 ndash ndash ndash ndash RLSP-2 ndash ndash ndash ndash RMSP ++ ++ ndash ndash KKSU-2 ndash + ndash ndash Isolates NA +

RBBR NA + MG

NA + CR

NA + MB

Pseudomonas putida (BR1) + + ndash + Bacillus subtilis (BR2) + + + ndash Native Bacterial Isolates KGSB-1 ++ ndash ndash ndash KGSP + ndash ndash ndash KGSB-2 + ndash ndash ndash KKSB-2 ndash ndash ndash ndash BKSB + ndash ndash ndash RMSP-1 + ndash ndash ndash RMSP-2 ++ ndash ndash ndash RMSB + ndash ndash ndash



for sample handling and measurement (Kalmiordm et al 2008)Similar kind of study was conducted by using severaldifferent compounds by using them as indicators forligninolytic enzymes production RBBR and guaiacol areused frequently and their results correlate well to each other(Krogh et al 2004 and Ang et al 2011) Some fungal strainstested gave positive test results in RBBR containing mediumbut failed to decolorize guaiacol might be due to severalreasons One of them could be because the fungi require alonger adaptation time to produce lignolytic enzymes forthe decolorization of guaiacol dye as it has been reportedfor other colour indicators such as RBBR (Ang et al 2011)Methyl green was also used for lignolytic enzymes screeningThe lack of detection of growth for T hirsute and P pinophilumon methyl green containing PDA media could be attributedto the high concentration of the indicator which might havean inhibitory effect (Eichlerova et al 2006)

REFERENCESAng TN Ngoh GC Chua AS 2011 A quantitative method

for fungal ligninolytic enzyme screening studies Asia-Pacific Journal of Chemical Engineering 6589-595

Argyropoulos DS Menachem SB 1997 Lignin Advances inBiochemical Engineering and Biotechnology 57127-158

Eichlerova I Homolka L Nerud F 2006 Synthetic dyedecolourization capacity of white rot fungus Dichomitussqualens Biores Technology 97(16)2153-2159

Eriksson KEL Blanchette RA Ander P 1990 Biodegradation

of hemicelluloses Microbial and Enzymatic Degradation ofWood and Wood Components pp 181-187

Kalmiordm E Yaordma I Kalyoncu F Pazarbaordmi B Koccedilyigit A 2008Ligninolytic enzyme activities in mycelium of some wildand commercial mushrooms African Journal of Biotechnology7(23) 4314-4320

Karthikeyan S Sivakumar U 2000 Isolation and Screening ofLignolytic Microorganisms La bora tory Manual onBioconversi on of Cellul osic Wastes Tamil NaduAgricultural University Coimbatore pp 55-57

Katia MGM Dacio R Matheus Vera LRB 2005 Ligninolyticenzymes production and Remazol Brilliant Blue Rdecolorization by tropical Brazilian basidiomycetes fungiBrazilian Journal of Microbiology 36246-252

Krogh KBR Morkeberg A Jorgensen H Frisvad JC OlssonL 2004 Screening genus Penicillium for producers ofcellulolytic and xylanolytic enzymes Applied Biochemistryand Biotechnology 13389-401

Kuhad RC Singh A Eriksson KE 1997 Microorganisms andenzymes involved in the degradation of plant fibre cellwalls Advances in Biochemical Engineering Biotechnology5745-125

Sjostrom E 1993 Wood chemistry Fundamentals andapplications soil microorganism (ed KF Baker) AcademicPress San Diego USA p 93

Wesenberg D Kyriakides I Agathos SN 2003 White rot fungiand their enzymes for the treatment of industrial dyeeffluents Biotechnology Advances 22161-187



VV Shinde KV Malshe and SL GhavaleJournal of Eco-friendly Agriculture 13(1) 37-38 2018

copy2018

Okra (Abelmoschus esculantus L) is an importantvegetable crop of India as it has great medicinal andnutritional value It has export potential and it iscommercially grown throughout the country It can adoptwide rage of soil and climatic conditions and grow betterwith optimum management practices As it has commercialimportance it is necessary to study the influence of differentgrowth regulators and nutrients on its performance The GA3promotes the germination and influence growth of the cropThe present investigation was carried out to study the effectof pre-sowing seed treatment of GA3 on growth and yield ofokra cv Parbhani Kranti

MATERIALS AND METHODSThe field experiment was conducted at Agricultural

Research Station Awashi Tal-Khed Dist-Ratnagiri duringsummer 2013-2014 The experiment was laid out in therandomized block design which was replicated four timesThe experimental area is in South Konkan coastal agro-climatic conditions having red lateritic soils The treatmentsconsisted of five levels of GA3 viz 0 (Distilled water) 25 ppm50 ppm 75 ppm and 100 ppm The experimental land wasprepared by ploughing and harrowing The plots havingnet size of 30 X 24 m were prepared The basal dose of FYMat the rate of 20 t ha-1 was incorporated in the soil at the timeof field preparation The recommended dose of fertilizer (100kg N 50 kg P2O5 and 50 kg K2O) was applied as basal dosewhere the 13 N was applied as basal dose and remainingdose of N was applied in two split doses at three and sixweeks after sowing Before sowing the okra seeds weresoaked in the respective concentrations of GA3 for 24 hoursand then air dried The seed of okra cv Parbhani Kranti was

Response of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L) cv ParbhaniKranti to pre-sowing seed treatment with gibberellic acidVV Shinde 1KV Malshe and 2SL Ghavale

ICAR-All India Coordinated Research Project on Palms CPCRI Kasaragod Kerala India1Regional Coconut Research Station Bhatye Ratnagiri Maharastra India2Dr Balasaheb Sawant Konkan Krishi Vidyapeeth Dapoli - 415 712 Maharastra India

ABSTRACT

The field experiment was carried out at Agricultural Research Station Awashi Tal-Khed Dist-Ratnagiri duringsummer 20013-14 to study the effect of pre-sowing seed treatment of GA3 on growth and yield of okra The treatmentsinvolved five concentrations of GA3 (0 25 50 75 and 100 ppm) The results indicated that the maximum plant heightnumber of branches per plant number of fruits per plant yield per plant (g) and yield per (q ha-1) were recorded in thetreatment T4 (75 ppm GA3) The growth parameters and yield increased with increasing GA3 concentration up to 75ppm and reduced in the treatment T5 (100 ppm GA3) which was at par with treatment T2 (25 ppm GA3)

Key words Gibberellic acid seed treatment okra plant height and yield

sown on 20th February 2013 at 45 X 30 cm spacing The seedgermination percentage was calculated by counting thegerminated seeds in respective treatment plots The plantheight number of branches number of fruits per plant fruityield per plant in gram and yield per hectare in quintalswere recorded from ten randomly selected plants from eachplot The data were statistically analyzed by the methodsuggested by Panse and Sukhatme (1985)

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONThe data presented in table 1 clearly revealed that pre-

sowing seed treatments with different concentration of GA3had significant effect on vegetative growth and yield of okra

Germination per centThe highest germination percentage (8963 per cent)

was observed in the treatment T4 where the seeds weretreated with 75 ppm GA3 The germination percentage wasincreased with increasing concentration of GA3 up to 75 ppmand it was reduced in 100 ppm GA3 treatment

Plant height (m) and number of branches per plantThere was significant increase in height of plant and

number of branches per plant with increased level of GA3 upto 75 ppm and it was reduced in 100 ppm GA3 The maximumplant height and number of branches per plant were recordedin treatment T4 (16988 cm and 237 respectively)

Yield charactersThe same trend was observed among the yield

attributing parameters The number of fruits per plants fruityield per plant (g) and yield quintal per hectare were


Response of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L) cv Parbhani Kranti to pre-sowing seed treatment with gibberellic acid

recorded maximum in the treatment of seed treatment T4 (75ppm GA3) The treatment T5 (100 ppm GA3) was at par withthe treatment T2 (25 ppm GA3) The increase in thegermination percentage up to certain concentration mightbe due to stimulating activities of gibberellic acid on embryoof seed Singh and Kumar (1998) also reported the promotionof seed germination by using GA3 The increase in thevegetative growth might be due to cell elongation TheGibberellic acid treated plants were more physiologicallyactive which may result in production of more flowers andfruits Kumar et al (1997) and Vijayraghavan (1999) Unambaet al (2009) have found the similar trend in okra which helpsto confirm the present findings

Thus it can be concluded that the treatment T4 (75 ppmGA3) gave the best result for seed germination as well asplant height number of branches plant-1 and yield

REFERENCESKumar S Singh P Katiya RP Vaish CP and Khan AA

1997 Beneficial effect of some plant growth regulators onseeds of okra (Abelmoschus esculantus L) under fieldconditions Seed Research 24(1)11-14

Panse VG and Sukhatme PV 1985 Statistical methods foragricultural workers Pub ICAR New Delhi pp 145-148

Singh PV and Kumar J 1998 Effect of GA3 as pre-sowing seedtreatment and different levels of nitrogen on germinationgrowth flowering and yield of okra (Abelmoschus esculantusL Moench) Indian Journal of Agricultural Research 32(1)31-36

Unamba CIN Ezeibekwe IO and Mbagwu FN 2009Comparative effect of the foliar spray and seed soakingapplication method of gibberellic acid on the growth ofAbelmoschus esculentus (Okra dwarf) Journal of AmericanSci 5(4)133-140

Vijayraghavan H 1999 Effect of seed treatment with plantgrowth regulators on bhendi (Abelmoschus esculantus LMoench) grown under sodic soil conditions MadrasAgricultural Journal 86(4-6)247-249


Table 1 Effect of pre-sowing seed treatment of GA3 on growth and yield of okra cv Parbhani KrantiTreatment Germination

() Plant height

(m) No of branches

plant-1 No of fruits

plant-1 Fruit yield plant-1

(g) Yield

(Q ha-1) T1 - Control (Distilled water) 7780 14920 182 1133 18343 1253 T2 - 25 ppm GA3 8518 15373 196 1222 20180 1325 T3 - 50 ppm GA3 8815 16120 232 1323 20810 1403 T4 - 75 ppm GA3 8963 16988 237 1338 21118 1413 T5 - 100 ppm GA3 8495 15405 200 1197 20158 1311 SE m+ 069 066 002 004 096 003 CD at 5 214 202 006 012 295 010


Dipika RanaJournal of Eco-friendly Agriculture 13(1) 39-42 2018

copy2018

Organic agriculture is one among the broad spectrumof production methods that are supportive of healthyenvironment on this earth More specifically organicagriculture is a holistic food production system whichpromotes and enhances agro ecosystem health includingbiodiversity biological cycles and healthy productionsystem It is a sustainable production system in whichvarious eco-friendly and healing activities of Homa-farmingAgnihotra Biodynamic farming are involved Theseactivities are known to show positive effect on theenvironment and do have healing effects This also attributesto have a positive effect on the workers working in such anenvironment Thus a socio-economic survey was undertakenat CSKHPKV organic farm to study certain perspectives incase of workers working in the organic farm

MATERIALS AND METHODSBoth primary and secondary data were used in this

study The primary data was generated throughquestionnaire from the records maintained on the organicfarm while secondary data was taken from publishedunpublished reports of different agencies Both tabular andsta tist ical tools were employed for ananlysis andinterpretation of data The primary data collected on organicfarm was tabulated to work out averages ratios percentagesand indices Tabular techinque was employed to study thesocio-economic status of field staff The existing level ofincome literacy rate nutritional status of workers on thefarm were analyzed

Evaluation of socio-economic status of farmers of an organicfarm of Himachal Pradesh IndiaDipika Rana

Department of Biology and Environmental Sciences CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya Palampur-176 061 HP IndiaE mail dipikahfrigmailcom

ABSTRACT

In a country like India farming is a culture rather than a profession The interest in farming depends upon thetradition and family background of a worker Keeping this in view the socio-economic status of worker engaged inorganic farming was studied Various practices under organic farming in the mountain regions like compost productionuse of bio-pesticides crop rotations etc not only increases soil health and quality but promotes the activity ofbeneficial macro-and-micro-flora in the soil The organic practices including Homa bhasm Agnihotra and Biodynamicfarming besides promoting healthy agriculture is expected to have seeming effects on behavioral aspects of the farmworkers However apparently systemic information on social attributes of organic farm is still limited As suchpresent study was undertaken to evaluate the socio-economic efficiency of an organic farm The socio- economicaspects of an organic farm CSKHPKV Palampur were studied The data was analyzed by the use of indices ratiospercentages etc and the results were interpreted The various aspects as family structure and size age distributioncaste structure literacy level occupational pattern economic status behavioral aspects and livelihood security wereevaluated

Key words Literacy level occupational pattern economic status behavioral aspects livelihood security

To meet out the objectives of the present study bothtabular and statistical tools were employed for analysis andinterpretation of data The primary data collected on organicfarm was tabulated to work out averages ratios percentagesand indices Tabular technique was employed to study thesocio-economic status of field staff The existing level ofincome literacy rate and nutritional status of workers on thefarm was also analyzed The following types of indices andratios were worked out for present study Total population of femalesSex-ratio = ndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndash x 1000(1000-1 males) Total population of males

Total number of literate personsLiteracy rate () = ndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndash x 100 Total population

Cumulative total literacy score of workersLiteracy index = ndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndash

Total number of workersWhere Literacy score (as per score used) 0 for illiterate

1 for primary 2 for high school 3 for matriculation 4 forsenior secondary 5 for graduate and 6 for post graduate Value of output of ith systemIncome equivalent = ndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndash

Value of output of cereal based system


Evaluation of socio-economic status of farmers of an organic farm of Himachal Pradesh India

Actual working days - 183Livelihood security = ndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndash Maximum no of working days - 183


Socio-economic features of farm workers

Family structure and sizeThe family size of the farm workers is shown in table 1

and 2 The average size of family of the farm workers wasfound to be 486 The average size of family was more forunskilled workers whereas it was low for skilled workers Itwas observed that proportion of children was higher in malecategory The sex ratio was found alarmingly low Further itwas seen that large percentage of unskilled workers hadjoint family structure whereas large percentage comparedto unskilled workers had nuclear family structure in case ofskilled workers This was attributed to the tendency of themarried couple to lead an independent life However thistendency may not be compatible with development of

agriculture as it was resulting into fragmentation andsubdivision of holdings into marginal farms Sharma et al(1999) also confirmed the regressive fragmentation andsubdivision of holdings caused by inheritance laws andtenancy reforms leading to marginalization of holdings inHimachal Pradesh

Age distributionAge distribution of farm workers employed on the

organic farm has been shown in table 3 About 30 per cent ofthe workers belonged to the young age category of 25-30years and 23 per cent in the age group of 20-25 years Therewere just 13 per cent of the workers in the higher age groupabove 45 years of age The mean age was estimated 3166years for skilled and 3033 for unskilled workers on the farmThis clearly shows that majority of the farm workersemployed on the organic farm belonged to youngergeneration Similar results were shown by Fernandez et al(1998) who considered organic farming to be fundamentallydifferent from conventional farming in that their controlfocuses on ecologically based pest and nutrient managementpractices According to them organic farmers also tend tohave a different socio- economic profile The empiricalstudies showed that organic vegetable growers tend to beyounger and more educated than conventional farmers

Caste structureThe caste-wise distribution of workers showed that

maximum workers belonged to scheduled caste category(Table 4) Accordingly large percentage in case of unskilled

Table 1 Family size of farm workers on different categories(Per cent)

Figures in parentheses show number of persons in each category

Particular Skilled Unskilled Total family size (No) Male a) Adult 3902 4095 3986 b) Children 1951 1428 1575 Sub total 5853 5523 5561 (267) (277) (273) Female a) Adult 3414 3428 3378 b) Children 731 1047 958 Subtotal 4145 4475 4336 (189) (223) (213) Overall a) Adult 7317 7524 7365 b) Children 2683 2476 2500 Average family size (No) 456 500 486 Sex-ratio (Females 1000 males) 708 810 762

Table 2 Family structure of farm workers on differentcategories (No of persons)

Figures in parentheses show percentages to total in each column

Particular Skilled Unskilled Total Family structure Nuclear 4 (4444) 3 (1429) 7 (2333) Joint 5 (5556) 18 (8571) 23 (7667) Total 9 (100) 21 (100) 30 (100) Average size Nuclear 38 50 43 Joint 52 49 50

Table 3 Age-wise distribution of farm workers on differentcategories (No of persons)


Age class (years) Skilled Unskilled Total 20-25 3 (3334) 4 (1905) 7 (2334) 25-30 1 (1111) 8 (3810) 9 (3000) 30-35 2 (2222) 4 (1905) 6 (2000) 35-40 2 (2222) 2 (952) 4 (1333) 40-45 0 0 0 Above 45 1 (1111) 3 (1428) 4 (1333) Total 9 (100) 21 (100) 30 (100) Mean age (years) 3166 3033 3073

Table 4 Caste ndash wise distribution of farm workers (No ofpersons)


Caste Skilled Unskilled Total General 6 (6667) 3 (1429) 9 (3000) Scheduled caste 1 (1111) 11 (5238) 12 (4000) Other backward classes 2 (2222) 7 (3333) 9 (3000) Total 9 (100) 21 (100) 30 (100)


Dipika Rana

workers belonged to this category The workers from generalcategory were low in percentage in case of unskilled workersHowever majority of the skilled workers belonged to generalcategory This clearly showed the low socio-economic statusof scheduled caste forming the low paid labour class in thesociety

Literacy levelLiteracy level plays catalytic role in enhancing human

capital The educated worker can easily comprehend thescientific recommended technologies besides improving hiswork efficiency It can be visualized from table 5 that largeproportions in case of skilled workers were graduates orpost graduates In case of unskilled workers large proportionsof workers were matriculates Literacy index was high incase of skilled workers and low for unskilled workers

Occupational patternThe occupational pattern of working persons is

presented in table 6 It was seen that about large percentageof the total working persons were engaged in agricultureand animal husbandry of which unskilled worker familymembers dominated Thus agriculture was found to be themain source of livelihood for majority of the unskilledworkers However services formed the major avocation forfamilies of skilled workers

Economic status and contribution of organic farm inlivelihood

The income status of the workers is presented in table7 It was observed that service was the main source of incomefor the family income of skilled workers whereas agricultureand dairy contributed mainly for the unskilled workersContribution of wage income from organic farm in case ofskilled workers was comparatively low as the family membersof skilled workers had other sources of income thatpredominated organic farm income Whereas in case ofunskilled workers organic farm income was the main source

Table 5 Literacy status of farm workers on organic farm(No of persons)


Educational level Skilled Unskilled Total Illiterate 0 1 (476) 1 (333) Primary 0 2 (952) 2 (667) Middle 1 (1111) 3 (1429) 4 (1333) Matriculation 2 (2222) 10 (4762) 12 (4000) 10+2 1 (1111) 5 (2381) 6 (2000) Graduate 3 (3334) 0 3 (1000) Postgraduate 2 (2222) 0 2 (667) Total 9 (100) 21 (100) 30 (100) Literacy Index 432 276 323

Table 6 Occupational pattern of families of farm workers(No of persons)

1Business including cottage industries 2Service including DPL(daily paid labour) and pensioners 3Others including ruralhandicrafts and artisans F igures in parentheses showpercentages to total in each column

Occupation Skilled Unskilled Total Agri Dairy 3 (1579) 34 (6416) 37 (5139) Business1 2 (1052) 5 (943) 7 (972) Service 2 11 (5790) 5 (943) 16 (2222) Others3 3 (1579) 9 (1698) 12 (1667) Total 19 (100) 53 (100) 72 (100)

Table 7 Economic status and contribution of organicfarming towards livelihood of workers Rs household


Occupation Skilled Unskilled Total Agri Dairy 6111(429) 20666 (2895) 16300 (1759) Service 78333 (5506) 10571 (1481) 30900 (3335) Others 7222 (508) 9380 (1314) 8733 (942) Earning from organic farm

50600 (3557) 30780 (4310) 36726 (3964)

Total family income 1 42266 (100) 71397 (100) 92659 (100) Contribution of wage income from organic farm in total family income ()

3557 4311 3963

Table 8 Impact of organic farming on behavioral aspectsof farm workers (Noof workers)


Particular Skilled Unskilled Total (9) (21) (30) Improved lifestyle 7 (7778) 12 (5714) 19 (6333) Farming knowledge 8 (8889) 8 (3810) 16 (5333) Better wage rate 9 (100) 9 (4286) 18 (6000) Improved ethical and spiritual thinking

8 (8889) 11 (5238) 19 (6333)

Work punctuality 8 (8889) 12 (5714) 20 (6666) Improved social cohesion and interaction

6 (6667) 10 (4762) 16 (5333)

Table 9 Extent of livelihood security of skilled farm workers(No of days)

Actual working days No of skilled workers Livelihood security Working days less than 183

0 -

183 - 200 0 - 200 - 225 0 - 225-250 0 - 250 - 275 0 - More than 275 9 799 Average 31389 089



as many of the members of unskilled workers did not hadservice as occupation

Impact of organic farming on behavioral aspects of farmworkers

Organic farming not only paves the way for healthyagricultural practices but also affects the overall personalityof the individual through participation in various activitiesof homa-farming use of bio-pesticides chanting of mantrasetc Table 8 depicts the perceived changes in the behaviourof workers after joining organic farming It was observedthat in case of skilled workers majority of individuals werepositively affected through increased farming knowledgebetter wage rate improved ethical and spiritual thinking Incase of unskilled workers no obvious positive reaction wasobserved for farming knowledge and wage rate though therewas perceptible change in punctuality and spiritualthinking

Livelihood security of farm workerThe livelihood security of farm workers was evaluated

and it was found that the average livelihood security ofskilled was high whereas for the unskilled workers it waslow Many of the unskilled workers had no livelihoodsecurity because of lesser working days and uncertainty of

Table 10Extent of livelihood security of unskilled farmworkers (No of days)

Actual working days No of skilled workers

Livelihood security

Working days less than 183

7 -

183 - 200 2 0204 200 - 225 1 025 225 - 250 4 1576 250 - 275 6 3454 More than 275 1 065 Average 31389 029 getting work in the farm (table 9 10)

REFERENCESFernandez-Cornejo J Greene C Penn R and Newton D 1998

Organic vegetable production in the US Certified growersand their practices American Journal of AlternativeAgriculture 13(2)69-78

Ramesh P Singh M and Rao AS 2005 Organic farming Itsrelevance to the Indian context Current Science 88(4)

Sharma KD Thakur DC and Saini AS 1999 Poverty in hillsCauses and cures ICSSR Seminar on poverty and incomedistribution in North- Western states of India Organisedby Department of Agricultural Economics HimachalPradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya Palampur May 28-29



MS Shah RK Rai and KK AgrawalJournal of Eco-friendly Agriculture 13(1) 43-45 2018

copy2018

Madhya Pradesh is relatively underdeveloped withregards to agricultural productivity rural employment andeconomic status as compared to most of the Indian statesRice and wheat are grown in sequence in an area about 27million hectares in Punjab and contribute 80 per cent in thetotal food pool of the state of Punjab (DAGP 2011) It isobserved that maximum infestation of weeds is observed inorganic nutrient management plots in rice based croppingsystem (Vishwakarma et al 2012) Thus the severe incidenceof weeds results in yield reduction as high as 40-60 per centdepending upon the intensity and the type of weeds (Singhet al 2003) Thus if changes in nutrient management andcropping systems are made it affects the density of weedsAs weeds cause major loss to yield of rice an experimentwas conducted to evaluate weed intensity weed biomassand rice equivalent yield as affected by organic inorganicand integrated nutrient management in different rice basedcropping systems including oilseeds pulses vegetable andfodder crops

MATERIALS AND METHODSThe present study was conducted during 2011-12 to

2012-13 at the Research Farm of Jawaharlal Nehru KrishiVishwaVidhyalaya Jabalpur (Madhya Pradesh) India on asandy clay loam soil The soil of the experimental site had apH 74 EC 051dSm and organic carbon 07 per cent Theavailable soil nitrogen phosphorus and potash were 264126 and 282 kg ha-1 respectively The bulk density of the

Effect of nutrient management and cropping system onproductivity under different rice based cropping systemsMS Shah RK Rai and KK Agrawal

Department of Agronomy College of Agriculture Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa VidhyalayaJabalpur - 482 004 Madhya Pradesh India

ABSTRACT

A field experiment was conducted during 2010-11 to 2012-13 at Jabalpur (Madhya Pradesh) to study the effectof nutrient management and cropping system on productivity under different rice based cropping systems The 4different cropping systems (CS1- Green manuring Sunhemp ndash Rice ndash Wheat CS2 ndash Rice ndash Chickpea ndashSesame CS3 ndashRice ndash Berseem CS4 ndash Rice - Vegetable pea - Sorghum) and three nutrient managements M1- 100 Organic (13 Nthrough each of FYM Vermicompost and Neem oil cake) M2 - 100 Inorganic (100 NPK through fertilizers) M3 -INM (50 NPK through fertilizer + 50 N through organic sources) with 3 replications were conducted in Strip PlotDesign The soil of the experimental field was sandy clay loam in texture neutral in reaction (73) normal EC (052)low in OC (072) medium in available N (26405 kg ha-1) and P (128 kg ha-1) and high in K (2852 kg ha-1) Thehighest weed intensity of (3526 m-2) weed biomass (1183 kg ha-1) rice equivalent yield (6935 q ha-1) and productionefficiency (2207 kg ha-1 day-1) during kharif rabi and summer season in 100 per cent inorganic nutrient managementand Rice-Berseem cropping system

Key words Cropping system integrated nutrient management rice and wheat

soil was 135 mgm3 The factors studied included 3 nutrientmanagement practices viz organic manure (ONM) chemicalfertilizers and integrated nutrient (5050) (INM) and 4cropping systems viz rice-durum wheat - green manuringrice chickpea-sesame rice berseem (fodder + seed) rice -vegetable pea ndash sorghum (fodder) in Strip Plot Design with 3replication The crop varieties grown were Pusa SugandhaBasmati-5 in rice MPO-1106 in durum wheat JG-24 for gramJB-1 for berseem Arkel for vegetable pea during winter seasonand TKG-55 in sesame and MP Chari in sorghum duringsummer season These crops were raised with recommendedagronomic practices In organic manure treatment nutrientswere applied through farmyard manure The manure wasapplied on the nitrogen equivalent basis for each crop Thenutrient composition of FYM was 05 025 05 per cent NP2O5 and K2O respectively For the weed managementmechanical measures were adopted and for insect pestmanagement neem oil (Azadiractin 003) was applied asand when required under organic nutrient management Inchemical fertilizer treatment nutrient was applied throughchemical fertilizers viz urea single super phosphatemuriate of potash while plant protection was done throughrecommended pesticides when required The recommendeddose of fertilizers for rice wheat chick pea sesame vegetablepea sorghum and berseem were 120 264 333 120 264 333 20 60 30 30 60 30 20 264 166 100 22 25 and20 264 166 kg N P K ha-1


Effect of nutrient management and cropping system on productivity under different rice based cropping systems

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONThe presence of predominant weed flora was almost

similar in all plots when rice was grown under differentrice based cropping system but under 100 per cent organicnutrient management recorded the maximum infestation ofweeds The predominant weed in transplanted rice wasEchinoclova crusgalli which contributed 39 per cent of thetotal weed intensity at most critical period 30 DAT The nextpredominant weed was Cyperusiria with relative density of33 per cent at 30 DAT The infestation of Echinochlova colonaand Cyperusiria declined at maturity while density of otherweeds increased During rabi season Medicago denticulate wasfound to be more dominant in almost all crops Its relativedensity was 423 389 228 and 469 per cent in wheatchickpea berseem and vegetable pea During summer seasonPortulacao leracea was most dominating weed in all cropswith relative density of 427 and 436 per cent in sesame andsorghum

Effect on weed intensityDuring the experiment 100 per cent organic nutrient

management recorded significantly higher total weedintensity of 3526 plants m-2 which was significantly higherthan INM (3166 plants m-2) and 100 per cent inorganicnutrient management (2732 plants m-2) The rice-vegetablepea sorghum cropping system recorded the higher weedintensity of (3275 m-2) and lower in rice-berseem croppingsystem which recorded the weed intensity of (2319 plantsm-2)

Effect on weed biomassSimilarly higher total weed biomass was recorded

in100 per cent organic nutrient management (1183 kg ha-1)which was significantly higher than integrated nutrientmanagement (1150 kg ha-1) and lowest in 100 per centinorganic nutrient management (1085 kg ha-1) The rice-berseem cropping system recorded the lower weed biomassof (906 kg ha-1) as compared to rice-chickpea-sesame andrice-vegetable-sorghum Green manure-rice-wheat had weedmass (803 kg ha-1) As berseem is fodder crop and its growthhabit is such that it completely cover the ground and kasniis the only dominant weed which infest berseem crop

Effect on rice equivalent yieldThe weed intensity and weed biomass influenced the

rice equivalent yield (q ha-1) and production efficiency (kgha-1 day-1) in different rice based cropping system 100 percent inorganic nutrient management recorded (6935 q ha-1)rice equivalent yield which was at par with INM (6607 qha-1) and 100 per cent organic nutrient management (6000 qha-1) The rice berseem cropping system recorded the higherrice equivalent yield of (7474 q ha-1) followed by rice-vegetablepea-sorghum (7019 q ha-1) green manuring-rice-wheat(6390 q ha-1) and rice chickpea-sesame (5174 q ha-1)

Effect on production efficiencyThe production efficiency of 100 per cent inorganic

nutrient management was the maximum (2207 kg ha-1

day-1) which was at par with INM (2107 kg ha-1 day-1) and

Table 1 Effect of different nutrient management and cropping system on weed intensity m-2 weed biomass (kg ha-1) riceequivalent yield (q ha-1) and production efficiency (kg ha-1 day-1) (mean of 2011-12 and 2012-13)

Weed intensitym-2 Weed biomass (kg ha-1) Treatment

Kharif Rabi Summer Total Kharif Rabi Summer Total

Rice equivalent

yield (q ha-1)

Production efficiency

(kg ha-1 day-1) 100 organic (13 N through each of FYM Vermicompost and Neem oil cake) 1202 1342 982 3526 470 390 323 1183 6000 1908

100 Inorganic (100 NPK through fertilizers) 1023 1034 675 2732 443 340 302 1085 6935 2207 Integrated Nutrient Management (50 NPK through fertilizer + 50 N through organic sources)

1182 1203 781 3166 459 373 318 1150 6607 2103

SEmplusmn 012 014 012 mdash 010 012 015 108 035 CD (P=005) 030 040 030 mdash 030 030 042 270 087 Green manuring (sunhemp) - rice (Pusa Sugandha 5) - wheat (MPO 1106) 1045 1340 mdash 2385 462 341 mdash 803 6390 2016

Rice (Pusa Sugandha 5) - chickpea (JG 322) - sesame (TKG 55) 992 1205 979 3176 440 398 321 1159 5174 1602

Rice (Pusa Sugandha 5) - berseem (JB 5) (fodder + seed) 1292 1027 mdash- 2319 568 338 mdash- 906 7474 2604

Rice (Pusa Sugandha 5) - vegetable pea (Arkel ) -sorghum (MP Chari) (fodder) 1183 1069 1023 3275 523 352 331 1206 7019 2070

SEmplusmn 013 011 015 mdash 15 14 16 648 215 CD (P=005) 039 027 042 mdash 46 41 46 1620 537


MS Shah RK Rai and KK Agrawal

100 per cent organic nutrient management (1908 kg ha-1

day-1) The rice-berseem cropping system recorded the higherproduction efficiency of (2604 kg ha-1 day-1) followed by rice-vegetable pea-sorghum (2070 kg ha-1 day-1) green manuring-rice-wheat (2016 kg ha-1 day-1) and rice-chickpea-sesame(1602 kg ha-1 day-1) which was in conformity as also reportedby Upadhyay et al 2011

Therefore it was conclude that the 100 per centinorganic nutrient management in rice-berseem croppingsystem recorded the maximum rice equivalent yield andproduction efficiency and lower weed intensity and weedbiomass during both the years

REFERENCESDAGP 2011 Agriculture at a Glance (2010-11) Information Service

Department of Agriculture Government of PunjabSingh DK Singh G and Singh M 2003 Studies on long term

effect of herbicide use in Rice-Wheat System BiennialConference of Indian Society of Weed Science GBPUAampTPantanagar

Upadhyay VB Jain V Vishwakarma SK and Kumhar A2011 Production potential soil health water productivityand economics of rice-based cropping system underdifferent nutrient sources Indian Journal of Agronomy56(4)311-316

Vishwakarma S K Agrawal K K Dubey M and Gangwar S2012 Study of weed flora and weed control efficiency underdiversification and intensification of rice based croppingsystems Third International Agronomy Congress New Delhi



Effect of planting dates and varieties on growth and yield of potato (Solanum tuberosum L) in Hamelmalo areaJournal of Eco-friendly Agriculture 13(1) 46-52 2018

copy2018

Effect of planting dates and varieties on growth and yield ofpotato (Solanum tuberosum L) in Hamelmalo areaBelay Teweldemedhin Keleta Sewa Lal and 1Syed DanishYaseen Naqvi

Department of Horticulture Hamelmalo Agricultural College Keren Eritrea1Department of Plant Protection Hamelmalo Agricultural College Keren EritreaEmail syeddanishnaqvi84gmailcom

ABSTRACT

Potato is one of the most important vegetable crop of Eritrea grown throughout the country The appropriateplanting time and the best promising potato varieties for growing under Hamelmalo environmental condition are notidentified Considering this point a study has been carried out to find the suitable date of planting as well as varietiesto grow in Hamelmalo area The experiment consisted of four planting dates (Sept-20 Oct-2 Oct-14 and Oct-26) andthree potato varieties Ajiba Cosmos and Zafira were tested in Randomized Complete Block Design with threereplications under irrigated condition at the experimental farm of Hamelmalo Agricultural College during thegrowing season of 2013-14 with objective to evaluate and find suitable potato variety and planting time Observationson growth parameters were recorded at 15 days interval during growth period of the crop The data on yield and yieldattributing parameters were recorded at harvesting Data recorded on various parameters were analyzed statisticallyand analysis of variance showed that stem diameter and the yield of potato varieties significantly differed withdifferent planting dates Whereas the tuber numbers and average tuber weight were found to be significantly affectedby planting dates and varieties On the other hand stem number of potato varieties significantly differed within thevarieties It has been observed that delay in planting decreased the potato tuber yield The potato variety Cosmos wasthe most adaptive variety with average yield of 575 t ha-1 in Hamemalo area Based on the findings of this researchwork it can be recommended that varieties Ajiba and Zafira varieties are preferable for planting early in the first weekof October and Cosmos variety is preferable planting in the bit late in third week of October for cultivation inHamelmalo region

Key words Potato variety planting date and tuber

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L) is one of the mostimportant vegetable crops grown worldwide for its edibleunderground tubers used as vegetable As a food crop potatois the third most important food crop in the world after riceand wheat and more than a billion people worldwideconsume potato (Molina Av La and La Molina 1895Bagheripour et al 2012 Dehdar et al 2012) Potato isconsidered as a very important crop in feeding the developingcountries of the world due to its high nutritional value(Felenji and Ahmadizadeh 2011) It is a unique crop whichcan supplement the food needs of the country in asustainable manner Growth and quality of potato isinfluenced by environmental factors Other factors thatinfluence growth of the crop but that can be controlled by thegrower are variety planting time and pest management (Khanet al 2011) The potato yield varies with variety plantingtime quality of seed soil type crop duration growing regionand cultural operations followed for growing crop (Rana2008 Malic 2010) Delay in cultivation of potato causesreduction in yield Yield reduction is dependent on thereaction of maternal tubers to soil temperature at the time ofplanting (Tomar 1995) Altering the planting time caninfluence the potato yield Research on various dates ofplanting indicate that yield of tubers is reduced to 075 t

ha-1 for week-1 when the planting date is delayed (Radley1993)

