r.n.i no. 4809/57iipa.org.in/upload/lok prashsan-abstract.pdf · new delhi indian journal of public...

INDIAN INSTITUTE OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATIONNEW DELHI

INDIAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION(Quarterly: published since January 1955)

Editor: MAHENDRA PRASAD SINGH

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DOCUMENTATION IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION(Quarterly: Published since 1973)

Editor: TISHYARAKSHIT CHATTERJEE, Director, lIPA, New DelhiAssistant Editor: A.K. NATH, Dy. Librarian, lIPA, New Delhi


NAGARLOK(Urban Affairs Quarterly: Published since 1969)

Editor: TISHYARAKSHIT CHATTERJEE, Director, lIPA, New DelhiAssistant Editor: V.N. ALOK, Associate Professor in Urban Finance,

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yksd iz'kklu (v/Z&okf"kZd)lEiknd% egsUnz izlkn flag

okf"kZd 'kqYd % vkthou lnL;&:- 150] O;fDrxr xzkgd&#- 200] laLFkkxr xzkgd&:- 300lkekU; vad % vkthou lnL;&:- 75] O;fDrxr xzkgd&#- 100] laLFkkxr xzkgd&:- 150fo'ks"kkad % vkthou lnL;&:- 100] O;fDrxr xzkgd&#- 200] laLFkkxr xzkgd&:- 200

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THE EDITORINDIAN INSTITUTE OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATIONIndraprastha Estate, Ring Road, New Delhi-110 002 (India)

Edited by Mahendra Prasad Singh and printed and published by Dipankar Guha for the IndianInstitute of Public Administration, New Delhi, Ph.: 23702400 and Printed at New United Process, A-26,Naraina Industrial Area, Phase-II, New Delhi-110 028. Ph. 011-4508 9125

R.N.I No. 4809/57

Edited by S.N. Mishra and printed and published by Snehlata for Indian Institute of Public Administration, New Delhi, Ph.: 23468368 and Printed at New United Process, A-26, Naraina Industrial Area, Phase-II, New Delhi-110 028.

lEiknd% ,l- ,u- feJ

ASHOK LAVASASecretaryDepartment of Expenditure,Ministry of Finance, Govt. of India,Room No.128 C, North Block,New Delhi-110001.

AMITABH KANTChief Executive Officer, NITI Aayog,Govt. of India, NITI Bhavan,Sansad Marg, New Delhi-110001.

GIRISH KUMARIIPA,New Delhi110002.

THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATIONNON-ELECTED MEMBERS OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL

PresidentVENKAIAH NAIDUVice-President of India

ChairmanT.N. CHATURVEDI

Former Governor of Karnataka

Vice PresidentSHEKHAR DUTT

(Former Governor of Chhattisgarh)Co-opted Members

ARUN KUMAR GROVERVice-ChancellorPanjab University,Chandigarh-160014.

JOSEPH K. ALEXANDERChairmanIIPA Kerala Regional Branch,T.C.14/2144, Medes Lane, Palayam,Thiruvananthapuram-695034.

S.S. KSHATRIYAChairmanIIPA Maharashtra Regional Branch,16th Floor, New Administrative Building,Opp. Mantralaya, Hutatma Rajguru Chowk,Madame Cama Road, Mumbai-400032.

N. LOKENDRA SINGHChairmanIIPA Manipur Regional Branch,C/o Registrar,Manipur University,Canchipur,Imphal-795003.

AJIT KUMAR TRIPATHIChairmanIIPA Odisha Regional Branch,

Secretaries to Government of India

AJAY MITTALSecretaryDepartment of Personnel & Training,Ministry of Personnel,Public Grievances & Pensions,Govt. of India,Room No.112,North Block,New Delhi-110001.

IIPA Academic Staff

DOLLY ARORAIIPA, New Delhi-110002.

K.K. PANDEYIIPA, New Delhi-110002.

Director & Member-SecretaryTISHYARAKSHIT CHATTERJEE

Indian Institute of Public AdministrationI.P. Estate, Ring Road,

New Delhi-110002.

Telegram: ADMNIST Telephone: 23702400-17

.

RATTAN P. WATALSecretaryDepartment of Expenditure,Ministry of Finance, Govt. of India,Room No.128 C, North Block,New Delhi-110001.

SINDHUSHREE KHULLARC.E.O, NITI Aayog,Govt. of India, New Delhi-110001

GIRISH KUMARI.I.P.A.New Delhi110002.

THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATIONNON ELECTED MEMBERS OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL

PresidentMOHAMMAD HAMID ANSARI

Vice President of IndiaChairman

T.N. CHATURVEDIFormer Governor of Karnataka

Co-opted Members (2014-2016)

SHEKHAR DUTT(Former Governor of Chhattisgarh)Flat No.C-805, 8th Floor,Keenwood Tower,Charmwood Village,Surajkund Road,Faridabad-121009 (Haryana).



JOHNY JOSEPHChairmanIIPA Maharashtra Regional Branch,16th Floor, New Administrative Building,Opp. Mantralaya, Hutatma Rajguru Chowk,Madame Cama Road, Mumbai-400032.

N. LOKENDRA SINGHChairmanIIPA Manipur Regional Branch,C/o Registrar, Manipur University,Canchipur, Imphal-795003.

BIPIN BIHARI MISHRAChairmanIIPA Odisha Regional Branch,Qtr. No.VIC, 2/1, Unit-1,Bhubaneswar-751009.


SANJAY KOTHARISecretaryDepartment of Personnel & Training,Ministry of Personnel,Public Grievances & Pensions,Govt. of India,Room No.112,North Block,New Delhi-110001.

IIPA Academic Staff (2014-2016)

DOLLY ARORAI.I.P.A, New Delhi-110002.

K.K. PANDEYI.I.P.A, New Delhi-110002.

Director & Member-Secretary TISHYARAKSHIT CHATTERJEE


New Delhi-110002.


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Hkkjr esa Ik;kZoj.k fodkl ,oa Lora= fu;ked vk;ksxlq/kka'kq f=ikBh 1

jk"Vªh; vkink çcaèku çkfèkdj.k dh fu;kedh; Hkwfedkjktsaæ dqekj ikaMs; 11

i;kZoj.k ,oa gekjk nkf;RoJhizdk'k ef.k f=ikBh 24

Hkkjrh; laLÑfr esa i;kZoj.k&ehekalkdkS’ky fd’kksj feJ 36

i;kZoj.k laj{k.k dh oSf’od ftEesokjh vkSj Hkkjrxk¡/khth jk; 45

i;kZoj.k laj{k.k% fodkl ,oa iznw"k.k ds chp la?k"kZ'kf'k Hkw"k.k dqekj ,oa 'osrkECkq xkSre 71

i;kZoj.k fodkl rFkk fu;kedh; laLFkkvksa dh Hkwfedk% ,d v/;;umes'k dqekj 90

i;kZoj.k laj{k.k dh pqukSfr;k¡lR;izdk'k ef.k f=ikBh 103

Hkkjr esa i;kZoj.kh; U;k;’kkL= ,oa vketu ¼D;k Lora= fu;kedh;izkf/kdj.k vfuok;Z gS\½

johUnz dqekj oekZ 109

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i;kZoj.k fodkl rFkk fu;kedh; laLFkkvksa dh Hkwfedkuwj Qkfrek valkjh 157

Hkkjr esa fodkl rFkk i;kZoj.k laj{k.k ¼i;kZoj.k] ou rFkktyok;q ifjorZu ea=ky; dh Hkwfedk½

gjh'k nÙk 169

i;kZoj.kh; leL;k;sa ,oa lek/kkulfPpnkuUn feJ 186

Ik;kZoj.k-laj{k.kenu xksiky flUgk 195

Ik;kZoj.k laj{k.k fu;ked laLFkk % jk"Vªh; gfjr izkf/kdj.k ,dfo’ys"k.k

jf’e pkSgku 210

i;kZoj.k laj{k.k esa Hkkjrh; fu;kedksa dh Hkwfedk % ,d v/;;udeys'k ukjk;.k feJ ,oa lq/khj dqekj 'kqDy 219

Hkkjr esa i;kZoj.k laj{k.k vkSj iapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa dh Hkwfedk’khyk dqekjh 226

euq";-izd`fr laca/k % Hkkjrh; ou dkuwuksa ds utfj, lsfo’o nhid f=ikBh 245

i;kZoj.k vkSj fodklegs'k dqekj flag 255

LoPN xaxk vfHk;ku vkSj jk"Vªh; gfjr izkf/kdj.k % n’kk o fn’kk_rs’k Hkkj}kt 264

i;kZoj.k iznw"k.k % fu;a=.k ,oa mik;vEcqts’k dqekj feJ 274

Hkkjr esa i;kZoj.k & laj{k.k ,oa fu;ked ladk;ksa dh HkwfedkEkhuk feJk 283

i;kZoj.k fodkl rFkk fu;kedh; laLFkkvksa dh Hkwfedk % xzUFk lwphehuk feJk 290

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izks- lq/kak'kq f=ikBh & vkpk;Z] jktuhfr foKku foHkkx] m- Á- jktf"kZ V.Mu eqDrfo'ofo|ky;] bykgkckn] mÙkj Áns'kA

MkW- jktsUnz dqekj ik.Ms; & lg-vkpk;Z] jktuhfr 'kkL= foHkkx] pkS/kjh pj.kflag fo'ofo|ky;] esjB] mÙkj Áns'kA

izks- Jhizdk'k ef.k f=ikBh & vkpk;Z] jktuhfr 'kkL= foHkkx] nhu n;ky mik/;k;fo'ofo|ky;] xksj[kiqj] mÙkj Áns'kA

MkW- dkS'ky fd'kksj feJ & vkpk;Z] jktuhfr foKku foHkkx] dk'kh fgUnw fo'ofo|ky;]okjk.klh] mÙkj Áns'kA

izks- xk¡/khth jk; & lsok fuo`Ùk] vkpk;Z] jktuhfr 'kkL= foHkkx] ohj dqaoj flagfo'ofo|ky;] vkjk] fcgkjA

MkW- 'kf'k Hkw"k.k dqekj & lg-vkpk;Z] LukrdksÙkj] jktuhfr 'kkL= foHkkx] vkj-,u- egkfo|ky;] gkthiqj] fcgkjA

Jh 'osrkEcq xkSre & 'kks/k Nk=] jktuhfr 'kkL= foHkkx] ts- ih- fo'ofo|ky;]Nijk] fcgkjA

MkW- mes'k dqekj & vkpk;Z ,oa foHkkxk/;{k] yksd iz'kklu foHkkx] ohj dqaoj flagfo'ofo|ky;] vkjk] fcgkjA

MkW- lR;izdk'k f=ikBh & v/;{k] jktuhfr 'kkL= foHkkx] nhu n;ky mik/;k;fo'ofo|ky;] xksj[kiqj] mÙkj Áns'kA

MkW- johUnz dqekj oekZ & lg-vkpk;Z] LukrdksÙkj] jktuhfr 'kkL= foHkkx] vkj-,u- dkWyst] gkthiqj ¼oS'kkyh½] fcgkjA

MkW- lqjsUnz dqekj & v/;{k] jktuhfr 'kkL= foHkkx] ch- ,l- dkWyst] nkukiqj]iVuk] fcgkjA

MkW- eerk ef.k f=ikBh & lg-vkpk;kZ] jktuhfr 'kkL= foHkkx] Jh Hkxokuegkohj LukrdksÙkj egkfo|ky;] Qkft+y uxj] dq'khuxj] mÙkj Áns'kA

izks- jktchj flag nyky & vkpk;Z] yksd iz'kklu foHkkx] pkS/kjh nsoh ykyfo'ofo|ky;] fljlk] gfj;k.kkA

Jh ljcu dqekj & 'kks/k Nk=] yksd iz'kklu foHkkx] pkS/kjh nsoh yky fo'ofo|ky;]fljlk] gfj;k.kkA

iv

Jhefr uwj Qkfrek valkjh & 'kks/k Nk=k] yksd iz'kklu foHkkx] y[kuÅ fo'ofo|ky;]mÙkj Áns'kA

Jh gjh'k nÙk & 'kks/k Nk=] yksd iz'kklu foHkkx] lkekftd foKku ladk;]bafnjk xka/kh jk"Vªh; eqDr fo'ofo|ky;] ubZ fnYyhA

MkW- lfPpnkuan feJ & lsåfuå] izkpk;Z] ,l-Mh-ih-th- dkWyst] eB-ykj] nsofj;k]mÙkj Áns'kA

MkW- enu xksiky flUgk & lg-vkpk;Z] jktuhfr foKku foHkkx] fgUnw ih- th-dkWyst] tekfu;ka] xkthiqj] mÙkj Áns'kA

MkW- jf'e pkSgku & iwoZ Ldkyj] yksd iz'kklu foHkkx] jktLFkku fo'ofo|ky;]t;iqj] jktLFkkuA

MkW- deys'k ukjk;.k feJ & lgk;d-vkpk;Z ,oa v/;{k] jktuhfr foKkufoHkkx] enu eksgu ekyoh; ih-th- dkWyst] HkkVikj jkuh] nsofj;k] mÙkj Áns'kA

Jh lq/khj dqekj 'kqDy & 'kks/k Nk=] jktuhfr foKku foHkkx] enu eksgu ekyoh;ih-th- dkWyst] HkkVikj jkuh] nsofj;k] mÙkj Áns'kA

'khyk dqekjh & 'kks/k Nk=k] jktuhfr 'kkL= foHkkx] ohj dqaoj flag fo'ofo|ky;]vkjk] fcgkjA

MkW- fo'o nhid f=ikBh & lgk;d-vkpk;Z] jktuhfr 'kkL= foHkkx] bykgkcknfo'ofo|ky;] bykgkckn] mÙkj Áns'kA

Jh egs'k dqekj flag & 'kks/k Nk=] jktuhfr 'kkL= foHkkx] nhu n;ky mik/;k;fo'ofo|ky;] xksj[kiqj] mÙkj Áns'kA

MkW- _rs'k Hkkj)kt & lgk;d-vkpk;Z] jktuhfr 'kkL= foHkkx] ';keykydkWyst ¼lka/;½] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;] fnYyhA

Jh vEcqts'k dqekj feJk & 'kks/k Nk=] jktuhfr 'kkL= foHkkx] nhu n;ky mik/;k; fo'ofo|ky;] xksj[kiqj] mÙkj Áns'kA

Jhefr ehuk feJk & lgk;d-iqLrdky;k/;{k] Hkkjrh; yksd iz'kklu laLFkku]vkbZ- ih- ,LVsV] fjax jksM] ubZ fnYyhA

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vkTk O;kid LRkj ij ;a=hdj.k ,oa vkS|ksfxdhdj.k ds dkj.k okrkoj.k brukfo"kkDr gks x;k gS fd u ge 'kq) gok esa lkal ys ldrs gSa] u LoPN ty ih ldrsgSa vkSj u gh ikSf"Vd inkFkZ [kk ldrs gaS blhfy, ge rjg-rjg dh 'kkjhfjd oekufld O;kf/k;ksa ds f'kdkj gks jgs gaSA tgjhyh xSlksa ds fjlko ls yk[kksa euq";ksadh e`R;q gks jgh gS blesa rfud Hkh lansg ugha ;fn ;g Øe cuk jgk rks fodklizfØ;k esa ekuo Lo;a gh yqIr gks tk;sxk vkSj fodkl rFkk fouk'k ,d nwljs dsi;kZ; gks tk;saxsA

bu leL;kvksa dk gekjs nwjn'khZ lafo/kku fuekZrkvksa us igys gh vuqeku yxkfy;k Fkk vr% blfy, lafo/kku ds uhfr funsZ'kd rRo dh /kkjk 48 ¼A½ esa i;kZoj.kdh j{kk gsrq foLrr izko/kku fd;k] ftlds varxZr fu;kedh; laLFkkvksa ds lEcU/k esaO;oLFkk dh xbZ gSA

tc ge fu;kedh; laLFkkvksa dh ckr djrs gaS rks igyk iz'u gekjs lkeus ;gvkrk gS fd fu;kedh; LkaLFkk,a D;k gSa\ ;g ljdkjh lajpuk }kjk fufeZr O;oLFkk,agSa ftUgsa fo/kk;u] fØ;kUo;u ls lacaf/kr U;kf;d vf/kdkj Hkh izkIr gSaA ;fn gedksbZ O;olk; Hkh 'kq: djrs gSa rks lcls igys mldk [kkdk RkS;kj djrs gSa mllslacaf/kr fu;e cukrs gSa rFkk mls ykxw djrs gSa Bhd mlh rjg i;kZoj.k lEcU/khdkuwu lekt dh LokLF; lqj{kk vkfn lEcU/kh fu;e cukrs gSa vkSj mls ykxw djrsgSa fu;kedh; laLFkk,a eq[; :i ls nks izkFkfed dk;Z djrh gSa og gS ¼d½ fu;ecukuk vkSj ¼[k½ ml fu;e dks izHkkoh <ax ls ykxw djukA ;s laLFkk,a ewy :i lslaKkr; O;olk; ds varxZr vkrh gSa vkSj i;kZoj.k dh lqj{kk ,oa LokLF; dh j{kkdjus esa vge Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSaA

tSlk dh laOkS/kkfud O;oLFkk gS mlh lUnHkZ esa 1974 esa lafo/kku ds 42osa la'kks/kuds varxZr ;g O;oLFkk dh xbZ fd jkT; ljdkj i;kZoj.k dk laj{k.k] lqj{kk] taxyksa]RkFkk taxyh tkuojksa dh j{kk djsxhA ckn esa bUgsa ekSfyd drZO;ksa ds varxZr Hkhlekfgr fd;k x;kA vr% ;g eglwl fd;k x;k fd ns'k esa fu;kedh; laLFkkvksadk xBu fd;k tk, rkfd i;kZoj.k dh j{kk gks ldsA ;s LkaLFkku nksgu] izkd`frdlzksrksa dk xyr mi;ksx rFkk gkf'k;kbZ leqnk;ksa dh j{kk djsaA

lkFk gh ;g ifj;kstuk ij n`f"V j[ksxh bu ij yxkrkj fuxkg j[ksxh] vkfnAbl lUnHkZ esa 31 ekpZ 2014 dks mPpre U;k;ky; ds rhu U;k;k/kh'kksa }kjk dsanzljdkj dks ;g funsZ'k fn;k x;k fd i;kZoj.k ea=ky;] ou ea=ky; tyok;q {ks=

vi

esa fuxkg j[ksA 1986 vf/kfu;e ds vuqlkj fu;kedh; laLFkkvksa dks fuEufyf[krfunsZ'k fn, x,%

¼d½ fu;kedh; vk;ksx dks vf/kdkj gksxk fd og vkS|ksfxd ifj;kstuk dhvuqefr nsA

¼[k½ mudk i;kZoj.k ij D;k vlj iM+rk gS\ bldk ewY;kadu djsaA

¼x½ ;g lqfuf'pr djs dh jkT; ljdkj i;kZoj.k lEcU/kh vuqefr ns bR;kfnA

lkFk gh dsanzh; ljdkj us ,d varj ea=ky; laLFkk 2014 esa cukbZ gS tks mldhxq.koRrk ij fopkj djsA

tSlk dh igys dgk tk pqdk gS fu;kedh; laLFkk,a jkT; vkSj dsanz ljdkj nksuksagh fufeZr dj ldrh gSaA ftlds fy, le;-le; ij dkuwu cuk;s x, gSaA gekjs;gka i;kZoj.k lECkU/kh fu;kedh; laLFkkvksa dh yEch lwph gSA

foxr~ o"kksZa esa i;kZoj.kh; tkx:drk ds lkFk-lkFk ijEijkxr vo/kkj.kk esaifjorZu gqvk gSA ftlds pyrs i;kZoj.k dh xq.koRrk ,oa vkfFkZd fodkl esa la?k"kZns[kus dks feyrk gSA fQj Hkh nksuksa ,d-nwljs ds iwjd gSaA i;kZoj.kh; tkx:drkij fo'ks"k /;ku nsuk dksbZ ubZ ckr ugh gSa cfYd ;g Hkkjrh; laLd`fr dk vax jgkgSA i;kZoj.k dk lja{k.k ,oa fVdkÅ fodkl Hkkjrh; /kkfeZd xzFkksa eas Hkh mYysf[krgSaA bl lanHkZ esa vkt i;kZoj.k fo'ks"k :i ls gekjk /;ku vkdf"kZr djrk gSA

Ik;koZj.k iznw"k.k dh leL;k vkt laiw.kZ fo'o esa ,d fodjky ladV dk:Ik /kkj.k dj pqdh gS ftlls Hkkjr tSls fodkl'khy rFkk r`rh; fo'o dsyxHkx lHkh ns'k xaHkhj :Ik ls izHkkfor vkSj =Lr gaSA ;|fi Ik;kZoj.k {kj.k ijfu;a=.k yxkus ds fy, ljdkj }kjk xfBr fofHkUu fu;ked laLFkk,¡ viusnkf;Roksa dk fuoZgu dj jgha gSaA budks vf/kd 'kfDr laiUu cukus ds vykokmUkds mRrjnkf;Ro dks Hkh r; djuk gksxk ftlls os vewY; izkd`frdlainkvksa ds lnqi;ksx dks lqfuf'pr djus ds lkFk-gh-lkFk muds laj{k.k ,oaloa/kZu gsrq dkj[kkuks a }kjk vk/kqfud rduhdksa dk Hkh mi;ksx rFkk i;kZoj.kj{kk laca/kh fu/kkZfjr ekudksa dk ikyu djsaA bldk mÙke fo'ys"k.k lq/kka'kqf=ikBh us izFke ys[k esa fd;k gSA

Hkkjr esa vkink çcaèku ds {ks= esa 'kh"kZ fu;kedh; laLFkk ds :i esa jk"Vªh;vkink çcaèku çkfèkdj.k dk xBu 2005 esa fd;k x;k FkkA bl çkfèkdj.k }kjkfuÆn"V fofHkUu fu;kedh; igyksa dks O;kogkfjd èkjkry ij fdruk mrkjk x;kvkSj blh eqís ij çkfèkdj.k dh dk;Z{kerk vkSj fu;kedh; ikS:"k ij ç’ufpUgyxrk ut+j vkrk gSA jktsanz dqekj ik.Ms; ds vkys[k esa ,d fu;kedh; laLFkkds :i esa jk"Vªh; vkink çcaèku çkfèkdj.k dh Hkwfedk dk vkykspukRedewY;kadu çLrqr djus dk ç;Ru fd;k gSA

vii

Jhizdk'k ef.k f=ikBh us ^i;kZoj.k ,ao gekjk nkf;Ro** dk fo'kn~ fo'ys"k.kizLrqr fd;k gS fd fdl izdkj i;kZoj.k ds izfr gekjk mÙkjnkf;Ro gS D;ksafdvf[ky czãk.M esa ek= i`Foh gh vdsyk xzg gS] ftl ij tSoe.My dh lEHkkoukfo|eku gSA ysfdu gekjs i;kZoj.k vFkkZr~ ty] taxy] tehu o gok vkfnizd`fr ds miknku Hk;kog :i ls {kfjr o iznwf"kr gksrs tk jgs gSaA O;ogkjr%mu nkf;Roksa dk fuoZgu ugha dj ik jgs gSa] ftUgsa okLro esa djuk pkfg,Aelyu&thou 'kSyh esa cnyko] fodkl dh vo/kkj.kk esa cnyko] miHkksDrkoknls ijgst] ;a=ksa o rduhdksa dk lhfer mi;ksx viuh fyIlk ij iw.kZ fu;a=.kvkfn ugha dj ik jgs gSa] tks i;kZoj.k dh lathouh gsrq ;Fks"B mik; gSA orZekuoSf'od ifjos'k esa i;kZoj.k vkSj mlds izfr gekjk nkf;Ro xgu fparu dk fo"k;gSA

izÑfr ds ?kVd rRo gh i;kZoj.k dk fuekZ.k djrs gSaA izÑfr ds ?kVd rRogSa& i`Foh] ty] vkdk’k] ok;q vkSj vfXuA ;gh ik¡pksa rRo izÑfr dk fuekZ.kdjrs gSaA buesa ls ,d dk Hkh :i fcxM+ tk;s rks izÑfr dk :i fcxM+ tkrkgSA czãk.M fcxM+sxk rks 'kjhj fcxM+sxkA izk.kh ek= dk vfLrRo o mldkfodkl lcdqN mlds i;kZoj.k ij gh fuHkZj djrk gS] bUgha iap rRoksa ls izk.khek= dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd Hkkjrh; laLÑfr us ekuo lfgr lHkhizkf.k;ksa ds 'kjhj ds lkFk izÑfr dks tksM+us dh ckr dh gSA yxkrkj ;g izkFkZukdh gS fd mldk laj{k.k vkSj lao/kZu gksA bldk foospu dkS'ky fd'kksj feJus vius ys[k esa 'yksdksa vkSj muds HkkokFkZ ds ek/;e ls fd;k gSA

i;kZoj.k laj{k.k ds fy, Hkkjr esa fHkUu-fHkUu vf/kfu;e cus gSaA bu vf/kfu;eksadk l[rh ls vuqikyu djuk gekjh uSfrd ftEesokjh gSA gtkjks a o"kks Z a ls tks/kjrh ge lcdk laj{k.k vkSj iks"k.k djrh jgh gS] vkt ge mlds LokLF; dhfpark djsa] D;ksafd gekjk Hkfo"; Hkh /kjrh ds Hkfo"; ls tqM+k gSA ns'kkarxZrfnuksafnu c<+rs iznw"k.k rFkk de gksrs ty ns'k ds fy, ,d cM+h pqukSrh gSaA vr%ty lap;u ds fy, vkt gekjh lkewfgd izfrc)rk vko';d gSA blds lkFkgh] IykfLVd ds fo:) jk"VªO;kih vfHk;ku pykdj cM+s iSekus ij i;kZoj.k dkslqjf{kr cuk;k tk ldrk gSA bldk foLr`r fo'ys"k.k xka/khth jk; us vius ys[kesa c[kwch fd;k gSA