Potato is an important cash crop in Eritrea especiallyin the high and mid lands It is mainly grown in the highlandof Eritrea particularly in Zoba Makel and Debub but rarelyin Zoba Anseba Gash Barka Southern and Northern RedSea (Anonymous 2012) but it is not grown in Hamelmaloarea which is somewhat semi-arid zone Thus selection ofpotato variety and determining an appropriate planting timeis an important step forward in potato production in thisarea

MATERIALS AND METHODSThe experiment was conducted at the experimental

farm of Hamelmalo Agricultural College (HAC) during theyear 2013-14 in the winter season Hamelmalo is locatedabout 12 km North of Keren in Sub Zoba Hamelmalo ataltitude of 1278 meter above sea level and at 15052rsquo16 Northlatitude and 38027rsquo44 East longitude It receives annualmean rainfall of 468 mm The experimental area has meanannual minimum and maximum temperature of 15 and 22degCwith sandy loam soil and is one of the major fruit producingarea


Belay Teweldemedhin Keleta Sewa Lal and Syed DanishYaseen Naqvi

Experimental design and treatmentsThe experiment consisting three potato varieties (Ajiba

Cosmos and Zafira) and four dates of sowing (Sept - 20 Oct- 02 Oct - 14 and Oct - 26) was carried out in RandomizedComplete Block Design with three replications to determinethe best varieties and suitable planting time in this area toexpand the production area of potato outside the centralhigh lands of Eritrea since it is one of the most importantcrop to Eritrea

Experimental proceduresThe experimental field was ploughed harrowed and

leveled before three weeks of planting Well decomposedFarm Yard Manure (FYM) at the rate of 50 t ha-1 was appliedto enrich the soil The experimental field was divided intotreatment plot having size 28 x 24 m A distance of 1 mbetween the plots and 15 m was maintained between blocksRow spacing of 07 m was uniformly used Each treatmentplot was consisted of four rows with 32 plants spaced at 03m within the row The treatments were assigned randomlyWell sprouted uniform seed tubers of potato varieties wereplanted at 10 cm depth at the base of the ridge in the furrowAfter sprouts emergence the treatment plots were irrigateduniformly whenever needed through furrow irrigationsystem at an interval of 5 days Hoeing and weeding weredone manually and uniformly to all experimental plots asand when necessary Nitrogen (5 24 g plot -1) andPhosphorus (35 g plot-1) were applied at planting 5 cm awayfrom the seed tuber on either side through urea (46 nitrogen)and DAP (46 P) respectively Observations on growth yieldand yield attributing parameters were recorded andcompiled

Data analysis The data recorded on each parameter weresubjected to statistical analysis through GENSTAT SOFTWAREat 5 level of significance (95 confidence limit) for analysisof variance


Number of stems (plant-1) at 15 days after plantingA significant difference was observed in number of

stems plant-1 among all four planting dates and varieties at15 days afer planting The interaction of varieties withplanting date was found significant The highest number ofstems plant-1 (44) was recorded by Ajiba planted on Oct-26followed by Cosmos (4) planted on Oct-2 Whereas minimumstem numbers plant-1 (14) was found iin the case of Zafiraplanted on Oct-14 (Fig1) Some of the stems of the Zafiravariety were damaged by collar rot when the crop wasplanted on Oct-14 Because of this the stem number of thevarieties decreased markedly during this planting date The

seed tubers might be infected from the store by itself not fromdifference of planting dates because symptoms of the diseasewere observed in some tubers in the store

Number of stems (plant-1) at 30 days after plantingThe results showed that the effect of planting dates on

number of stems plant-1 after 30 days of planting had highlysignificant difference statistically The difference of stemnumber plant -1 among the varieties was also foundsignificant The interaction between the planting dates andvariety had also significant effects at 30 days after plantingThe maximum numbers of stems plant-1 (513) was recordedin case of Cosmos when the crop was planted on Oct-14followed by Ajiba (507) planted on Oct-26 (Fig1) On theother hand minimum number of stems plant-1 (2) wasrecorded in case of Zafira planted on Oct-14 The meansvalues showed that planting from Sept-20 to Oct-26increased the number of main stems plant-1 With Cosmosand Ajiba the stem number appeared to decrease slightlythis might be due to seed tuber size or number of eyes onseed tuber seed differences This result is in agreement withthe finding of Bagheripour et al (2012) Regardless of theseed piece size physiologically old seeds generally producemore stems seed-1 piece than non-aged seed pieces of thesame size

Number of stems (plant-1) at 45 days after plantingThe stems plant-1 at 45 days of planting showed no

significant response to treatments (plt5) However thehighest number of stems plant-1 (507) was recorded fromboth varieties Ajiba planted on Oct-14 and Oct-26 Whereasin Cosmos (507) planted on Oct-14th (Fig 1) While theminimum number of stems plant-1 (213) was recorded withZafira planted on Oct-14 which was not significant Thestem number was found positively correlated with stemdiameter leaf number and tuber yield

Number of stems (plant-1) at 60 days after plantingStem number was significantly influenced by varieties

The difference among all four planting dates and theirinteraction with the varieties was not found significantstatistically However maximum stem numbers plant-1 (533)was recorded in case of Cosmos when the crops wereplanted on Oct-14 followed by Ajiba (513) again whenplanted on Oct-14 (Fig 1) While minimum number of stemsplant-1 (22) was found with Zafira when the crop wasplanted on Oct-14 Cosmos variety producing the highernumber of stems may be its genetic potential or a betteradaption with Hamelmalo environment conditions Theinteraction between the planting dates and varieties wasfound non significant at 60 days after planting It was


Effect of planting dates and varieties on growth and yield of potato (Solanum tuberosum L) in Hamelmalo area

observed that delay in planting resulted in increased numberof stem plant except in case of Zafira was low when thecrops was planted on Oct-14 then increased at fourthplanting dates These results are supported by the findingsof Farooq et al (1989) and Thornton et al (2007) The reasonfor the increase number of stems with delay in planting datecould be aging of seed tubers used for planting which werestored in the college from Sept-1 to Oct-26 which gotsufficient time and sprouted before they get planted Earlyplanted seed tubers produced lesser sprouts before plantingwhile tubers planted later had already sprouted andproduced maximum number of sprouts before plantingwhich finally resulted in higher number of stems plant-1 atlate planting These results are supported by the findings ofFarooq et al (1989) and Darini et al (2013)

Stem diameter at 45 days after plantingHighly significant difference was observed in stem

diameter among all four planting dates The difference of thestem diameter among varieties and interaction between theplanting dates and varieties were not found significantstatistically at 45 days after planting However the higheststem diameter (1207 cm) was observed in Ajiba followed byCosmos (118 cm) when the crop was planted on Oct-2 andSept-20 respectively whereas the minimum stem diameter(0877 cm) was found when planted on Oct-26th in Zafira at45 days after planting

Stem diameter at 60 days after plantingThe stem diameter had highly significant variation with

planting dates However the difference among the varietiesand their interaction with planting dates was not foundsignificant statistically The Ajiba variety had maximum stemdiameter (1208 cm) followed by Cosmos and Zafira with118 cm and 112 cm when crop was planted on Oct-2 andSept-20 respectively while the minimum stem diameter(094cm) was obtained in Ajiba when planted on Oct-26th

(Fig 2) Generally the stem diameter was appeared to reducewith planting delay to Oct-26th The decrease in temperaturephysiological age and stem number resulted to decrease stemdiameter This result is in agreement with the finding ofFarooq et al (1989) who reported that normally when seed isgetting very old it produces week stems The maximumaverage stem diameter was found when crop was plantedon Sept-20 among the four planting dates Among the threevarieties maximum stem diameter was recorded in CosmosNegative correlation with stem diameter was found as stemnumber plant-1 increased the diameter of the stem decreased

Fig 1 Effect of planting dates and varieties on plant stem number


diameter among all four planting dates at 15 days afterplanting and the difference among the varieties was alsofound highly significant statistically Interaction betweenthe planting dates and varieties also gave significant resultsat 15days after planting The maximum stem diameter (0973)was observed in Ajiba followed by Cosmos (0863cm) whenboth crops were planted on Oct-2 whereas the minimumstem diameter (0 45cm) was found with Zafira when plantedon Oct-26th at 15 days after planting (Fig 2)

Stem diameter at 30 days after plantingThe stem diameter was significantly affected by both

varieties and planting date but their interactions have notshown signicant affects The maximum stem diameter (1207cm) was observed in Ajiba followed by Cosmos (1113 cm)when both were planted on Oct-2 at 30 days after plantingwhereas the minimum stem diameter (0873 cm) was foundwhen planted on Sept-20 by Zafira at 30 days after planting(Fig 2)

Fig 2 Effect of planting dates and varieties on plant stemdiameter

Yield attributing parameters

Average number of tubers (plant-1)Data recorded on total number of tubers plant -1

harvested is presented in table 1 which revealed very highsignificant (plt0001) response to the three varieties used andsignificant response to all four planting dates (Plt5)



Interaction between the planting dates and varieties showedno significant difference Average values from all fourplanting dates showed that maximum number of tubersobtained with planting on Oct-2 whereas minimum tubernumber was obtained from the last planting date Amongthree varieties the maximum average number of tuber wasrecorded by Ajiba followed by Cosmos Old seed tubersproduced less tuber number stem-1 than younger seeds Theseresults are in agreement with the findings of Struik andWiersema (1999) With Zafira and Ajiba maximum numbersof tubers were produced when crop was planted on Oct-2Seed tubers planted on Oct-26 resulted in least number oftubers count plant-1 except Zafira Maximum number oftubers plant-1 (1373) was recorded by Cosmos when thecrop was planted on Oct-14 followed by Ajiba (1333) fromsecond planting date that was Oct-2 The possible reasonfor their highest tuber numbers of the two varieties could bedue to more numbers of stems These results are in agreementwith the findings of Thornton et al (2007) in which it wasreported that the number of stems produced by a potato plantis directly related to the number of tubers that plant setBecause each stem tends to produce a certain number oftubers the higher the number of stems the more tubers thatwill be produced by each plant The Cosmos variety held themost tubers with 1373 and Ajiba with 1333 tubers plant-1when the crop was planted on Oct-14 and Oct-2 respectivelyWhereas the number of tubers plant -1 was recordedminimum for the three varieties when was planted on Oct-26th except for Zafira that had the least tubers at the third(Oct-14) planting dates due to the less number of stemsproduced by disease problems (collar rot) With Ajiba stemnumber produced when the crop was planted on Oct-2 andOct-14 was equal but number of tubers produced and theaverage tuber weight was less when planted on Oct-14 thantubers harvested from Oct-2 The main stem numberincreased from the first (Sept-20) planting date to the lastplanting date (Oct-26th ) because it was observed delayplanting gave enough opportunity for producing activesprouts on seed tubers and the number of main stems wereincreased which led to the production of more tuber Theresults obtained from this study were in agreement with thoseobtained by Darini et al (2013) These variations could bedue to the result of differences in the time of planting andtemperature etc Temperature probably has one of the greatesteffects At high temperatures increased respiration ratesmeans that solids accumulated through photosynthesis areburnt up more quickly than they were formed resulting in adecreased yield The result obtained from this study was inaccordance with those results obtained by Khan et al (2011)

Tuber number was found positively correlated with

stem number stem diameter plant height leaf number leafarea and tuber yield but it was found significant negativecorrelation between tuber number and tuber weight Thecorrelation of tuber number with plant height was significantpositive correlation

Average tuber weight (g)Data presented in table 1 the variance of analysis

showed the significant influence of varieties and plantingdate on the average weight of the tubers of the three varietiesBut the difference between their interaction (planting dateand varieties) was not statistically meaningful Maximumaverage tuber weight was observed with planting on Oct-2among all the four planting dates whereas among thevarieties the maximum average tuber weight was recordedwith Zafira followed by Cosmos Even though the differenceof varieties with their interaction was not found significantbut among three varieties Zafira with 1873 g had the highesttuber weight plant-1 followed by Cosmos with 1523 g whencrops were planted on Oct-14 and Oct-2 respectively Theimpact of planting date on the average tuber weight withdelay in planting from Oct-14 planting date to the fourthplanting date that was Oct-26 which decreased the averagetuber weight significantly These results are supported bythe findings of (Dehdar et al 2012 Bagheripour et al 2012and Van Der Zaag 1992) The highest average tuber weightthat obtained when crop was planted on Oct-14 by Zafirawas due to the less number of stems and tubers producedplant-1 which then increases average tuber weight plant-1Generally it was observed the increase stem number fromSept-20 to Oct-2 planting date and the tuber number andaverage tuber weight was observed to increase but plantingdelay from planting on Oct-14 increased stem number butdecreased tuber number and average tuber weight exceptwith Zafira This report is also supported fairly by the findingof Taheri and Shamabadi (2013) in that it was reportedincreasing number of tubers decreased tuber weight Thisfinding also in agreement with the work of Lemaga andCaesar 1990 who reported that there was a significantdecrease in average tuber weight with increase number ofstems plant-1 There was a significant negative correlationbetween tuber number and tuber weight and increasing thenumber of tubers decreased tuber weight The resultsobtained from this study were in accordance with thoseobtained by Taheri and Shamabadi (2013) and Laei et al(2012)

Tuber yield plant-1 (kg)The effect of planting date on tuber yield plant-1 was

highly meaningful statistically (Table 1) but the difference



among the varieties and the interaction between plantingdate and varieties was not significant statistically Amongthe three varieties highest average tuber yield plant-1 wasrecorded by Cosmos and among all four planting datesaverage tuber yield plant-1 was highest with planting onOct-2 The delay in planting from Sept-20 to Oct-26 resultedto decrease the yield significantly These results aresupported by the findings of Bagheripour et al (2012) andDarini et al (2013) Delay in planting may be along with thereduction of aerial plant organ caused due to the fluctuationin environmental conditions The highest tuber yieldplant-1 (1543 kg) was obtained when crops was planted onOct-2 by Ajiba whereas the lowest (0567 kg) was obtainedwhen planted on Oct-26 The reason for highest tuber yieldfor Ajiba variety could be due to more numbers of tubersproduced These results are in agreement with the findingsof Thornton et al (2007) There was a highly significantpositive correlation between tuber yield plant-1 and tuberweight Increasing the weight of tubers increased tuber yieldplant-1 Increasing physiological age increases the yieldplant-1 to all the varieties up to the third planting dates butexcept Cosmos The yield plant-1 for the remaing two cultivarswas higher at second planting date (Oct-2) and again yieldsplant-1 was observed to decrease with increasing age at theend of harvest period with crop planted on Oct-26 (fourthplanting date) Similar results were also reported by thefindings of Harries (1992) In that it was reported that totalyield increases with increasing age at early harvests mightbe unaffected by the age at harvest at the middle of the seasonand decrease with increasing age at the end of harvest period

The coefficient of variance of some treatment resultswas very large this might be due to the soil type difference ofthe field experiment

Total tuber yieldThe analysis of variance showed that the effect of

planting date on tuber yield hectare-1 was highly significantThe difference among various dates of planting on the totaltuber yield hectare-1 of the three varieties was significantBut difference among the varieties and the interactionbetween planting date and varieties was not foundsignificant statistically (Table 1) Among the planting dateshighest average yield hectare-1 was obtained with cropplanted on Oct-2 while among the varieties highest averageyield hectare-1 was produced by Cosmos Planting delay fromSept-20 to Oct-26 resulted to decreases the yieldsignificantly These results are supported by the findings ofBagheripour et al (2012) Khan et al (2011) They alsoreported that yield declined with delay in planting Delay inplanting may be along with the reduction of aerial plant

organ due to the change in environmental conditions whichreduced to transform sufficient energy to the tubers Old seedtubers also produced less yield as compared to young seedtubers (Struik and Wiersema 1999) therefore this isadditional reason to yield reduction with delay in plantingThe highest tuber yield hectare-1 (735 t ha-1) was obtained bypotato variety Ajiba when crop was planted on Oct-2followed by Cosmos (717 t ha-1) when planted on Oct-14(third planting date) Whereas the lowest yield (27 t ha-1)was obtained by Ajiba when planted on Oct-26 Theseresults are supported by the findings of Hassanpanah et al(2009) From all the four planting dates it was found that onSept-20th Oct-14th and Oct-26th planting dates in Cosmosvariety gave higher yield and also produced more number oftubers when the crop was planted on Oct-14 and Oct-26These results are supported by the findings of Farooq et al(1989) and Hassanpanah et al (2009) The possible reasonfor the highest yield for Ajiba at second planting date (Oct-2) and for Cosmos at third planting date (Oct-14) could bealso due to more number of stems that leads to more tubers

Table 1 Effect of planting dates and varieties on tubernumber tuber weight tuber yield plant-1 and totaltuber yield (t ha-1) at different dates of planting

Means having same letter(s) in a column are not significantlydifferent according to) LSD) at P = 005

Treatment Tuber no

(plant-1)

Tuber wt

plant-1

(g)

Tuber yield

plant-1 (kg)

Total yield

(t ha-1)

Variety Ajiba 1212a 892b 0989 471 Cosmos 1103a 1186ab 1207 575 Zafira 863b 1436a 1087 518 LSD 1581 3272 NSNS Planting date Sept-20 1082a 1013bc 0940bc 448bc Oct-2 1140a 1472a 1472a 701a Oct-14 1131a 1331ab 1257a 598a Oct-26 884b 869c 0710c 338c LSD 1826 3778 02814 134 Interaction Ajiba Sept-20 1307 638 0787 375 Ajiba Oct-2 1333 1387 1543 735 Ajiba Oct-14 1287 910 1060 504 Ajiba Oct-26 920 635 0567 270 Cosmos Sept-20 104 1205 1133 540 Cosmos Oct-2 1047 1523 1447 689 Cosmos Oct-14 1373 1209 1507 717 Cosmos Oct-26 953 805 0743 354 Zafira Sept-20 900 1197 0900 429 Zafira Oct-2 1040 1506 1427 679 Zafira Oct-14 773 1873 1203 573 Zafira Oct-26 780 1167 0820 391 LSD NS NS NS NS CV 113 330 263 232



plant-1 This is also in agreement with the findings of Harries(1992) in which it was reported that yield increases withincreasing stem number density and then either remainsunchanged with further increase in density or eventuallybegins to decline Present finding is also in agreement withthe work of Lemaga and Caesar (1990) who concluded thattuber number and total tuber yield plant -1 increasedsignificantly with increasing number of stems plant-1 Therewas also a consistent and significant decrease in averagetuber weight with increase stem but this is not agreed byfindings of Abubaker et al (2011) They studied impact ofvariety and growing season on potato and the result wasindicated that the increase in number of stems per plantdidnrsquot increase total yield There was a significant positivecorrelation between tuber number and total tuber yield andincreasing the number of tubers increased total tuber yieldNegative correlation with yield was found as the date ofplanting delayed to Oct-26 These results are supported bythe findings of Farooq et al (1989)

The performance of Cosmos variety was better in allplanting dates except at the second planting date (Oct-2nd)as compared to the other two varieties The superiority couldbe due to the production of more aerial organ like increasebetter plant height more transferring the photosyntheticmaterials to underground stems or due to the fact that morevegetative growth parts including more leaves that producesmore photosynthates and may due to better adaption of theinvestigation area could be mentioned as possible reasonfor its highest yield stand of the Cosmos variety These resultsare in conformity with findings of Bagheripour et al (2012)and Abubaker et al (2011)

Thus it can be concluded that planting date is the mainfactor that has significant role in potato cultivation Becauseof this reason and based on the results obtained bydetermining the most appropriate time for planting andselection an appropriate variety for planting in Hamelmaloarea is so vital for producing high yield Further it can beconcluded that Cosmos variety is suitable with planting dateof 14th October for cultivation in Hamelmalo region and forAjiba and Zafira varieties planting date of 2nd October isrecommended Thus cultivation in Hamelmalo refers moreto the judicious choice of planting date Delay in planting toOct-26 decreased the vegetative growth of potato Becauseof this tuber yield of the three varieties decreased markedlyand could not produce as much as their potential

REFERENCESAbubaker S AbuRayyan A Amre A Alzulsquobi1 Y and Hadidi

N 2011 Impact of cultivar and growing season on potato(Solanum tuberosum L) World Journal of Agricultural Sciences7(6)718-721

Anonymous 2012 Ministry of Agriculture Horticulture DivisionReport Asmara Eritrea

Bagheripour M Akbarian M and Askari A 2012 The study ofplanting date impact on the yield of different potatocultivars Islamic Azad University BAM Region httpasrcamuploadsmediam-4pdf

Bohl WH Nolte P Kleinkopf GE and Thornton MK 2000Potato seed management seed size and age CooperativeExtension System CIS 1031 Agricultural ExperimentSta tion Univer sity of Idaho USA httpwwwcalsuidahoeduedcommpdfCISCIS1031pdf

Darini A Fathi QA Qarineh MH Saied KA KhodadadiM Allah Siadat SA 2013 Effect of planting date andapplica tion of anti -freeze on the y ield and yieldcomponents of potato cultivars under cold stress (CaseStudy Fall Planting of Potatoes in the Tropics of Iran)International Journal of Agronomy and Plant Production4(11)3028-3038

Dehdar B Asadi A Jahani Y and Ghasemi K 2012 The effectof planting and harvesting dates on yield and vegetativegrowth of potato cultivars University of Tabriz ArdabilIran International Journal of Agronomy and Plant Production 3(S)675-678

Farooq K Jan N Khan N and Mahaood MM 1989 Effect ofdifferent planting dates on the growth and yield of potatoKalam Valley (Swat) httpjournalscambridgeorga cti ond i spl a y Ab str a ct jsessi oni d = 6CA0 E 1 B B F30 7DB9 7D62B 55 47 3BE 10 5B 5 journal sfromPag e=onlineampaid=4778636

Felenji H and Ahmadizadeh M 2011 Evaluating yield and sometraits of potato cultivars in fall cultivation of Jiroft AreaPayam Noor University of Jiroft Iran Journal of AppliedEnvironmental and Biological Sciences 1(12)643-649

Harries PM 1992 The Potato Crop 2nd edition Chapman andHall London UK

Hassanpanah D Hosienzadeh AA and Allahyari N 2009Evaluation of planting date effects on yield and yieldcomponents of Savalan and Agria cultivars in Ardabilregion Iran Journal of Food Agriculture amp Environment7(3amp4)525-528

Khan AA Jilani MS Khan MQ and Zubair M 2011 Effect ofseasonal variation on tuber bulking rate of potato TheJournal of Animal and Plant Sciences 21(1)31-37

Laei HG Noryan M and Afshari H 2012 Determination ofthe planting depth of potato seed tuber yield and yieldcomponents of two varieties Agria and Draga responsecurves seed Annals of Biological Research 3(12)5521-5528

Lemaga B and Caesar K 1990 Potato ResearchMalic MN 2010 Horticulture 3rd edition Biotech Book New

Delhi IndiaMolina Av La and La Molina 1895 International Potato Center

httpwwwcipotatoorg



Radley RW 1993 The effect of season on growth anddevelopment of the potato (internet) In The growth ofpotato (eds JD Ivins and FL Milthorpe) Butler WonthsLondon httpwwwijappjournalcomwp-content uploads 2013 073028-3038pdf

Rana MK 2008 Olericulture Kalyani Ludhiana IndiaStruik PC and Wiersema SG 1999 Seed Potato Technology

Wageningen Perts The NetherlandsTaheri S and Shamabadi Z 2013 Effect of planting date and

planting density on potato yield approach energy

efficiency International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Science5(7) 747-754

Thornton M Pavek M and Bohl WH 2007 Importance oftuber set of and tuber bulking rate

Tomar SS 1995 Effect of soil hydrothermal regimes on theperformance of safflower planted on different dates Journalof Agronomy and Crop Science 165141-152

Van Der Zaag DE 1992 Potatoes and their cultivation in theNetherland Wageningen wwwpotatoNi



Rabindra Prasad Ajita Soren and Devendra PrasadJournal of Eco-friendly Agriculture 13(1) 53-55 2018

copy2018

Management of gall midge (Orseolia oryzae Wood Mason)through plant nutrients supplied through organic andinorganic sources with emphasis on neem and karanj cakesRabindra Prasad Ajita Soren and Devendra Prasad

Department of Entomology Faculty of Agriculture Birsa Agricultural University Kanke Ranchi ndash 834 006 Jharkhand IndiaE-mail rabindraentoyahoocoin

ABSTRACT

Rice (Oryza sativa L) is the most important food crop of India including the state of Jharkhand Among the halfof a dozen of major insect pests of rice prevailing in the state gall midge (Orseolia oryzae WM) is one of them Due tofeeding by the maggot of the insect on the growing point (of central leaf sheath) of rice plant silver shoot (SS) isproduced resulting failure of emergence of panicle in the affected tiller which causes direct yield loss The presentexperiment was conducted for two consecutive years 2013 and 2014 in wet season with the sole objectives formanagement of gall midge through use of organic and inorganic form of plant nutrients and their appropriate andbalanced combination in right quantity The overall results of the two years experimentation revealed that neem cake 25 t ha-1 proved to be the most effective in minimizing the incidence of gall midge (incidence 075 SS) Result ofkaranj cake 25 t ha-1 remained at par (incidence 142 SS) It was interesting to note that neem and karanj cakeapplied 05 to 25 t ha-1 were superior over the other treatments in reducing the pest incidence The highest incidenceof gall midge (1078 SS) was recorded in case of rice plants receiving sole application of nitrogen 80 kg ha-1

supplied through urea It was almost at par with rice plants receiving all the three N P K 80 40 and 20 kg ha-1

respectively (RDF) (silver shoot incidence of 978) The highest yield (4150 q ha-1) was obtained in treatment ie soleuse of neem cake 25 t ha-1 which was at par with sole use of karanj cake applied 25 t ha-1 (3860 q ha-1) Even theminimum dose of neem and karanj cake ( 05 t ha-1) each separately applied with supplementary application of NP K) could be able to reduce the silver shoot incidence upto appreciably lower level and higher grain yields of 3590and 3420 q ha-1 respectively The rice plant receiving sole nitrogen 80 kg ha-1 through urea had lowest grain yieldof rice (2240 q ha-1)

Key words Rice gall midge INM NPK neem cake karanj cake IPM pest management yield

Rice (Oryzae sativa L) is the major staple food crop ofJharkhand It is grown in the state in around 18 lakh hectaresAmong the half of a dozen of major insect pests of riceprevailing in the state of Jharkhand gall midge (Orseoliaoryzae WM) is one of them It causes loss in yield of the cropto the tune of 10 to 25 per cent (Prasad and Prasad 2006)Plant nutrients applied through neem cake karanj cake FYMgreen manure or their combined use to meet the requirementof appropriate proportion of NPK from inorganic sourcecould be instrumental in suppressing the pest intensity uptothe desirable level Moreover plant nutrients suppliedthrough organic source (s) with more emphasis on use ofneem and karanj cake and also in combination with those ofinorganic source (s) may be of immense value in improvingthe soil health and fertility without harming the agro-ecological conditions as well as useful for pest managementInformation on all these aspects of pest management islacking Hence the present field investigation has beenundertaken to meet this noble objectives for sustainablecultivation of rice through integrating organic combinations

MATERIALS AND METHODSA field experiment was conducted in the Rice Research

Farm of Birsa Agricultural University Ranchi in wet seasonfor two consecutive years 2013 and 2014 with rice varietyPusa Basmati-1 in plot size of 5 x 4 square meters Theexperiment was executed in the randomized block designwith 13 treatments and 4 replications (Table 1) Date of seedsowing was 2nd July and date of transplanting was 26th Julyduring both the years (2013 and 2014) Harvesting was doneon 28th and 30 th of November during 2013 and 2014respectively The treatments comprised of certain organicmanures viz FYM (Farm yard manure) green manure (GM)in the form of dhaincha (Sesbania rostrata L) vermi-compost(VC) neem (NC) and karanj cake (KC) and recommended doseof chemical fertilizers (RDF) in the form of their sole andseparate use and also in the form of their balancedcombinations (Table 1) In addition one treatment withoutmanures and fertilizers was kept for comparison as controlNo additional plant protection measures were provided forraising the crop


Management of gall midge (Orseolia oryzae Wood Mason) through plant nutrients supplied through organic and inorganic sources with emphasison neem and karanj cakes

Observations on the incidence of gall midge wererecorded in the form of percentage of silver shoot Totalnumber silver shoot (SS) and number of tillers were countedon 10 randomly selected hills (plants) in each treatment andreplication for calculating percentage of silver shoot (SS)by applying following formula

Total number of silver shoots (SS)

SS () = ndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndash times 100

Total number of tillers (SS + healthy tillers) in 10 hills

Observation on the incidence of gall midge (in term ofper cent of silver shoot) were recorded at 20 35 50 and 60days after transplanting (DAT) and mean of percentage ofsilver shoot was calculated Yield was recorded at harvestingof the crop Ultimately the pooled data were subjected to thesta tict ical ana lysis for their interpretation anddocumentation


Incidence of rice gall midge Orseolia oryzae (Wood Mason)A perusal of data in table 1 revealed that the gall midge

incidence in terms of percentage of Silver Shoot (SS) wasfound to increase with the age advancement of rice plantsright from 20 DAT to 50 DAT and thereafter it declined duringthe cropping season

It was general observation that neem cake (NC) applied 25 t ha-1 proved to be the most effective which wasstatistically at par with karanj cake (KC) 25 t ha-1 It wasalso observed that highest incidence of SS was recordedwhen nitrogen was applied through inorganic source ( 80kg ha-1) followed by in the treatment of recommended doseof N P K 80 40 20 kg ha-1 (chemical fertilizer) It isinteresting to note that almost all the organic sources of plantnutrients viz neem cake karanj cake vermi-compost greenmanure and FYM were superior in reducing the incidence ofgall midge as compared to those of inorganic sources(chemical fertilizers) in the form of RDF or through sole useof urea As far as the efficacy of neem and karanj cakes isconcerned even the lowest dose of these cakes (ie 05 tha-1) proved significantly superior over the other treatments

Gall midge incidence recorded at 20 DATThe silver shoot incidence ranged from 009 to 782 per

cent in the different treatments The lowest SS of 009 percent was recorded in case of rice plants receiving neem cake(NC) applied 25 t ha-1 and karanj cake 25 t ha-1 (030SS) which were at par It was followed by the treatment neemcake 10 t ha-1 (085 SS) NC 05 t ha-1 (125 SS) It was

interesting to note that neem cake applied 05 t ha-1 remainedstatistically at par Next to neem cake ( 05to 25 t ha-1 karanjcake 05 to 25 t ha-1 proved significantly effective insuppressing the incidence of silver shoot having 030 to 176per cent Neem and karanj cake applied 05 to 25 t ha-1

provided statistically superior protection to rice plantsagainst gall midge as compared to those of other organicmanure viz FYM (343 SS) and vermi-compost (205 SS)FYM (343 SS) and green manure (368 SS) FYM 10 tha-1 and green manure (GM) 10 t ha-1 remained statisticallyat par (silver shoot incidence of 343 and 368 per centrespectively)

It was quite encouraging to note that all the organictreatments had lower incidence of silver shoot (009 to 368)as compared to those of inorganic treatments (653 to 785)However in treatment of N applied through urea had highestincidence of the silver shoot ie 782 per cent Even thecombination of green manures GM 10 t ha-1 + 50 RDF(ie NPK 40 20 10 kg ha-1) had lower gall midge incidence(415) as compared to full dose of RDF ie NPK 80 40 20 kg ha-1 (653)

Gall midge incidence recorded at 35 50 and 60 DATGall midge incidence in terms of silver shoot formation

was found to gradually increase from 20 to 50 DAT withadvancement of growth and age of plant and after that itbegan to decrease at 60 DAT However efficacy of differenttreatments recorded at 35 and 50 DATrsquos in suppressing theformation of silver shoot (SS) caused by gall midgereceived almost the similar trends as that of the pestsuppression noticed at 20 DAT however on 60 DAT werewith lower value but the trend was as of 20 DAT (Table 1)

The data of overall mean of all the four observationaldates viz 20 35 50 and 60 DATrsquos of the two yearrsquos (2013 amp2014) results also received almost the similar trends of gallmidge incidence as influenced by various organic manuresand inorganic fertilizers and their combinations in respectof the pest incidence of gall midge recorded at 20 DAT in thepresent studies

Earlier Rani et al (2007) advocated that neem caketreated rice plants had the lowest incidence of silver shootRecently Prasad et al (2008) found more or less similarresults with neem and karanj cakes applied 25 t ha-1 in ricescented variety Birsa Mati Their findings also revealed thatazadirachtin in neem cake and karanjin in karanj cake couldbe responsible for the pest suppression Owing to theaforesaid insecticidal principles in neem and karanj cakestheir varying doses (05 to 25 t ha-1) were effective in reducingthe incidence of gall midge in the present studies


Rabindra Prasad Ajita Soren and Devendra Prasad

Grain yieldThe results (Table 1) revealed that sole use of neem cake

25 t ha-1 resulted the highest yield of 415 q ha-1 whichwas at par with that of the sole use of karanj cake 25 tha-1 (3860 q ha-1) and followed by neem cake 10 t ha-1 + NP K 26 40 20 kg ha-1 (3740 q ha-1) karanj cake 10 tha-1 + N P K 40 20 20 kg ha-1 (3660 q ha-1) neem cake 05 t ha-1 + N P K 53 40 20 kg ha-1 (3590 q ha-1) and100 RDF N P K 80 40 20 kg ha-1 (3565 q ha-1) The soleuse of N 80 kg ha -1 through urea resulted to thesubstantially lower yield of 2240 q ha-1 The lowest yield of895 q ha-1 was obtained from rice plant receiving zero N PK from outside (ie control)

Hence it was found that neem and karanj cake used inthe varying doses of 05 10 and 25 t ha-1 proved to besignificantly effective in reducing the incidence of rice gallmidge (O oryzae) and substantially higher yield Hence thepresent findings suggest that inclusion of neem and karanjcake as organic manure as a part of INM could be animportant component of IPM for the sustainable cultivationof rice As such it may be concluded that neem and karanjcakes applied either 05 10 or 25 t ha-1 based on theiravailability in the region could be recommended as organicmanure not only for supplying plant nutrients but also forprotecting rice plants against gall midge for enhancing thegrains yield of rice

Table 1 Effect of organic and inorganic sources of plant nutrients on the incidence of gall midge (Orseolia oryzae Wood Mason)infesting rice (Pusa Basmati - 1) (Based on pooled mean of experimental results of 2013 and 2014)

Figures under the parentheses are angular transformed values VC = Vermicompost KC = Karanj cake NC = Neem cake SS ndash Silvershoot DAT - Days after transplanting RDF - Recommended doses of fertilizer through inorganic sources (ie N P K 80 40 20 kgha-1) in the form of chemical fertilizers Inorganic sources refer to chemical fertilizers

Percentage of Silver Shoot (SS) caused by gall midge at Treatment and dose 20 DAT 35 DAT 50 DAT 60 DAT

Overall mean of SS

Yield of rice grains (q ha-1)

100 RDF NPK (80 40 20) kg ha-1 653 (1477) 998 (180) 1535 (2307) 725 (1562) 978 (1787) 3565 FYM 10 t ha-1 343 (1063) 633 (1454) 935 (1781) 322 (1031) 512 (1276) 2870 Green Manure (GM) 10 t ha-1 368 (1102) 578 (1287) 675 (1506) 295 (989) 551 (1325) 2656 GM + 50 RDF N as top dressing in two splits 415 (1176) 544 (1344) 865 (1711) 245 (901) 650 (1450) 3180 Vermicompost 25 t ha-1 205 (823) 352 (1078) 505 (1299) 220 (853) 861 (1020) 2760 Karanj cake 25 t ha-1 030 (314) 078 (507) 225 (863) 075 (497) 142 (613) 3860 Neem cake 25 t ha-1 009 (172) 012 (199) 188 (782) 013 (207) 075 (379) 4150 KC 05 t ha-1 + NPK (40 40 20 kg ha-1) rest quantity of N comes through inorganic sources

176 (760) 245 (901) 386 (1132) 206 (823) 33 (1028) 3420

KC 10 t ha-1 + NPK (40 40 20 kg ha-1) rest quantity of N comes through inorganic sources

136 (668) 174 (749) 315 (1023) 116 (616) 189 (770) 3660

NC 05 t ha-1 + NPK (53 40 20 kg ha-1) rest quantity of N comes through inorganic sources

125 (642) 214 (833) 386 (1131) 188 (782) 255 (906) 3590


085 (529) 135 (668) 267 (937) 099 (571) 176 (755) 3740

N80P0KO Nitrogen = 80 kg P = 0 K=0 kg ha-1) through inorganic sources(ie through urea) in 3 plots

782 (1621) 1031 (1872) 1682 (2425) 816 (1655) 1078 (1893) 2240

No manures and fertilizers (untreated control) 275 (955) 544 (1344) 1078(1914) 476 (1259) 136 (658) 895 CD (P=005) (116) (048) (107) (076) (087) 382

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe authors are greatful to the Honrsquo ble Vice Chancellor

the Director of Research and the Dean (Agriculture) BirsaAgricultural University Ranchi for providing necessaryfacilities and moral encouragement for conducting theexperiments

REFERENCESPrasad R and Prasad D 2006 Account of insect pest problem in

rice ecosystem in Ranchi Indian Journal of Entomology68(3)240-246

Prasad R Kumar S Singh AK and Prasad D 2008Management of major insect pests of aromatic rice throughsupplement of plant nutrients from organic sources In Abstract and Souvenir National Conference on Eco-friendlyApproaches in Sustainable Agriculture and HorticultureProduction held at Amity University Lucknow on Nov28-30 2008 pp 75

Rani BU Suresh K Rajendran R and Rajavel DS 2007Interaction of resistant genotypevarieties with organicnutrients on the management of rice gall midge Journal ofPlant Protection and Environment 4(1)24-29



Temporal dynamics of mango flower visitors and their contribution in pollinationJournal of Eco-friendly Agriculture 13(1) 56-59 2018

copy2018

Temporal dynamics of mango flower visitors and theircontribution in pollinationSharmila Roy Balaji Rajkumar and AK Misra

ICAR-Central Institute of Subtropical Horticulture Lucknow ndash 226 101 UP IndiaE- mail roysharmilaigfrigmailcom

ABSTRACT

Insect pollination is essential for fruit set in mango (in cv Dushehari) Insects visiting mango bloom wererecorded during 2016 in three orchards located in major mango-growing areas in Lucknow Thirty-four distinctspecies (identified upto genus level) were found Most of them belonged to the orders Diptera (16) Hymenoptera (13)and Coleoptera (5) The effectiveness of pollinators was assessed in one orchard Highest number of flowers werepollinated under open pollination condition (41) followed by diurnal pollination (33) There was no fruit (incipient)set on completely bagged panicles

Key words Insects incipient fruit pollination flower visitors mango

Pollination of flowers is an essential step in the sexualreproduction of plants Major pollinator dependent cropsare fruit vegetable spices plantation crops pulses andoilseeds Most flowering species rely on insects for transferof pollen Lack of sufficient number of suitable pollinatorscauses decline in fruit and seed production (Partap 2001)According to Klein et al (2007) insect pollinators areresponsible for 35 per cent of global crop-based foodproduction and mango is one of the crop show 80-100 percent (Hein 2009) dependency on pollinators Worldwidethe pollination by wild and managed pollinators has showna gradual but steady decline Causes for this decline may becredited to intensification of agriculture mono-croppingpesticide urbanisation changing climate and reductions inthe availability of natural ecosystems for wild pollinatorsThe overall global warming and change in precipitation haveaffected phenology of many plant species and associatedinsect dynamics (Kelly and Goulden 2008) Distinct changesin air temperature since the end of the 1980s led to clearresponses in mango and guava phenology in many parts ofIndia (Rajan 2009) Reddy et al (2012) in their study noticeda decline in activity of Apis florae in mango at temperaturesabove 32degC

Mango (Mangifera indica L) plants are andromonociousand its panicles bear two types of flowers ie staminate andhermaphrodite The compatibility of pollen and stigmascause failure in mango fruit set (Sharma and Singh 1970Pandey et al 1973 Dutta et al 2013) Usman et al (2001) andBally et al (2009) reported that cross pollination significantlycontributed in mango fruit set Some researchers haveindicated that mango plants are air pollinated (Mallik 1957Free and Williams 1976) but the small size whitish colourof flowers fleshy hemispherical disc presence of nectar fewer

pollen grains and small stigma indicate entomophilouspollination Observations have shown that mango flowersare visited by various groups of native insects namelyDiptera Hymenoptera Coleoptera etc (Singh 1997 Dag andGazit 2000 Fajardo et al 2009 Kumari et al 2014) and thepollen-grains have been observed adhering to their bodies(Huda et al 2015)

Dushehari is a popular cultivar of mango in northernplains of India Plants have short period of mass bloomingand is strictly insect pollinated It requires peak pollinatorpopulation for successful pollination at blooming periodBut as is reported by Rajan (2009) that with the changingclimate there is distinct changes in mango phenology thereis possibility of change in diversity and dynamics ofpollinators in this region too Changes in flower-visitinginsect populations or communities can be documented bymeasuring spatial or temporal trends or by comparingabundance or species composition before and after changeIn this regard a short-term study was planned to re-examinemango pollinators and their contribution in pollination ofDushehari cultivar of mango

MATERIALS AND METHODSSystematic notes were taken up in three mango orchards

for pollinators in mango cv Dushehari in the Research farmsof Central Institute of Subtropical Horticulture situated atRehmankhera (26deg90 N - 80deg76 E) and Telibagh (26deg80 N -80deg93 E) during flowering season of year 2016 Twoobservations were taken at fifteen days interval duringJanuary -February months Pollinators were recorded on 4panicles per tree from 10 randomly selected trees For diurnalvariation observations were taken at two-hour interval from600 hrs to 1800 hrs To assess the pollinator visitation rate


Sharmila Roy Balaji Rajkumar and AK Misra

observations were taken at 1000 - 1100 hrs period ofmaximum activity based on our preliminary observationsVisitation frequency represents the number of single visitflower for each insect species during one min observationperiod

To study the pollinator contribution in reproductivesuccess 48 panicles of similar length and width wereselected when the first flower opened from four trees(3 replication tree-1) Muslin cloth bags (Hrdquo45cm times 25cm)were used to cover panicles as per treatment Treatmentswere (i) self- pollination ndash panicles were bagged throughoutthe experiment period (ii) open pollination ndash panicles werenot bagged (iii) diurnal pollination (panicles were baggedduring 6 pm to 7 am and (iv) nocturnal pollination (panicleswere bagged during 7 am to 6 pm) Treatments number threeand fourth were designed on the basis of the flower typecolour and fragrance which suggest some possibility of visitof nocturnal pollinators The experiment was continued fortwenty-five days and in the end all the flowers with mustardsize swollen green ovary (incipient fruit set) were counted tomark for the positive pollination

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONA total of 34 species of insects were recorded on the

blossom of Dushehari mango during observation period Thisinsect community consist of 16 species of flies 2 wasps 6bees and 9 other insects (Table 1) Thus flies contributedaround (47) to the pollinator guild followed by bees (17)Among dipterans Episyrphus sp Eristalis sp were thedominant and stingless bees among the hymenopterans weredominant species (Fig 1) Results reveal that flowers of thisplant are predominantly visited by flies and wasps Theblossom visiting insects started their visits early in themorning (between 600 hrs to 700 hrs) and increase in theirnumbers by 1000 hrs -1100 hrs (Fig 2) But there was asharp decline in the species number and their individuals

afterwards between 1200 hrs to1500 hrs Again during 1600hrs an increase in activity was observed which tended todecline later

In this study we have encountered fewer (34) speciesin comparison to 39 in Southern Taiwan 46 in Israel and 80in Australia (Dag and Gazit 2000) However this may bedue to the survey having been limited places and use ofinsecticides during the bloom period to control hoppers andother pests After insecticides spray stingless bees need about15 days to revisit the orchards However species of SyrpidaeSarcophagidae and Calliphoridae were observed within fivedays after spray Bhatia et al (1995) Sharma et al (1998)Dag and Gazit (2000) and various others have also reportedthat dipterans and stingless bees are chief pollinators ofmango plants While Kumari et al (2014) observed that honeybees (Apisdorsata A florae A ceranaindica) are the majorpollinators (35) in mango orchards at Hyderabad

There is significant temporal variation in pollinatorvisits in the observed orchards More number of insectsvisited the flower during late morning hours followed by a

Table 1 Mango flower visitorsOrder Family Species () Hymenoptera Apidae 5 Formicidae 1 Vespidae 2 Xylocopidae 2 Unidentified 3 Diptera Syrphidae 4 Muscidae 3 Sarcophagidae 2 Calliphoridae 3 Unidentified 4 Coleoptera Coccinalidae 5 Total 34

Fig 1 Pollinatorsrsquo guild in mango orchard

Fig 2 Diurnal variation in pollinatorrsquos abundance


Temporal dynamics of mango flower visitors and their contribution in pollination

sharp decline in the noon and resumed activity during earlyevening hours Abrol (1988) indicated that diurnaltemperature variation may have substantial influence onpollinator systems by affecting the activity of insects or byaltering the volatilization of attractants and nectar flow

In this study authors observed significant role of flowervisitors in pollination (Table 2) The covered panicles bearfew smaller pale and fragile incipient fruits While in openpollination conditions pollinated flowers had mustard sizeovaries and appeared bright green in colour The proportionof hermaphroditeperfect flowers to the malestaminateflowers (sex ratio) within the panicles trees was less thanfifty per cent In the context of the above information authorsrecorded quite high number of flowers were pollinated inopen pollination condition (413) and under diurnalpollination (328) where pollination was allowed onlyduring day light period Tangible fruit yield in mango dependon various plant and climate factors (Chad 1964 Pandey etal 1973) and the study was planned to have an account ofinsectrsquos role in pollination hence mature fruit counts (yield)was not recorded

Chad NK 1964 Studies on fruit drop in mango fruit set itsretention and factors affecting it Indian Journal Horticulture21172ndash85

Dag A and Gazit S 2000 Mango pollinators in Israel Journal ofApplied Horticulture 2(1)39ndash43

Dutta SK Srivastava M Rymbaia H Chaudhary R SinghaAK Dubey AK and Lal K 2013 Pollenndashpistil interactionstudies in mango (Mangifera indica L) cultivars ScientiaHorticulturae 160213ndash221

Fajardo AC Jr Medina JR Opina OS Cervancia CR 2009Insect pollinators and floral visitors of mango (Mangiferaindica L cv Carabao) The Philippine Agricultural Scientist91(4)372ndash382

Free JB and Williams IH 1976 Insect pollination of Anacardiumoccideniale L Mangifera indica L Blighia sapida Koenig andPersea americana Mill Tropical Agriculture 53125-139

Hein L 2009 The economic value of the pollination service areview across scales The Open Ecology Journal 274-82

Huda AN Salmah MR Hassan AA Hamdan A and RazakMMA 2015 Pollination services of mango flowerpollinators Journal of Insect Science 15(1)113-111

Jiron LF and Hedstrom I 1986 Pollination ecology of mangoin the neotropic region Turriabla 35269-277

Kelly AE and Goulden ML 2008 Rapid shifts in plantdistribution with recent climate change Proceedings ofNational Academy of Sciences USA 10511823-11826

Klei n AM Vaissir e BE Cane J H Dewenter ISCunningham SA and Kremen C 2007 Importance ofcrop pollinators in changing landscapes for world cropsProceedings of the Royal Society of Biological Sciences 274 303-13

Kumari DA Madhavi J Bhagwan A Kumar MR 2014Surveillance of pollinators and their behaviour in mangoflowers Plant Archives 14(2)727ndash729

Mallik PC 1957 Morphology and biology of the mango flowerIndian Journal of Horticulture141-23

Pandey RM Singh RN Rathore DS 1973 A study of self-incompatibility and its physiological cause in mango(Mangifera indica L) cv Dushehari News Indian Society ofNuclear Technology Agric Biol 221ndash23

Partap T 2001 Mountain agriculture marginal land andsustainable livelihoods Challenges and opportunities InProceed ings of International Sy mposium on MountainAgriculture in HKH Region ICIMOD Kathmandu Nepal

Rafique MK Quratulain MR Stephen E Irshad M andSarwar G 2016 Pollination deficit in mango orchards atMultan Pakistan Pakistan Journal of Zoology 4835-38

Rajan S 2009 Impact assessment of climate change in mangoand guava research In Information Technology Applicationsin Horticultural Crops (eds PM Govindakrshnan JP SinghSS Lal VK Dua S Rawat and SK Pandey) Central PotatoResearch Institute Shimla India pp 36-42

Table 2 Flowers pollinated under self and open pollinationin Dushehari mango

Treatment Incipient fruit set panicle-1

Open pollination 413 Nocturnal pollination 153 Diurnal pollination 328 Self-pollination 95 CD (005) 97

The mango flowers are unspecialized allowing

pollination by most visiting insects (Jiron and Hedstrom1986) The removal and deposition of pollen depend on thetype of insect frequency of visit and stay at flower (Sunget al 2006 Huda et al 2015) The yield in mango issignificantly enhanced by the hymenopteran and dipteranpollinators (Rafique et al 2016 Saeed et al 2016)

REFERENCESAbrol DP 1988 Effect of climatic factors on pollination activity

of Alfalfa-pollinating subtropical bees Megachile nana Binghand Megachile flavipes Spinola (Hymnoptera Megachilidae)Acta Oecologia Genera 9371-377

Bally ISE Lu P And Johnson PR 2009 Mango breeding InBreeding plantation tree crops tropical species (eds SMJain and PM Priyadarshan) Springer NY pp 51ndash82

Bhatia R Gupta D Chandel JS and Sharma NK 1995 Relativeabundance of insect visitors on flowers of major subtropicalfruits in Himachal Pradesh and their effect on fruit setIndian Journal of Agricultural Sciences 65(12)907ndash912



Reddy PVR Verghese A and Rajan VV 2012 Potential impactof climate change on honey bees (Apis spp) and theirpollination services Pest Management in HorticulturalEcosystems 18(2)121-127

Saeed S Naqqash MN Jaleel W Saeed Q and Ghouri F2016 The effect of blow flies (Diptera Calliphoridae) onthe size and weight of mangos (Mangifera indica L) Peer J4e2076 DOI 107717peerj2076

Sharma DK Singh RN 1970 Self-incompatibility in mango(Mangifera indica L) Horticulture Research 10108-118

Sharma S Abbas SR and Shukla RP 1998 An easy and quickmethod of breeding flies for pollination of mangoblossoms Insect Environment 476ndash77

Singh G 1997 Pollination pollinators and fruit setting in mangoActa Horticu lturae 45 5 11 6ndash12 3 DOI 101 766 0ActaHortic199745516(

Sung IH Lin MY Chang CH Cheng AS Chen WS andHo KK 2006 Pollinators and their behaviours on mangoflowers in Southern Taiwan Formosan Entomology 26161-170

Usman M Fatima B and Jaskani MJ 2001 Review breeding inmango International Journal of Agriculture amp Biology 3 522ndash526



Status of prevailing insect pest fauna associated with transplanted rice in JharkhandJournal of Eco-friendly Agriculture 13(1) 60-64 2018

copy2018

Status of prevailing insect pest fauna associated withtransplanted rice in JharkhandRabindra Prasad Ajita Soren Lakhinder Hembrom and Devendra Prasad

Department of Agricultural Entomology Birsa Agricultural University Kanke Ranchi-834 006 Jharkhand IndiaE mail rabindraentoyahoocoin

ABSTRACT

Rice (Oryza sativa L) is one of the most important staple food crop of India including the state of JharkhandThe crop is damaged by several insect pests almost throughout the cropping season in its all the growth stages Theoccurrence of the pest species takes place in succession and also in overlapping manner in varying intensities Pestspectrum of the crop changes in time and space Information on the current status of the real pest problem of rice inthe state of Jharkhand is lacking in literature In view of visualizing and exploring information and reckoning the realpest situation in the rice ecosystem in the state pest survey and surveillance work was conducted periodicallythroughout the cropping season from 2010-1015 in different regions of Jharkhand The results revealed that as manyas 17 insect pests belonging to 7 orders and 8 families were observed to prevail in the rice agro- ecosystem of the stateTermites and white grub were the root feeders for rice crop in general and in case of upland rice ecologies in particularGreen leaf hoppers brown plant hopper white backed plant hopper thrips and mealy bug behaved as sap suckersHispa grass hoppers case worm leaf folders and black hairy caterpillar were the leaf eaters and defoliators Grub ofhispa acted as leaf minor Larvae of yellow stem borer were found to bore the stem both in vegetative and reproductivestages of the crop Gall midge was able to form shoot gall from central leaf sheath of the crop plant Ear bug was ableto suck the milk from the developing grains of the crop Based on the extent and level of crop damage gall midgeyellow stem borer rice leaf folder green leaf hopper ear bug and caseworm could be categorized as mild to majorpest Hispa could be treated as minor to mild pest Termite and thrips remained as negligible and minor pest Blackhairy caterpillar mealy bug white grub white backed plant hopper and brown plant hopper attained the status ofnegligible pest

Key words Rice insect pest fauna status economic significance

Rice (Oryza sativa L) is one of the most important staplefood crop of Jharkhand It is grown in an area of about 18-19lakh hectares in the state in rain fed situation Right fromsowing and transplanting to harvesting stages of the ricecrop various types of insect pests are found to attack ricecrop both in succession and overlapping manner They couldbe able to cause damage in yield of the crop from 21 to 51 percent in India varying from area to area as per variation inthe agro-ecological conditions (Kalode et al 1995) Pestscenario of a crop varies in time and space More than 100insect pest species have been reported in India in rice agro-ecosystem (Krishnaiah et al 2008) Information of real insectpest situation prevailing in rice-ecologies in the state ofJharkhand is lacking In view of this pest survey andsurveillance was undertaken for consecutive five years(2010-2015) in wet season in the state and the informationwas generated which is presented in the presentcommunication

MATERIALS AND METHODSRoving and fixed plot survey and surveillance was

conducted at fortnightly intervals in different regions ofwhole state of Jharkhand during last five years (ie 2010-2015) in wet season in order to explore information on the

insect pest scenario and their status associated with rice

Observations were recorded right from 1st fortnight ofJune to 2nd fortnight of November during five years (2010-2015) Incidence and intensities of attack of insect pest speciesand their population across the cropping season wererecorded

A pocket lens (10X) was used for the detection of minuteinsect species The pest affected plant materials eg leavesstems panicles and roots etc (whichever necessary) as wellas the insect pests were pluckedcollected in the polythenebags and glass vials and brought to the laboratory for theirclose examination and for their estimation in terms ofqualitative and quantitative composition in transplanted riceecosystem in wet season Population of the insect pest specieswere recorded by employing the measuring units asmentioned in table 2 Lastly all the data obtained fromdifferent locations (pest wise) according to the incidencestatus and succession of the species were pooled together(data of 2010 to 2015)

According to the quantum of abundance or incidencethe pests were classified into minor mild major severe orkey pest


Rabindra Prasad Ajita Soren Lakhinder Hembrom and Devendra Prasad

As some pest species (ie stem borer gall midge thriprice hispa green leaf hopper leaf folder ear head bug etc) intheir adult stages required an insect catching (collecting)net these were collected by sweeping and standard numberof sweep were made to collect the data on their populationincidence and intensity Ultimately the pooled data wereanalysed on the basis of mean value and interpreted to drawthe valid conclusion

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONInsect pestsrsquo incidence present in rice ecosystem in

Jharkhand obtained from the field observations have beenpresented in table 1 along with the taxonomic position anddamaging stages Table 2 contains the information onfortnightly abundance of incidence of pest species recordedduring June-Nov (pooled mean of 2010-2015)

Incidence abundance and status of insect pest complex oftransplanted rice

It was observed that 17 insect pest species infest ricecrop at its different growth stages almost in overlappingmanner (Table 1amp2) in the region

Gall midge (Orseolia oryzae Wood Mason)This insect pest appeared as pest of minor to mild

economic status Itrsquos incidence started from 2nd fortnight ofJuly with very low level of incidence in terms of percentageof silver shoot SS (006) The pest incidence attained itspeak (136 SS) with hill (plant) infestation of 3440 per centin the 2nd fortnight of September and then the pest incidencebegan to decline from 680 per cent SS in the 1st fortnight ofOctober to the minimum level of 41 per cent SS with hilldamage of 2040 per cent in 2nd fortnight of October in the

present experimentation which was found to be in agreementwith the results of earlier workers (Reissing et al 1985 Rizwiand Singh1980 Prasad and Prasad 2011)

Yellow stem borer (Scirpophaga incertulas Walker)This insect pest was noticed as pest of major economic

status in rice ecosystem almost right from transplanting tomaturity stage of the crop The pest incidence in terms ofpercentage of dead heart (DH) was found to start from the1st fortnight of July with very low level of 530 per cent DH inthe early vegetative stage of the crop The maximum deadheart incidence (1590 DH) was noticed in the 2nd fortnightof September and declined to the minimum of 280 per centDH in 1st fortnight of October The pest incidence in the formof white ear (WE) was first of all noticed in the 1st fortnightof October with low level of 430 per cent WE Gradually thepest incidence increased upto the maximum level of 820 percent WE in 1st fortnight of November As such WE () rangedfrom 00 to 820 per cent Experimental findings of Saha et al(2005) and Prasad and Prasad (2006) were almost inconsonance with the present findings

Rice hispa (Dicladispa armigera Olivier)This insect was registered as minor to mild pest right

from the beginning of the vegetative stage of the crop (ie 1st

week of July) with lowest level of 120 per cent leaf damagedue to hispa (HDL) which gradually increased upto 970HDL in the 1st fortnight of September 2010 Earlier workers(Kumar et al 2003 Prasad and Prasad (2006) also foundsimilar results

Leaf folder (Cnaphalocrosis medinalis Guenee)The larval stage of insect was found to cause damage

Table 1 Insect pest incidence in the state of Jharkhand (based on pooled observations of 2010-2015)

Common Name Scientific Name Order Family Damage stage of insect pest (s)

Yellow rice stem borer Scirpophaga incertulas Walker Lepidoptera Pyralidae Larvae Rice hispa Dicladispa armigera Ol Coleoptera Chrysomellidae Adult amp grub Rice case worm Nymphula depunctalis Gn Lepidoptera Pyralidae Larvae Rice grass hopper Hieroglyphus banian Fab Orthoptera Acrididae Adult amp nymph Rice gundhi bug Leptocprisa acuta Th Hemiptera Coredidae Adult amp nymph Rice gall fly Orseolia oryzae Wm Diptera Cecidomyiidae Maggot Rice green leaf hopper Nephotettix nigro pincuts Homoptera Cicadillidae Adult amp nymph Brown plant hopper Nilaparvata lugens Stal Homoptera Delphacidae Adult amp nymph Rice thrips Stenchaetothrips biformis (Bogn) Thysanoptera Thripidae Adult and nymph Rice mealy bug Heterococous rehi (Lind) Homoptera Pseudococcidae Nymph and adult Army worm (Ear cutting caterpillar)

Mythimna unipunctata Haw Lepidoptera Noctuidae Caterpillar

Swarming caterpillar Spodoptera mauritia Boisd Lepidoptera Noctuidae Larvae Whorl maggot Hydrellia griseola (Fall) Diptera Ephydridae Maggot Termite Odontotermes Obesus Ramb Isoptera Termiidae Adult and young


Status of prevailing insect pest fauna associated with transplanted rice in Jharkhand

Tabl

e 2

Inse

ct p

est f

auna

the

ir in

cide

nce

suc

cess

ion

and

stat

us in

fest

ing

tran

spla

nted

rice

in th

e ag

ro c

limat

ic c

ondi

tions

of J

hark

hand

reco

rded

dur

ing

wet

seas

on (b

ased

on

pool

ed m

ean

of 2

010-

2015

)



to the crop from the period of 2nd fortnight of July withminimum level of leaf damage (075) The pest incidenceended in the 2nd fortnight of October with its maximumincidence (1000 leaf damage) The experimental findingsof Kumar et al (2003) and Prasad and Prasad (2006) arealmost in agreement with the results of present findings

Green leaf hopper (Nephotettix nigropictus and N viresence)Both adult and nymphal stages of the pests were found

to suck cell sap from leaf of rice plants The occurrence of thepest was observed with very low level of GLH10 hills from2nd fortnight of July with lower population level of 866 GLH10 hills However maximum incidence of the pest was foundto the tune of 13060 GLH10 hills in the 2nd fortnight ofOctober As such the pest was rated as mild pest of rice inJharkhand Kumar et al (2003) and Prasad and Prasad (2006)expressed more or less similar views

Gundhi bug (Leptocorisa oratorius Fab L acuta Thunberg)The adults and nymphal stages of the insect were

found to suck milky juice of developing grains of rice Thepest incidence in terms of number of the bug10 hills wasfound to vary from 870 to 2830 bugs 10 hills during themilking stage of rice during 1st fortnight of September to 2nd

fortnight of October As such the pest was rated as mild pestof rice Prasad and Prasad (2006) and Krishhaiah et al (2008)obtained more or less similar observations

Grass hopper (Hieroglyphus banian Fab Oxya chinensisThumb)

Both adults and nymphs were found to causedefoliation to rice plants The pest rated as minor pest of ricebecause the pest incidence started with very low incidence(070 insect 10hills) in 1st fortnight of July and a little higherincidence (330 insect 10hills) in 2nd fortnight of SeptemberAlthough negligible incidence of the pest (090 insect 10hills) was found to occur in 2nd fortnight of NovemberPrasad and Prasad (2006) expressed similar views Jhalaand Sisodiya (2003) reported that the pest (H banian) is severeform in the agro-climatic conditions of Gujarat

Black hairy caterpillar (Nisaga simplex Walker)The insect pest appeared as a negligible pest of rice in

the present study As low as 080 larvae MRL (metre rowlength) was noticed in the 1st fortnight of July 2010 whereasthe highest incidence of 130 larvae metre row length (MRL)of the pest was registered in 2nd fortnight of September Prasadand Prasad (2006) reported that the pest is occasional oneand sometimes it causes severe defoliation in upland directsown rice and lesser or negligible damage to mid and lowland rice in the agro-climatic conditions of Jharkhand

Case worm (Nymphula depunctalis Gueen)This insect appeared as a pest of mild status and in

low land late transplanted rice Crop was found to sufferheavy defoliation between 1st fortnight of August (790 leafdamage) to 2nd fortnight of September 2010 (1860 leafdamage) Prasad and Prasad (2006) expressed almost similarviews

Termite (Odontotermes obesus Ramb)Termite appeared as a negligible pest for rice grown in

transplanted ecologies Very low pest incidence rangingfrom 140 to 47 per cent of dead heart (DH) was noticed inthe medium land In the low land 18 to 260 per cent plantdamaged due to termite was recorded during July to AugustPrasad and Prasad (2006) opined almost similar views

Rice mealy bug (Brevinnia rehi Lindinger)Mealy bug appeared during the period of middle of

July to 1st week of October (008 to 208 per cent leaf damage)with maximum of 208 per cent leaf damage in 1st fortnight ofOctober 2010 Negligible level of incidence (00 to 208 leafdamage) bearing cottony growth on leaves were noticed inthe present studies Prasad and Prasad (2006) found almostsimilar results in rice ecologies of Jharkhand in wet season

Rice thrips (Stenchaetothrips biformis Bagnall)This sucking pest also appeared as a pest of negligible

economic significance with its low level of incidence rangingfrom 004 to 170 per cent of leaf damage during the periodof 1st fortnight of August to 1st fortnight of October Prasadand Prasad (2006) found almost similar results

White grub (Holothrichia spp)The pest appeared as a pest of very negligible form

ranging from 009 per cent plant damage (1st fortnight ofAugust) to 180 per cent plant damage in 2nd fortnight ofSeptember Prasad and Prasad (2006) also observed the pestalmost in similar fashion

Brown plant hopper (Nilparvata lugens Stal)The insect pest BPH also appeared as a negligible pest

as the incidence in terms of no of BPH 10 hills ranged from006 to 150 BPH10 hills in rice ecologies of JharkhandPrasad and Prasad (2006) also found that BPH remainedthe pest of negligible economic significance in state ofJharkhand in general

Based on the overall mean results of five yearsrsquoobservations it may be concluded that out of 17 insect pestspecies gall midge yellow stem borer leaf folder green leafhopper and case worm appeared as mild to severe pest



species hispa and gundhi bug as moderate (mild ) pestwhereas other insect pest species viz grass hopper (H BanianOxya chinesis) black hairy caterpillar (N simplex) termite(O obesus ) mealy bug (B rehi) thrips (S biformis) white grub(H spp) BPH (N lugens) remained the pest of negligible andminor economic importance in medium and low landtransplanted rice ecologies in the Jharkhand region of India

The finding of the present investigation may be ofimmense economic significance in planning formulatingdevising integrated management of major insect pests of ricefor the state of Jharkhand

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSAuthors are grateful to the honrsquo ble Vice Chancellor

the Director of research and the Dean (Agriculture) of BirsaAgricultural University Ranchi for providing the necessaryfacilities and moral encouragement for conducting the fieldinvestigations to explore the pre-requisite information ofpest status of rice for devising and formulating IPM operationfor rice ecosystem of state of Jharkhand

REFERENCESJhala RC and Sisodiya DB 2003 Outbreak of grasshopper

Heiroglyphus nigrorepletus Bolivar in Gujarat InsectEnvironment 9(4)162

Kalode MB Pasalu IC Krishnaiah NV and Benture JS 1995Changing insect pest complex in relation to croppingsystem of rice In Proceedings of National Seminar onchanging pest situation in the current agriculture scenarioof India Published by ICAR New Delhi pp243-255

Krishnaiah NV Lakshmi VJ Pasalu IC Katti GRPadmavathi C 2008 Insecticides in rice IPM past presentand future DRR (ICAR) Rajendranagar Hyderabad P146

Kumar ADVSLPA Sudhakar TR and Reddy DR 2003Influence of meteorological parameters on the incidenceof leaf folder and whorl maggot in rice ecosystem of AndhraPradesh Journal of Agrometeorology 5(1)84-88

Prasad R and Prasad D 2006 Account of insect pest problem inrice ecosystem in Ranchi Indian Journal Entomology 68(3)240-246

Prasad R and Prasad D 2011 Incidence of gall midge (Orseoliaoryzae WM) in some promising rice varieties Journal of PlantProtection and Environment 8(1)57-62

Reissing WH Heinichs EA Litsinger JA Moody K FielferL Mew TM and Barrion AT 1985 Illustrated guide toIntegrated pest management in rice in Tropical Asia 411 P

Rizvi SMA and Singh HM 1980 Gall midge occurrence inUtter Pradesh India International Rice Research Newsletter5(2)14

Saha S Dutta A and Mallick GK 2005 Pest incidence in kharifrice in Midnapur (West) At a glance Journal of InternationalAcademician pp 296-297




copy2018

Management of rice leaf folder (Cnaphalocrosis medinalisGuen) through INM with emphasis on use of Neem andKaranj cakeRabindra Prasad Ajita Soren and Devendra Prasad

Department of Entomology Faculty of Agriculture Birsa Agricultural University Kanke Ranchi - 834 006 Jharkhand IndiaE-mail rabindraentoyahoocoin

ABSTRACT

An experiment was conducted for two consecutive years 2012 and 2013 in wet season in the agro-ecologicalconditions of Jharkhand with the sole objective for management of leaf folder (Cnaphalocrosis medinalis Guen) throughuse of organic and inorganic form of plant nutrients and their appropriate and balanced combinations in the rightquantity with more emphasis on application of neem and karanj cake The overall results revealed that neem cake 25t ha-1 proved to the most effective in minimizing the incidence of rice leaf folder and karanj cake remained at par Assuch the minimum incidence of the pest interval of leaf damage due to leaf folder (LDLF) 10-1 hills (or plants) wasobtained through sole use of neem cake 25 t ha-1 and the efficacy of karanj cake 25 t ha-1 remained at almost atpar resulting in as low as 636 LDLF 10-1 hills (ie plants) of rice followed by neem and karanj cake kept as separatetreatment 05 and 10 t ha-1 which in turn remained at par in themselves in reducing the incidence of the pest Themaximum incidence of leaf folder (2418 LDLF 10-1 hills) on rice plants receiving the sole use of N 80 kg ha-1 (throughurea) was registered as against significantly of recommended dose of fertilizer RDF (N P K 80 40 20 kg ha-1) ininorganic form which was further lowered down up to the lower level of the pest incidence of 1566 LDLF 10-1 plantsthrough use of reduction in RDF upto 50 per cent but supplemented with green manure 10 t ha-1 in the form ofSesbania rostrata L (dhaincha) The results indicated that sole use of neem cake 25 t ha-1 realized the maximumgrains yield of rice (4150 q ha-1 ) which in turn remained at par with sole use of karanj cake 25 t ha-1 (3860 qha-1) followed by neem cake 10 t ha-1 plus N P K 26 40 20 kg ha-1 in inorganic form (3740 q ha-1) karanj cake 10 t ha-1 plus N P K 40 40 20 kg ha-1 in the form of inorganic source (3660 q ha-1) neem cake 05 t ha-1 + NPK 53 40 20 kg ha-1 (through chemical fertilizers (3590 q ha-1) The sole use of nitrogen 80 kg ha-1 applied to theplants through urea received the maximum incidence of the pest (Cnaphalocrosis medinalis Guen) resulting in substantiallylower grains yield of rice (2240 q ha-1)