i;kZoj.k iznw"k.k dh leL;k vkt u dsoy vf[ky Hkkjrh; Lrj ij ns[khtk jgh gS cfYd lewpk fo’o blls vkØkar gSA rhoz vkfFkZd fodkl usi;kZoj.k] vf/klajpuk ¼infrastructure½ ,oa izkÑfrd laink ij vR;f/kd nckocuk Mkyk gSA izLrqr ys[k esa 'kf'k Hkw"k.k dqekj ,oa 'osrkEcq xkSre us i;kZoj.kladV ds fofHkUu vk;keksa ,oa i;kZoj.k laj{k.k dh fn’kk esa fd, x, iz;klksa dk

viii

lE;d foospu izLrqr fd;k gS fd fdl izdkj fodkl ,oa iznw"k.k ds chp ,dyEck la?k"kZ py jgk gSA

i;kZoj.k ladV ,oa iznw"k.k ,d fo'oLrjh; Hk;adj leL;k cu x;h gSA bui;kZoj.kh; leL;kvksa us oSKkfudkas] jktuhfrKksa ,oa f'k{kkfonkas dk /;ku viuh vksjvkdf"kZr fd;k vkSj ;g eglwl fd;k fd i;kZoj.k fodkl dks lkekU; fodkl dkvax cuk;k tk;s rFkk fu;kedh; laLFkk;sa bl fn'kk esa ldkjkRed igy djsaA ;glLFkk;sa i;kZoj.k ds fodkl esa viuh Hkwfedk fdl izdkj fuHkk jgha gSaA bl dkv/;;u mes'k dqekj us vius ys[k esa fd;k gSaA

orZeku le; esa gekjs le{k i;kZoj.k Hk;adj pqukSrh ds :i esa ifjyf{kr gks jgkgSA ;g ekuork gsrq 'kqHk ladsr ugha gSA bldk ewy dkj.k gS vkfFkZd fodkl]fodkl dh yach nkSM+ esa geus i;kZoj.k dk {kj.k fd;k gS rFkk bldh lqj{kk gsrqvko';d lq>koksa dh vuns[kh dh gSA dbZ fu;ked laLFkk,¡ Hkh vius drZO;kas dhizfr ltx ugha jghaA bu lc i;kZoj.kh; laj{k.k dh pqukSfRk;ksa dk fo'kn~ fo'ys"k.klR;izdk'k f=ikBh us vius 'kks/ki= esa izLrqr fd;k gSA

i;kZoj.k laj{k.k gsrq cus laxBuksa dk vius nkf;Roksa ij [kjk ugha mrjukrFkk U;kf;d fu.kZ;ksa ds vkaf’kd izHkko ds dkj.k vketu bl izfØ;k ls dVsgq, gSaA Hkkjr i;kZoj.kh; U;k;’kkL= ds ijh{k.k ls fofnr gksxk pkgs ;g ekeykmuds i;kZoj.kh; fojks/kh vknrksa ij fu;a=.k j[kus dk gks ;k mudh vkthfodh;izkFkfedrk dk iz’u gksA reke eqn~nksa ij foospu ds i’pkr~ ;g vuq’kalk dhtk ldrh gS fd i;kZoj.k laj{k.k rFkk iznw"k.k fu;a=.k gsrq cuh laLFkkvksa vkSjfofHkUu i;kZoj.kh; uhfr;ksa ds dk;kZUo;u dh ftEesokjh fdlh ,sls izkf/kdj.kdks nh tk;s ftls Lok;Ùkrk izkIr gks bldh vfuok;Zrk ds fo"k; esa johUnz dqekjoekZ us vius ys[k esa izdk'k Mkyk gSA

uxjhdj.k ,oa miHkksDrkoknh izo`fÙk ds dkj.k vkt Bksl dpjs dh ek=k,oa izd`fr esa vkewypwy ifjorZu vk;k gSA bl dkj.k] Bksl dpjk izca/ku dks,d tu-vkUnksyu dk :i nsuk gksxkA izLrqr ys[k esa lqjsUnz dqekj us iVuk dslanHkZ esa Bksl dpjk izcU/ku dh leL;kvks a ,oa pqukSfr;ka s dk fo’ys"k.k fd;kgSA ;g v/;;u lEiw.kZ fcgkj ds fy, uhfrxr fufgrkFkZ gaSA dkj.k] ;fn iVukesa uxj fudk;] tks fcgkj ljdkj dh ukd ds uhps dk;Z dj jgs gSa] Bksl dpjkizca/ku dh j.kuhfr fodflr ugha dj ik jgs gSa rks jkT; ds vU; Hkkxksa dk D;kgksxk] tgk¡ ds uxj fudk; Hkkjh vkfFkZd raxh ,oa vU; leL;kvksa ls tw> jgsgSaA

fodkl rFkk i;kZoj.k ,d nwljs ds iwjd gSaA larqfyr ,oa 'kq) Ik;kZoj.kfcuk ekuo dk thou d"Ve; gks tk;sxkA gekjk vfLrRo rFkk thou dh

ix

xq.koŸkk LoPN i;kZoj.k ij fuHkZj gSA fodkl gekjs fy, t:jh gS blds fy,izkd`frd lk/kuksa dk mi;ksx djuk pkfg,A lrr~ fodkl esas vkfFkZd lekurk]ySafxd lekurk ,oa lkekftd lekurk ds lkFk-lkFk i;kZoj.k larqyu Hkhfufgr gS blfy, dgk tkrk gS fd ekuo dk okLrfod dY;k.k lrr fodkl}kjk gh laHko gSA egkRek xk¡/kh us dgk Fkk& ^^gekjs m|ksx ekuo iz/kku gksuspkfg, u fd e'khu iz/kku** lrr~ fodkl ds lanHkZ esa mudh ;g ckr gesa cgqrdqN fl[kkrh gSA bldk fo'ys"k.k eerkef.k f=ikBh us vius ys[k esa fd;k gSA

Ik;kZoj.k laj{k.k ,oa lao)Zu gsrq vusdksa dne mBk, x, gSa ftlesa tyok;q,oa e`)k laj{k.k dkuwuksa ds lkFk-lkFk bUgsa ykxw djokus gsrq vusdksa fu;kedh;laxBuksa ,oa fudk;ksa dh LFkkiuk Hkh dh xbZ gSA Ik;kZoj.k ,oa ou eU=ky; rFkkfoHkkxk s a ds vfrfjDr jk"Vªh; gfjr U;k;k/khdj.k rFkk izknsf'kd gfjrU;k;k/khdj.kk s a rFkk Ik;kZoj.k vnkyrksa dk xBu fiNys nks n'kdksa esa fd;kx;k gS rkfd Ik;kZoj.k fodkl dks lqfuf'pr fd;k tk lds vkSj bldk {kj.kdjus okyks a dks nf.Mr fd;k tk ldsA bl Ikzdkj jktchj flag nyky oljcu dqekj us vius ys[k esa Ik;kZoj.k fodkl vkSj fu;kedh; laLFkkvksa dhHkkjr ds lanHkZ esa leh{kk dh gSA

uwj Qkfrek valkjh us i;kZoj.k fodkl ,oa i;kZoj.k esa iznw"k.kksa ds izdkjksa dhO;k[;k dh gS fd og fdl izdkj ls vusd :iksa esa i;kZoj.k dks u"V dj jgs gSa tksekuo tkfr ds fy;s ?kkrd gSA rFkk bu lc dks fdl izdkj fHkUu-fHkUu ;kstukvksarFkk fu;kedh; laLFkkvksa ds fuekZ.k ds }kjk jksdk tk ldrk gSA ijUrq ;g laLFkk;saoSf'od jktuhfr ds }kjk fopkj-foe'kZ rd gh lhfer u jg dj izHkko'kkyh HkwfedkfuHkk;sA mu ns'kkas dk vkRe eaFku dh t:jr gSA tks fd lEiks"k.kh; fodkl dhizkfIr esa ck/kk ig¡qpkrs gaSA