Key works Rice leaf folder neem cake karanj cake NPK RDF INM IPM yield

Rice (Oryza sativa L) is one of most important food cropof India including the state of Jharkhand Out of half of adozen major prevailing insect pests in the state of Jharkhandleaf folder (Cnaphalocrosis medinalis Guen) is one of theimportant pests Larvae of the pest usually fold the leaves ofrice plants and live within the leaf folds The larvae feed onthe chlorophyll content of upper surface of leaf while livingwithin the leaf folds As such photosynthetic area isconsiderably reduced which ultimately results in reductionin yield of the crop The pest is responsible for loss in yieldranging from 10 to 20 per cent The loss in yield is morepronounced when the larvae feed on the boot leaf comparedto the other lower leaves of the plants (Prasad and Prasad2006 Krishnaiah et al 2008) Although use of chemicalinsecticides is highly effective against the pest but it hasseveral ill and after effects such as eradication of naturalenemies of pest secondary pest outbreak pest resurgenceenvironmental hazards and residue in crop produce Neemand karanj cake and other organic manures as their sole useor in combination with the supplementary use may play

significant role in suppressing the pest species withoutharming the agro-ecosystem Information on these aspectsare lacking in literature in general and with particularreference to rice Hence the present field investigation wasundertaken to generate the required information forecofriendly management of rice leaf fold

MATERIALS AND METHODSA field experiment was conducted in the rice research

farm of Birsa Agricultural University Ranchi in wet seasonfor two consecutive years 2012 and 2013 with rice varietyPusa Basmati-1 in plot size of 5 x 4 square metre Theexperiment was executed in the randomized block designwith 13 treatments and 4 replications (Table 1) Date of seedsowing of rice (var Pusa Basmati-1) was on 2nd July anddate of transplanting was 26th July during both the yearsHarvesting was made on 28 and 30th of November during2012 and 2013 respectively The treatment details are givenin table 1 The treatments comprised of certain organicmanures viz Farm yard manure (FYM) green manure (GM)


Management of rice leaf folder (Cnaphalocrosis medinalis Guen) through INM with emphasis on use of Neem and Karanj Cake

in the form of dhaincha (Sesbania rostrata L) vermicompostneem and karanj cake and recommended dose of chemicalfertilizers (RDF) in the form of their sole and separate useand also in the form of their balanced combinations (Table1) The observations on the incidence of leaf folder(C medinalis ) were recorded by counting the total numberthe leaf damaged due to leaf folder (LDLF) on 10 randomlyselected plants (ie hills ) in each treatment and replicationsat 45 65 and 85 dates after transplanting (DAT) during theboth years of experimentation Grain yield was recorded afterharvesting during both of the years Data of both the yearswere pooled together The pooled data of the two yearsexperiments were subjected to the appropriate statisticalanalysis after suitable transformation for their interpretationdocumentation and drawing the conclusion


Leaf folder (Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenee)Incidence of leaf folder in terms of no of leaf damage

due to leaf folder (LDLF) per 10 hills (plants) were recordedat 20 days intervals starting from first observation at 45 daysafter transplanting (DAT) The results of are presented intable 1

Incidence of leaf folder at 45 DATThe incidence of leaf folder was ranging from minimum

of 514 LDLF 10-1 hills in treatment neem cake 25 t ha-1 tothe maximum of 2194 LDLF 10-1 hills in N 80 kg ha-1

through urea Rice plants treated with karanj cake (546 LDLF10-1 hills) remained at par followed by neem cake 10 t ha-

1 (752 LDLF 10-1 hills) and karanj cake 10 t ha-1 (753 LDLF10-1 hills) which in turn remained at par with each other interms of reducing the incidence of the pest The rice plantsreceiving N P K through neem cake ( 05 t ha-1) provedsuperior to the same dose of karanj cake (ie 05 t ha-1) andboth NC and KC separately applied 05 t ha-1 provedsignificantly more effective in reducing the incidence of leaffolder as compared to those of vermicompost 25 t ha-1

Table 1 Effect of organic and inorganic sources of plant nutrients on the incidence of leaf folder (Cnaphalocrocis medinalis)infesting rice (var Pusa Basmati-1) (Based on pooled mean of experimental results of 2012 and 2013)

Figures under the parentheses are square root transformed values DAT - Days after transplanting GM - Green manure FYM - Farmyard manure KC - Karanj cake NC - Neem cake RDF ndash Recommended dose of fertilizer through inorganic sources (ie N P K 80 40 20 kg ha-1) Inorganic sources refer to chemical fertilize

Treatment combination No of damaged leaf LDLF 10-1 hills Treatment and dose 45 DAT 65 DAT 85 DAT

Overall mean Yield of grains (q ha-1)

T1 - Use of 100 RDF NPK (80 40 20) kg ha-1 2035 (2682)

2465 (2976)

2452 (2967)

2262 (2837)

3565

T2 - Use of FYM 10 t ha-1 1813 (2518)

2133 (2749)

2315 (2876)

2047 (2687)

2870

T3 - Use of green manure (GM) 10 t ha-1 1548 (2315)

1765 (2484)

2052 (2692)

1788 (2497)

2656

T4 ndash GM + 50 RDF N as top dressing in two splits 1468 (2251)

1545 (2315)

1684 (2420)

1566 (2328)

3180

T5 - Vermicompost VC 25 t ha-1 1214 (2036)

1348 (2152)

1436 (2226)

1332 (2138)

2760

T6 - Karanj cake KC 25 t ha-1 546 (135)

629 (1460)

897 (1741)

636 (1457)

3860

T7 - Neem cake NC 25 t ha-1 514 (1305)

513 (1305)

584 (1394)

548 (1349)

4150

T8 ndash KC 05 t ha-1 + NPK (40 40 20 kg ha-1) ie rest quantity of N comes through inorganic sources

1079 (1914)

1136 (1969)

1214 (2036)

1146 (1973)

3420


753 (1589)

848 (169)

936 (1780)

835 (1676)

3660

T10 ndash NC 05 t ha-1 + NPK (53 40 20 kg ha-1) ie rest quantity of N comes through inorganic sources

973 (1815)

1024 (1863)

1068 (1905)

1021 (1861)

3590


752 (1589)

816 (1659)

766 (1606)

833 (1673)

3740

T12 - N80P0KO Nitrogen = 80kg P0K0 kg ha-1) through inorganic sources ie through urea

2194 (2792)

2465 (1460)

2596 (3048)

2418 (2939)

2240

T13 - No use of manures and fertilizers (ie untreated control)

1782 (2495)

2015 (2668)

2196 (2794)

2037 (2679)

895

CD (P=005) (096) (105) (071) (091) 382



GM (10 t ha-1) + 50 RDF (N P K 40 20 amp 10 kg ha-1)green manure GM (10 t ha-1) as well as FYM (10 t ha-1) usedseparately and independently In broader sense it wasnoticed that all the organic manures provided to the riceplants were found to be instrumental in causing significantlymore suppression of leaf folder as compared to those of riceplants receiving RDF (N P K 80 40 amp 20 kg ha-1) throughsources inorganic and inorganic nitrogen 80 kg ha-1

through urea each applied as separate treatments

The highest incidence of the pest (2194 LDLF 10-1 hills)was found when N P K was supplied through sole use ofinorganic nitrogen N 80 kg ha-1 in the form of urea evenapplied in 3 splits The highest level of the pest incidence(2194 LFDL 10-1 hills) in case of sole use of N 80 kg ha-1

through urea could be significantly lowered down to thelevel upto 2035 LDLF 10-1 hills through use of full RDF (NP K 80 40 amp 20 kg ha-1) which was further lowered downto the level of 1468 LDLF 10 -1 hills by the combinedapplication GM 10 t 10-1 hills and 50 RDF (N P K 4020 10 kg ha-1) All the three doses of neem and karanj cake (0510 to 25 t ha-1) proved superior over the use of inorganicfertilizer independently applied in the form of RDF (N P K 80 40 20 kg ha-1) and sole N 80 kg ha-1 supplied throughurea in suppressing the incidence of incidence of leaf folderEven the lowest dose of neem and karanj cake each separatelyapplied 05 t ha-1 provided superior protection to the crop973 amp 1079 LDLF 10-1 hill) over the other forms of organicmanures viz vermi compost 25 t ha-1 (1214 LFDL 10-1

hills) GM + 50 RDF (1468 LDLF 10-1 hills) GM (1548LDLF hills-1) and FYM (1813 LDLF 10-1 hills) in reducingthe incidence of leaf folder

Incidence of leaf folder at 65 and 85 DATThe incidence of the pest recorded at 65 and 85 DAT as

influenced by the use of different organic manures andchemical fertilizer and their combination followed more orless similar trends to that of the observations recovered at 40DAT (Table-1)

Overall incidence of leaf folderBased on the overall mean of three observations

recorded at 45 60 and 85 DAT (days after transplanting) Itmay be interpreted that the pest suppressing capabilities ofthe test treatments could be more or less similar in fashion tothat of the observations registered at 40 DAT (Table 1) Assuch neem cake 25t ha-1 proved to be the most efficaciousand karanj cake 25 t ha-1 remained at par followed by neemand karanj cake followed by neem and karanj cake 10 t ha-

1 and neem and karanj cake 05 t ha-1 which in turn remainedat par in reducing down the incidence of leaf folder

The highest incidence of leaf folder (2418 LDLF 10-1

plants) on rice plants receiving sole use of N 80 kg ha-1

(through urea) was observed as against significantly lowerlevel of the pest occurrence (2262 LDLF 10-1 hills) under theinfluence of RDF (N P K 80 40 20 kg ha-1) in inorganicform which was further lowered down upto the statisticallylower level of 1566 LDLF 10-1 plants through use ofreduction in use of RDF upto 50 per cent but supplementedwith GM 10 t ha-1 The present findings suggested thatnutrients (N P K) supplied to rice plants by following theprinciples of integrated nutrient management (INM) throughcombined use of organic and inorganic sources couldsignificantly be instrumental in not only suppressing theincidence of leaf folder but also in realizing higher grainsyield of rice (Table 1)

Dhaliwal et al (1983) revealed that increased dose ofnitrogenous fertilizer could be responsible for enhancementin incidence leaf folder resulting in reduction in yield of grainyield of rice in the agro-climatic conditions of Indian Punjabstate almost in accordance with findings of the presentstudies

Prasad et al (2004) opined that balanced quality of NP and K in the form of chemical fertilizer applied to uplandrice gave not only desirable vigour to plants but alsosubstantial protection to the crop against major insect pestsincluding leaf folder in the agro-climatic conditions ofplateau region of Chotanagpur Their findings also indicatedthat plants receiving zero (Nil) N P K from outside sourceremained too weak to be infested with almost nil incidenceof major insect pests like findings of the present studies

Findings of Prasad et al (2008) indicated that organicmanures viz green manure FYM vermicompost neem andkaranj cakes treated plants received lower incidence of leaffolder of rice Moreover neem and karanj cakes proved to bethe most effective against leaf folder (C medinalis)

As such it is concluded that neem and karanj caksapplied 05 10 and 25 t ha-1 as organic manure to the riceplants could find a good place in not only in the form ofnutrient supplication but also in the form of proctectantagainst leaf folder too

Grains yieldThe overall mean of two years experimental results

(Table 1) revealed that sole use of neem cake 25 t ha-1

revealed that the highest yield of rice grains of 415 q ha-1

which remained at par with that of the sole use of karanj cake 25 t ha-1 (3860 q ha-1) followed by neem cake 10 t ha-1

plus rest of N P K 26 40 20 kg ha-1 from the chemicalfertilizers (3740 q ha-1) karanj cake 10 t ha-1 plus N P K



40 20 20 kg ha-1 from the inorganic sources ie throughfertilizers (3660 q ha-1) neem cake 05 t ha-1 + N P K 5340 20 kg ha-1 from inorganic sources (3590 q ha-1) and 100RDF N P K 80 40 20 kg ha-1 (3560 q ha-1) The sole useof N 80 kg ha-1 through urea resulted to the substantiallylower yield of 2240 q ha-1

Based on the overall results of the experiment it maybe concluded that neem and karanj cake used in the varyingdoses of 05 10 and 25 t ha-1 proved to be significantlyeffective in reducing the incidence of rice leaf folder(C medinalis ) resulting in the substantially higher yields ofgrains of rice Hence the present findings suggested thatinclusion of neem and karanj cake as organic manure as apart of INM could be an important component of IPM for thesustainable cultivation of rice

As such it may be concluded that neem and karanj cakesapplied either 05 10 or 25 t ha-1 could be recommendedas organic manure not only for supplying plant nutrientsbut also for protecting rice plants against the leaf folder(C medinalis) for enhancing the grains yield of rice

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe authors are grateful to the Honrsquoble Vice Chancellor

the Director of Research and the Dean (Agriculture) BirsaAgricultureal University Ranchi for providing necessary

facilities and moral encouragement for conducting theexperiments

REFERENCESDhaliwal GS Shashi HN Gill RS and Masking MS 1983

Effect of different levels of nitrogen and varieties on theincidence of hispa and leaf folder in rice Pestology 4(7)14-16

Krishnaiah NV Lakshmi VJ Pasalu IC Katti GR andPadmavathi C 2008 Insecticides in Rice IPM past presentand future DRR (ICAR) Rajendranagar Hyderabad pp146

Prasad R Kumar A Sarkar AK and Prasad D 2004 Pestcomplex of upland rice in relation to methods of nutrientuse Journal of Resarch (BAU Kanke Ranchi) 15(2)187-192

Prasad R Kumar S Singh AK and Prasad D 2008Management of major insect pests of aromatic rice throughsupplementation of plant nutrients from organic sourcesAbstract of Research papers and Souvenir National Conferenceon eco-friendly approaches in sustainable Agriculture andHorticulture production held at Amity UniversityLucknow Nov 28-30 2008 pp 75 Organized by theDoctorrsquos Agricultural and Development Society Lucknow

Prasad R and Prasad D 2006 Account of insect pest problem inrice ecosystem in Ranchi Indian Journal of Entomology68(3)240-246



Daniel Brhane Mulue Girmay Hidat Debru Mehari Hayelom Merhawit Hailemariam MeseretTekie VK Sharma amp Syed Danish Yaseen NaqviJournal of Eco-friendly Agriculture 13(1) 69-71 2018

copy2018

Survey on insect-pests of guava and management practicesaround Hamelmalo sub-zobaDaniel Brhane Mulue Girmay Hidat Debru Mehari Hayelom Merhawit Hailemariam Meseret TekieVK Sharma and Syed Danish Yaseen Naqvi

Department of Plant Protection Hamelmalo Agricultural College Hamelmalo Keren AfricaEmail syeddanishnaqvi84gmailcom

ABSTRACT

Guava (Psidium guajava) is ever green fruit belongs to Myrtacae family It grows in tropical and sub-tropicalarea of the world and it is important source of vitamin C The survey was conducted to identify the insect pest ofguava in four villages of sub-zoba Hamelmalo viz Fredarb Genfelom Wazntet and Hamelmalo The main objectiveof the study was to identify the major insect-pests of guava The surveys were carried out by providing questioner tothe farmers and observations on fruits Guava fruit fly (Bactrocera sp) is found to be the major insect-pest Fruit flyinfestation was observed in 89 per cent number of trees Out of the four villages the infestation of fruit fly was highestin Hamelmalo and Wazntet (94) and the lowest was in Fredard (78) Estimation of the fruit dropping due to fruitfly was made and it was found that average fruit dropping in different villages by fruit fly was maximum in Wazntet100 per cent during summer and 22 per cent during winter season Minimum average fruit dropping during summerseason was 85 per cent in Genfelom and during winter season it was 14 per cent in Fredard

Key words Guava Bactrocera sp survey management

Guava (Psidium guajava) the apple of the tropics isone of the most common fruits in the tropics and sub-tropicsarea of the world It is claimed to be the fourth importantfruits in area and production after mango banana and citrusIt belongs to family Myrtaceae It is large shrubs or a smallspreading tree with a fairly thin trunk and scaly multi-coloured bark (Cobley and Steele 1976) Flowers are whiteepigenothus and develop on current growth cymes or solitaryin leaf axial (Chadha and Pandey 1986) Fruit are round tovermiform varies drastically in size Among the tropical andsubtropical fruits guava is one of the most tolerant fruit cropsto environmental stresses (Adsule and Kadam 1995)

In Eritrea it is grown mainly in Anseba Gash-BarkaNorthern Red Sea and Maekel It is mainly cultivated in zobaAnseba particularly in sub-zoba of Elabered and Hamelmalofor local market and domestic consumption Sometimesvegetables are also grown along with the guava

Several insect-pests cause heavy loss such as guavafruit fly (Bactrocera sp) mealy bug (Planococcous cirri) scaleinsect (Chlorpulvinaria psidii) thrips (Rhipiphorothripscruentatus) fruit borer (Congethespuncti feralis) and bark eatingcaterpillar (Inderbella sp) Hence it is important to identifyinsect pests of guava and manage them This will enable thefarmers to increase their total production and per capitaincome The objective of the present study are to assess thegeneral insect pest problems of guava and managementpractice at sub-zoba Hamelmalo


Site descriptionSub-zoba Hamelmalo of zoba Anseba is located about

12 Km North of Keren at an altitude of 1286 masl It has anannual temperature ranging from 16-380C and annualrainfall of 350ndash670 mm

Sites which were selected for survey in the sub-zobawere 4 villages which are found along the bank of Ansebariver where guava and other fruits are commonly grownFrom each village guava producing eight farmers wererandomly selected with total number of trees 185 465 268and 157 in village Fredarb Hamelmalo Genfelom Wazntetrespectively (Table 1)Table 1 Size of the sample taken for the surveyVillage Number of farmers Total number trees Fredarb 8 185 Hamelmalo 8 465 Genfelom 8 268 Wazntet 8 157

Land site and the area of the orchardsThe total area cultivated with guava in the surveyed

orchards was 235 ha Out of this Hamelmalo has the highestaverage area (013 ha) with maximum and minimum landarea of orchard being 037 ha and 002 ha respectively whileWazntet has lowest average area (003 ha) with maximumand minimum size of the orchards 012 ha 001 harespectively


Survey on insect-pests of guava and management practices around Hamelmalo sub-zoba

Based on the information collected from the farmersthe total number of trees on the surveyed area was 1075 andthe average number of trees per orchard was 35 Among thefour villages Hamelmalo had the highest number of treewhich is 465 with maximum and minimum being 230 and12 respectively The average number of trees per orchardwas 58 Wazntet has the lowest total number of trees viz157with an average number of trees per orchard as 19 themaximum and minimum number of trees per orchard being77 and 8 respectively

Data collection and analysisData was collected from a sample of 32 farmers who

are active in guava cultivation using a questionnaire andvisual observation Finally the collected data was organizedand analysed


Chemical controlInsecticides such as Malathion was frequently used

by farmers in this sub zoba to protect the crop from insectpests for guava orchard According to the farmersinterviewed the chemicals are not easily available in themarket and are expensive too Only 16 per cent of the farmersuse insecticides against guava pests In Fredard only 375per cent of them apply chemicals where as in Wazntet andGenfelom each 13 per cent of the farmers use chemicalspesticide In Hamelmalo 25 per cent farmers use chemicalpesticide for guava trees (Table 2)

Guava insect pestDuring survey various guava pests were found

attacking guava trees which were categorised as major andminor pest (Table 3) According to the farmers in the studyarea guava trees are infested and damaged by several pestsin the field Thrips weevils scale insects bark eatingcaterpillar aphids mealy bug and termite were recorded asminor insect-pests in guava orchards in the sub-zoba ofHamelmalo Guava fruit fly is found to be the major key pestin guava production (Hussain et al 2015) The infestation ofthis tree by the fruit fly starts under field condition as thefruit matures and causes heavy damage (Table 3)

Fruit fly infestationThe infestation of fruit fly was severe during rainy

summer season This may be because of the soil moistureand the environmental temperature which enhance theexclusion of the pupae and large number of adults emergeSpecies of fruit flies are low during the dry season Inconformity with the present study Vayssieres et al (2006)reported that the population increases when the rainy seasonstarts and persist until the end of the rainy season

The occurrence of fruit fly in this region started 4-5years back and is increasing every year The farmers aretherefore removing their guava trees and replacing them withcitrus mango and other vegetables Due to the infected fruitsfarmers are not able to get proper income from their guavatrees

The adult and maggot of fruit fly attack the semi-ripefruits The female of the fruit fly punctures the fruit by itsovipositor and lay eggs inside the fruit Maggots destroyand convert pulp into a bad smelling and discoloured semi-liquid mass Small holes on the fruits are visible when themaggot leaves the fruit

Fruit fly infestation was observed in 89 per cent numberof trees Out of the four villages the infestation of fruit fly washighest in Hamelmalo and Wazntet (94) and the lowest

Table 2 Percentage of farmers applying chemicalApply chemicals Not apply chemicals Village No of farmers No of farmers

Wazntet 1 13 7 87 Fredard 3 375 5 625 Genfelom 1 13 7 87 Hamelmalo 2 25 6 75

Table 3 Insect-pest observed in Hamelmalo areaCommon name Scientific name Order Family Damaging Nature of damage Status Guava fruit fly Bactrocera sp Diptera Tephritidae Maggots Bore in fruit pulp Major or

key pest Aphids Aphis gossypi Homoptera Aphididae Nymph amp Adult Suck cell sap Minor Thrips Selenothrips rubrocinctus Thysanoptera Thripidae Nymph amp adult Suck cell sap Minor Scale insect Coccus viridis chloro pulvinaria

psidii Hemiptera Coccidae Nymph amp adult Suck the cell sap of levels and

twigs Minor

Bark eating Indarbela tetraonis quadrinotata Lepidoptera Meterbelidae Caterpillar Bore in trunk and feed on the bark

Minor

Weevil Myllocerus weevil Coleopteran Curculionidae Adult Feed on leaf blade by eating blade

Minor

Striped mealy bug Ferresia virgate Hemiptera Coccidae Nymph amp adult Suck cell sap of tender Minor Termite Nasutitermes spp Isoptera Termitidae Workers Chewing amp bitting minor


Daniel Brhane Mulue Girmay Hidat Debru Mehari Hayelom Merhawit Hailemariam MeseretTekie VK Sharma amp Syed Danish Yaseen Naqvi

was in Fredard (78) (Fig 1) The variation in percentageinfestation was inversely proportional with the managementpractices and application of chemical pesticide Accordingto Morton (1987) infestation of fruit fly ranged from 20 to 46per cent In Indonesia guava fruit fly cause yield loss to guavafruit from 50-100 per cent (Broughton 2004)

the pest unavailability of pesticide lack of applicationequipment method of application and the nature of the pest

The management practice followed by the farmersincluded mainly the collection of the dropped and rottenfruits from the orchards and throwing them by the riversideThis could also be one of the factors that lead to higherinfestation in the area Chemical control is also practiced byfew farmers but the way of their application and lack of thesprayers increase the problem rather than solving

Among the total farmers interviewed 71 per cent usedto leave the rotten and dropped fruits in the field and theremaining were collection and throwing them to the riverside In the surveyed villages 875 per cent 625 per centfarmers of Genfelom and Wazntet respectively did not careabout the field sanitation and leave the dropped and rottenfruits in the field Whereas 428 per cent (highest) and 125per cent (lowest) farmers of the Fredarb and Genfelomrespectively collected and thrown the rotten fruits to theriverside (Table 4)

Estimation of average fruit dropping due to fruit fly in thesurveyed area

Around the surveyed areas fruit fly caused the severdropping of matured fruits The areas under infested treeswere covered with the dropped fruits The larva of fruit flydrops from the ripening fruits and pupate in the soil Whenwe cut the infected fruit lot of white maggots were observedin the fruits

Estimation of the fruit dropping due to fruit fly wasmade and it was found that average fruit dropping indifferent villages by fruit fly was maximum in Wazntet 100per cent during summer and 22 per cent during winterseason Minimum average fruit dropping during summerseason was 85 per cent in Genfelom and during winter seasonit was 14 per cent in Fredard (Fig 2)

Table 4 Number of farmers and their percentagemanagement practices on dropped fruits

Leave in the field Collect and thrown in riverside Village No of farmers () No of farmers () Wazntet 5 625 3 375 Fredarb 4 57 3 428 Genfelom 7 875 1 125 Hamelmalo 6 75 2 25

REFERENCEAdsule RN and Kadam SS 1995 In Hand book of Fruit Science

and Technology Production Composition Storage andProcessing (eds DK Salunkhe and SS Kadam) MarcelDekker Inc New York pp 419-433

Broughton S Lima FD and Woods B 2004 Control of fruitfly in backyards Department of Agriculture State ofWestern Australia Bulletin no 24

Chadha KL and Pandey RM 1986 In CRC Handbook offlowering plants Vol V (ed AH Haley) CRC Inc BocaRaton P 289

Cobley LS and Steele WM 1976 An introduction to the Botanyof Tropical Crops Long man London and New York

Hussain MA Adugna H and Tufail Ahmad 2015 Infestationof two tephritid fruit flies Batocera dorsalis (syn B invadens)and Ceratitis capitata in guava fruits from selected regionsof Eritrea African Entomology 23(2)510ndash513

Morton JF 1987 Fruits of Warm Climates Creative ResourcesSystem Inc Winterville NC

Vayssieres JF Van Mele P Van Tellingen E and Vrolijeks J20 06 Effects of a n African Weaver AntOeocphyllalonginoda in Controlling Mango Fruit Flies(Diptera Tephritidae) in Benin Journal of EconomicEntomology 100(3)


Fig 2 Average percentage of fruit dropping in different villagesin season

Fig 1 Average percentage of fruit fly infested fruit

Fruit fly managementFarmers in the surveyed area were practicing different

methods to control the fruit fly infestation but themanagement practices followed by most of the farmers werenot efficient in case of fruit fly control or reduction of thedamage The reasons could be the lack of knowledge about


Severity of infestation by collar feeding insect pest (Agrotis ipsilon) on potato in northern districts of KashmirJournal of Eco-friendly Agriculture 13(1) 72-74 2018

copy2018

Potato crop is attacked and damaged by a number ofinsect pests including wireworms white grub aphidscutworm and others As a result the yield of the crop isadversely affected Cutworms are the most devastatingpolyphagous insect pest Larvae of which can damage 30cultivated and 20 wild species of plants but the greatestdamage is observed on tobacco potato maize beet andvegetable crop (Nicolova 1971) It attack tobacco potatotomato bottle gourd ladyrsquos finger cabbage sugar beatturnips grams and many ornamental plants at different timesof the year (Khan 1976) The full grown larvae of the cutwormare dark or dark brown in colour with greasy body The adultfemale cutworm lays their eggs on the grasses or on the weedsThe larva on emergence feeds on the epidermis of the leavesbiting the stems of seedling eating the leaves and sometimethe entire seedling and their habit changes according to theirgrowth Cutworm is nocturnal as it attacks the youngseedling of the plants at night They feed on the plants bycutting their stem either below or just above the ground levelThe larvae of cutworm hide and live inside the cracks andholes in the soil during the day The per cent damage causedby it varies from 20-37 per cent but in severe cases the damageoccur as much as 80 per cent depending on the severity ofinfestation (Atwal 1976)


Collar feeding insect pestsSeverity of infestation of collar feeding insect pests was

Severity of infestation by collar feeding insect pest (Agrotisipsilon) on potato in northern districts of KashmirMohammad Munib

Division of Entomology Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences amp Technology of Kashmir Shalimar Campus Srinagar - 190 025 JKIndiaE mail mohmmadmunibyahooin

ABSTRACT

Severity of infestation by collar feeding insect pest (Agrotis ipsilon) on was recorded at different locationsranging from plains to higher belts of districts Baramulla Kupwara and Bandipora during the cropping season 2011and 2012 Cutworm was noted as the collar feeding insect pest that cut the stem of potato crop near the base Severitypercentage of cutworm was recorded highest in May at Pattan Kunzer (Baramulla) Yonus (Kupwara) and Sumbal(Bandipora) and highest in June at Yarikhah (Baramulla) Handwara Budnambal (Kupwara) and Ajas (Bandipora)However at Gurez (Bandipora) the pest severity was noted high in July during 2011 and 2012 During the year 2011the mean severity of cutworm was recorded highest 500 at Sumbal (Bandipora) whereas 300 per cent as lowest atYarikhah (Baramulla) and Budnambal (Kupwara) However during 2012 the highest severity percentage of 625 wasrecorded at Pattan (Baramulla) and Sumbal (Bandipora) while lowest percentage of severity 400 was recorded atBudnambal (Kupwara) Pooled mean severity of cutworm was recorded highest (526) at Sumbal (Bandipora)followed by Pattan (Baramulla) 500 per cent while lowest percentage of severity 350 was recorded at Budnambal(Kupwara)

Key words Severity collar feeder potato Northern Kashmir

recorded at all the locations ranging from plains to higherbelts of districts Baramulla Kupwara and Bandipora Theseverity of collar feeder was determined by selecting 10random plants from different rows during the croppingseason 2011 and 2012 which were examined at fortnightlybased on partial and full cut The per cent severity of collarfeeding insect pests was calculated by the formula

Number of plants with partial and full cutPer cent severity = _____________________________________ x 100

Total number of plants examined

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONCutworm (A ipsilon) as a collar feeder that cuts the

stem near the base was found associated with the potatocrop (Plate 1) The data recorded (Table 1) for the year 2011revealed that the severity percentage was high at Pattan andKunzer during May whereas at Yarikhah it was noted to behigh in June with mean severity of 375 375 and 300 percent respectively in Baramulla district The severity percentagewas noted high in May at Yonus while in June at Handwaraand Budnambal locations of Kupwara district with meanseverity of 375 375 and 300 per cent respectively Howeverin Bandipora district Sumbal location indicated highseverity percentage during May and June whereas at Ajasand Gurez locations per cent severity was noted to be highduring June and July respectively with mean severity of 500375 and 375 per cent respectively

Severity of collar feeding cutworm was high in 2012 as


Mohammad Munib

Table 1 Severity percentage of collar feeding insect pests of potato (Solanum tuberosum L) at different locations of districtBaramulla Kupwara and Bandipora during 2011

Data based on 10 random plants Data expressed as Mean plusmn SE

Monthly severity of infestation District Location

April May June July August September Mean plusmnSE Pattan 000 1000 500 000 - - 375 plusmn239 Kunzer 000 1000 500 000 - - 375 plusmn239 Baramulla Yarikhah - 000 1000 500 000 000 300 plusmn200 Yonus 000 1000 500 000 - - 375 plusmn239 Handwara 000 500 1000 000 - - 375 plusmn239 Kupwara Budnambal - 000 1000 500 000 000 300 plusmn200 Sumbal 000 1000 1000 000 - - 500 plusmn288 Ajas 000 500 1000 000 - - 375 plusmn239 Bandipora Gurez - - 500 1000 000 000 375 plusmn239

cent respectively in Baramulla district Almost similar trendwas observed in Kupwara district where Yonus locationexhibited highest severity percentage in May whileHandwara and Budnambal locations received peak severityin June with mean severity of 500 500 and 400 per centrespectively The pest showed high severity percentage inMay and June at Sumbal and Ajas locations of Bandiporadistrict whereas at Gurez location the crop received highper cent severity in July with mean severity of 625 500 and500 per cent at Sumbal Ajas and Gurez respectively

Pooled mean severity of cutworm during 2011 and 2012(Table 3 and Fig 1) showed that Pattan location exhibitedhighest severity of 500 per cent and lowest 400 per centseverity at Yarikhah location of Baramulla district whereasequal range of severity 437 per cent as highest was recordedat Yonus and Handwara locations and lowest 350 per centseverity at Budnambal location of Kupwara districtHowever Bandipora Sumbal locations received highseverity 562 per cent Ajas and Gurez locations recordedequal 437 per cent severity

Plate 1 Collar feeding cutworm (Agrotis ipsilon Hufnagel) onpotato crop

Fig 1 Severity of infestation by collar feeding cutworm onpotato crop in northern districts of Kashmir during 2011and 2012

compared to 2011 (Table 2) where Pattan and Kunzerlocations received high severity percentage during May AtYarikhah location peak per cent severity was observed inJune with overall mean severity of 625 457 and 500 per


Severity of infestation by collar feeding insect pest (Agrotis ipsilon) on potato in northern districts of Kashmir

From the present findings it was found that Pattanlocation having severity percentage of 500plusmn056 as highestbut 40plusmn100 per cent as lowest at Yarikhah location inBaramulla district Whereas equal range of severitypercentage 437plusmn062 was recorded as highest at Yonus andHandwara locations and 350plusmn049 as lowest at Budnamballocation in Kupwara district However Bandipora Sumballocations received high severity percentage of 562plusmn062whereas Ajas and Gurez locations had equal 437plusmn062 percent severity These findings suggest that pest pressure wasalmost equal at all nine locations in north Kashmir which issupported by number of workers Das (1988) Das and Ram(1988) Singh (2002) and Khan et al (2009) reported cutwormas a devastating pest that causes heavy losses in potatoChandla and Chandel (2005) reported cutworm as majorconstraint in potato production in higher hills of HimachalPradesh as it is polyphagous pests causing heavy damageand yield losses to many horticultural crops includingpotato



Monthly severity of infestation District Location April May June July August September Mean plusmnSE

Pattan 000 1500 1000 000 - - 625 plusmn375 Kunzer 000 1330 500 000 - - 457 plusmn313 Baramulla Yarikhah - 1000 1500 000 000 000 500 plusmn317 Yonus 000 1500 500 000 - - 500 plusmn353 Handwara 000 500 1500 000 - - 500 plusmn353 Kupwara Budnambal - 000 1500 500 000 000 400 plusmn291 Sumbal 000 1000 1500 000 - - 625 plusmn375 Ajas 000 1000 1000 000 - - 500 plusmn288 Bandipora Gurez - - 500 1500 000 000 500 plusmn353

Table 3 Severity percentage of infestation by collar feeders on potato (Solanum tuberosum L) at different locations of district

Baramulla Kupwara and Bandipora for 2011 and 2012


Pooled mean severity of collar feeders Baramulla Kupwara Bandipora

Year Pattan Kunzer Yarikhah Yonus Handwara Budnambal Sumbal Ajas Gurez

2011 375 375 300 375 375 300 500 375 375 2012 625 457 500 500 500 400 625 500 500

Pooled Mean plusmnSE 500plusmn056 416plusmn040 400plusmn100 437plusmn062 437plusmn062 350plusmn049 562plusmn062 437plusmn062 437plusmn062

REFERENCESAtwal AS 1976 Agricultural pest of India and South East Asia

Kalyani Publishers New Delhi 376Chandla VK and Chandel RS 2005 Integrated management

of soil pests of potato in higher hills of Himachal PradeshPotato Journal 32(3-4)250-250

Das BB 1988 Insect pests of potato and their control in TripuraIndian Journal of Entomology 50(3)298-301

Das BB and Ram G 1988 Incidence damage and carry-over ofcutworm (Agrotis ypsilon) attacking potato (Solanumtuberosum) crop in Bihar India Indian Journal of AgriculturalSciences 58(8)650-651

Khan SH Chattoo MA Mushtaq F Hussain K and BabaMY 2009 Regional specific technologies for potatoproduction in India AICRP (Potato) Bulletin 351-63

Khan SM 1976 Biology and control of Agrotis spp MSc Thesissubmitted to the Department of Entomology Faculty ofAgriculture University of Peshawar 60 pp

Nikolova V 1971 Noctuides-dangerous pest of plants Thesilvery-moth Rastitelna Zashchita 19(6)13-16

Singh H 2002 Household and kitchen-garden pest Kalyanipublisher-New Delhi 420pp



K China ChenchaiahJournal of Eco-friendly Agriculture 13(1) 75-79 2018

copy2018

Control of Spodoptera litura (F) by botanicals in FCV tobaccoK China Chenchaiah

CTRI Research Station Kandukur - 523 101 Andhra Pradesh IndiaE mail kcchenchaiahyahoocoin

ABSTRACT

Acetone extracts of 34 plant species were evaluated for control of Spodoptera litura (F) in FCV tobacco inAndhra Pradesh under laboratory and field conditions The crude plant extracts of Leucas aspera and Terminalia arjunkilled 95 per cent of third instar larvae of S litura 10 microl larvae-1 dose after 72 hr of the treatment Field evaluation ofcrude extracts of L aspera T arjun and Tagitus erecta var african was carried out at five concentrations The treatmentcrude leaf extract of L aspera (10 spray) was at par with Chlorpyriphos spray (005) in controlling the larvaldamage to plants It can find a place in IPM priogramme of S litura and further purification refinement of plantextract (L aspera) mixing of crude extracts of two or three plant species are required for promoting its use in largescale field trials

Key words S litura Tobacco caterpillar control botanicals

Tobacco is grown as one of the most importantcommercial crops in Southern Light Soils (SLS) of AndhraPradesh under rain fed conditions During 2013-14 it wasgrown in about 58000 ha with a production of 5500 millionkg of cured leaf (Anonymous 2015) Tobacco caterpillarSpodoptera litura (F) is an important pest of FCV tobacco andcause damage to both nursery and field crop It was estimatedthat S litura caused a yield loss of 150 per cent green leafha-1 annually in SLS region (Anonymous 2002) Since thecrop is considered as one of the bread yielding crops amongthe farming community of this region farmers invariablyapply insecticides 4-5 rounds or more to save the crop Henceconsiderable amount of residues is left in the produce Theseresidues restrict the export of raw material as well as finishedproducts of tobacco to different countries To reduce the useof pesticides and to get good quality leaf with fewer residuesthere is a need to investigate alternate sources of insectcontrolling substances of friendly nature to environment andother biotic agents So the current study was taken up toevaluate some plant extracts for control of S litura

MATERIALS AND METHODSFresh leaf samples (100 g each) of 34 selected plant

species were collected separately and allowed to witherunder shade for 12 hrs Each withered leaf sample was cutinto small pieces filled into thimbles and plugged withcotton The thimbles with leaf samples were subjected to theextraction process in a Soxhlet apparatus using acetone as asolvent The process continued for 12 hrs Later each extractwas subjected to solvent separation by using a vacuumevaporator Crude leaf extracts thus obtained were used inthis study Each crude extract was applied topically on thethoracic region of 3rd instar caterpillars of S litura at 1 2 35 and 10 microl larvae-1 concentrations using a micro pipette

There were two replications with 8 caterpillars in eachreplication The caterpillars were allowed to feed on freshtobacco leaf The experiment was conducted under laboratoryconditions at 25 plusmn 2oC Mortality of caterpillar was recordedat 24 hrs interval after the treatment for three days Earlierthe caterpillars were reared in the laboratory on cut tobaccoleaf

Crude leaf extract was obtained in large quantity formselected plants based on the results of the 1st experimentand on the basis of availability of leaf locally Field evaluationof promising crude plant extracts was conducted at 1 2 3 5and 10 per cent spray Detergent (1) was added to the crudeextract during the preparation of spray solution There were36 tobacco plants in each replication and planted at a spacingof 65 x 65 cm Plants damaged by S litura was recorded afterfourth day of the treatment The experiment was conductedfor three years during 2003-2007 cropping season and thedata thus recorded was analysed statistically (Gomez andGomez 1984)


Control of S litura by crude plant extractsMortality of S litura caused by different doses (1 2 3 5

and 10 microl larvae-1) of crude acetone plant extract at 24 hrafter treatment is presented in table 1 All the treatmentsdiffered significantly in causing mortality of the larvaeMortality increased with the increase in the dose of the crudeextract Some treatments did not cause mortality of larvae atlower doses but caused mortality at 3 or 5 microl dose Themortality after 24 hr at 10 microl dose was lowest (15) in Annonareticulate (seed) and Dendrobium aphyllum The highestmortality (90) of larvae was recorded in the extracts of Leucasaspera and Terminalia arjun Further the mortality increased


Control of Spodoptera litura (F) by botanicals in FCV tobacco

Per cent larval mortality after 24 hrs Name of the plant 1 microl 2 microl 3 microl 5 microl 10 microl

Leucas aspera 15 (225) 25 (299) 35 (362) 55 (479) 90 (767) Metastomata malbathricum 00 (000) 05 (092) 15 (225) 35(362) 55 (479) Cleodendron unfortunatum 10 (184) 20 (266) 15 (225) 35 (362) 60 (508) Nictanthus sp 10 (184) 15 (225) 35 (362) 45 (421) 75 (601) Piper sp 05 (092) 10 (184) 45 (421) 60(506) 75 (601) Myconia sp 05 (092) 15 (225) 50 (449) 50(449) 75 (601) Adiantum sp 05 (092) 15 (225) 35 (362) 50 (449) 70 (571) Thivita nerifolia 10 (184) 10 (184) 20 (266) 20 (259) 35 (362) Adhatoda vasica 00 (000) 00 (000) 05 (092) 15 (225) 35 (362) Nishinda sp 05 (092) 10 (184) 15 (225) 35 (362) 55 (479) Cyda cordifolia 05 (092) 05 (092) 10 (184) 15 (225) 40 (392) Acasia safeda 05 (092) 05 (092) 10 (184) 30 (332) 55 (479) Acasia tora 05 (092) 05 (092) 15 (225) 30 (332) 60 (508) Oxalis sp 05 (092) 10 (184) 20 (266) 45 (421) 70 (571) Datura stramonium 10 (184) 15 (225) 35 (362) 50 (449) 70 (571) Calamus sp 05 (092) 10 (184) 20 (266) 25 (299) 55 (479) Vinca rosea var alba 00 (000) 00 (000) 15 (225) 25 (299) 50 (449) Vinca rosea var ruby 00 (000) 00 (000) 10 (184) 15 (225) 55 (483) Cleodendron irereme 05 (092) 05 (092) 15 (225) 25 (299) 50 (449) Lucenae lucocephala 00 (000) 00 (000) 10 (184) 25 (299) 55 (479) Anona eticulate (leaf) 00 (000) 00 (000) 00 (000) 10 (184) 35 (362) Tagitus erecta var african 00 (000) 00 (000) 05 (092) 25 (299) 55 (479) Terminalia arjun 10 (184) 15 (225) 35 (362) 55 (479) 90 (767) Ocimum sp 05 (092) 05 (092) 05 (092) 15 (225) 40 (392) Tagitus patula var french 00 (000) 00 (000) 10 (184) 25 (299) 55 (479) Acacia auriculiformis 00 (000) 00 (000) 15 (225) 45 (421) 70 (571) Annona reticulate (seed) 00 (000) 00 (000) 00 (000) 10 (184) 15 (225) Juniperus sp 00 (000) 00 (000) 25 (299) 55 (479) 75 (601) Juniperus sp (thorny) 00 (000) 00 (000) 15 (225) 25 (299) 55 (479) Lantena camera 00 (000) 00 (000) 10 (184) 20 (266) 50 (449) Dendrobium aphyllum 00 (000) 00 (000) 00 (000) 00 (000) 15 (225) Cestrum nocturnum 00 (000) 00 (000) 00 (000) 00 (000) 25 (299) Cuscuda sp 00 (000) 00 (000) 10 (184) 25 (299) 55 (479) Cajanus cajan (seed coat) 00 (000) 05 (092) 05 (092) 30 (332) 55 (479) Control (water) 00 (000) 00 (000) 00 (000) 00 (000) 00 (000) SEm 44 40 33 21 59 CD 5 121 111 92 57 163 CV 968 592 221 92 167

Table 1 Mortality of S litura caused by crude acetone plant extracts after 24hrs of treatment

Figures in the parentheses indicate angular transformed values

with the prolongation of exposure time indicating delayedaction of some treatment viz Nishinda spCyda cordifoliaAcasia safeda Calamus sp Annona reticulate (seed) etc (Table2)

Larval mortality after 72 hr of the treatment rangedbetween 40-95 per cent (at 10 microl larvae-1 dose) Highestmortality (95 ) of larvae was recorded by the crude extractof L aspera and followed by T arjun Nishinda sp and Tagituserecta var african (Table 3) Mortality of larvae increased withthe increase of exposure time in some treatments The lowest

mortality (40) was recorded in the extract of D aphyllumSo it is clear that the crude acetone extracts of L aspera Tarjun Nishinda sp and T erecta var african might containsome insecticidally active compounds that caused mortalityto larvae of S litura

Several reports are available that many plant speciescontain potent molecules which can cause mortality toinsects (Koul 2003) Some of them may act as anti-feedentsor inhibitors of physiological processes or growth retardantsetc Phago-deterrent property of Neem seed extract against


K China Chenchaiah

coffee mealy bug was reported by Jacobson et al (1978)growth inhibitory effect of NSKE on S litura and P xylostellawas reported by Sombastri and Tignattannont (1984) Themethanol extract of seeds of Cleome viscose totally deterredthe egg laying in S litura (Anonymous 2004) Castor leavestreated with leaf extracts (2 dimethy sulfoxide) of Calotropissp caused 90 per cent mortality in S litura larvae(Anonymous 2007) Reports indicate that seed husk ofpigeon pea contain phenolics and other chemicals thatcaused mortality to S litura (Bhattacharya and Chenchaiah



Per cent larval mortality with the treatment after 48 hr Name of the plant 1 μl 2 ųl 3 μl 5 μl 10 μl

Leucas aspera 15 (225) 25 (299) 40 (392) 65 (538) 95 (808) Metastomata malbathricum 00 (000) 10 (184) 20 (266) 40 (392) 55 (449) Cleodendron unfortunatum 10 (184) 15 (225) 20 (266) 40 (392) 75 (601) Nictanthus sp 15 (225) 15 (225) 40 (392) 50 (449) 85 (734) Piper sp 05 (092) 15 (225) 45 (421) 65 (538) 85 (734) Myconia sp 05 (092) 20 (266) 50 (449) 50 (449) 85 (734) Adiantum sp 10 (184) 20 (266) 40 (392) 55 (479) 75 (601) Thivita nerifolia 10 (184) 15 (225) 25 (299) 25 (299) 50 (449) Adhatoda vasica 00 (000) 00 (000) 10 (184) 20 (266) 55 (479) Nishinda sp 05 (092) 10 (184) 20 (266) 40 (392) 85 (734) Cyda cordifolia 05 (092) 05 (092) 15 (225) 20 (266) 70 (571) Acasia safeda 05 (092) 10 (184) 10 (184) 30 (332) 75 (601) Acasia tora 05 (092) 05 (092) 20 (266) 30 (332) 70 (571) Oxalis sp 05 (092) 10 (184) 20 (266) 50 (449) 75 (601) Datura stramonium 10 (184) 20 (266) 40 (392) 50 (449) 70 (571) Calamus sp 05 (092) 10 (184) 25 (299) 30 (332) 85 (734) Vinca rosea var alba 00 (000) 00 (000) 20 (266) 25 (299) 55 (479) Vinca rosea var ruby 00 (000) 00 (000) 15 (225) 20 (266) 70 (571) Cleodendron irereme 10 (184) 10 (184) 15 (225) 30 (332) 55 (479) Lucenae lucocephala 00 (000) 00 (000) 15 (225) 25 (299) 55 (479) Anona eticulate (leaf) 00 (000) 00 (000) 00 (000) 15 (225) 50 (449) Tagitus erecta var african 00 (000) 00 (000) 10 (184) 30 (332) 85 (734) Terminalia arjun 10 (184) 20 (266) 40 (392) 55 (479) 90 (767) Ocimum sp 05 (092) 10 (184) 10 (184) 20 (266) 50 (449) Tagitus erecta var french 00 (000) 00 (000) 15 (225) 25 (299) 70 (571) Acacia auriculiformis 00 (000) 00 (000) 20 (266) 50 (449) 75 (601) Annona reticulate (seed) 00 (000) 00 (000) 00 (000) 15 (225) 40 (392) Juniperus sp 00 (000) 00 (000) 25 (299) 60 (508) 85 (734) Juniperus sp (thorny) 00 (000) 00 (000) 15 (225) 25 (299) 80 (704) Lantena camera 00 (000) 00 (000) 15 (225) 20 (266) 70 (571) Dendrobium aphyllum 00 (000) 00 (000) 00 (000) 05 (092 35 (362) Cestrum nocturnum 00 (000) 00 (000) 00 (000) 05 (092) 55 (479) Cuscuda sp 00 (000) 00 (000) 10 (185) 25 (299) 70 (571) Cajanus cajan (seed coat) 00 (000) 05 (092) 05 (092) 30 (332) 70 (571) Control (water) 00 (000) 00 (000) 00 (000) 00 (000) 00 (000) SEm 39 37 28 30 4 5 CD 5 108 103 77 84 124 CV 732 486 164 124 106

2007) and C ganges (Chenchaiah and Bhattacharya 2000)in semi synthetic diets Similarly Singh and Singh (2008)reported that crude leaf extracts of Trichilia connaroides causedmortality to S litura while crude ethanol extracts of Acaciaarabica Annona squamosa and Datura stramonium gave highercontrol of S litura than the corresponding aqueous extrats(Rajguru et al 2011) In the current study the crude acetoneextracts of L aspera T arjun Nishinda sp and T erecta varafrican might contain some insecticidal active compoundsthat caused mortality to larvae of S litura



Field evaluation of promising crude plant extracts forcontrol of S litura

From the above results three plant species (L aspera Tarjun T erecta var african) were selected for field evaluationThe results of field evaluation trial indicated that all thetreatments differed significantly in controlling the insectattack to plants (Table 4) Plants damaged by the larvae werethe lowest (817) in Chlorpyriphos spray and followed bythe crude plant extract of Leucas aspera (1367) Nosignificant differences were found among these two

treatments The damage caused by larvae in the treatmentcrude extract of L aspera (10 spray) was similar to that ofchlorpyriphos spray (005) Damage to plants decreasedwith the increase in the concentration of crude extract

From the above it is evident that Leucas aspera containsome compounds which are equally potent as ChlorpyriphosIt can find a place in the IPM programme of S litura as theuse of botanicals reduces the ill effects of chemical pesticidesFurther the purificationrefinement of plant extract(L aspera)mixing of crude extracts of two or three plant



Per cent larval mortality with the treatment after 72 hr Name of the plant 1 μl 2 μl 3 μl 5 μl 10 μl

Leucas aspera 20 (266) 30 (332) 50 (449) 70 (571) 95 (808) Metastomata malbathricum 00 (000) 10 (184) 20 (266) 40 (392) 70 (571) Cleodendron unfortunatum 10 (184) 20 (266) 20 (266) 40 (392) 85 (734) Nictanthus sp 15 (225) 20 (266) 45 (421) 55 (479) 85 (734) Piper sp 05 (092) 20 (266) 50 (449) 70 (571) 85 (734) Myconia sp 10 (184) 25 (299) 50 (449) 55 (479) 85 (734) Adiantum sp 10 (184) 20 (266) 40 (392) 60 (508) 85 (734) Thivita nerifolia 10 (184) 15 (225) 25 (299) 30 (332) 60 (508) Adhatoda vasica 00 (000) 10 (184) 10 (184) 20 (266) 60 (508) Nishinda sp 05 (092) 15 (225) 25 (299) 45 (421) 90 (767) Cyda cordifolia 05 (092) 05 (092) 15 (225) 20 (266) 85 (734) Acasia safeda 10 (184) 10 (184) 15 (225) 35 (362) 85 (734) Acasia tora 05 (092) 05 (092) 25 (299) 35 (362) 85 (734) Oxalis sp 05 (092) 15 (225) 30 (332) 50 (449) 85 (734) Datura stramonium 10 (184) 25 (299) 40 (421) 55 (479) 70 (571) Calamus sp 05 (092) 10 (184) 25 (299) 35 (362) 85 (734) Vinca rosea var alba 00 (000) 00 (000) 20 (266) 30 (332) 70 (571) Vinca rosea var ruby 00 (000) 00 (000) 20 (266) 25 (299) 80 (704) Cleodendron irereme 10 (184) 10 (184) 20 (266) 30 (332) 70 (571) Lucenae lucocephala 00 (000) 00 (000) 20 (266) 25 (299) 60 (508) Anona eticulate (leaf) 00 (000) 00 (000) 05 (092) 15 (225) 60 (508) Tagitus erecta var african 00 (000) 00 (000) 20 (266) 35 (362) 90 (767) Terminalia arjun 15 (225) 25 (299) 45 (421) 60 (508) 95 (808) Ocimum sp 10 (184) 10 (184) 15 (225) 25 (299) 65 (542) Tagitus erecta var french 00 (000) 00 (000) 20 (266) 25 (299) 85 (734) Acacia auriculiformis 00 (000) 00 (000) 30 (332) 55 (479) 85 (734) Annona reticulate (seed) 00 (000) 00 (000) 10 (184) 20 (266) 50 (449) Juniperus sp 00 (000) 05 (092) 35 (362) 65 (538) 85 (734) Juniperus sp (thorny) 00 (000) 00 (000) 20 (266) 40 (392) 85 (734) Lantena camera 00 (000) 00 (000) 15 (225) 20 (266) 80 (704) Dendrobium aphyllum 00 (000) 00 (000) 00 (000) 05 (092) 40 (392) Cestrum nocturnum 00 (000) 00 (000) 00 (000) 05 (092) 60 (513) Cuscuda sp 00 (000) 00 (000) 15 (225) 25 (299) 70 (571) Cajanus cajan (seed coat) 00 (000) 05 (092) 10 (184) 35 (362) 70 (571) Control (water) 00 (000) 00 (000) 00 (000) 00 (000) 00 (000) SEm 38 36 27 32 54 CD 5 105 99 7 5 8 8 147 CV 667 386 138 123 108


K China Chenchaiah

Table 4 Plants damaged by S litura as effected by the sprays of plant extracts


Plant extractSpray Concentration 1 2 3 5 10 Mean Leucas aspera 1807 (425) 1490 (386) 1423 (377) 1180 (343) 937 (306) 1367 (367) Terminalia arjun 2350 (485) 2163 (465) 1977 (444) 1713 (414) 1550 (392) 1951 (440) Tajetus erecta var african 2233 (473) 2150 (464) 1880 (433) 1727 (415) 1490 (385) 1896 (434) Control (Chlorpyriphos spray 005) 817 (285) 817 (285) 817 (285) 817 (285) 817 (285) 817 (285) Mean 1802 (417) 1655 (400) 1524 (385) 1359 (364) 1198 (342) SEm CD 5 CV Treatments 008 027 841 Concentrations 003 009 611 Interaction 006 021 930

species are required for promoting its use in large scale fieldtrials

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe author records his sincere thanks to the Director

ICAR-Central Tobacco Research Institute Rajahmundry andHead CTRI Regional Station Kandukur Andhra Pradeshfor providing facilities and continuous encouragementduring the study

REFERENCESAnonymous 2002 Annual Report Central Tobacco Research

Institute Rajahmundry India p149Anonymous 2004 Annual Report Central Tobacco Research


Institute Rajahmundry India p140Anonymous 2015 FCV Tobacco Leaf Exhibition Tobacco Board

Guntur p 23Bhattacharya AK and Chenchaiah KC 2007 Seed coat phenolic

compounds of red gram Cajanus cajan as chemical barrierin formulation of artificial diet of Spodoptera litura (F) Annalsof Plant Protection Science 1592-96

Chenchaiah KC and Bhattacharya AK 2000 Effect of phenolicextract of seed coat of red gram on growth and development

of Creatonatus gangis Indian Journal of Entomology 62205-210

Gomez KA and Gomez AA 1984 Statistical Procedures forAgriculture Research John Willey amp Sons New York 680 p

Jacobson MD Reed DK Crystal MM Moreno DS andSodder Storm EL 1978 Chemistry and biological activityof insect feeding deterrents from certain weed and cropplants Entomologia Experimentalis and Applicata 24248-257

Koul O 2003 Utilization of plant products in pest managementA global perspective In Frontier Areas of EntomologicalResearch (eds B Subrahmanyam VV Ramamurthy andVS Singh) Entomological Society of India New Delhi p331-342

Rajguru M Sharma AN and Banerjee S 2011 Comparativeefficacy of aqueous and ethanol extracts against Spodopteralitura Fab larvae Journal of Ecofriendly Agriculture 6148-154

Singh KM and Singh MP 2008 Insecticidal activity of Trichiliaconnaroides (W and A) Bentilezen (Fam Meliaceas) againstsome common vegetable pests Indian Journal of Entomology70341-345

Sombastre K and Tignattannont S 1984 Effect of Neem extractson some insect pests of economic impotence in ThailandIn Proceedings of 2nd International Neem Conference (eds CHSchmutterer and KRS Ascher) RausichholzhausenGermany p 95-100



Eco-friendly methods for management of downy mildew of grapevinesJournal of Eco-friendly Agriculture 13(1) 80-84 2018

copy2018

Downy mildew is one of the most destructive diseasesof grapevines in grape-growing regions of India The diseaseoccurs on flower buds and young shoots leaves and berriesduring wet and warm weather (Sawant et al 2012)Duringfruiting season crop losses can range from 30 per cent tocent per cent if rainfall occurs during early growth to fruitset stages Infections on clusters can also occur in absence ofrain if dew is formed at night (Sawant et al 2010) Spotinfections on rachis or pedicles of young bunch leads tocollapse of berries ahead of the infected area at later stages ofdevelopment Hence the early shoot growth to fruit set stagesis a high risk period for yield losses

Most of the commercial table grape cultivars are highlysusceptible to downy mildew and require frequent fungicideapplications A number of fungicides are registered in Indiafor control of downy mildew but due to food safetyconsiderations there are limited fungicides choices availableto growers for protection against the disease (Gessler et al2011) Furthermore many of them belong to high risk groupand the pathogen develops resistance to them leading tolack of required level of disease control (Sawant et al 2016aand 2017) Use of low or nil risk chemicals and eco-friendlyproducts have shown success in management of disease(Sawant et al 2016b 2016c) Chitosan which is a naturallyoccurring linear polysaccharide composed of randomlydistributed -(14)-linked D-glucosamine (deacetylated

Eco-friendly methods for management of downy mildew ofgrapevines1Mahesh R Ghule Indu S Sawant and Sanjay D Sawant

ICAR - National Research Centre for Grapes Manjri Farm Post Solapur Road Pune - 412 307 Maharashtra India1Department of Microbiology Shivaji University Kolhapur - 416 004 Maharashtra IndiaE-mail indulika18yahoocoin

ABSTRACT

Leaf disc sensitivity assay showed that EC50 value of P viticola isolates against chitosan was 6470 plusmn 1276 microgl-1 and in field trial foliar applications of chitosan significantly provided 57 per cent control of downy mildew on grapeleaves and 70 per cent control on bunch Three integrated disease management schedules were prepared and implementedin field by substituting 6 fungicide applications with soil application of ISR strains of Trichoderma and Bacillus or foliarapplication of chitosan or by reduction of 7 fungicide applications by use of activated potassium salt of long chainphosphorus (APSP) with multisite low risk fungicides The field trial showed that all the schedules were equallyeffective as farmersrsquo practice for disease control even with 6 -7 less fungicide applications In schedule 2 Bacillus DR-92 recorded more number of bunches and yield per vine while in schedule 3 with chitosan had better shelf-life Thisstudy brings out the possibility of integrating soil application of microorganisms with foliar applications of APSPand chitosan along with need based application of low risk fungicides indicates potential for management of fungicideresistance and fungicide residues in vineyards

Key words Plasmopara viticola downy mildew grapes chitosan induced systemic resistance integrated management

unit) and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (acetylated unit) hasshown potential in control of plant diseases by inhibitingfungal growth and development and can also elicit defenseresponses in plants against various pathogens (Hadrami etal 2010)

Similarly use of microorganisms for induction ofsystemic resistance against plant pathogens in crop plantsis well known The induced systemic resistance (ISR) givesthe plant an enhanced defensive capacity which results inlesser disease severity (Van Loon et al 1998 Van Loon andBakker 2005) Upon challenge by pathogen ISR results inalteration of host plant physiology and metabolic responsesleading to an enhanced synthesis of plant defense relatedbio-chemicals and enzymes (Naik and Singh 2017Ramamoorthy et al 2001)

Trichoderma harzianum strain T39 is a commercialbiocontrol agent for control of various pathogens onhorticultural and field crops in greenhouse or open fieldsand also induce systemic resistance in many crops againstgray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea (Elad 2000 De Meyeret al 1998) It also induce systemic resistance in grape vinesagainst downy mildew caused by Plasmopara viticola(Perazzolli et al 2008)

The increasing failures of high risk fungicides incontrolling downy mildew in commercial vineyards in


Mahesh R Ghule Indu S Sawant and Sanjay D Sawant

Maharashtra due to fungicide resistant population and thenumber of fungicide residues being detected being observedwas of concern to viticulture in India To address theseproblems an attempt was made to evaluate micro-organismsand safer chemicals to reduce number of fungicideapplications or use them along with multisite low riskfungicides


Antagonistic activity of chitosan against P viticolaFour P viticola isolates were selected for the study on

the antagonistic activity against chitosan Sensitivity to theseisolates were earlier studied against azoxystrobindimethomorph and activated potassium salt of long chainphosphorous (Sawant et al 2016a 2016b and 2017)

Chitosan solution at 70 degree of de-acetylation (DD)was prepared by dissolving in 025 N HCl under continuousstirring at 50degC Insoluble material was removed bycentrifugation at 5000 rpm for 10 min and the chitosan inthe supernatant was precipitated with 1N NaOH It wasthen washed thrice with deionized water and then air driedThe stock solution of 10000 microg ml-1 was prepared bydissolving purified chitosan in 025 N HCl by stirring andthe pH was adjusted to 56 with 1N NaOH The solutionwas autoclaved and working concentration was obtainedby appropriately diluting the stock solution with distilledwater Sensitivity test was done by leaf disk bioassay in 24well plates 15 mm discs were cut from leaf of 6th positionfrom the apex of healthy growing shoots of Thomson Seedlesscultivar The leaf discs were dipped for 1 minute in aqueoussolution of chitosan concentrations 0 1 10 100 1000 and10000 microg ml-1 Treated discs were placed upside down in awell containing 1 ml of solidified 05 per cent water agarLeaf disks were inoculated with 10 microl sporangial suspensionscontaining 50000 sporangia ml-1 at the centre of the discPlates were incubated at 22degC with alternating periods of 12h light and dark After six to eight days the lesion diameterwas measured and the per cent infected leaf area wasdetermined considering lesion in control as 100 per centinfected area EC50 value was calculated by plotting the log10fungicide concentration against the per cent infected leafarea

Location and grape cultivar The field trials were conductedat Dhondgavanwadi Nasik Maharashtra during fruitinggrowth phase 2014-15 The trial was conducted on 5 yearold grape cultivar Tas-A-Ganesh planted at 10 x 6 spacingand trained to extended Y trellis The vineyard was prunedon 13th October 2014

Control of downy mildew using chitosan Ten applications

of chitosan 70 degree of de-acetylation were made from10112014 to 17122014 Applications were initiated beforeappearance of the disease Thus there were three preventiveand seven curative applications Unsprayed vines weremaintained as control Treatments were applied on 24 vinesand disease observations were recorded on 40 shoots fromthe central 4 vines Surrounding vines were maintained asguard vines On each shoot 10 leaves and two bunches weretaken for observations Disease observations were recordedadopting 0 ndash 4 disease rating scale where 0 = nil 1 = up to25 2 = 26 to 50 3 = 51 to 75 and 4 = more than 75 leafarea infected (Horsfall and Barratt 1986) Per cent DiseaseIndex (PDI) was calculated by following formula ofMcKinney (1923) Yield was recorded at harvest The datawas analysed by lsquotrsquo test using SAS software

Sum of numerical ratings times 100

PDI = ndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndashndash

Number of leaves observed times Maximum of rating scale

Integrated management using biological and saferchemicalsMicrobial inoculum preparation The Trichoderma isolateswere grown on 200 ml potato dextrose broth (PDB) in Rouxbottles seeded with 2 discs of 10 mm cut from 3-days oldculture growing on PDA Bottles were incubated onlaboratory bench for 15 days under natural daylightconditions at 28 plusmn 4ordmC The fungal growth was harvestedhomogenized in a blender and filtered through double layerof muslin cloth The suspension was diluted by addingrequired quantity of sterile distilled water containing two tothree drops of 005 per cent Tween 80 to provide a sporecount of 5 times 106 conidia ml-1 Bacillus isolates were culturedin nutrient broth (NB) in 250 ml conical flasks for 72 hr on anorbital shaker at 28degC and 150 rpm The cells were harvestedby centrifugation at 5000 rpm for 5 min washed twice withsterile distilled water and then re-suspended in steriledistilled water to give a final count of about 1times108 CFU ml-1

as adjusted by absorbanceof 008 to 01 at 600 nm

Schedules For integrated management trials four scheduleswere prepared and implemented in the field with reducedfungicide applications as compared to general farmerpractice (Table 1)

Schedule-1 (Farmers practice) Thirteen fungicideapplications as practiced by the farmer The fungicides andtheir doses (per L) used were dimethomorph 50 WP 05 gmancozeb 75 WP 2 g copper hydroxide 538 DF 15 g(cymoxanil + mancozeb 8 + 64 WP) 2 g (famoxadone166+ cymoxanil 221 SC) 05 ml fosetyl Al 80 WP 2 g(iprovalicarb + propineb 55 + 6125WP) 225 g activated


Eco-friendly methods for management of downy mildew of grapevines

potassium salt of long chain phosphorous (APSP) 96 2g

Schedule-2 (ISR) Four micro-organisms with potential toinduce systemic resistance in grapevines against downymildew from the culture collection of this centre wereincluded under this schedule These were Trichodermaasperelloides strain 5R T asperelloides (NAIMCC-F- 01812)Bacillus TS-45 and Bacillus DR-92 applied separately as fourtreatments Three applications of one litre inoculum wasapplied as drench in the drip circle The number of fungicideapplications was reduced from 13 to 7

Schedule-T3 (Chitosan) Fungicide applications were madeat high risk period of downy mildew disease based ondisease advisory data Two applications of chitosan 2 g l-1

were made as foliar spray after fruitset and numbers offungicide applications were reduced from 13 to 7

Schedule-T4 (APSP) Application of activated potassiumsalt of long chain phosphorous (APSP) alone or in tank mixwith as per disease risk based on disease advisory data Thehigh risk fungicides were replaced with APSP and only non-systemic multisite fungicides mancozeb and copperhydroxide were used under this schedule Eight APSPapplications and 6 mancozeb or applications copper

hydroxide were made Thus there were two treatments underthis schedule

In all schedules treatment applications were notnecessarily made on the same day Observations wererecorded as given above Ten replications per treatment weremaintained The data was analysed by RBD using SASsoftware The PDI data was transformed using arcsinetransformation Results significant at P = 005 arediscussed

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONAntagonistic effect of chitosan on P viticola The in vitrosensitivity (EC50) of the four QoI and CAA fungicide resistantP viticola isolates to chitosan was found to be 6470 plusmn 1276microg ml-1 These isolates had recorded EC50 of more than 110 microgml-1 against kresoxim methyl (QoI group) and 5428 to gt100microg ml-1 for dimethomorph (CAA group) and 5399 to 6435microg ml-1 against activated potassium salt of long chainphosphorous (PSAP) (Sawant et al 2016a 2016b and 2017)

Bio-efficacy of chitosan against downy mildew In the fieldtrial foliar application of chitosan significantly reduced PDIof downy mildew on both leaves and bunch (Fig 1) The PDIin control increased to about 60 in leaves and bunch but inchitosan treated vines it was restricted to 2656 on leaves

Table 1 Details of treatment applications under different schedulesDate Schedule 1

Farmerrsquos practice Schedule 2

ISR integrated with fungicides Schedule 3

Chitosan integrated with fungicides

Schedule 4 APSP 96 + mancozebcopper

hydroxide

07112014 Dimethomorph Dimethomorph amp TrichodermaBacillus Dimethomorph --

09112014 -- -- -- Mancozeb 12112014 Copper hydroxide -- Dimethomorph -- 14112014 Cymoxanil + Mancozeb Cymoxanil + Mancozeb Cymoxanil + Mancozeb -- 15112014 APSP + Mancozeb -- -- APSP + MancozebCopper hydroxide

16112014 Famoxadone + Cymoxanil -- -- --

17112014 Fosetyl Al Fosetyl Al Fosetyl Al MancozebCopper hydroxide 18112014 Dimethomorph -- -- -- 20112014 -- -- -- APSP 22112014 Iprovalicarb + Propineb Iprovalicarb + Propineb Iprovalicarb + Propineb APSP 25112014 Dimethomorph Dimethomorph Dimethomorph APSP 26112014 -- TrichodermaBacillus -- MancozebCopper hydroxide 30112014 Cymoxanil + Mancozeb -- -- -- 03122014 Dimethomorph Dimethomorph Dimethomorph APSP 04122014 -- Trichoderma Bacillus -- -- 07122014 Iprovalicarb + Propineb -- -- -- 13122014 -- -- -- APSP + MancozebCopper hydroxide 15122014 -- -- Chitosan APSP + MancozebCopper hydroxide 19122014 Dimethomorph Dimethomorph Chitosan APSP

Total applications 13 fungicide 7 fungicide + 3 Trichoderma Bacillus 7 fungicide + 2 chitosan 6 mancozebCOH + 8 APSP



and 1814 on bunch This shows that chitosan provides 57per cent control on leaves and 70 per cent control on bunchChitosan is an efficient promoter of plant defense reactionsand triggers an accumulation of phytoalexins trans- and cis-resveratrol and their derivatives aring-viniferin and piceid andalso markedly induces chitinase and acirc-1 3-glucanaseactivities in grapevine leaves which significantly reducedowny mildew disease (Aziz et al 2006)

Integrated management In the lsquoFarmersrsquo practicersquothedisease PDI was 105 (Table 2) All treatments with reducednumber of fungicide applications gave equal control ofdisease as farmers practice Among the treatments PDI waslower in vines treated with the two Bacillus isolates TS-45and DR-92 as compared to PDI in vines treated with + copperhydroxide The number of bunches was highest in vinestreated with chitosan and T asperelloides (NAIMCC-F- 01812)which was higher than the number in vines treated withAPSP + copper hydroxide or mancozeb and farmers practiceThis may be due to less cluster necrosis in these treatmentsdue to induction of systemic resistance The number of bunchin vines treated with APSP along with mancozeb or copperhydroxide was equal to that in farmersrsquo practice while othertreatments had more number of bunches as compared tofarmers practice Almost similar pattern was seen in yieldper vine The berry diameter and total soluble solids (TSS)were non-significant Shelf-life studies indicated that thephysiological loss in weight (PLW) in all treatments wasequal to that in farmers practice Among the differenttreatments PLW was lower in treatment with chitosan sprayas compared to the ISR treatments showing that pre-harvestapplication of chitosan improve the shelf life of grape as hasbeen shown in earlier studies also (Romanazzi et al 2002)In an earlier studies it was reported that pre-harvest foliarapplications with T asperelloides strain 5R (earlier reportedas T harzianum) enhance shelf life of grapes however thesame effect was not seen with soil application (Sawant andSawant 2010)