,d 'kh"kZ fudk; ds :i esa Hkkjr esa i;kZoj.k laj{k.k esa ea=ky; dhegRoiw.kZ ftEesnkjh gSA ijUrq mldh izHkko'khyrk esa dqN deh gS D;ksafdea=ky; dks nh xbZ 'kfDr;k¡ i;kZIr vFkok tkap izd`fr dh gSaA gjh'k nÙk usvius ys[k esa i;kZoj.k laj{k.k esa ea=ky; dks iquxZfBr djus vkSj i;kZoj.kh;pqukSfr;ksa ls fuiVus ds fy;s] bls dSls izHkkoh fudk; cukus ds fy;s] mls izHkkohvf/kdkj nsus pkfg;s ,oa jktuhfr gLr{ksi dks de djuk pkfg;sA bl ckjs esafoLr`r foospu fd;k gSA

fodkl rFkk i;kZoj.k nksuksa vfuok;Z gSaA nksuksa ds iks"k.k esa gh ekuodY;k.kkFkZ fodkl dh vo/kkj.kk lajf{kr gksrh gSA fouk’k dh dher ij fodkldk dksbZ vkSfpR; ughaA vkS|ksfxd la;=ksa dh LFkkiuk gekjh vko’;drk gSAvr% ,slh ifj;kstuk;sa vkSj vkS|ksfxd la;= yxkrs le; ,slh rduhd dk

x

mi;ksx fd;k tkuk pkfg;s tks iznw"k.kjks/kh gks rFkk i;kZoj.k dks gkfu uigqapk;sA bl la;=ksa esa lHkh izdkj dh iznw"k.kjks/kh fof/k;k¡ yxk;h tk;s rFkkle;-le; ij muds i;kZoj.k izHkko ewY;kadu ds fy, fuxjkuh dh tk;sA bUghaleL;kvksa ,oa lek/kkuksa dk lfPpnkuan feJ us vius ys[k esa izdk'k Mkyk gSA

i;kZoj.k dk vLokLF;dj gks tkuk gh i;kZoj.k-iznw"k.k gSA i;kZoj.k-lja{k.kvkt lokZf/kd egRoiw.kZ gks x;k gSA tula[;k-o`f) ,oa foykflrkiw.kZ thou-'kSyhds pyrs i;kZoj.k vR;f/kd iznwf"kr gks pqdk gSA ty] ok;q] /ofu] e`nk] leqnzbR;kfn lHkh [krjukd fLFkfr rd iznwf"kr gks pqds gSaA m"ek-iznw"k.k]ukfHkdh;-iznw"k.k] oSpkfjd-iznw"k.k bR;kfn Hkh pje lhek ij gSA ,slh fLFkfr esalcdks fpfUrr gksuk pkfg,A tula[;k dks lhfer djuk vkSj lknk thou ,oamPp fopkj* ds fl)kar dks viukuk i;kZoj.k-lja{k.k ds fy, fufoZdYi gSAblesa fu;kedh; laxBuksa dh Hkwfedk Hkh egRoiw.kZ lkfcr gksxhA ;g enuxksiky flUgk us vius ys[k esa cryk;k gSA

jk"Vªh; gfjr] izkf/kdj.k ¼NGT½ ,d fu;ked laLFkk gSA tks i;kZoj.klaj{k.k ds fy;s LFkkfir dh xbZ FkhA jf'e pkSgku us bldk fo'ys"k.k vius ys[kesa fd;k gS fd fdl izdkj ;g laLFkk Hkh jktuhfr vkSj iz'kklu dh feyh Hkxrls cscl gSa blfy;s NGT ds rF;ksa dk fØ;kfUor gksuk pqukSrhiw.kZ gSA bldhotg ls i;kZoj.k dh vogsyuk gks jgh gSA

i;kZoj.k dh j{kk gekjs lkaLd`frd ewY;ksa ,oa ijEijkvksa dk gh vax gSAizLrqr vkys[k esa deys'k ukjk;.k feJ ,oa lq/khj dqekj 'kqDy us Hkkjr dhi;kZoj.k fu;e uhfr] fu;ked vkSj U;k;ikfydk dh lfØ;rk dh leh{kk dk,d iz;kl fd;k gSA budk ;g v/;;u orZeku ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa uhfr fu;kedksadk iquZ izLrqrhdj.k] iqu:}kj ,oa bu laLFkkvksa dh lhek] lkEkF;Z ,oa Lora=rkc<+kus dh vko';drk eglwl djrk gSA blds lkFk-gh-lkFk lkekftd psruk];qokvksa dh Hkkxsnkjh] ukxfjd lekt dh fgLlsnkjh vkSj lacaf/kr fo'ks"kKksa dhvf/kdre Hkkxsnkjh dh vko';drk gSA

i;kZoj.k iznw"k.k us oSf’od Lrj ij Hkwfe] ty vkSj ok;q dks izHkkfor djekuork ds fy, cM+h pqukSrh mRiUu dj nh gSA i;kZoj.k laj{k.k gekjh uSfrdftEesokjh gks xbZ gSA blfy;s ns’k esa iapk;rksa dks i;kZoj.k laj{k.k laca/kh dk;ZlkSaius ls cM+k cnyko fd;k tk ldrk gSA LFkkuh; laLFkkvksa ds ek/;e lsi;kZoj.k dh izfØ;k dks rst dj LokLF; laca/kh leL;kvksa dk fujkdj.k fd;ktk ldrk gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds 73osa la’kks/ku vf/kfu;e}kjk iapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa dks u flQZ laoS/kkfud ntkZ fn;k x;k] oju~ vusdvf/kdkj Hkh lkSais x, gSaA lafo/kku dh 11oha vuqlwph esa iapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa

xi

dks tks 29 dk;Z lkSais x, gSa] muesa ukS dk;ksZ a dk lh/kk laca/k i;kZoj.k laj{k.kls gSA bldk fooj.k 'khyk dqekjh us vius ys[k ds ek/;e ls c[kwch fd;k gSA

ekuo thou dk mn~Hko vkSj fodkl lnSo i;kZoj.k ij fuHkZj djrk gSAeuq"; vkSj i;kZoj.k ds e/; ,d vU;ksU;kfJr laca/k gS] tks vkfn dky ls pykvk jgk gSSA Hkkstu] f’kdkj rFkk dqN vU; t:jrksa ds fy, euq"; izkjEHk ls ghi;kZoj.k ij fuHkZj jgk gSA ;|fi fd 2006 ds ou dkuwu us tutkfr;ksa ds lkFklfn;ksa ls pys vk jgs vU;k; dk [kkRek fd;k gS rFkk ouksa vkSj euq"; dslgthfork vkSj lkgp;Z dks egRo iznku djus dh ps"Vk dh gS] ijUrq bllsleL;k dk vkaf’kd lek/kku gksrk gqvk gh fn[k jgk gSA okLro esa tc rdvk/kqfud@mRrj vk/kqfud euq"; laiw.kZrk esa euq"; vkSj izd`fr ds lkgp;Z vkSjvU;ksU;kJ; dks Lohdkj djds vius fy, mi;qDr thou 'kSyh dk pquko ughadj ysrk gS rc rd leL;k lekIr ugha gksxhA bldk foospu fo'o nhidf=ikBh us vius ys[k esa fd;k gSA

i;kZoj.k izR;sd ekuoh; thou dks izR;{k ,oa vizR;{k <ax ls izHkkfor djjgk gSA rhoz vkfFkZd fodkl gsrq vfu;af=r :i ls izkd`frd lalk/kuksa dsfonksgu] vkS|ksfxd Økafr] nzqrxkeh ifjogu lk/kuksa ,oa c<+rs e'khuhdj.k usvkt lEiw.kZ oSf'od txr ds le{k i;kZoj.k ladV* dks Toyar leL;k ds :iesa mifLFkr fd;k gSA gesa ,slh fodklkRed O;oLFkk dks izkFkfedrk nsuh gksxh]ftlesa ekuoh; vko';drkvksa vkSj lalk/kuksa ds e/; lnSo larqyu ,oa lek;kstuLFkkfir fd;k tk lds vkSj LoPN] lqUnj o 'kq) i;kZoj.k dh izkfIr lEHko gksldsA blh dks egs'k dqekj flag us vius ys[k esa n'kkZ;k gSA