The study shows that soil application of selectedefficient microorganisms can induce systemic resistance ingrapevines and get better disease control than by use offungicides alone Soil application of microorganisms alsoresulted in savings of 6 fungicide applications On the otherhand foliar application of chitosan was equally effective inyield and better shelf-life of grapes Foliar application of APSPin combination with non-systemic fungicides was alsoequally effective Integrating soil applica tion ofmicroorganisms with foliar applications of APSP andchitosan along with need based application of low riskfungicides indicates potential for management of fungicideresistance and fungicide residues in vineyards

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSThe authors are grateful to Shri Sahebrao Shivaji Baste

from Dhondgavanwadi Nashik member MaharashtraRajya Draksha Bagaitdar Sangh Pune for providingvineyard for conducting the experiment

REFERENCESAziz A Trotel-Aziz P Dhuicq L Jeandet P Couderchet M

and Vernet G 2006 Chitosan oligomers and copper sulfate

Table 2 Induction of systemic resistance in grapevines against downy mildew

In the columns values followed by the same letters are not significant at P=005 by Tukeyrsquos Studentized Range (HSD) Test

Schedule No Treatment PDI on leaves Bunch vine-1

(No) Yield vine-1

(kg) Berry diam

(mm) TSS

0B PLW ()

S1 Control (Farmerrsquos practice) 45 (105)ab 227e 798d 170 170 488 (1276)abc S2 Bacillus TS-45 350 (100)a 319abc 1200ab 189 175 506 (1299)bc S2 Bacillus DR-92 300 (93)a 304b 1323a 181 170 512 (1309)bc S2 T asperelloides (NAIMCC-F- 01812) 350 (101)ab 379a 1026bc 193 170 459 (1236)bc S2 T asperelloides strain 5R 325 (103)ab 329abc 1000bc 184 165 529 (1330)c S3 Chitosan 425 (111)ab 372a 1249a 174 180 428 (1192)a S4 APSP + Mancozeb 475 (122)ab 263cde 977cd 174 193 456 (1233)ab S4 APSP + Copper hydroxide 725 (155)b 249de 852cd 186 180 459 (1238)abc CD (p=005) 54 695 200 NS NS 09

Fig 1 Efficacy of chitosan in minimizing PDI of downy mildewon grape leaves and bunch 1 2 3 amp 4 observations wererecorded on 24-Nov 2-Dec 13-Dec and 19-Dec 2014



induce grapevine defense reactions and resistance to graymold and downy mildew Phytopathology 961188-1194

De Meyer G Bigirimana J Elad Y Hofte M 1998 Inducedsystemic resistance in Trichoderma harzianum T39 biocontrolof Botrytis cinerea European Journal of Plant Pathology104279-286

Elad Y 2000 Biological control of foliar pathogens by means ofTrichoderma harzianum and potential modes of action CropProtection 19709-714

Gessler C Perto I and Perazzolli M 2011 Plasmopara viticola areview of knowledge on downy mildew of grapevine andeffective disease management Plasmopara viticola a reviewof knowledge on downy mildew of grapevine and effectivedisease management Phytopathology Mediterranean 503ndash44

Hadrami AE Adam LR Hadrami IE and Fouad D 2010Chitosan in plant protection Marine Drugs 8968-987

Horsfall JG and Barratt RW 1986 An improved grading systemfor measuring plant disease Phytopathology 35655

McKinney HH 1923 A new system of grading plant diseasesJournal of Agricultural Research 26195-218

Naik S and Singh HB 2017 The effect of microbial treatmentson total phenolics and growth promotion of pigeon peaJournal of Eco-friendly Agriculture 1274-80

Perazzolli M Dagostin S Ferrari A Elad Y and Pertot I2008 Induction of systemic resistance against Plasmoparaviticola in grapevine by Trichoderma harzianum T39 andbenzothiadiazole Biological Control 47228ndash234

Ramamoorthy V Viswanathan R Raghuchander T PrakasamV and Samiyappan R 2001 Induction of systemicresistance by plant growth promoting rhizobacteria in cropplants against pests and diseases Crop Protection 201-11

Romanazzi G Nigro F Ippolito A DiVenere D and SalernoM 2002 Effects of pre and postharvest chitosan treatmentsto control storage grey mold of table grapes Journal of FoodScience 671862-1867

Sawant SD and Sawant IS 2010 Improving shelf life of grapesby pre-harvest treatment with Trichoderma harzianum 5RJournal of Eco-friendly Agriculture 5179-182

Sawant IS Sawant SD Upadhyay A Sharma J UpadhyayAK Shetty D and Bhirangi R 2010 Crop loss in grapesdue to downy mildew infection on clusters at pre- and postbloom stages under non-epiphytotic cond itionsIndianJournal of Horticulture 67425-432

Sawant IS and Sawant SD 2012 Diseases of Grapes In Diseasesof Fruit Crops (eds AK Misra P Chowdappa P Sharmaand RK Khetarpal) Pub Indian PhytopathologicalSociety New Delhi 113-147p

Sawant SD Ghule MR and Sawant IS 2016a First report ofQoI resistance in Plasmopara viticola from vineyards ofMaharashtra India Plant Disease 100229

Sawant SD Ghule MR Savardekar RM Sawant IS Saha S2016 b Effective use of activated potassium salt of longchain phosphorous (96) for the control of fungicideresistant Plasmopara viticola causing downy mildew in grapesIndian Phytopathology 69(4s)338-344

Sawant SD Savardekar RM Ghule MR Sawant IS Saha S2016 c Evaluation of amisulbrom 20 SC against Plasmoparaviticola of grapes under in vitro and in vivo conditions IndianPhytopathology 69(4s)621-624

Sawant SD Ghule MR and Sawant IS 2017 Occurrence ofCAA fungicide resistance and detection of G1105S mutationin Plasmopara viticola isolates from vineyards in SangliMaharashtra India Plant Disease 101259

Van Loon LC and Bakker PAHM 2005 Induced systemicresistance as a mechanism of disease suppression byrhizobacteria In PGPR Biocontrol and Biofertilization (edZA Siddiqui) pp 39-66 Springer Dordrecht theNetherlands

Van Loon LC Bakker PAHM and Pieterse CMJ 1998Systemic resistance induced by rhizosphere bacteria AnnualReview of Phytopatholology 36453-483



Burhanuddin Bohra Kusum Mathur PC Trivedi and BN VyasJournal of Eco-friendly Agriculture 13(1) 85-90 2018

copy2018

Guar [Cyamopsis tetragonoloba (Linn) Taub] is aneconomically important drought tolerant annual leguminouscrop in India where three forth of the global guar cultivationis carried out Rajasthan is largest guar producing state inIndia where area under guar cultivation was 56 lakhhectares (Anonymous 2003) Root- rot caused by Fusariumsolani and Rhizoctonia solani is a major problem both insummer and kharif crops These soil-borne pathogens beingrandomly distributed in soil and surviving as resistantresting structures are difficult to control by fungicides Thisproblem can be tackled through use of botanicals or biocontrolagents and their integration with fungicides Keeping thisin view investigations were undertaken to evaluate theefficacy of bio-control agents neem formulations andfungicides for suppression of R solani and F solani in vitroand in field for management of guar root rot and the resultsare presented in this paper


In vitro evaluations of biocontrol agentsEighteen potential fungal bio-control agents 17 isolates

of B subitlis and 4 Streptomyces isolates isolated from diseasesuppressive rhizosphere soils of guar and other plants wereevaluated in vitro against F solani and R solani by dualculture method (Dennis and Webster 1971) keeping threereplications for each The plates were incubated at 25plusmn1ordmC

Eco-friendly management of root rot of guar caused byFusarium solani and Rhizoctonia solaniBurhanuddin Bohra 1Kusum Mathur 2PC Trivedi and BN Vyas

Research Centre Godrej Agrovet Limited Pirojshanagar Eastern Express Highway Vikhroli (East) Mumbai - 400 079 Maharastra India1Department of Plant Pathology Rajasthan College of Agriculture Udaipur-313 001 Rajasthan India2Department of Botany University of Rajasthan Jaipur-302 004 Rajasthan India

ABSTRACT

Local isolates of 18 fungal and 19 bacterial biocontrol agents and five neem based formulations were evaluatedat first in vitro and then in green house to find the most effective ones for suppression guar root rot complex causedby Fusarium solani and Rhizoctonia solani Maximum inhibition of F solani and complete inhibition of R solani wasrecorded in T viride (S) and T harzianum Gn1 The 17 Bacillus subtilis isolates and two Streptomyces isolates were highlyeffective against F solani and R solani in dual culture studies Kernel extract and oil based neem formulations (02)caused maximum growth inhibition of both F solani and R solani Among the fungicides Carbendazim Mancozeband Captan were effective The biocontrol agents neem formulations and fungicides found promising in vitro werethen evaluated as seed treatments in greenhouse experiment The highest seed germination and dry biomass andlowest disease incidence was recorded in T harzianum Gn1 followed by B subtilis isolate Ch-Kp-b-1 Among the neembased formulations tested neem oil as seed treatment + soil drench resulted in good seed germination reduceddisease incidence and higher dry biomass Among the fungicides Captan was found most effective in suppressingroot rot of guar followed by carbendazim The BCAs could establish and multiply well in the guar rhizosphere andsignificantly lowered the density of the both pathogens The population density of F solani and R solani was lowest inT harzianum Gn1and B subtilis isolate Ch-Kp-b-1

Key words Guar root-rot Fusarium solani Rhizoctonia solani integrated management

Observation on radial growth of the pathogen was recordedafter 5 days on inoculation and per cent growth inhibitionwas calculated

In vitro evaluation of neem formulations and fungicidesFive neem formulations (seed extract based oil based-

1 kernel extract based achook and oil based-2) received fromMs Godrej Agrovet Limited Mumbai was evaluated againstR solani and F solani by poison food method at 02 per centconcentration vv and per cent inhibition of the growthcalculated Four popular fungicides - Captan CarbendazimCopper oxychloride and Mancozeb were tested in vitro bypoison food method against the two pathogens at 5concentrations viz 50 100 250 500 and 1000 ppm

Evaluation in green houseFive promising fungal BCAs 5 B subtilis isolates and

Streptomyces sp Ch-Br-b-2 3 neem formulations (oil based-1kernel extract based and oil based-2) and 3 fungicides(Carbendazim Mancozeb and Captan) were included in thestudies as seed treatments on a susceptible guar cultivarPusa Nav Bahar A mixture of sterilized soil + FYM wasused Culture(s) of F solani and R solani were separatelymultiplied on corn meal sand (11) mixture at 25plusmn1ordm C for 10days then mixed in equal parts (11) added to the equalamount of sterilized garden soil and thoroughly mixed This


Eco-friendly management of root rot of guar caused by Fusarium solani and Rhizoctonia solani

inoculum-soil mixture was filled on top of sterilized soil +FYM in fresh earthen pots (25 cm face diameter) Thus eachpot contained 3 kg garden soil + 05 kg FYM + 1 kg inoculatedsoil For each treatment 4 pots as four replications weremaintained All the pots were lightly irrigated and kept for20 days to allow establishment of the pathogens and curingof soil before sowing

BCAs seed treatmentsCultures of fungal BCAs were individually grown on 2

per cent malt extract agar (MEA) while of the bacterial BCAson Kingrsquos lsquoBrsquo medium The spores colonies so developedwere harvested by suspending in 20 ml water in each Petridish and mixed with sterilized fine clay (10 g) to make slurryThis mixture was used for seed coating The coated seedswere kept overnight in moist chamber so as to enable theantagonists to establish on seeds

Seed treatment with neem formulations and fungicidesSeeds were treated by soaking in the solution of

individual neem formulation 02 per cent or with thefungicides for 30 minutes air dried in shade and used forsowing Drenching of neem formulations or fungicides wasdone after 30 days of sowing at the same concentration thatwas used for seed treatments by irrigating 50ml suspensionaround the plants in each pot

Sowing and inter culture operationsThe variously treated seeds were sown in pots 10

seeds pot-1 keeping 4 replications for each treatment Samplesof 5 seeds were randomly drawn to determine inoculumdensity of the individual biocontrol agent in each bio-controlagentrsquos seed treatment Just before sowing soil samples weretaken from each pot at the depth of 2 inches to determineinitial population densities of the two pathogens

ObservationsSeed germination was recorded after 10 days of sowing

Observations on root-rot incidence were recorded at 45 and60 days after sowing by counting total number of plants androot-rot infected plants in each treatment Dry biomass weightof guar plants was recorded in each treatment after harvestingand oven drying of plants after 60 days of sowing Todetermine the population of biocontrol agents and theirpossible effect on F solani and R solani soil samples fromguar rhizosphere and around from both diseased andhealthy plants were collected after 45 and 60 days of sowing

The population densities (cfu) of all biocontrol agentsand the two pathogens were determined by dilution plating(Warcup 1950) on organism specific media For Trichodermaspecific medium- Modified PDA Triton x-100 (Budge and

Whipps 1991) and for bacterial BCAs Kingrsquos B medium (Kinget al 1954) was used For F solani peptone PCNB medium(Nash and Snyder 1962) and for R solani modified riceagar medium (Mathur and Bohra 2004) was used

The data recorded in 2 runs of the experiment weresubjected to pooled analysis of variance and least significantdifference (critical deviation) determined at 5 per centprobability Treatment means were compared using CD(critical difference) to determine efficacy of the differenttreatments


In vitro evaluation of BCAsMaximum and significantly high inhibition (751) of

the growth of F solani was caused by T viride (S) (Cent)followed by T harzianum (Cumin) 15R95 (705 ) Tharzianumn Gn1 (636 ) T viride (Cumin) 7R95 (58 ) andT viride Tricho 20 (Akola) (522 ) respectively (Table 1)Complete growth inhibition of R solani was obtained withT viride (S) followed by with T viride (Cumin) 7R95 and Tharzianum Gn1 where per cent growth inhibition was 784and 647 respectively (Table 1)

Table 1 In vitro evaluation of biocontrol fungi against guarroot-rot pathogens by dual culture method

Averag e of 3 r epli cati ons Val ues in parenthesis a reArcsinOumlpercentage

Per cent growth inhibition Biocontrol fungi Fusarium

solani Rhizoctonia

solani Trichoderma harzianum (Ginger) RAU Thj 89-2

405 (395) 431 (410)

Trichoderma longibrachiatum (Ginger) RAU Tlj 90-1

425 (407) 449 (420)

Trichoderma harzianum Gn1 636 (528) 647 (535) Trichoderma viride (Cumin) 7R95 580 (496) 784 (623) Trichoderma harzianum Tricho 28 (Ananthnag)

418 (402) 412 (399)

Trichoderma harzianum NRCG 495 (447) 484 (441) Trichoderma harzianum (Cumin) 8R95 436 (413) 431 (410) Trichoderma viride Tricho 20 (Akola) 522 (462) 516 (459) Trichoderma harzianum Tricho 26 325 (347) 297 (330) Trichoderma sp (Guar) 394 (388) 566 (487) Gliocladium virens (Maize) 522 (462) 547 (477) Trichoderma harzianum (Cumin) 15R95 705 (571) 571 (491) Trichoderma viride (Cumin) 1R95 484 (440) 555 (481) Trichoderma harzianum (Akola) 21 384 (382) 322 (345) Trichoderma harzianum (Akola) 23 477 (436) 329 (350) Penicillium sp (Gn) Chittor 1 412 (399) 309 (337) Trichoderma harzianum (Coriander) 397 (390) 273 (315) Trichoderma viride (S) 751 (600) 1000 (900) Control 000 (000) 000 (000) SEmplusmn 032 031 LSD (p = 005) 092 088


Burhanuddin Bohra Kusum Mathur PC Trivedi and BN Vyas

growth inhibition (869 ) of R solani was recorded in Ch-Br-b-3 followed by isolate Ch-Br-b-2 (755) and isolate Ch-Br-b-1 (588) while isolate Cot- Coi-b-1 caused least growthinhibition (266) of R solani (Table 2)

Kernel extract based neem formulation causedmaximum growth inhibition of both F solani (473) and Rsolani (642) followed by oil based neem formulations(Table 3) Of the fungicides both carbendazim and mancozebwere found to inhibit complete growth of F solani as well asR solani at all the tested concentrations (Table 4)

Evaluation of biocontrol agents neem formulations andfungicides for management of root-rot in guar

The guar seed germinated well in all the treatments butthere was significant reduction in germination in inoculateduntreated control (Table 5) where only 50 per centgermination was recorded Highest germination (95) wasobserved in T harzianum Gn1 and B subtilis Ch-Kp-b-1followed by 875 per cent in B subtilis Ch-Br-b-1 About 85

Table 2 In vitro evaluation of isolates of B subtilis andStreptomyces spp against guar root-rot pathogensby dual culture method


Per cent growth inhibition BCAs Fusarium solani Rhizoctonia solani

Bacillus subtilis Ch-M-b-1 271 (314) 357 (366) Bacillus subtilis Ch-G-b-3 129 (210) 296 (329) Bacillus subtilis Gr-Dr-b-1 55 (135) 196 (262) Bacillus subtilis Gu-Ud-b-1 162 (237) 384 (382) Bacillus subtilis Gu-Ud-b-2 29 (78) 284 (322) Bacillus subtilis Gr-R-b-1 51 (135) 325 (347) Bacillus subtilis Gr-R-b-2 55 (130) 307 (336) Bacillus subtilis Gr-Mb-b-1 88 (172) 288 (324) Bacillus subtilis Ch-Br-b-2 21 (84) 184 (254) Bacillus subtilis Cor-Kp-b-1 453 (423) 484 (440) Bacillus subtilis Ch-Kp-b-3 629 (524) 823 (651) Bacillus subtilis Cot-Coi-b-2 1000 (900) 1000 (900) Bacillus subtilis Cot-And-b-1 782 (621) 1000 (900) Bacillus subtilis Ch-Kp-b-1 1000 (900) 1000 (900) Bacillus subtilis Cot-Hmg-b-2 692 (572) 1000 (900) Bacillus subtilis Ch-Br-b-1 1000 (900) 788 (626) Bacillus subtilis Ch-Br-b-2 122 (204) 351 (363) Streptomyces sp Cot-Coi-b-1 264 (309) 266 (310) Streptomyces sp Ch-Br-b-1 284 (322) 588 (500) Streptomyces sp Ch-Br-b-2 829 (655) 755 (603) Streptomyces sp Ch-Br-b-3 740 (593) 869 (688) Control 000 (000) 000 (000) SEm+ 104 031 LSD (p = 005) 297 090

Table 3 In vitro evaluation of Neem based formulationsagainst guar root-rot pathogens by poison foodmethod


Per cent growth inhibition Type of neem formulation Fusarium solani Rhizoctonia solani

Seed extract based neem formulation (02)

250 (299) 538 (472)

Oil based neem formulation-1 (02)

285 (322) 259 (306)

Kernel based neem formulation (02)

473 (434) 642 (532)

Achook 015 EC (02) 203 (267) 308 (337) Oil based Neem Formulation-2 (02)

376 (378) 561 (484)

Control (Unamended) 000 (000) 000 (000) SEm + 010 019 LSD (p = 005) 032 058

Table 4 In vitro evaluation of Fungicides against guar root-rot pathogens by poison food method

Average of 3 replications Values in parenthesis are ArcsinOumlpercentage

Per cent Growth Inhibition Carbendazim Copper oxychloride Captan Mancozeb

Conc (ppm)

F solani R solani F solani R solani F solani R solani F solani R solani 1000 1000 1000 242 (294) 423 (405) 718 (579) 100 (900) 1000 1000 500 1000 1000 190 (258) 362 (370) 558 (483) 100 (900) 1000 1000 250 1000 1000 162 (237) 520 (461) 388 (385) 675 (552) 1000 1000 100 1000 1000 136 (216) 468 (431) 314 (341) 223 (282) 1000 1000 50 1000 1000 114 (197) 444 (417) 269 (312) 058 (139) 1000 1000 00 0000 0000 000 (00 0) 000 (00 0) 000 (000) 000 (000) 0000 0000 SEm+ 023 017 037 022 CD (p = 005) 071 053 114 068

Among the bacterial BCAs B subtilis isolates Cot-Coi-b-2 Ch-Kp-b-1 and Ch-Br-b-1resulted in hundred per centgrowth inhibition of F solani followed by isolates Cot-and-b-1 Cot-Hmg-b-2 Ch-Kp-b-3 and Cor-Kp-b-1 that caused 782692 629 and 453 per cent growth inhibition respectively(Table 2) Of the 4 isolates of Streptomyces tried isolate Ch-Br-b-2 caused 829 per cent inhibition of the growth of F solanifollowed by isolate Ch-Br-b-3 (74) (Table 2) Maximum



per cent germination was recorded in the both B subtilis Cot-and-b-1 and Streptomyces sp Ch-Br-b-2 while 825 per centseed germination was recorded in case of B subtilis Cot-Coi-b-2 oil based neem formulation-2 carbendazim and captanT viride (S) and oil based neem formulation-2 resulted in 80per cent seed germination followed by 775 per centgermination in B subtilis Cot-Hmg-b-2 and kernel based neemformulation 725 per cent in mancozeb and 70 per cent inT harzianum (Cumin) 15R95 and G virens (Maize) The lowergermination (625) was recorded in T viride (Cumin) 7R95among all seed treatments (Table 5)

The disease symptom started after 15-20 days ofsowing and up to 45 days 704 per cent plants died in control(untreated seeds) At this stage all the treatments showedsignificantly less disease (59-353) as compare to controlThe treatment showing least disease (5 9) was T harzianumGn1 followed by B subtilis Ch-Kp-b-1 and B subtilis Ch-Br-b-1 where 62 and 85 per cent root-rot was observedrespectively The other isolate of Trichoderma and Bacillusshowed 212 to 353 and 122 to 262 per cent diseaserespectively as against 704 per cent disease in control Oilbased neem formulation-2 resulted in much reduced disease(187) while carbendazim and mancozeb resulted in 210and 298 per cent root-rot Of the 3 fungicides captan showedgood efficacy against the disease resulting into 177 per centroot-rot (Table 5)

At 60 days 95 per cent plants in untreated control hadroot-rot and most of these dried and disintegrated At thistime also T harzianum Gn1 had the least disease (86)followed by B subtilis Ch-Kp-b-1 B subtilis Ch-Br-b-1Streptomyces sp Ch-Br-b-2 and B subtilis Cot-and-b-1respectively where disease incidence was observed 118152 168 and 184 per cent respectively In the remainingbiocontrol agents 3 Trichoderma spp G virens (Maize) andB subtilis Cot-Coi-b-2 about 30 to 56 per cent root-rot wasrecorded Fungicide captan and oil based neem formulation-2 had significantly less disease (267 and 281 per centrespectively) as compared to carbendazim (37) andmancozeb (478)

All the treatments resulted in higher mean dry weightof the plants compared to non-treated control The highestdry biomass weight was in T harzianum Gn1 (97g) followedby B subtilis Ch-Kp-b-1 (95 g) B subtilis Ch-Br-b-1 (84 g)Streptomyces sp Ch-Br-b-2 (81 g) B subtilis Cot-and-b-1(79 g) captan (78 g) and neem formulation 5 (73 g) (Table6) Streptomyces sp Ch-Br-b-2 resulted in good dry biomassweight (81 g) whereas in 3 neem formulations it was 54(kernel extract based) to 73 g (oil based-2) and in case of 3chemical fungicides it ranged from 50 (mancozeb) to 78 g(captan) (Table 5)

Table 5 Evaluation of biocontrol agents neem formulations and fungicides for suppression of guar root-rot

Average of four replications DAS = Days after sowing Values in parenthesis are ArcsinOumlpercentage

Per cent disease incidence Treatment Per cent seed germination 45 DAS 60 DAS

Dry biomass of plants pot-1 (g)

Trichoderma viride (S) 800 (637) 212 (274) 413 (401) 6488 Trichoderma viride (Cumin) 7R95 625 (522) 353 (364) 556 (482) 2918 Trichoderma harzianum (Cumin)15R95 700 (569) 343 (358) 481 (439) 3428 Trichoderma harzianum Gn1 950 (807) 59 (140) 86 (171) 9700 Gliocladium virense (Maize) 700 (569) 334 (353) 479 (437) 3545 Bacillus subtilis Cot-Coi-b-2 825 (654) 195 (269) 301 (332) 6798 Bacillus subtilis Ch-Kp-b-1 950 (807) 62 (144) 118 (200) 9512 Bacillus subtilis Cot-And-b-1 850 (678) 122 (204) 184 (254) 7912 Bacillus subtilis Cot-Hmg-b-2 775 (600) 262 (308) 425 (406) 5095 Bacillus subtilis Ch-Br-b-1 875 (695) 85 (169) 152 (229) 8477 Streptomyces sp Ch-Br-b-2 850 (678) 109 (192) 168 (241) 8167 Oil based neem formulation-1 (02) 800 (641) 224 (282) 422 (404) 5983 Kernel based neem formulation (02) 775 (621) 227 (279) 423 (406) 5448 Oil based neem formulation-2 (02) 825 (654) 187 (256) 281 (320) 7318 Carbendazim (01) 825 (621) 210 (272) 370 (374) 6532 Mancozeb (02) 725 (589) 298 (331) 478 (437) 5007 Captan (02) 825 (658) 177 (248) 267 (311) 7802 Control (untreated) 500 (449) 704 (570) 950 (742) 1368 SEm+ 33 04 06 0093 LSD (p=005) 95 12 17 0265



Population densities (cfu) of the BCAs and the pathogensData presented in table 6 revealed that all the treatments

significantly lowered the density of the two pathogens ascompared to the untreated control At 45 days lowestpopulation of F solani was in captan (13 x 105) followed bymancozeb (16 x 105) carbendazim and neem formulation 5(19 x 105) In different BCA treatments it ranged from 23-50x 105 cfu g-1 soil At 60 days the population of F solaniincreased to 24 to 48 x 105 in neem and fungicide treatmentbut in BCAs treatment it remained low to 13 to 36 x 105 cfug-1 soil except in T harzianum (Cumin) 15R95 where it was62 x 105 cfu g-1 soil

The initial population of R solani at the time of sowingwas 31 x 105 cfu g-1 soil The R solani population at 45days in Trichoderma spp was 10-20 x 105 in B subtilistreatments 38-130 x 105 and in neem and fungicidetreatments was 10-120 x 105 cfu g-1 soil as compared to 33x 105 cfu g-1 soil in untreated control

At 60 days the population density of R solani in controlincreased and reached to 360 x 105 cfu g-1 soil While inneem formulation and fungicide treatments it remained lowranging 13-40 x 105 but in B subtilis and Streptomycetes sppit ranged from 03-33 x 105 cfu g-1 soil With fungal BCAs itwas 16-70 x 105 cfu g-1 soil

The population of the fungal BCAs at this stage reached

to 11-31 x 105 cfu g-1 soil of bacterial and actinomycetesranged from 10-26 x 109 cfu g-1 soil Among the BCAs Tharzianum Gn1 and B subtilis Ch-Kp-b-1 developed to themaximum population densities at 60 days and thesetreatments had the lowest population of the two pathogens(Table 6)

Neem has been found to have superior antifungalactivity against seed-borne pathogens of pea (Sharma et al2003) and sunflower (Hussain et al 2000) and dry corm rotof colocasia caused by R solani (Bhasker et al 2002)Suppression of soil- borne pathogens by B subtilis strainshas been reported (Roberti and Selmi 1999) and also graymold of tomato (Tsomlexoglon et al 2000) There are howeverfewer reports about efficacy of use of strain of Streptomycessp A stain has been formulated for suppression of Rhizoctoniasolani in tomato (Sabaratnam and Traquair 2002) Accordingto Weller et al (2002) research on role of Streptomyces iswarranted given their abundance in soil ability to producebroad-spectrum antibiotics and grow under dry conditions

REFERENCESAnonymous 2003 Vital Agricultural Statistics Directorate of

Agriculture JaipurBhasker AV Sikender A Rahman MA and Ali S 2002 Studies

on the effectiveness of different botanicals on dry corm rotdisease (Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn) of Amorphophallus IndianJournal of Plant Protection 30102-104

Table 6 Population densities of biocontrol agents and root rot pathogens in rhizosphere soil of guar

Initial population of at sowing time Fsolani 130 x 105 cfu g-1 soil Rsolani 31 x 105 cfu g-1 soil Trichoderma spp 17 - 20 x 106 cfuseed-1 B subtilis amp Streptomyces sp 168 - 180 x 109 cfu seed-1

Average of 3 replications

Rhizosphere population (cfu gram-1 soil) BCAs F solani (x105) R solani (x105)

Treatment

45 DAS 60 DAS 45 DAS 60 DAS 45 DAS 60 DAS Trichoderma viride (S) 100x105 110x105 23 16 10 70 Trichoderma viride (Cumin) 7R95 46 x105 190 x105 27 34 13 36 Trichoderma harzianum (Cumin) 15R95 51 x105 150 x105 49 62 20 50 Trichoderma harzianum Gn1 100x105 310 x105 27 13 10 20 Gliocladium virense (Maize) 10 x105 250 x105 37 36 20 16 Bacillus subtilis Cot-Coi-b-2 14 x109 12 x109 38 24 130 26 Bacillus subtilis Ch-Kp-b-1 19 x109 26 x109 21 28 13 18 Bacillus subtilis Cot-And-b-1 09 x109 17 x109 42 19 120 13 Bacillus subtilis Cot-Hmg-b-2 16 x109 10 x109 37 36 38 03 Bacillus subtilis Ch-Br-b-1 05 x109 14 x109 50 29 56 30 Streptomyces sp Ch-Br-b-2 26 x109 23 x109 28 31 30 33 Oil based neem formulation-1 (02) - - 27 48 26 10 Kernel based neem formulation (02) - - 54 39 10 40 Oil based neem formulation-2 (02) - - 19 32 23 36 Carbendazim (01) - - 19 28 36 13 Mancozeb (02) - - 16 40 120 36 Captan (02) - - 13 24 13 30 Control (untreated) 69 72 330 360



Budge SP and Whipps JM 1991 Glasshouse trials ofConiothyrium minitans and Trichoderma spp for the biologicalcontrol of Sclerotinia sclerotium in celery and lettuce PlantPathology 4059-66

Dennis C and Webster J 1971 Antagonistic properties of speciesof group of Trichoderma III Hy pha l i nteractionsTransaction of British Mycological Society 57363-369

Hussain SZ Anandam RJ and Rao AS 2000 Effect of differentfungicides and homeopathic drugs on seed borne fungi ofsunflower (Helianthus annus L) Indian Journal of PlantProtection 28148-151

King EO Ward MK and Raney DE 1954 Two simple mediafor the demonstration of Pycocyanin and Fluorescin Journalof Laboratory and Clinical Medicines 44301-307

Mathur K and Bohra B 2004 A modified medium forenumeration of Rhizoctonia solani in soil by dilution platingIndian Journal of Mycology and Plant Pathology 34278-279

Nash SM and Synder WC 1962 Quantitative estimation byplate counts of propagules of the bean root-rot Fusarium infield soil Phytopathology 52567-572

Roberti R and Selmi C 1999 Biological control of plantpathogens by Bacillus subtilis Informatore Fitopatologico 497-8 15-21

Sabaratnam S and Traquair JP 2002 Formulation ofStreptomyces biocontrol agent for the suppression ofRhizoctonia damping off in tomato transplant BiologicalControl 23245-253

Sharma P Singh SD Rawal P and Sharma P (2003) Antifungalactivity of some plant extracts and oils against seed bornepathogen of pea Plant Disease Research 1816-20

Tsomlexoglon E Allen EJ and Sedden B 2000 Biocontrolstrategies for Bacillus antagonists to grey mold (Botrytiscinerea) b ased on the mode of acti on a nd d isea sesuppression The BCPC Congress Pest and DiseasesProceedings of International Congress Brighten UK

Warkup JH 1950 The soil plate method for isolation of fungifrom soil Nature 166117-118

Weller DM Raaijimaker B Gardener BBM and ThomashawLS 2002 Microbial populations responsible for specificsoil suppressiveness to plant pathogensAnnual Review ofPhytopathology 40309-348



Nandana Kumari and Rita Singh RaghuvanshiJournal of Eco-friendly Agriculture 13(1) 91-95 2018

copy2018

Development of Mahua (Madhuca indica) Laddu and itspopularization in tribal areasNandana Kumari and 1Rita Singh Raghuvanshi

KVK Bokaro Jharkhand India1College of Home Science Department of Food and Nutrition GBPUAampT Pantnagar Uttarakhand IndiaE mail nandanakumari1973gmailcom and deanhsc1gmailcom

ABSTRACT

Mahua flower is one of the most important nonndashtimber forest produce (NTFP) in Jharkhand state but majorpart of mahua flower production (80 to 90) is misused in the making and sale of unhealthy alcoholic liquor inJharkhand state just for quick and more earnings As per collected information from the tribals previously the samemahua flowers were consumed by tribals and others as mahua laddu also But now-a-days it is not in practice becauseit has many drawbacks (look shelf life nutritive and sensory value etc) Therefore an on farm trial (OFT) wasconducted to prepare mahua laddu scientifically with the objective to overcome all drawbacks of traditional mahualaddu and for healthy utilization of mahua flowers in place of harmful liquor Three options were tried in OFT eachwith 8 replications In first option as farmersrsquo practice (FP) mahua laddu prepared with traditional method andsecond and third options were scientific methods ie Technological Option I (TO I) and Technological Option II (TOII) Mahua laddus were prepared with scientific method by using local resources and local facilities of rural areas Afterdeveloping technology for laddus their nutritive value was estimated and sensory evaluations (of six parameters)were done through score card method The economics were also calculated The result revealed that mahua laddusprepared by TO II was richest in many nutrients among the three options This mahua laddus were with protein (1944g) carbohydrate (13538 g) energy (13538 Kcal) and calcium (6374 mg) The overall acceptability on the date ofpreparation of FP TO I and TO II were 687 777 and 875 respectively So it was clear that mahua laddu of TO II wasliked most by farm women and others After calculation it was found that the cost of mahua laddu (per kg) of FP TOI and TO II were 3240 6000 and 5800 rupees respectively When shelf life of mahua laddus were studied it wasfound that mahua laddus of TO I and TO II had shelf life of 5 weeks from the date of preparation whereas mahua laddusof FP had shelf life hardly of 1 week only Traditional mahua laddus (of FP) was found on third position in the studiedparameters (nutritive value shelf life and sensory evaluation) except for economic point of view Thus the scientificmahua laddus (TO II) were popularized through the demonstration in many block level and district level kisan melasexhibitions and through distribution of leaflets and handout written in Hindi among farmers and other persons whovisited kisan mela stall in bokaro and in other parts of Jharkhand state and the response was very encouraging

Key words Mahua flower sterilized mahua syrup nutritive value sensory evaluation shelf life