_rs'k Hkkj}kt dk ;g ys[k LoPN xaxk vfHk;ku ls tqM+s gq, ljdkj ds iz;klksads vkdyu ds lkFk-lkFk jk"Vªh; gfjr izkf/kdj.k dh LoPN xaxk vfHk;ku ijfuxjkuh o fn’kk-funsZ’kksa dk jktuhfrd-vkfFkZd voyksdu djrk gSA fu;kedfudk; ,d lkoZtfud izkf/kdj.k gksrk gS tks fu;kedh; ;k i;Zos{k.kh; {kerk dsrgr ekuo xfrfof/k;ksa ds dqN {ks=ksa ij Lok;Ùk izkf/kdj.k gsrq mÙkjnk;h gksrk gSAfu;ked fudk; iz’kklfud dkuwu-fofu;eu ;k dkuwu-fuekZ.k ds {ks= esa dk;Z djrsgSaA

izLrqr 'kks/k i= esa vEcqts'k dqekj feJ us ^i;kZoj.k iznw"k.k % fu;a=.k ,oamik;** dk fo’kn~ fo’ys"k.k izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA orZeku le; esa i;kZoj.kh;foe’kZ esa c<+rk gqvk iznw"k.k ,d Toyar leL;k ftlds nq"ifj.kkeksa ls leLrtho/kkfj;ks a dks fofo/k izdkj ds jksxks a ls xzflr gksuk iM+ jgk gSA ;gk¡ ;g/;krO; gksuk pkfg, fd iznw"k.k dh o`f) dk izeq[k dkj.k ekuoh; vokaNuh;xfrfof/k;k¡ gSa] tks izd`fr iznÙk lalk/kuksa dk vfr’k; fonksgu djrs gq, olqU/kjkdks dwM+s-dpjs ds <sj dk Lo:i iznku dj jgh gSaA

xii

mPp thou Lrj] LoPN okrkoj.k vFkkZr iznw"k.k jfgr i;kZoj.k esa gh lHako gSAi;kZoj.k laj{k.k gsrq dbZ mik; fd;s x;s gSaA Hkkjr esa vusdkas fu;kstd fudk;ksa dksfooj.k gqvk gSA lafo/kku esa Hkh la'kks/ku fd;s x;sA fuokjd laLFkkukas dh i;kZoj.kdks lqjf{kr j[kus eas vge Hkwfedk gS vkSj og bls fdl rjg fuHkkrs gSaA i;kZoj.klaj{k.k ds fy;s dsoy ljdkj ;k laLFkkuksa dks ugha izR;sd O;fDr dks Hkh vius Lrjij ;ksxnku nsuk gksxkA ;g ehuk feJk us vius ys[k esa crkus dh dksf'k'k dh gSA

bl fo'ks"kkad esa i;kZoj.k fodkl ,oa fu;kedh; laLFkkvksa dh Hkwfedk ijlkaxksikax fopkj gqvk gSA i;kZIr fo'ys"k.k ds mijkar lcls egRoiw.kZ ;gh iz'umHkjrk gS fd i;kZoj.k fodkl esa fu;kedh; laLFkkvksa dh D;k Hkwfedk gS\ rFkk osviuk drZO; fuHkkus esa fdruh lQy jghaA

bl fo'ks"kkad ds laiknu esa izks- egsUnz izlkn flag lEiknd] vkbZ-ts-ih-,-dslg;ksx-ln~Hkko ds fy;s eSa vfr vkHkkjh gw¡A Jherh Lusgyrk dh vFkd lfØ;rk,oa fu"iknu ds fy;s l/kU;okn!

& lEiknd

Hkkjr esa Ik;kZoj.k fodkl ,oa Lora=Hkkjr esa Ik;kZoj.k fodkl ,oa Lora=Hkkjr esa Ik;kZoj.k fodkl ,oa Lora=Hkkjr esa Ik;kZoj.k fodkl ,oa Lora=Hkkjr esa Ik;kZoj.k fodkl ,oa Lora=fu;ked vk;ksxfu;ked vk;ksxfu;ked vk;ksxfu;ked vk;ksxfu;ked vk;ksx

lq/kka'kq f=ikBhlq/kka'kq f=ikBhlq/kka'kq f=ikBhlq/kka'kq f=ikBhlq/kka'kq f=ikBh

lkjka'k% vk/kqfud yksddY;k.kdkjh jkT;-O;OkLFkk ds ;qx esa yksdra= dsxgjkrs foLrkj rFkk turk dh fujUrj c<+rh ek¡xksa dhs iwfrZ esa lafyIr jgus dsdkj.k tgk¡ jkT; ij dk;ksaZ dk cks> vR;f/kd c<+ x;k gS ogha orZeku cktkjlaLd`fr esa jkT; dk Lo:Ik Hkh ckt+k: gksrk tk jgk gSA turk dh c<+rhvko';drkvksa us O;kid Lrj ij vkS|ksfxdhdj.k ,oa ;a=hdj.k ds fy, foo'kfd;k gS ftl dkj.k Ik;kZoj.k bruk iznwf"kr gks x;k gS fd vkt 'kq+++) ty]ok;q] vUu] Qy] Qwy vkfn dk iw.kZ vHkko gks x;k gSA ifj.kkeLo:Ik vusdksa'kkjhfjd ,oa ekufld O;kf/k;ksa us O;fDr dk thou thuk nwHkj dj fn;k gSAvr% Ik;kZoj.k laj{k.k ls tqM+s O;kid y{;ksa dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, Hkkjr esavesfjdk ,oa vU; ;wjksih; ns'kksa ds ln`'k Lora= fu;ked vk;ksx tSlh fu;kedlaLFkkvksa ds xBu dh vko';drk eglwl dh x;h ftlls ns'k esa i;kZoj.k dhlqj{kk ds lkFk izkd`frd lalk/kuksa dk nq#i;ksx izHkkoh <ax ls jksdk tk, ,oaoU; izkf.k;ksa dh j{kk Hkh dh tk ldsA blh ds lkFk ?kus taxyksa esa jgus okysdchyk;h ,oa vU; gkf'k;kbZ leqnk;ksa rFkk efgykvksa dh j{kk djUkk Hkh bufu;ked laLFkkvksa dk dk;Z fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;kA

izLrkoukizLrkoukizLrkoukizLrkoukizLrkoukvkS|ksfxd Økafr ds dkj.k tula[;k esa o`f) ,oa 'kgjhdj.k cgqr vf/kd ek=k

esa gqvk ftlls Ik;kZoj.k ij xaHkhj nq"izHkko iM+us yxkA vkxkeh n'kdksa esatula[;k ds foLQksV rFkk 'kgjhdj.k dh c<+rh vko';drk us fo'o esa fofHkUuizdkj ds iznw"k.kksa dh fLFkfr dks vkSj Hkh xaHkhj cuk fn;k gS ftlesa Ik;kZoj.k iznw"k.k,d cgqr cM+h pqukSrh gSA Ik;kZoj.k ls tqM+h leL;k,a oSKkfud Økafr ds mn; dsQyLo:Ik Rkhoz vkS|ksfxdhdj.k rFkk iwathokn ds vkxeu ls vfu;ksftr 'kgjhdj.kvkSj fodkl ls tqM+h va/kk/kqa/k xfrfof/k;ksa dk ifj.kke gSa] tks yxHkx nks lnh iwoZ

jk”Vªh; vkink çcaèku çkfèkdj.k dhjk”Vªh; vkink çcaèku çkfèkdj.k dhjk”Vªh; vkink çcaèku çkfèkdj.k dhjk”Vªh; vkink çcaèku çkfèkdj.k dhjk”Vªh; vkink çcaèku çkfèkdj.k dhfu;kedh; Hkwfedkfu;kedh; Hkwfedkfu;kedh; Hkwfedkfu;kedh; Hkwfedkfu;kedh; Hkwfedk

jktsaæ dqekj ikaMs;jktsaæ dqekj ikaMs;jktsaæ dqekj ikaMs;jktsaæ dqekj ikaMs;jktsaæ dqekj ikaMs;

lkjka’k% Hkkjr esa vkink çcaèku ds {ks= esa 'kh"kZ fu;kedh; laLFkk ds :i esajk"Vªh; vkink çcaèku çkfèkdj.k dk xBu 2005 esa fd;k x;k FkkA blds xBuds ihNs ewy lksp ;g Fkh fd ns’k esa vkink çcaèku ls lEcafèkr lexz Çpru vkSjrnuqlkj fu;kedh; :ijs[kk dk Lo:i ;g çkfèkdj.k miyCèk djk,xkA vius13 o"kZ ds thoudky esa çkfèkdj.k us fuf’pr :i ls ns’k esa vkink çcaèku lslEcafèkr ,d oSpkfjd psruk dk lapkj fd;k gSA vius fu;kedh; mÙkjnkf;Roksads fuoZgu ds fufeÙk blus vusdksa ekxZn’kZd fl)karksa] fn’kkfunsZ’kksa rFkk uhfrxrnLrkostksa dks fuxZr fd;k gSA ijUrq ewy ç’u ;g [kM+k gksrk gS fd çkfèkdj.k}kjk fuÆn"V fofHkUu fu;kedh; igyksa dks O;kogkfjd èkjkry ij fdrukmrkjk x;k vkSj blh eqís ij çkfèkdj.k dh dk;Z{kerk vkSj fu;kedh; ikS#"kij ç’ufpUg yxrk ut+j vkrk gSA bl vkys[k esa ,d fu;kedh; laLFkk ds:i esa jk"Vªh; vkink çcaèku çkfèkdj.k dh Hkwfedk dk vkykspukRed ewY;kaduçLrqr djus dk ç;Ru fd;k x;k gSA

izLrkoukizLrkoukizLrkoukizLrkoukizLrkouk

i;kZoj.k vkSj fodkl dh varÆØ;k ds foe’kZ esa çk—frd vkink,a ,degRoiw.kZ çfrQyu ds :i esa ges’kk ls mifLFkr jgh gSaA budh lkoZdkfyd vkSjlkoZnsf’kd mifLFkfr Hkkjr tSls ns’kksa esa vkSj vfèkd ek;us j[kus yxrh gS tgk¡yk[kksa yksxksa dh ÇtnfXk;ka gj le; fdlh-u-fdlh çk—frd vkink ds [krjs lsnks-pkj gksrh jgrh gSaA vOoy rks] Hkkjr tSls HkkSxksfyd :i ls oSfoè;iw.kZ ns’kkas esaçk—frd vkink,a O;fä;ksa ds thou dk fgLlk gksrh gSa vkSj Lor% gh ekStwn jgrhgSaaA ijUrq budh foHkhf"kdk dk Lo:i vkSj ckjEckjrk rc vkSj fodjky :i èkkj.kdj ysrh gS tc fodkl ds uke ij i;kZoj.kh; çfØ;kvksa vkSj larqyu dks u"Vdjus dk ç;Ru fd;k tkrk gSA vFkkZr] i;kZoj.k vkSj fodkl dh voSKkfud vkSj

24 yksd iz’kklu[kaM&10, vad&2, tqykbZ&fnlacj 2018

i;kZoj.k ,oa gekjk nkf;Roi;kZoj.k ,oa gekjk nkf;Roi;kZoj.k ,oa gekjk nkf;Roi;kZoj.k ,oa gekjk nkf;Roi;kZoj.k ,oa gekjk nkf;Ro

Jhizdk'k ef.k f=ikBhJhizdk'k ef.k f=ikBhJhizdk'k ef.k f=ikBhJhizdk'k ef.k f=ikBhJhizdk'k ef.k f=ikBh

lkjka'k% izLrqr 'kks/k i= dk eq[; mís'; ^i;kZoj.k ,ao gekjk nkf;Ro** dk fo'kn~fo'ys"k.k izLrqr djuk gSA vf[ky czãk.M esa ek= i`Foh gh vdsyk xzg gS] ftlij tSoe.My dh lEHkkouk fo|eku gSA vFkkZr~ ftUnxh dh /kM+dus lqukbZ iM+rhgSaA vU;= dgha Hkh fdlh Hkh xzg ij thou dh fdlh lEHkkouk dh ryk'k ughagks ik;h gSA vr,o ;fn ekuoh; d`R;ksa ls i;kZoj.k vlarqfyr gqvk rks leLrtSo&vtSo iztkfr;k¡ dky dofyr gks tk;saxhA vr% Lo;a dh lqj{kk gsrq i`Fohdk laj{k.k okaNuh; gh ugh vifjgk;Z Hkh gSA vkt ftl ty] taxy vkSj tehuds tfj;s i;kZoj.k dh fpark dh tk jgh gS] muds izfr gekjk nkf;Ro dkQh gnrd tehuh gdhdr dks fpUruh; cukrk gSaA bDdhloha lnh esa ge nqfu;k lsyksgk ysus gsrq rRij gSa] ysfdu gekjs i;kZoj.k vFkkZr~ ty] taxy] tehu o gokvkfn izd`fr ds miknku Hk;kog :i ls {kfjr o iznwf"kr gksrs tk jgs gSaA fQj Hkhge vkt i;kZoj.k laj{k.k gsrq fdlh Bksl mik; ds ctk; dsoy cgl djus o,d-nwljs ns'kksa ij vk{ksi yxkus esa u[kf'k[k my>s gq, gSaA O;ogkjr% mu nkf;Roksadk fuoZgu ugha dj ik jgs gSa] ftUgsa okLro esa djuk pkfg,A elyu&thou 'kSyhesa cnyko] fodkl dh vo/kkj.kk esa cnyko] miHkksDrkokn ls ijgst] ;a=ksa orduhdksa dk lhfer mi;ksx viuh fyIlk ij iw.kZ fu;a=.k vkfn ugha dj ik jgsgSa] tks i;kZoj.k dh lathouh gsrq ;Fks"B mik; gSA


orZeku oSf'od ifjos'k esa i;kZoj.k vkSj mlds izfr gekjk nkf;Ro xgu fparudk fo"k; gSA i;kZoj.k dk lh/kk lEcU/k ekuo vfLrRo ls gSA izk.kh-txr dkvfLrRo u flQZ izd`fr vkSj i;kZoj.k ls izHkkfor gksrk gS] vfirq izkd`frd lalk/kuksads nksgu dks ;fn lhfer ugha fd;k x;k] rks izdfr vkSj euq"; nksuksa dk gh vkfLrRo[krjs esa gSA ,uokW;jues.V ¼Environment½ vFkkZr~ i;kZoj.k 'kCn dh mRifÙkÝkalhlh 'kCn ,uokW;juj ¼Environer½ ls gS] ftldk vk'k; gS ifjos'kA vFkkZr~prqfnZd fo|ekurk ls gSA1 ^^lekt ds vUrxZr i;kZoj.k ds izHkko vkSj egRo dk


Hkkjrh; laLÑfr esa i;kZoj.k&ehekalkHkkjrh; laLÑfr esa i;kZoj.k&ehekalkHkkjrh; laLÑfr esa i;kZoj.k&ehekalkHkkjrh; laLÑfr esa i;kZoj.k&ehekalkHkkjrh; laLÑfr esa i;kZoj.k&ehekalk

dkS’ky fd’kksj feJdkS’ky fd’kksj feJdkS’ky fd’kksj feJdkS’ky fd’kksj feJdkS’ky fd’kksj feJ

lkjka'k% ;tqosZn us i;kZoj.k dh ifjHkk"kk nh gS **ifjr% vko`.kksfrfr i;kZoj.ke~**]bldk vFkZ gS tks pkjkas vksj ls vko`r djrk gS] og i;kZoj.k gh gSA *ifj* vkSj*vk* milxZiwoZd *o`¥~ vkoj.ks* /kkrq ls *Y;qV~* izR;; ¼Hkko esa½ gksdj cuk] og*i;kZoj.k* 'kCn laLÑr esa i;kZo`fŸk vkSj ifjos"Vu vFkZ esa iz;qDr gSA lkekU; vFkZesa i;kZoj.k ls rkRi;Z ml HkkSfrd ifjos’k ls gS ftlesa leLr tho txr~fuokl djrk gS] vFkkZr~ gekjs prqfnZd tks dqN Hkh O;kIr gS] og lHkh i;kZoj.kgSA LFkkoj-taxe] vkfn ds vykok lEiw.kZ czãk.M esa pkjksa rjQ ls vkPNkfnrdjus okyk inkFkZ ;k rRo lewg i;kZoj.k gSA lEiw.kZ czãk.M esa izk.kh ek= dkvfLrRo i;kZoj.k ij fuHkZj djrk gSA osn dh ;g ifjHkk"kk vk/kqfud i;kZoj.kdh ifjHkk"kk ls O;kid gSA tc ge izk.kh dh ckr djrs gSa rks bldk vFkZ dsoyeuq"; ugha gksrkA izkf.k;ksa ds lalkj esa euq"; ,d Hkkx cl gSA i;kZoj.k dhlaj{kk dsoy euq"; ds fy;s ugha gksuh pkfg;s lHkh thoksa ds fy;s gksuh pkfg;sAi;kZoj.k lEiw.kZ gSA oSf’od gSA i;kZoj.k ij fopkj djrs le; izÑfr dks Hkhle>uk vko’;d gSA izÑfr ds ?kVd rRo gh i;kZoj.k dk fuekZ.k djrs gSaAizÑfr ds ?kVd rRo gSa& i`Foh] ty] vkdk’k] ok;q vkSj vfXuA ;gh ik¡pksa rRoizÑfr dk fuekZ.k djrs gSaA buesa ls ,d dk Hkh :i fcxM+ tk;s rks izÑfr dk:i fcxM+ tkrk gSA ;g rRo ekuo 'kjhj dk Hkh fuekZ.k djrs gSaA rqylh nklth us Li"V dgk gS& **f{kfr] ty] ikod] xxu] lehjk] iapjfpr ;g v/ke'kjhjk**] vFkkZr tks czãk.M esa gSa] ogh 'kjhj esa gSA czãk.M fcxM+sxk rks 'kjhjfcxM+sxkA czãk.M vkSj 'kjhj dk lEcU/k vU;re gSA izk.kh ek= dk vfLrRo omldk fodkl lcdqN mlds i;kZoj.k ij gh fuHkZj djrk gS] D;ksafd i;kZoj.kds ?kVd rRo i`Foh] ty] vkdk’k] ok;q] vfXu ;gh izÑfr dk fuekZ.k djrs gSa]bUgha iap rRoksa ls izk.kh ek= dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd Hkkjrh;laLÑfr us ekuo lfgr lHkh izkf.k;ksa ds 'kjhj ds lkFk izÑfr dks tksM+us dhckr dh gSA yxkrkj ;g izkFkZuk dh gS fd mldk laj{k.k vkSj lao/kZu gksA