Jharkhand literally means ldquoforest regionrdquo where 29per cent (23 million hectares) of its land is under forest coverMore than half of the tribal population (28 of totalpopulation) depends on the nonndashtimber forest produce(NTFPs) for livelihood The four major NTFPs of Jharkhandare karanj chironjee lac and mahua Among which mahuagenerates maximum revenue (Gharai and Chakrabarti 2009)Jharkhand produces 2 lakh metric tonne of mahua flowers(worth crores of rupees) annually (httptimes ofindiaindiatimescom cited on 17-7-2016) The flowers areproduced during the leanest season of cultivation ie March-April (Patel and Naik 2010 httpwwwbanajataorg citedon18-4-2016) and consumed amongst locals as food Mahuaflowers are highly nutritious and eaten raw or cooked by thelocal tribal people (httpwwwbanajataorg cited on18-4-2016) According to the National Institute of NutritionHyderabad the nutritive value of ripe mahua flowers per 100g is energy 111 Kcal moisture 736 g protein 14 g fat 16 gminerals 7 g carbohydrate 227 g calcium 45 mg phosphorus

22 mg iron 23 mg carotene vitamin A 307 microgram andvitamin C 40 mg (Gopalan et al 2004) There are many healthbenefits of mahua flowers eg its use as pain killer or act asanalgesic and have shown a significant control of diabetesby control of hormones (httpwwwsatvikshopcom citedon 18-4-2016) Furthermore tribes dry and press flowers topreserve it for 6 months for food and 2 years for wine(jharkhandindustrygovin cited on 18-4-2016) Women playa vital role in all work related to mahua processing in ruralareas from collection to marketing They generally travel anaverage of 2 to 3 kms to collect mahua flowers and then it issundried The dried mahua flowers are either sold directly orprocessed to make liquor In each stage womenrsquosinvolvement is quite significant (Gharai and Chakrabarti2009) Production of liquor from mahua flowers is a traditionalpractice from centuries (Yadav et al 2009) In spite of the factthat mahua flowers are nutritious major portion ie 80 to 90per cent of its total production is misused in the productionand sale of unhealthy alcoholic liquor just for getting quick


Development of Mahua (Madhuca indica) Laddu and its popularization in tribal areas

earnings As per the information provided by local tribesthe sun-dried mahua flowers were previously consumed asmahua lattha (similar to laddu) or mahua laddu But now-a-days the consumption of mahua laddu is not in practice dueto several reasons First drawback of the traditional mahualaddu was itrsquos black colour which was not appealingSecond itrsquos characteristic strong smell and third drawbackwas its short shelf life So due to these drawbacks graduallyitrsquos consumption became out of practice by local tribalsTherefore the present study was undertaken and mahualaddus were prepared scientifically maintaining itrsquos nutritivevalue longer shelf life and sensory acceptability

MATERIALS AND METHODSIn the On Farm Trial (OFT) three preparation methods

with 8 replicates were evaluated In first method ie FarmersrsquoPractice (FP) mahua laddu was prepared as per traditionalmethod of tribals In second and third option mahua laddueswere made with scientific intervention as TechnologicalOption I (TO I) and Technological Option II (TO II) (Agrawaland Bhotmange 2010) by using different local resourcesavailable in rural areas

Farmersrsquo Practice (FP)

Collection sun-drying stamens (jhilli) removal andcleaning of mahua flower

Local farm women collect fresh and ripe mahua flowersby hand picking of spontaneously dropped flowers on theground from the tree and keep it for sun drying After propersun-drying they store it in plastic bags For preparing mahualaddu already sun-dried mahua flowers are again sun-driedbecause the stored mahua flowers absorb moisture fromatmosphere as these are hygroscopic in nature(wwwthelivelihoodschoolin cited on 17-7-2016) Accordingto tribal people its stamens (local people call it jhilli) areresponsible for drossiness effect So after double sun-dryingflowers are beaten with bamboo stick for the removal ofstamens by winnowing The next process is cleaning Buttribals have no concept of thorough cleaning They just cleanit by through winnowing process

Laddu making through farmersrsquo practiceAfter cleaning of mahua flowers both mahua flowers

and wheat flour are roasted separately in big hot earthenpots without using any medium like sand or oil When bothroasted materials are mixed well (in 21 ratio) homogenouslyThen laddus are made out of it by rolling it in hand for makingsmall round shape by taking few drops of water on the palmThey store these mahua laddu in plastic jar and keep it in cooland dry place in their home

Laddu making through Technological Option I and IIIn the scientific method first four steps were same as in

farmersrsquo practice ie (i) collection of flowers (ii) sun drying(iii) repeated sun drying and (iv) stamens (jhilli) removal

In both scientific process ie TO I and TO II thoroughcleaning of mahua flower was done It was thoroughly washedwith luke warm water repeatedly until clean water startcoming Extra water is removed by pressing thoroughly andsun drying Since dried mahua flower are rich in sugar itmust be sterilized for complete removal of pathogens(Agrawal and Bhotmange 2010) For sterilization mahuaflowers are cooked in pressure cooker with potable water in21 ratio After first whistle flame was kept at minimum for30 minutes for proper sterilization It is filtered throughmuslin cloth and the liquid portion is squeezed out Thefiltered part (liquid portion) is known as mahua syrup

In TO I and TO II wheat flourmaize flour andgroundnut flour were roasted in big hot earthen potseparately without using any medium like sand or oilsimilarly as in Farmersrsquo Practice In TO I mahua laddus wereprepared by using sterilized mahua syrup (in place of directmahua flower) roasted wheat flour roasted groundnut flourin ratio of 843 along with sugar as per requirement andGMS (an anti staling agent - 01 on the basis of total weightof raw ingredients) In TO II mahua laddus were preparedthrough same scientific process by using same rawingredients except maize flour which was used in place ofwheat flour These ingredients are available in plenty invillages of Bokaro district

For making mahua laddus sugar solution is preparedwith the help of mahua syrup and sugar Roasted wheatmaize flour and groundnut flour are mixed wellhomogenously as per the technological options I and IIseparately From this mixture laddus are prepared in thesame way as in farmersrsquo practice These are then stored inplastic jars in cool and dry place separately

Nutritive value sensory evaluation shelf life and costanalysis of mahua laddu

Nutritive value sensory evaluation shelf life and costanalysis of all three sets of mahua laddus were done bycommon steps

Nutritive value of mahua laddu were evaluated as perthe method Gopalan et al (2004) Nutritional composition ofmahua flower is moisture 198 per cent protein 637 per centfat 05 per cent total sugar 5406 per cent ash 436 per centcalcium 8 per cent phosphorus 2 per cent (Sunita andSarojinj 2013)


Nandana Kumari and Rita Singh Raghuvanshi

Sensory evaluation was done by farm women As theywere illiterate simple score card method was used becauseit is simple easy to understand and easy to calculate Insensory evaluation six parameters were considered egappearance colour texture flavour taste and overallacceptability Sensory evaluation was done at three differentintervals ie on the date of preparation after 3 weeks andafter 5 weeks from the date of preparation On the date ofpreparation all three sets of mahua laddus were stored insimple plastic jar and kept at their home in cool and dryplace and changes in appearance colour flavour textureand taste were closely monitored upto 5 weeks from the dateof preparation

Cost analysis was done by calculating the cost ofingredients and preparation steps Statistical analysis wasdone by standard method with the help of percentage meanand standard deviation


Nutritive value of mahua ladduNutritive value of all three sets of mahua laddu ie

Farmersrsquo Practice TO I and TO II are presented in table 1

Protein fat carbohydrate energy and calcium contentwere highest in mahua laddu prepared by TechnologicalOption II followed by Technological Option I It wasinteresting to note that laddu prepared by TechnologicalOption II and Technological Option I were significantly quiterich in nutritive value

Only the iron content was found less ie 198 mg 100-1gin mahua laddu prepared by Technological Option IIcompared to Technological Option I (406 mg 100-1g) So onthe basis of these findings it was very clear that mahua ladduprepared by Technological option II was best and followedby Technological option II from nutrition point of viewcompared to Farmersrsquo Practice

Sensory evaluationAll three sets of mahua laddus were kept for sensory

evaluation at the three different intervals ie on the date ofpreparation after 3 weeks and after 5 weeks from the date ofpreparation

Sensory evaluation on the date of preparationFirst sensory evaluation was done on the date of

preparation by farm women and finding is given in table 2

Appearance The appearance on the date of preparation ofmahua laddu of TO II (score 887) was very appealing due toits light yellow colour whereas laddu prepared by TO I wason the second position (755)

Colour Colour of mahua laddu of TO II was of light yellowcolour (score 875) and liked by all farm women mostwhereas the colour of Farmers Practice was dark black andthatrsquos why it was on third position in preference Colour ofladdu prepared by TO I was of dark wheat colour (score 788)and on second position

Texture Both mahua laddus of TO II (score 862) and of TO I(score 811) were firm and solid in texture and hencemaintained itrsquos shape after keeping in plastic jar whereasby Farmersrsquo Practice it was very soft and thatrsquos why notremained in shape when kept in plastic jar and all mahualaddu stick with each other and became deformed Thatrsquoswhy texture of mahua laddu of TO II and of TO I were morepreferred as compare to mahua laddu of Farmers practice

Flavour TO II based mahua laddus were most preferredbecause of having very pleasant cum sweet aroma due to thepresence of both roasted maize and roasted groundnutMahua laddu of Farmersrsquo Practice had strong characteristicssweet smell just like of fresh ripe mahua flower So it was onsecond position Mahua laddu prepared by TO I had almostsimilar flavour as of TO II but in lesser amount

Table 1 Nutritive value of all three sets of mahua laddu (per 100 g)Nutrient Mahua laddu

Protein (g)

Fat (g)

Carbohydrate (g)

Energy (Kcal)

Calcium (mg)

Iron (mg)

Farmersrsquo Practice 392 128 5604 25143 2747 144 Technological Option I 1476 1552 10130 60404 6214 406 Technological Option II 1944 2204 13538 81818 6374 198

Table 2 Mean value of six parameters of sensory evaluation through score card method on the date of preparationParameters Mahua laddu

Appearance Colour Texture Flavour Taste Overall acceptability

Mean plusmn SD

Farmersrsquo Practice 700 737 725 862 687 687 733plusmn066 TO I 755 788 811 777 775 777 780plusmn018 TO II 887 875 862 887 877 875 877plusmn009



Yadav et al (2009) conducted a study on value additionof mahua flower in which the potential of mahua as a nutrabeverage was evaluated on the basis of total phenolic content(TPC) and antioxidant value and found that mahua-guavabased product showed higher degree of protection againstlipid peroxidation (Antioxidant property) Thus theseblending approaches could be adopted for the improvementof the antioxidant potential of mahua-based fortified productswhich enhanced the nutritional value of the final productmask the unpleasant flavour of mahua and improve the textureof the product A study conducted by Soni and Dey (2013)on value addition of mahua and found that currently severalbeverages and food products are marketed based on theirantioxidant capacity

Taste TO II based mahua laddus had excellent taste followedby TO I as per the feedback given by the farm women Mahuasyrup with roasted cereal flour (wheat or maize) and roastedgroundnut flour improved the taste of mahua laddu whichwas lacking in Farmersrsquo Practice

Overall Acceptability When evaluation was done on thebasis of overall acceptability TO II was found best (875)followed by TO I (777) Farmersrsquo practice was on thirdposition with score of 687 Patel and Naik (2008) on valueaddition of fresh mahua flower advocated that fresh fleshycorollas were also processed into jam jelly and sauce andsubjected to sensory evaluation and shelf life study All thedeveloped products were highly acceptable and stable atlow temperature

Sensory evaluation after 3 and 5 weeks from the date ofpreparation To study the changes occurred in theparameters of sensory evaluation with time continuousmonitoring was done upto 5th week Since mahua ladduprepared through Farmersrsquo Practice got spoiled hardly inone week thatrsquos why only two sets of laddus were left formonitoring sensory evaluation Information related to thesefindings are given in table 3 and 4

The appearance colour texture flavour taste andoverall acceptability of TO II was better after 3 weeks of storagescoring 877 850 800 855 837 8555 respectivelycompared to laddu prepared by TO I where score was 725775 800 744 744 762 respectively After 5 weeks also thetrend was similar and TO II performed better compared toTO I (Table 4)

The reasons behind better sensory score of TO II andTO I are due to first thorough and proper cleaning of mahuaflowers second due to the use of sterilized mahua syrup inplace of direct sun-dried mahua flowers and third due to theuse of anti-staling agent (GMS- Glycerol mono stearate)Therefore it is very clear that just by using scientific methodin place of traditional method very good change occurred inthe studied parameters of sensory evaluation

Shelf life of three sets of mahua laddu In the present studyit was found that sun-dried mahua flower is very rich in sugarand contained lots of dirt and dust particles As in FarmersrsquoPractice cleanliness is not maintained thatrsquos why just at theend of one week lot of fungus developed over it whereasboth mahua laddus ie TO II and TO I were in very goodcondition even after 5 weeks from the date of preparationbecause these were developed from sterilized mahua syrupafter thorough cleaning process and use of GMS In anotherstudy conducted by Patel and Naik (2008) on mahua juiceconcentrate (MJC) and shelf life study revealed that theproduct (MJC) was stable at low temperature and high scoresof sensory evaluation proved its acceptance as a foodsupplement Utilization of the concentrate in confectionery(candy) and bakery products (biscuits cakes cookies etc) atdifferent concentration proved the industrial applicabilityof the product If these mahua laddus are stored in lowtemperature the shelf life can be increased

Cost analysis of all three sets of mahua laddu Aftercalculation it was found that the cost of mahua laddu per kgprepared under Farmersrsquo Practice TO I and TO II were

Table 3 Mean value of six parameters of sensory evaluation through score card method after 3 weeks from the date of preparationParameters Mahua laddu

Appearance Colour Texture Flavour Taste Overall acceptability MeanplusmnSD

Farmersrsquo Practice - - - - - - - TO I 725 775 800 744 744 762 758plusmn026 TO II 877 850 800 855 837 855 845plusmn025


Appearance Colour Texture Flavour Taste Overall acceptability Mean plusmnSD




Rs 3240 6000 5800 respectively In TO I and TO II rawingredients used were same except the cereal grain flour InTO I wheat flour was used whereas in TO II maize flourwas used Since in making of mahua laddu through FarmersrsquoPractice method only sun-dried mahua flower and wheatflour was used thatrsquos why cost of Farmersrsquo Practice waslow Whereas in TO I and TO II total raw ingredients usedwere sun-dried mahua flower either wheat or maize flourgroundnut sugar and GMS hence the cost was higher Thedifference in price of TO I and TO II was very less becausethe difference of price of wheat flour and maize flour per kgwas very less Though the price of laddu was higher in TO Iand TO II but the quality and shelf life was also far bettercompared to Farmersrsquo practice Hence these can be gradedsuperior Patel and Naik (2010) working on value additionof mahua flowers found that about 80 per cent of juice wassuccessfully extracted from fresh flowers and concentratedto produce a honey like liquid sweetener The producedconcentrate was analyzed and used for preparation of bakeryand confectionary goods In present study mahua syrup wasused for preparing laddu in TO I and TO II

Popularization of scientifically developed mahua laddu Forits popularization in rapid way and among large section oflocal rural people kisan mela of different block of bokarodistrict was best suited So in Chandanqyari block kisan melaPetarwar block kisan mela etc the scientifically developedmahua laddus (TO II) was kept for sale and popularizationand the response were very good In district level kisan melaorganised by Birsa Agricultural University Ranchi also itwas popularized and sold In all kisan melas leaflet andhandout developed on this subject (written in Hindilanguage) was distributed among all farmers and otherpersons who came at stall of kisan mela and response wasvery encouraging A study conducted by Kumari andRaghuvanshi (2012) also popularized buckwheat anunderutilized cereal grain of Uttarakhand state through kisanmela

Mahua tree is considered as life line for tribalcommunity because it is multipurpose tree source of foodmedicine and income for them Collection of mahua flowers

is one of the most important sources of employment for thepoorest of the poor in Jharkhand Making laddu and itrsquosmaketing will be very useful for the nutritional and economicsecurity point of view More over it will also restrict itrsquos usefor making liquor which is harmful for the society

REFERENCESAgrawal SS and Bhotmange MG 2010 Studies on preparation

of mahua based food products Beverage amp Food World37(6)48-51

Gharai AK and Chakarbarti S 2009 A study on NTFP-relatedlivelihood dependency and peoplersquos perception of thecommercialization potential of selected NTFPs in selectedlocations of Gumla Hazaribaug and Simdega districts ofJharkhand Centre for Peoplersquos Forestry

Gopalan C Ramashastri BV and Balasubramanium SC 2004Nutritive value of Indian foods National Institute ofNutrition ICMR Hyderabad

httpwwwbanajataorg cited on18-4-2016httpwwwsatvikshopcom cited on 18-4-2016httptimes of indiaindiatimescom cited on 17-7-2016jharkhandindustrygovin cited on 18-4-2016Kumari N and Raghuvanshi RS 2012 Impact of dietary

intervention through buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum)flour on lipid PhD Thesis GBPUAampT Pantnagar P 202

Patel M and Naik SN 2010 Flowers of Madhua indica JF Gmel Present status and future perspectives Indian Journal ofNatural Products amp Resources14438-443

Soni S and Dey G 2013 Studies on value-added fermentationof Madhuca latifolia flower and its potential as a nutra-bevera ge Internation al Journal of Biotechnology andBioengineering Research 4(3)215-226

Sunita and Sarojini 2013 Madhuca longifolia (Sapotaceae) A reviewof its tradi tional uses and nutriti onal properti esInternational Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention2(5)30-36

wwwthelivelihoodschoolin cited on 17-7-2016Yadav P Garg N and Diwedi DH 2009 Effect of location of

cultivar fermentation temperature and additives on thephysico-chemical and sensory qualities on Mahua (Mahuaindica JFGmel) wine preparation Natural Product Radiance8(4)406-418



Agro-biodiversity among tribal homesteads of the Nilgiris district of Tamil NaduJournal of Eco-friendly Agriculture 13(1) 96-98 2018

copy2018

Agro-biodiversity among tribal homesteads of the Nilgirisdistrict of Tamil NaduRajasekaran R 1K Indumathi and N Kalidass

Don Bosco College of Agriculture Sagayathottam Vellore - 631 151 T N India1Adhiparasakthi College of Agriculture Vellore dist T N IndiaEmail ndash rajasekaranextensiongmailcom

ABSTRACT

Agro-biodiversity in this study referred as variety of components such as cereals and millets vegetables fruitsspices and condiments plantation and livestock present in the tribal homesteads of the Nilgiris district The studywas conducted at tribal areas of Nilgiris district which is known as biodiversity hot spot The list of tribal respondentsfrom selected village was obtained from horticulture department A sample size of 100 homesteads respondents werefixed for the study The technique proportionate random sampling was followed for the selection of respondents fromthree habitations viz kunjappanai mantharai thuthikarai Two ecological indices were used to analyse the agro-biodiversity viz species diversity among tribal homesteads based on Shanon-Wiener index and species richness intribal homesteads by using Margalef Index Majority of the tribal homesteads had medium level of diversity andspecies richness A participatory group approach is needed in the tribal areas to conserve agro-biodiversity

Key words Homestead species diversity and richness tribal

Homestead farming is a very old tradition that hasevolved over a long period of time from the practice of thehuntersgatherers and continued till now It was started asa system for the production of subsistence crops for thehousehold with or without involvement of cash crops Tribalhomesteads are traditional agro-forestry systems in whichperennial annual crops are grown and the seasonal cropsare grown as intercrop often without any definite spacearrangement Tree crops and other components likevegetables birds and domestic animals are essentiallyimportant components in tribalrsquos homesteads Homesteadfarming is a highly complex and dynamic combination ofdifferent crops and livestock for achieving food nutritionaland economic security of the tribalrsquos through the efficientutilization of available resources like land water solar energyand manpower

MATERIALS AND METHODSThe list of tribal respondents from selected village was

obtained from horticulture department A sample size of 100homesteads respondents were fixed for the study Thetechnique proportionate random sampling was followed forthe selection of respondents from three habitations vizKunjappanai Mantharai Thuthikarai from Kothagiri talukof Nilgiris district

The Shannon-Wiener indexThe Shannon-Wiener index is a popular diversity index

also knows as ShannonndashWeaver index and the Shannonentropy The measure was originally proposed by Claude

Shannon-Wiener Index is the most commonly used diversityindex in plant communities and it takes a value of zero whenthere is only one species in a community and a maximumvalue when all species are present in equal abundance

The following equation used for this study looks at thediversity of species in tribal homesteads

s

H = pi ln pi

i = 1

where

S= No of species

i = No of individuals

pi = proportion of species i relative to the total numberof species

ln = Natural logarithm

H= The Shanon-Wiener Index

The Margalef indexThe index lsquoMargalefrsquo is a commonly used index to

assess species richness in plant communities The followingequation used for this study looks at the richness of speciesin tribal homesteads

Da = S-1Ln(n)

Where


Rajasekaran R K Indumathi and N Kalidass

S= Total no of taxa

N= No of individual in all species

Da = Margalef Index

After obtaining the Margalef Index values for eachhomestead separately the mean index has been worked outin order to find the species richness

Agro-biodiversity and tribal homesteadsAgro-biodiversity in this study referred as variety of

components such as cereals and millets vegetables fruitsspices and condiments plantation and livestock present inthe tribal homesteads of the Nilgiris district

Homesteads represent a promising land use systemwhich is common in hilly areas especially in tribal areas Inthis present study attempt was made to understand thediversity and species richness of the tribal homesteads forwhich around 100 homesteads were studied in the Nilgirisdistrict of Tamil Nadu

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONSAgro-biodiversity among tribal homesteads of the Nilgirisdistrict

For the present study following ecological indices wereused to analyze and to get a clear picture of the agro-biodiversity in the tribal homesteads which was used byBishwajit et al (2013) The indices are listed below

a Species diversity among tribal homesteads based onShanon-Wiener index

b Species richness in tribal homesteads by using MargalefIndex

Species diversity among tribal homesteads based onShanon-Wiener index

Species diversity was estimated in the tribal homesteadsusing Shanon-Wiener Index (Jayasree et al 2013) andcalculated the mean index separately for each homesteadBased on the mean score tribal homesteads were categorizedas low medium and high levels of diversity and the resultsare given in table 1

It could be observed from table 1 that majority (41) ofthe tribal homesteads had medium level of diversity index(021 to 025) followed by 38 per cent of the homesteads hadlow level of diversity and only 21 per cent of the tribal farmershad high level of diversity on their homesteads It shows thedeclining rate of agro biodiversity

It was observed that agro-biodiversity componentssuch as cereals and millets vegetables fruits medicinalplants plantation crops and livestock were found in majorityof the homesteads

Further it was noticed that besides other componentsalmost all the homesteads were covered with tree cropsIntegrating trees on homesteads provides a viable solutionfor many problems in tribal areas such as depletion ofagricultural lands and landslides Tree crops serve as windbreaker source of organic matter shade and soil binder toprevent soil erosion while generating additional incomeThe finding of present study is in line with the findings ofAshok Kumar (2011) who had also reported that plantingtall growing tree crops on bunds is very common in tribalhomesteads

Cereals and millets and vegetables were not commonlygrown in all the homesteads The reason might be that shortduration crops like cereals and vegetables were not muchpreferred by the tribalrsquos in their homesteads Also the tribalrespondents expressed that cereals and millets requiredfrequent care and intercultural operations which is verydifficult in hilly areas So they preferred to cultivate treesand other perennial crops

Species richness in tribal homesteads of the Nilgiris districtIn this study species richness is referred as number of

different species present in the following components vizcereals and millets vegetables fruits spices and condimentsplantation and livestock in the tribal homesteads of theNilgiris district

Species richness was estimated in the tribal homesteadsseparately by using Margalef Index and the results are givenbelow

Diversity category Mean index No of respondents () Low level 0 to 020 38 Medium level 021 to 025 41 High level 026 to 028 21 Total 100

Table 1 Species diversity among tribal homesteads basedon Shanon-Wiener index (n=100)

Table 2 Species richness based on Margalef index meanvalue (n=100)

Richness category Mean index No of respondents () Low level 0 to 282 26 Medium level 3 to 499 46 High level 5 to 586 28 Total 100


Agro-biodiversity among tribal homesteads of the Nilgiris district of Tamil Nadu

The table 2 revealed that majority (46) of thehomesteads had medium level of species richness followedby high level (28) and low level (26)

Nearly fifty per cent of the homesteads had mediumlevel of richness During the survey it was observed thatdifferent fruit crops were commonly found in most of thehomesteads such as banana mango orange papaya andjack With regard to plantation crops tea coffee and silveroak trees were commonly grown in all the homesteadsAmong all the spices and condiments pepper gingercoriander cardamom and turmeric were commonlycultivated in most of the tribal homesteads The vegetablecrops such as carrot tapioca chilies beans cabbage andbrinjal were predominantly grown in tribal homesteads Thereason might be due to the suitable climate in the hilly areasto support cultivating those crops with minimal cultivationpractices

The rest of the crops particularly cereals and milletslike crops in viz ragi varagu sorghum and thinai werecommonly cultivated in separate fields which are far-off fromtheir homesteads This might be the reason for the less speciesrichness in the tribal homesteads

It can be observed from the research findings thatmajority of the tribal homestead had medium level of bothspecies diversity and richness Especially 38 per cent of thehomesteads had low level of species diversity It shows thedeclining face of agro-biodiversity in tribal homesteadsfarming There was a lack of scientific knowledge of thegardeners an absence of proper planning and no specificobjectives and goals During the homesteads visit it waslearnt that most of the crop species were not utilized for thepast few decades and led to species loss A participatorygroup approach is needed in the tribal areas to conserveagro-biodiversity Government should provide subsidies andconstant encouragement by giving trainings on planningand monitoring of homesteads farming systems

REFERENCESKumar 2011 The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity

Earthscan LondonBishwajit et al 2013 Status Diversity and Traditional Use of

Homesteads Gardens in Bangladesh A Means of SustainableBiodiversity Conservation ISRN Biodiversity 2013 ArticleID 124103 11 pages

Jayasree et al 2013 Global Ecology and Biogeography GlobalEcol Biogeogr



Organoleptic and proximate evaluation of processed pearl millet based instant Upma mixJournal of Eco-friendly Agriculture 13(1) 99-102 2018

copy2018

Organoleptic and proximate evaluation of processed pearlmillet based instant Upma mixAanchal Johari and Asha Kawatra

CCS HAU Hisar Haryana IndiaE-mail johariaanchalgmailcom

ABSTRACT

In the present study pearl millet was subjected to processing treatments viz blanching extrusion and germinationand utilized in development of gluten free instant Upma mix along with incorporation of soybean grits All types ofinstant Upma mixes were found to be organoleptically acceptable Taste of blanched pearl millet based instant Upmamix was liked very much by panelists Proximate evaluation was evaluated with standard procedures of AOACMaximum amount of crude protein was analyzed in germinated pearl millet based instant Upma mix 1579 g 100g-1 whereas maximum ash and crude fibre content in extrusion processed pearl millet based instant Upma mix ie292 and 267 g 100 g-1 respectively gluten was not present in developed instant Upma mixes Developed product willnot only cater to nutritional needs of gluten intolerance sufferers but also lead to diversification in pearl milletutilization and availability of low cost alternative

Key words Pearl millet convenience gluten free proximate celiac disease instant upma mix

Upma is a traditional south Indian recipe Being wheatbased it renders itself unsuitable for celiac disease sufferersPearl millet based instant Upma mix can provide convenienceto celiac patients as well as normal people by means ofminimum handling prior to consumption along withproviding satisfaction to deprived palates of celiac diseasepatients

Pearl millet grains are nutritionally comparable andeven superior to other major cereals with respect to energyprotein vitamins and minerals Besides they are rich sourceof dietary fiber phytochemical and micronutrients hencethey are termed as ldquoNutri-Cerealsrdquo Pearl millet constitutesan important staple crop especially for marginalizedhousehold for whom coarse cereals account for a larger sharein daily diets than wheat (Ramaswami 2002) Pearl millet(Pennisetum glaucum) is a gluten free grain and is the onlygrain that retains its alkaline properties after being cookedwhich is ideal for people with wheat allergyceliac diseaseBeing gluten free pearl millet products can conveniently beused by celiac or people suffering from gluten intolerance(Yadav et al 2014) Celiac disease brings along several othercomplications like anemia growth failure osteoporosis andmany others To counter the complications their diet needsto be supplemented with other grains (Kapur et al 2003)

Processing of pearl millet gra ins alters thebioavailability of macro and micro nutrients Digestibility ofmicronutrients improves upon processing by softening thefood matrix release of protein bound micronutrients andthus facilitating their absorption Processing influences the

inherent factors that interfere with mineral absorption suchas dietary fiber and phytate The main reasons of processingare to eliminate micro-organisms and to extend shelf lifealong with improving the nutritive value of pearl millet forits diversified uses

Over the past several years convenience foods havebeen popular and such food based upon pearl millet mayemerge as promising products in the market Conveniencefoods require minimum handling such as mild heatingwarming for ready-to-eat products or rehydration in hotcold water for dehydrated foods (Arya 1992) Sood et al (2010)prepared ready to use Upma mixes by using cereals pulsesvegetablesfruits and nuts with soy-whey which were foundorganoleptically acceptable Balasubramanian et al (2014)developed Upma mix using pearl millet semolina Pearl milletgrains were hydro-thermally treated to reduce anti-nutritional factors and inactivate lipase activity Developedinstant Upma mix was organoleptically acceptable and wasstable for a period of six months

The major objectives of this study were

To standardize instant Upma mix using blanchedgerminated and extruded pearl millet incorporatingsoybean grits

To carry out organoleptic evaluation of develop instantUpma mix

To study the nutritional composition of developedprocessed and unprocessed pearl millet based glutenfree instant Upma mix


Aanchal Johari and Asha Kawatra

MATERIALS AND METHODSWhite pearl millet variety HHB-256 was procured from

Bajra section of Department of Genetics and Plant BreedingCCS Haryana Agricultural University Hisar while otheringredients were procured from the local market The presentinvestigation was conducted in the Department of Foodsand Nutrition IC College of Home Science CCS HaryanaAgricultural University Hisar Raw materials were thencleaned washed dried and stored in clean and hygieniccondition for further use where as pearl millet grains werefurther subjected to processing treatments viz BlanchingGermination and Extrusion

Processing treatmentsBlanching Blanching was done by the process of Chavanand Kachare (1994) Distilled water was brought to boilingto 98ordmC in an aluminium container The grains were subjectedto boiling water (15 ratio of seeds to boiling water) for 30seconds and dried at 50ordmC for 60 minutes

Germination Soaked seeds (12 hours) were kept inpetridishes lined with wet filter paper for germination in anincubator at 30ordmC for 48 hours Seeds were kept moist bysprinkling distilled water frequently

Extrusion Extrusion processing was done according to themethod of Sihag et al (2015) Grains were preconditioned toadjust the feed moisture content The moistened grains werekept for 48 hours for preconditioning in airtight containersto equilibrate moisture After 48 hours of conditioning grainswere fed into feeder hopper that contained screw auger totransport materials at uniform rate into the barrel The singlescrew extruder consists of one screw in the barrel to transportthe ingredients through its three zones viz feeding zonekneading zone and cooking zone The temperature ofcooking zone was maintained at 110degC The material wasfinally extruded through a 3 mm diameter die where itexpanded due to sudden evaporation of water from

plasticized mass Finally extrudates were milled in themilling machine to obtain grits

Proximate composition Proximate composition includingmoisture crude protein crude fat ash and crude fiber weredetermined by standard methods (AOAC 2000) Glutencontent was assessed using hand washing method (AACC2000)

Standardization and development of instant Upma mixChopped and peeled vegetables

(carrot onion peas green chilles and curry leaves )

Blanched vegetables (1-2minutes)

Dried vegetables in oven at 50oC

Roasted bengal gram dal mustard seeds andPearl millet suji (PMS) separately

Added salt chilli powder to taste

Packed and sealed polyethylene pouches

Upma mix (RTC)

Fig 1 Flow chart of Instant Upma Mix

Preparation schedule for making Upma from Upma Mix

Ingredients Amount

Upma mix 100 g

Water 250 ml

Method Heat ghee in skillet and added Upma mix to it

Add boiled water and mixed quickly to avoid lumpsformation

Cover the skillet with a lid

When all the water was absorbed by the mixture theUpma was done

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONData in table 2 presents the mean scores of organoleptic

characteristics of gluten free instant Upma mixes All the typesof instant Upma mix ranked as lsquoliked moderatelyrsquo Mean scoresin colour appearance aroma texture and taste were highestfor Type-I instant Upma mix than other types Taste of

Table 1 Combination of ingredients for making instantUpma mix

Ingredient Control (Unprocessed)

Type-I (Blanching)

Type-II (Extrusion)

Type-III (Germination)

Pearl millet grits (g) 90 90 90 90 Soybean grits (g) 10 10 10 10 Bengal gram (g) 5 5 5 5 Ghee (g) 3 3 3 3 Peas (g) 2 2 2 2 Carrot (g) 2 2 2 2 Onion (g) 2 2 2 2 Curry leaves (nos) 3-4 3-4 3-4 3-4 Red chilli (tsp) frac14 tsp frac14 tsp frac14 tsp frac14 tsp Salt (g) 3 3 3 3


Organoleptic and proximate evaluation of processed pearl millet based instant Upma mix

blanched pearl millet based instant Upma mix was liked verymuch by the panelists Balasubramanium et al (2014)developed pearl millet Upma mixes which scored in the rangeof 67-81 for overall acceptability

Data in respect of proximate composition and glutencontent of instant Upma mix is presented in Table 3 Findingsof the present study are similar to the results reported byBalasubramanium et al (2014) regarding the proximatecomposition of pearl millet based instant Upma mixdeveloped by them Significant (Plt005) differences wereobserved in moisture content of unprocessed extruded andgerminated pearl millet based instant Upma mix Poonam(2002) also reported that moisture content of pearl milletdecreased significantly during various heat treatments likeextrusion processing In the present investigation maximumamount of crude protein was present in germinated pearlmillet based instant Upma mix The possible reason forincrease in protein content in germinated pearl millet basedinstant Upma mix might be due to protein synthesis Duringgermination degradation of storage protein takes place fordevelopment of seed embryo but at the same time synthesisof new protein and other nutrients take place Germinationmay be a desirable processing technique to increase theprotein content of millet grain (Fasasi 2009) All processingtechniques resulted in significant (Plt005) reduction in fatcontent Non-significant differences were observed in crudefiber content of developed processed and unprocessed pearlmillet based instant Upma mix

Therefore it is concluded that pearl millet has thepotential to cater increasing needs and demands of glutenfree convenience foods along with providing conveniencein acquisition storage preparation and consumption offoods attributing to the busy lifestyle increased womenemployment away from homes and several other factorsInstant Upma mix can serve as a low cost gluten freealternative which can easily be developed at household aswell as commercial level It is remarkable that despite thegrain being an ancient food research on pearl millet and itsfood value is in its infancy and its potential vastly untappedResearch results so far are promising showing the grain tohave great aptitude and versatility and more and more usesfor millet are being discovered every year including itspotential benefits

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSFunding received in the form of DST-INSPIRE

fellowship is gratefully acknowledged

REFERENCESAACC 2000 Approved methods of AACC American Association

of Cereal Chemists (ed St MN Paul)AOAC 2000 Official Methods of Analysis Association of Official

Analytical Chemists Washington DC USAArya SS 1992 Convenience foods-emerging scenario Indian

Food Ind 11(4)31-41

Table 3 Proximate composition and gluten content of instant Upma mix (g 100g-1 on dry matter basis)Treatment Moisture Crude protein Crude fat Ash Crude fiber Wet gluten Dry gluten Unprocessed (Control)

517plusmn014 1568plusmn141 995plusmn087 254plusmn021 207plusmn012 003plusmn0002 -

Blanching 528plusmn008 1557plusmn102 750plusmn071 269plusmn024 127plusmn015 004plusmn0002 - Extrusion 479plusmn003 1540plusmn156 891plusmn035 292plusmn034 267plusmn021 002plusmn0003 - Germination 596plusmn012 1579plusmn167 726plusmn021 239plusmn033 238plusmn009 002plusmn0002 - CD (Plt005) 037 016 034 013 071 003 -

Values are mean plusmn SE of three independent observations

Table 2 Mean scores of organoleptic characteristics of gluten free Upma reconstituted from instant Upma mix based on processedand unprocessed pearl millet

Values are mean plusmn SE of ten independent determinations

Type of instant Upma mix

Colour Appearance Aroma Texture Taste Overall Acceptability

Control (Unprocessed) 74plusmn016 74plusmn014 74plusmn016 75plusmn024 74plusmn016 74plusmn016 Type-I (Blanching) 78plusmn023 77plusmn021 78plusmn020 79plusmn020 80plusmn023 78plusmn020 Type-II (Extrusion) 76plusmn022 75plusmn013 74plusmn021 78plusmn022 75plusmn022 75plusmn026 Type-III(Germination) 74plusmn015 74plusmn018 76plusmn013 74plusmn015 73plusmn010 74plusmn021 CD (Plt005) 056 052 054 060 053 061



Balasubramanian S Yadav DN Kaur J and Anand 2014Development and shelf-life evaluation of pearl millet basedUpma dry mix Journal of Food Science and Technology51(6)1110-1117

Chavan JK and Kachare DP 1994 Effect of seed treatment onlipolytic deterioration of pearl millet flour during storageJournal of Food Sciences and Technology 31(1)80-81

Fasasi OS 2009 Proximate antinutritional factors and functionalproperties of processed pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum)Journal of Food Sciences and Technology 7(3)92-97

Kapur G Patwari AK Narayan S and Anand VK 2003 Ironsupplementation in children with celiac disease IndianJournal of Pediatr 70(12)955 958

Poonam 2002 Effect of acid and heat treatment on nutrientcomposition and shelf life of pearl millet (Pennisetumglaucum) flour MSc Thesis CCSHAU Hisar India

Ramaswami B 2002 Understanding the seed industryContemporary trends and analytical issues Indian Journalof Agricultural Economics 57(3)417ndash429

Sihag MK Sharma V Goyal A Arora S and Singh AK 2015Effect of domestic processing treatments on iron -carotene phytic acid and polyphenols of pearl milletCogent Food and Agriculture 68463-466

Sood S Minhas S Kalia M and Modgil R 2010 Studies onformulation of Ready-To-Use weaning foods mixes withsoywhey Journal of Dairying Foods and Home Sciences 29(1)42-46

Yadav DN Balasubramanian S Kaur J Anand T and SinghAK 2014 Non-wheat pasta based on pearl millet flourcontaining barley and whey protein concentrates Journalof Food Science and Technology 51(10)2592-2599



AK Misra 56

Aanchal Johari 99

Ajita Soren 53 60 65

Asha Kawatra 99

BG Desai 19

BN Vyas 85

Balaji Rajkumar 56

Belay Teweldemedhin Keleta 46

Burhanuddin Bohra 85

Daniel Brhane 69

Deepa Borbora Phookan 15

Devendra Prasad 53 60 65

Dipika Rana 39

GP Santosh 33

HB Singh 1

Hidat Debru 69

Indu S Sawant 80

K China Chenchaiah 75

K Das 13

K Indumathi 96

KK Agrawal 43

KV Malshe 19 37

Kusum Mathur 85

Krishnabeni 33

Lakhinder Hembrom 60

MG Palshetkar 19

MS Shah 43

Mahesh R Ghule 80

Author IndexMarenna 33

Mehari Hayelom 69

Merhawit Hailemariam Meseret Tekie 69

Mohammad Munib 72

Mulue Girmay 69

N Kalidass 96

Nandana Kumari 91

P Datta 13

PC Trivedi 85

Parkey Gogoi 15

RC Gundappagol 33

RG Khandekar 19

RK Rai 43

Rabindra Prasad 53 60 65

Rajasekaran R 96

Ratul Moni Ram 1

Rita Singh Raghuvanshi 91

S Shubha 33

SL Ghavale 37

Sanjay D Sawant 80

Santhosh GP 22 27

Satyanarayanarao 33

Sewa Lal 46

Sharmila Roy 56

Shubha S 22 27

Siddaram MD 22 27

Syed Danish Yaseen Naqvi 46 69

VK Sharma 69

VV Shinde 37

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SansthaA-601 Indira Nagar Lucknow-226 016

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SansthaA-601 Indira Nagar Lucknow - 226 016

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I Dr RP Srivastava hereby declare that the particulars given above are true to the best of my knowledge and belief

Dated 01 07 2017 Sd Dr RP Srivastava

Signature of the Publisher

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Mathur AC Krishnaiah K and Tandon PL 1974 Control of tomato fruit borer (Heliothis armigera Hub) Pesticides 8 34-35

Pasricha N S 1998 Integrated nutrient and water management for sustainable crop production In Ecological Agriculture and Sustainable Development Vol I (eds GS Dhaliwal NS Randhawa R Arora and AK Dhawan) Indian Ecological Society and CRPID Chandigarh pp 521-535

Book by one author

Cressie AC 1993 Statistics for Spatial Data John Wiley New York 900p

Book edited by more than one author

Pedigo LP and Nuntin GD (eds) 1994 Handbook of Sampling Methods for Arthropods in Agriculture CRC Press Boca Raton Florida P 714

Manuscripts and page charges All authors should be the member of this Sanstha (Society) before or during the submission of research paperreview article Responsibility of membership fee would rest with senior authornext author in case any author(s) has left the institutions where the studies were conducted The charges for membership is Rs 500 per author and for reprints Rs 250 per page It should be sent in form of DD in favour of Doctors Krishi Evam Bagwani Vikas Sanstha payable at Lucknow

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The Journal of Eco-friendly Agriculture is a biannual journal published by Doctors Krishi Evam Bagwani Vikas Sanstha Lucknow India This journal is published half yearly in the month of January and July Journal is devoted to basic and applied aspects of Agriculture Horticulture Environmental Science and Human ecology and welcomes original research papers in these areas The articles can be published as full research paper or as short communication The Editorial Board may invite important short reviewsfeature articles from eminent scientists working in the respective elds Authors may note that the articles submitted to the Journal of Eco-friendly Agriculture are not submitted simultaneously to any other publication All Research papers and review articles submitted for publication will be reviewed by referees Authors may provide names of at least ve referees with complete postal address who can be approached to review the papers However nal decision will rest with the Editors

Content The articles published in this journal should be related to eco-friendly agriculture viz bio-pesticides bio-agents bio-fertilizers IPM IDM INM and other allied eco-friendly areas Special emphasis must be laid on the qualitative aspects of modern agro practices interventions vis-agrave-vis environmental sustainability at large

Preparation of manuscript Articles (2 copies) should be computer typed in double space in font size 12 (Arial or New Times Roman) on one side of good quality bond paper in A 4 size with one inch margin on all four sides After acceptance of the paper the revised article in nal computerised typed format (one original and two hard copies) should be send along with a CDe-mail Use a new CD and ensure that the electronic version is free from any virus Mention le name name of the software and version used and name of the corresponding author File format of the text should be in MS Word

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Introduction It should be brief with clear objectives and justication for taking up the study This section should have a very short review on work done in the concerned area However introduction heading is not to be given

Materials and Methods All procedures followed in the experimentation should be indicated in brief Methods adopted from other references should be indicated by quoting proper references If a new method is included it should be given in detail so that other workers may be able to use it

Results and Discussion This should be combined to avoid repetition Do not describe the results already indicated in table or graph but blend it with the discussion with supporting references All the data presented in the paper should be statistically analysed A short conclusion may be written

Acknowledgments This should appear after the main text

References Literature cited should be arranged alphabetically (names of authors) with year title of paper name of the journal volume and pages Complete references need to be quoted with full name of the journal Citation of personal communication should be avoided but if necessary it may be cited in the text as (GS Fraenkel-personal communication) This should not be included in the reference list For eg references should be quoted as follows

Guidelines to the Authors

Contents

ww

wa

rmy

pri

nti

ngp

ress

co

mL

uck

no

w (

0522)

24811

64

arm

y p

rin

tin

g p

res

s

Review Article

Microbial consortium in biological control An explicit example of teamwork below ground ___________________________________________1


Organic Farming

Yield and quality parameters of guava fruits grown in conventional and organic farming system _______________________________________13

P Datta and K Das

Response of Knol khol (Brassica oleracea L var gongylodes) to different organic amendments and microbial consortium __________________15


Response of brinjal (Solanum melongena L) to organic manures and foliar nutrition ________________________________________________19


Interaction effect of consortium of Azospirillum PSB and AM fungus with reduced levels of N amp P fertilizers on growth of direct seeded rice ___22


Microbial population and nutrient dynamics in rhizosphere soil of direct seeded rice _________________________________________________27


Evaluation of dye decolourization ability of native lignin degrading fungi and bacteria from organic farm elds of Hyderabad-Karnataka region _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________33

S Shubha Marenna Krishnabeni GP Santosh RC Gundappagol and Satyanarayanarao

Response of okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L) cv Parbhani Kranti to pre-sowing seed treatment with gibberellic acid ______________________37

VV Shinde KV Malshe and SL Ghavale

Evaluation of socio-economic status of farmers of an organic farm of Himachal Pradesh India ________________________________________39

Dipika Rana

Effect of nutrient management and cropping system on productivity under different rice based cropping systems __________________________43


Effect of planting dates and varieties on growth and yield of potato (Solanum tuberosum L) in Hamelmalo area___________________________46


Entomology

Management of gall midge (Orseolia oryzae Wood Mason) through plant nutrients supplied through organic and inorganic sources with emphasis on neem and karanj cakes _______________________________________________________________________________________53


Temporal dynamics of mango ower visitors and their contribution in pollination ___________________________________________________56


Status of prevailing insect pest fauna associated with transplanted rice in Jharkhand _________________________________________________60


Management of rice leaf folder (Cnaphalocrosis medinalis Guen) through INM with emphasis on use of Neem and Karanj Cake ____________65


Survey on insect-pests of guava and management practices around Hamelmalo sub-zoba _____________________________________________69

Daniel Brhane Mulue Girmay Hidat Debru Mehari Hayelom Merhawit Hailemariam MeseretTekie VK Sharma and

Syed Danish Yaseen Naqvi____________________________________________________________________________________________

Severity of infestation by collar feeding insect pest (Agrotis ipsilon) on potato in northern districts of Kashmir ____________________________72

Mohammad Munib

Control of Spodoptera litura (F) by botanicals in FCV tobacco _________________________________________________________________75

K China Chenchaiah

Plant Pathology

Eco-friendly methods for management of downy mildew of grapevines ___________________________________________________________80


Eco-friendly management of root rot of guar caused by Fusarium solani and Rhizoctonia solani _______________________________________85


Human Ecology and Home Science

Development of Mahua (Madhuca indica) Laddu and its popularization in tribal areas _______________________________________________91


Agro-biodiversity among tribal homesteads of the Nilgiris district of Tamil Nadu ___________________________________________________96


Organoleptic and proximate evaluation of processed pearl millet based instant Upma mix_____________________________________________99


Author Index ________________________________________________________________________________________________________103

Statement about ownership and other particulars about Journal of Eco-friendly Agriculture Form IV

Membership Form

Application for the Fellow of the Society

BOOKpdf

0-For Eco friendly issue MD Pathak function

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2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

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24-Form IV amp Membership form

Owner Doctorrsquos Krishi Evam Bagwani Vikas Sanstha Publisher Dr Ram Prakash Srivastava 108 Lakhraj Khazana Faizabad Road Lucknow Printed at Army Printing Press 33 Nehru Road Sadar Cantt Lucknow

ANNUAL MEMBERSHIP FEE EFFECTIVE FROM AUGUST 2015

Disclaimer The viewsresults and interpretation expressed by the authors are their own The publisher and editors are no way responsible for any liability arising out of the text contributed by authors

Dr Sushil Soloman Vice-Chancellor CSA University of Agricultural and Technology KanpurDr (Mrs) Chandish R Ballal Director NBAIR Hebbal BangaloreDr PK Chakrabarty ADG (PP) ICAR New DelhiDr A K Saxena Director NBAIM Maunath Bhanjan (UP)Dr RK Jain Dean IARI Pusa New Delhi-12Dr RK Pathak Ex-Director CISH 34 New Bahar Sahara State Jankipuram Lucknow - 221 021 (UP)Dr Kishan Chandra Additional Commissioner (INM) Krishi Bhavan New Delhi and Director NCOF GhaziabadDr Vasudeo Zambare Research Scientist Centre forBioprocessing Research and Development South Dakota School of Mines and Technology Rapid City South Dakota (USA)

Dr C Chattopadhyay Director NIBSM Baronda Raipur (MP)

Dr SD Sawant Director ICAR NRC for Grapes Pune (MS)Dr AD Pathak Director IISR Lucknow UPProf Nazeer Ahmad Vice Chancellor SKUAST of Kashmir Srinagar (JampK)Dr VK Gupta Chief Editor Oriental Insects PO Box 358120 Gainesville Florida (USA)Dr AN Mukhopadhyay Former Vice-Chancellor Assam Agricultural University Jorhat AssamDr RC Saxena Former Principal Scientist ICIPE (Kenya)Dr RK Anand Former Principal Scientist IARl New Delhi Dr HB Singh Professor and Head Department of Plant Pathology BHU VaranasiDr GP Shetty Director Multiplex Group of Companies BangaloreDr OP Singh President Dhanuka Pesticide Ltd New Delhi

Advisory Editorial Board

Editor-in-ChiefDr AK Misra Former Project Coordinator AICRP (STF) Central Institute for Sub-tropical Horticulture Lucknow

EditorDr Jagdish Chandra Former Principal Scientist Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research Lucknow

Indian individual (INR)

Indian Institution (INR)

Foreign Individual (US$) Foreign Institution (US$)




Processing Charges 50000 per article Not applicable 5000 per article Not applicable

Reprint 25000 per page 25000 per page 2000 per printed page 2000 per printed page

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JOURNAL OF ECO-FRIENDLY AGRICULURE(A Bi-annual Scientific Research Journal)

Doctors Krishi Evam Bagawni Vikas Sanstha(Doctors Agricultural and Horticultural Development Society)

Registration No 131380 ISSN 2229-628XChief Patron

Dr CD Mayee Ex-Chairman ASRB 50K Bharat Nagar Nagpur ndash 440 033President

Dr MD Pathak Chairman CRIWMI Lucknow and Former Director Training and Research IRRI Manila Philippines

Vice-PresidentDr Rajiv Dutta Professor and Dean Centre for Nanobiotechnology and Bioengineering

Sharda University Knowledge Park III Greater Noida UP - 201306General Secretary

Dr RP Srivastava Former Director and Principal Scientist CISH LucknowAssistant Secretary

Dr Rajesh Kumar 61 Raksha Vihar Colony Chunukhera Cara Lucknow - 226001

Vol 13 No 1 2018





























copy2018

Review article



ABSTRACT









































































Alizadeh et al 2013











Bardas et al 2009







Dutta et al 2008






















































































































































copy2018



ABSTRACT






























049 051 P001


011 009 P001


075 061 P001





3677 4127 P001


13927 12397 P001


1020 980 P001



copy2018



ABSTRACT






















(g) Knob yield ha-1

(q ha-1) Treatment









Carbohydrate ()

Protein ()

Ash ()

Treatment


































copy2018



ABSTRACT









































copy2018






ABSTRACT














Leaf area hill-1










































































copy2018







ABSTRACT


























































































copy2018




ABSTRACT







































Isolate PDA + RBBR

PDA + MG

PDA + CR

PDA + MB


+++ ndash + ndash


RBBR NA + MG

NA + CR

NA + MB





















copy2018






ABSTRACT
























() Plant height

(m) No of branches



(g) Yield




copy2018






ABSTRACT


































Dipika Rana

















50600 (3557) 30780 (4310) 36726 (3964)


3557 4311 3963




8 (8889) 11 (5238) 19 (6333)


6 (6667) 10 (4762) 16 (5333)



0 -











Livelihood security


7 -









copy2018






ABSTRACT




















Rice equivalent

yield (q ha-1)




1182 1203 781 3166 459 373 318 1150 6607 2103



















copy2018



ABSTRACT




























































Treatment Tuber no

(plant-1)

Tuber wt

plant-1

(g)

Tuber yield

plant-1 (kg)

Total yield

(t ha-1)






















httpwwwcipotatoorg














copy2018



ABSTRACT




































Overall mean of SS



176 (760) 245 (901) 386 (1132) 206 (823) 33 (1028) 3420


136 (668) 174 (749) 315 (1023) 116 (616) 189 (770) 3660


125 (642) 214 (833) 386 (1131) 188 (782) 255 (906) 3590


085 (529) 135 (668) 267 (937) 099 (571) 176 (755) 3740


782 (1621) 1031 (1872) 1682 (2425) 816 (1655) 1078 (1893) 2240











copy2018



ABSTRACT






























































copy2018



ABSTRACT

































Tabl

e 2

Inse

ct p

est f

auna

the

ir in

cide

nce

suc

cess

ion

and

stat

us in

fest

ing

tran

spla

nted

rice

in th

e ag

ro c

limat

ic c

ondi

tions

of J

hark

hand

reco

rded

dur

ing

wet

seas

on (b

ased

on

pool

ed m

ean

of 2

010-

2015

)













































copy2018



ABSTRACT






















2465 (2976)

2452 (2967)

2262 (2837)

3565

T2 - Use of FYM 10 t ha-1 1813 (2518)

2133 (2749)

2315 (2876)

2047 (2687)

2870


1765 (2484)

2052 (2692)

1788 (2497)

2656


1545 (2315)

1684 (2420)

1566 (2328)

3180


1348 (2152)

1436 (2226)

1332 (2138)

2760


629 (1460)

897 (1741)

636 (1457)

3860

T7 - Neem cake NC 25 t ha-1 514 (1305)

513 (1305)

584 (1394)

548 (1349)

4150


1079 (1914)

1136 (1969)

1214 (2036)

1146 (1973)

3420


753 (1589)

848 (169)

936 (1780)

835 (1676)

3660


973 (1815)

1024 (1863)

1068 (1905)

1021 (1861)

3590


752 (1589)

816 (1659)

766 (1606)

833 (1673)

3740


2194 (2792)

2465 (1460)

2596 (3048)

2418 (2939)

2240


1782 (2495)

2015 (2668)

2196 (2794)

2037 (2679)

895

CD (P=005) (096) (105) (071) (091) 382










































copy2018



ABSTRACT
































twigs Minor


Minor


Minor




























copy2018






ABSTRACT










Mohammad Munib






















2011 375 375 300 375 375 300 500 375 375 2012 625 457 500 500 500 400 625 500 500














copy2018



ABSTRACT






















K China Chenchaiah


















K China Chenchaiah
























copy2018





ABSTRACT








































hydroxide


















(No) Yield vine-1

(kg) Berry diam

(mm) TSS

0B PLW ()




























copy2018







ABSTRACT




























solani Rhizoctonia


405 (395) 431 (410)


425 (407) 449 (420)


418 (402) 412 (399)
















250 (299) 538 (472)


285 (322) 259 (306)


473 (434) 642 (532)


376 (378) 561 (484)





Conc (ppm)






























Treatment



















copy2018



ABSTRACT









































Protein (g)

Fat (g)

Carbohydrate (g)

Energy (Kcal)

Calcium (mg)

Iron (mg)




Mean plusmn SD






































copy2018



ABSTRACT










s

H = pi ln pi

i = 1

where

S= No of species







Da = S-1Ln(n)

Where



S= Total no of taxa


Da = Margalef Index



































copy2018



ABSTRACT




























Upma mix (RTC)



Ingredients Amount

Upma mix 100 g

Water 250 ml









Type-I (Blanching)

Type-II (Extrusion)













Food Ind 11(4)31-41























AK Misra 56

Aanchal Johari 99


Asha Kawatra 99

BG Desai 19

BN Vyas 85

Balaji Rajkumar 56



Daniel Brhane 69



Dipika Rana 39

GP Santosh 33

HB Singh 1

Hidat Debru 69

Indu S Sawant 80


K Das 13

K Indumathi 96

KK Agrawal 43

KV Malshe 19 37

Kusum Mathur 85

Krishnabeni 33


MG Palshetkar 19

MS Shah 43

Mahesh R Ghule 80


Mehari Hayelom 69


Mohammad Munib 72

Mulue Girmay 69

N Kalidass 96

Nandana Kumari 91

P Datta 13

PC Trivedi 85

Parkey Gogoi 15

RC Gundappagol 33

RG Khandekar 19

RK Rai 43


Rajasekaran R 96

Ratul Moni Ram 1


S Shubha 33

SL Ghavale 37

Sanjay D Sawant 80

Santhosh GP 22 27

Satyanarayanarao 33

Sewa Lal 46

Sharmila Roy 56

Shubha S 22 27

Siddaram MD 22 27


VK Sharma 69

VV Shinde 37


FORM IV(See Rule 8)
















MEMBERSHIP FORM
















7 Service record -




10 Publications


Period (From-To)









Book by one author

































Contents

ww

wa

rmy

pri

nti

ngp

ress

co

mL

uck

no

w (

0522)

24811

64

arm

y p

rin

tin

g p

res

s

Review Article



Organic Farming


P Datta and K Das














Dipika Rana





Entomology













Mohammad Munib


K China Chenchaiah

Plant Pathology












Author Index ________________________________________________________________________________________________________103


Membership Form


BOOKpdf


1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23


Vol 13 No 1 2018





























copy2018

Review article



ABSTRACT









































































Alizadeh et al 2013











Bardas et al 2009







Dutta et al 2008






















































































































































copy2018



ABSTRACT






























049 051 P001


011 009 P001


075 061 P001





3677 4127 P001


13927 12397 P001


1020 980 P001



copy2018



ABSTRACT






















(g) Knob yield ha-1

(q ha-1) Treatment









Carbohydrate ()

Protein ()

Ash ()

Treatment


































copy2018



ABSTRACT









































copy2018






ABSTRACT














Leaf area hill-1










































































copy2018







ABSTRACT


























































































copy2018




ABSTRACT







































Isolate PDA + RBBR

PDA + MG

PDA + CR

PDA + MB


+++ ndash + ndash


RBBR NA + MG

NA + CR

NA + MB





















copy2018






ABSTRACT
























() Plant height

(m) No of branches



(g) Yield




copy2018






ABSTRACT


































Dipika Rana

















50600 (3557) 30780 (4310) 36726 (3964)


3557 4311 3963




8 (8889) 11 (5238) 19 (6333)


6 (6667) 10 (4762) 16 (5333)



0 -











Livelihood security


7 -









copy2018






ABSTRACT




















Rice equivalent

yield (q ha-1)




1182 1203 781 3166 459 373 318 1150 6607 2103



















copy2018



ABSTRACT




























































Treatment Tuber no

(plant-1)

Tuber wt

plant-1

(g)

Tuber yield

plant-1 (kg)

Total yield

(t ha-1)






















httpwwwcipotatoorg














copy2018



ABSTRACT




































Overall mean of SS



176 (760) 245 (901) 386 (1132) 206 (823) 33 (1028) 3420


136 (668) 174 (749) 315 (1023) 116 (616) 189 (770) 3660


125 (642) 214 (833) 386 (1131) 188 (782) 255 (906) 3590


085 (529) 135 (668) 267 (937) 099 (571) 176 (755) 3740


782 (1621) 1031 (1872) 1682 (2425) 816 (1655) 1078 (1893) 2240











copy2018



ABSTRACT






























































copy2018



ABSTRACT

































Tabl

e 2

Inse

ct p

est f

auna

the

ir in

cide

nce

suc

cess

ion

and

stat

us in

fest

ing

tran

spla

nted

rice

in th

e ag

ro c

limat

ic c

ondi

tions

of J

hark

hand

reco

rded

dur

ing

wet

seas

on (b

ased

on

pool

ed m

ean

of 2

010-

2015

)













































copy2018



ABSTRACT






















2465 (2976)

2452 (2967)

2262 (2837)

3565

T2 - Use of FYM 10 t ha-1 1813 (2518)

2133 (2749)

2315 (2876)

2047 (2687)

2870


1765 (2484)

2052 (2692)

1788 (2497)

2656


1545 (2315)

1684 (2420)

1566 (2328)

3180


1348 (2152)

1436 (2226)

1332 (2138)

2760


629 (1460)

897 (1741)

636 (1457)

3860

T7 - Neem cake NC 25 t ha-1 514 (1305)

513 (1305)

584 (1394)

548 (1349)

4150


1079 (1914)

1136 (1969)

1214 (2036)

1146 (1973)

3420


753 (1589)

848 (169)

936 (1780)

835 (1676)

3660


973 (1815)

1024 (1863)

1068 (1905)

1021 (1861)

3590


752 (1589)

816 (1659)

766 (1606)

833 (1673)

3740


2194 (2792)

2465 (1460)

2596 (3048)

2418 (2939)

2240


1782 (2495)

2015 (2668)

2196 (2794)

2037 (2679)

895

CD (P=005) (096) (105) (071) (091) 382










































copy2018



ABSTRACT
































twigs Minor


Minor


Minor




























copy2018






ABSTRACT










Mohammad Munib






















2011 375 375 300 375 375 300 500 375 375 2012 625 457 500 500 500 400 625 500 500














copy2018



ABSTRACT






















K China Chenchaiah


















K China Chenchaiah
























copy2018





ABSTRACT








































hydroxide


















(No) Yield vine-1

(kg) Berry diam

(mm) TSS

0B PLW ()




























copy2018







ABSTRACT




























solani Rhizoctonia


405 (395) 431 (410)


425 (407) 449 (420)


418 (402) 412 (399)
















250 (299) 538 (472)


285 (322) 259 (306)


473 (434) 642 (532)


376 (378) 561 (484)





Conc (ppm)






























Treatment



















copy2018



ABSTRACT









































Protein (g)

Fat (g)

Carbohydrate (g)

Energy (Kcal)

Calcium (mg)

Iron (mg)




Mean plusmn SD






































copy2018



ABSTRACT










s

H = pi ln pi

i = 1

where

S= No of species







Da = S-1Ln(n)

Where



S= Total no of taxa


Da = Margalef Index



































copy2018



ABSTRACT




























Upma mix (RTC)



Ingredients Amount

Upma mix 100 g

Water 250 ml









Type-I (Blanching)

Type-II (Extrusion)













Food Ind 11(4)31-41























AK Misra 56

Aanchal Johari 99


Asha Kawatra 99

BG Desai 19

BN Vyas 85

Balaji Rajkumar 56



Daniel Brhane 69



Dipika Rana 39

GP Santosh 33

HB Singh 1

Hidat Debru 69

Indu S Sawant 80


K Das 13

K Indumathi 96

KK Agrawal 43

KV Malshe 19 37

Kusum Mathur 85

Krishnabeni 33


MG Palshetkar 19

MS Shah 43

Mahesh R Ghule 80


Mehari Hayelom 69


Mohammad Munib 72

Mulue Girmay 69

N Kalidass 96

Nandana Kumari 91

P Datta 13

PC Trivedi 85

Parkey Gogoi 15

RC Gundappagol 33

RG Khandekar 19

RK Rai 43


Rajasekaran R 96

Ratul Moni Ram 1


S Shubha 33

SL Ghavale 37

Sanjay D Sawant 80

Santhosh GP 22 27

Satyanarayanarao 33

Sewa Lal 46

Sharmila Roy 56

Shubha S 22 27

Siddaram MD 22 27


VK Sharma 69

VV Shinde 37


FORM IV(See Rule 8)
















MEMBERSHIP FORM
















7 Service record -




10 Publications


Period (From-To)









Book by one author

































Contents

ww

wa

rmy

pri

nti

ngp

ress

co

mL

uck

no

w (

0522)

24811

64

arm

y p

rin

tin

g p

res

s

Review Article



Organic Farming


P Datta and K Das














Dipika Rana





Entomology













Mohammad Munib


K China Chenchaiah

Plant Pathology












Author Index ________________________________________________________________________________________________________103


Membership Form


BOOKpdf


1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

























copy2018

Review article



ABSTRACT









































































Alizadeh et al 2013











Bardas et al 2009







Dutta et al 2008






















































































































































copy2018



ABSTRACT






























049 051 P001


011 009 P001


075 061 P001





3677 4127 P001


13927 12397 P001


1020 980 P001



copy2018



ABSTRACT






















(g) Knob yield ha-1

(q ha-1) Treatment









Carbohydrate ()

Protein ()

Ash ()

Treatment


































copy2018



ABSTRACT









































copy2018






ABSTRACT














Leaf area hill-1










































































copy2018







ABSTRACT


























































































copy2018




ABSTRACT







































Isolate PDA + RBBR

PDA + MG

PDA + CR

PDA + MB


+++ ndash + ndash


RBBR NA + MG

NA + CR

NA + MB





















copy2018






ABSTRACT
























() Plant height

(m) No of branches



(g) Yield




copy2018






ABSTRACT


































Dipika Rana

















50600 (3557) 30780 (4310) 36726 (3964)


3557 4311 3963




8 (8889) 11 (5238) 19 (6333)


6 (6667) 10 (4762) 16 (5333)



0 -











Livelihood security


7 -









copy2018






ABSTRACT




















Rice equivalent

yield (q ha-1)




1182 1203 781 3166 459 373 318 1150 6607 2103



















copy2018



ABSTRACT




























































Treatment Tuber no

(plant-1)

Tuber wt

plant-1

(g)

Tuber yield

plant-1 (kg)

Total yield

(t ha-1)






















httpwwwcipotatoorg














copy2018



ABSTRACT




































Overall mean of SS



176 (760) 245 (901) 386 (1132) 206 (823) 33 (1028) 3420


136 (668) 174 (749) 315 (1023) 116 (616) 189 (770) 3660


125 (642) 214 (833) 386 (1131) 188 (782) 255 (906) 3590


085 (529) 135 (668) 267 (937) 099 (571) 176 (755) 3740


782 (1621) 1031 (1872) 1682 (2425) 816 (1655) 1078 (1893) 2240











copy2018



ABSTRACT






























































copy2018



ABSTRACT

































Tabl

e 2

Inse

ct p

est f

auna

the

ir in

cide

nce

suc

cess

ion

and

stat

us in

fest

ing

tran

spla

nted

rice

in th

e ag

ro c

limat

ic c

ondi

tions

of J

hark

hand

reco

rded

dur

ing

wet

seas

on (b

ased

on

pool

ed m

ean

of 2

010-

2015

)













































copy2018



ABSTRACT






















2465 (2976)

2452 (2967)

2262 (2837)

3565

T2 - Use of FYM 10 t ha-1 1813 (2518)

2133 (2749)

2315 (2876)

2047 (2687)

2870


1765 (2484)

2052 (2692)

1788 (2497)

2656


1545 (2315)

1684 (2420)

1566 (2328)

3180


1348 (2152)

1436 (2226)

1332 (2138)

2760


629 (1460)

897 (1741)

636 (1457)

3860

T7 - Neem cake NC 25 t ha-1 514 (1305)

513 (1305)

584 (1394)

548 (1349)

4150


1079 (1914)

1136 (1969)

1214 (2036)

1146 (1973)

3420


753 (1589)

848 (169)

936 (1780)

835 (1676)

3660


973 (1815)

1024 (1863)

1068 (1905)

1021 (1861)

3590


752 (1589)

816 (1659)

766 (1606)

833 (1673)

3740


2194 (2792)

2465 (1460)

2596 (3048)

2418 (2939)

2240


1782 (2495)

2015 (2668)

2196 (2794)

2037 (2679)

895

CD (P=005) (096) (105) (071) (091) 382










































copy2018



ABSTRACT
































twigs Minor


Minor


Minor




























copy2018






ABSTRACT










Mohammad Munib






















2011 375 375 300 375 375 300 500 375 375 2012 625 457 500 500 500 400 625 500 500














copy2018



ABSTRACT






















K China Chenchaiah


















K China Chenchaiah
























copy2018





ABSTRACT








































hydroxide


















(No) Yield vine-1

(kg) Berry diam

(mm) TSS

0B PLW ()




























copy2018







ABSTRACT




























solani Rhizoctonia


405 (395) 431 (410)


425 (407) 449 (420)


418 (402) 412 (399)
















250 (299) 538 (472)


285 (322) 259 (306)


473 (434) 642 (532)


376 (378) 561 (484)





Conc (ppm)






























Treatment



















copy2018



ABSTRACT









































Protein (g)

Fat (g)

Carbohydrate (g)

Energy (Kcal)

Calcium (mg)

Iron (mg)




Mean plusmn SD






































copy2018



ABSTRACT










s

H = pi ln pi

i = 1

where

S= No of species







Da = S-1Ln(n)

Where



S= Total no of taxa


Da = Margalef Index



































copy2018



ABSTRACT




























Upma mix (RTC)



Ingredients Amount

Upma mix 100 g

Water 250 ml









Type-I (Blanching)

Type-II (Extrusion)













Food Ind 11(4)31-41























AK Misra 56

Aanchal Johari 99


Asha Kawatra 99

BG Desai 19

BN Vyas 85

Balaji Rajkumar 56



Daniel Brhane 69



Dipika Rana 39

GP Santosh 33

HB Singh 1

Hidat Debru 69

Indu S Sawant 80


K Das 13

K Indumathi 96

KK Agrawal 43

KV Malshe 19 37

Kusum Mathur 85

Krishnabeni 33


MG Palshetkar 19

MS Shah 43

Mahesh R Ghule 80


Mehari Hayelom 69


Mohammad Munib 72

Mulue Girmay 69

N Kalidass 96

Nandana Kumari 91

P Datta 13

PC Trivedi 85

Parkey Gogoi 15

RC Gundappagol 33

RG Khandekar 19

RK Rai 43


Rajasekaran R 96

Ratul Moni Ram 1


S Shubha 33

SL Ghavale 37

Sanjay D Sawant 80

Santhosh GP 22 27

Satyanarayanarao 33

Sewa Lal 46

Sharmila Roy 56

Shubha S 22 27

Siddaram MD 22 27


VK Sharma 69

VV Shinde 37


FORM IV(See Rule 8)
















MEMBERSHIP FORM
















7 Service record -




10 Publications


Period (From-To)









Book by one author

































Contents

ww

wa

rmy

pri

nti

ngp

ress

co

mL

uck

no

w (

0522)

24811

64

arm

y p

rin

tin

g p

res

s

Review Article



Organic Farming


P Datta and K Das














Dipika Rana





Entomology













Mohammad Munib


K China Chenchaiah

Plant Pathology












Author Index ________________________________________________________________________________________________________103


Membership Form


BOOKpdf


1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23


rni no. upeng/2006/22736 vol. 13, no. 1, january, 2018

Documents