i;kZoj.k laj{k.k dh oSf’od ftEesokjhi;kZoj.k laj{k.k dh oSf’od ftEesokjhi;kZoj.k laj{k.k dh oSf’od ftEesokjhi;kZoj.k laj{k.k dh oSf’od ftEesokjhi;kZoj.k laj{k.k dh oSf’od ftEesokjhvkSj HkkjrvkSj HkkjrvkSj HkkjrvkSj HkkjrvkSj Hkkjr

xk¡/khth jk;xk¡/khth jk;xk¡/khth jk;xk¡/khth jk;xk¡/khth jk;

lkjka'k% orZeku lnh esa ok;qeaMy esa dkcZu MkbZvkDlkbM (CO2) dh ek=kfuajrj c<+us ls HkweaMyh; rkiu dk ladV Hkh xgjkrk tk jgk gSA ftl ek=kesa CO2 dk mRltZu gks jgk gS] mlh vuqikr ls i`Foh ds rkieku esa Hkh c<+ksrjhgks jgh gSA blls oSKkfudksa us ;g ladsr fn;k gS fd /kjrh ds xjekus ijvkxkeh o"kksZa esa leqnzh ty Lrj esa 200 lseh rd dh o`f) gks ldrh gSAisaVkxu dh fjiksVZ esa psrkouh nh xbZ gS fd blls tku-eky nksuksa dh uqdlkugksus dh laHkkouk gS] D;ksafd vaVkdZfVdk dh fi?kyrh cQZ balkuh otwn dsfy, [krjs dh ?akVh gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa ;fn ge lpsr ugha gq, rks izÑfr gesanwljk ekSdk ugha nsus okyh gSA oSf'od rkieku dk izHkko fodflr rFkkfodkl'khy lHkh jk"Vªksa esa leku :i ls iM+rk gSA bl n`f"V ls i;kZoj.klaj{k.k ds fy, oSf'od Lrj ij ,d ldkjkRed lk>s iz;kl dh vko';drkgSA blds fy, 22 vizSy 1970 dks vk;ksftr i`Foh fnol ls ysdj 22 vizSy2018 rd oSf'od Lrj ij la;qDr jk"Vª dh ns[kjs[k esa vusd lEesyu gq, gSaAi;kZoj.k laj{k.k ls lacaf/kr 1997 dh D;ksVks laf/k orZeku esa dkcZu mRltZuij ykxw gSA bldh laiqf"V isfjl f'k[kj lEesyu ¼2015½ esa dh tk pqdh gSAtyok;q ifjoZru ds vkyksd esa Hkkjr lesr fo'o ds dbZ bykdksa esa Hkwty Lrjesa rsth ls fxjkoV vk jgh gS ftlls vkt f'keyk lfgr iwjs ns'k esa ty ladVds pyrs fLFkfr xaHkhj gks xbZ gSA i;kZoj.k laj{k.k ds fy, Hkkjr esa cus fofHkUuvf/kfu;eksa ds ckotwn fo'o LokLF; laxBu }kjk 2018 esa tkjh fjiksVZ esafo'o ds lcls T;knk ok;q iznw"k.k ls izHkkfor 15 'kgjksa esa 14 Hkkjr esa gSA fo'oLokLF; laxBu dh fjiksVZ ls tkfgj gS fd jktLFkku vkSj dk'ehj ?kkVh dslkFk-lkFk xaxk ds eSnkuh bykdksa dh tn esa gSa] ysfdu Hkkjr ds vU; 'kgjksa esaoSf'od Lrj ij c<+k iznw"k.k i;kZoj.k laj{k.k esa gekjh ykijokgh tkfgj djrsgSaA ,slh Hk;kog fLFkfr esa i;kZoj.k laj{k.k ds fy, cus vf/kfu;eksa dk l[rh


vuqikyu djuk gekjh uSfrd ftEesokjh gSA gtkjksa o"kksZa ls tks /kjrh ge lcdklaj{k.k vkSj iks"k.k djrh jgh gS] vkt ge mlds LokLF; dh fpark djsa] D;ksfdgekjk Hkfo"; Hkh /kjrh ds Hkfo"; ls tqM+k gSA ns'kkarxZr fnuksafnu c<+rs iznw"k.krFkk de gksrs ty ns'k ds fy, ,d cM+h pqukSrh gSA ty ds izfr ykijokgh dks;fn ge ugha lq/kkj ik, rks ebZ 2018 esa f'keyk esa ty ladV dks ns[krs gq,vkus okys fnuksa esa ge I;kls ejsaxsA vr% ty lap;u ds fy, vkt gekjhlkewfgd izfrc)rk vko';d gSA blds lkFk gh] IykfLVd ds fo:) jk"VªO;kihvfHk;ku pykdj cM+s iSekus ij i;kZoj.k dks lqjf{kr cuk;k tk ldrk gSA

HkwfedkHkwfedkHkwfedkHkwfedkHkwfedk

vkt izk;% gj egkuxj] uxj ,oa xk¡o iznw"k.k dh leL;k ls izHkkfor gSAorZeku lnh esa fdlh Hkh vkS|ksfxd la;a= }kjk iznw"k.k-fu;a=.k ekinaM ughaviukus ls Hkwfe] ok;q] ty rFkk /ofu iznw"k.k gks jgk gSA ok;qeaMy esa dkcZuMkbZvkWDlkbM (CO2) dh ek=k fujarj c<+us ls HkweaMyh; rkiu dk ladV Hkhxgjkrk tk jgk gSA ftl ek=k esa CO2 dk mRltZu gks jgk gS] mlh vuqikr lsi`Foh ds rkieku esa Hkh c<+ksrjh gks jgh gSA vk’kadk izdV dh tk jgh gS fd buxSlksa ds va/kk/kaq/k mRltZu ls ok;qeaMy ds 1]000 Hkkx esa CO2

dh ek=k lkr Hkkxgks tk,xh] tks fQygky rhu Hkkx ds djhc gSA bldk nq"ifj.kke gksxk fd i`Fohdk rkieku 21oha lnh ds var rd lk<+s rhu fMxzh lsfYl;l c<+ tk,xkAi;kZoj.kfon~ksa dk ekuuk gS fd bl rkio`f) ls xzhuySaM vkSj vkdZfVd egklkxjdh cQZ fi?kyus dh xfr eas rsth vkus ls leqnz dk tyLrj c<+ tk,xkAoSKkfudksa us ;g Hkh ladsr fn;k gS fd /kjrh ds xjekus ij 2025 rd leqnzhtyLrj esa 200 lseh rd dh o`f) gks tk,xhA laHko gS fd ckaXykns’k vkSj ekynhotSls vusd jk"Vªksa dk vkfLrRo gh feV tk,A

i;kZoj.k iznw"k.k ,d oSf’od pqukSrhi;kZoj.k iznw"k.k ,d oSf’od pqukSrhi;kZoj.k iznw"k.k ,d oSf’od pqukSrhi;kZoj.k iznw"k.k ,d oSf’od pqukSrhi;kZoj.k iznw"k.k ,d oSf’od pqukSrh

i;kZoj.k laj{k.k vkt ,d oSf’od pqukSrh gS] D;ksafd isaVkxu dh ,d fjiksVZesa psrkouh nh xbZ gS fd blls tku-eky nksuksa dh uqdlku gksus dh laHkkouk gSA,aMª;w ek’kZy }kjk rS;kj dh xbZ bl fjiksVZ esa ijek.kq pqukSrh ls okrkoj.k esavpkud vkusokys ifjorZuksa ls iwjs fo’o esa vQjk-rQjh ep ldrh gSA fjiksVZ dsizeq[k ys[kdksa Mks jsaMky o ihVj LDokVZ~t+ ds fopkj esa bu cnykoksa ij rRdkyizHkko ls* fopkj djuk vko’;d gS D;ksafd ,slk u gksus ls fo’o ds ns’kksa ds chpla?k"kZ c<+sxk vkSj ;q) dk [krjk fujarj eaMjkus yxsxkA1 fjiksVZ esa fuEufyf[krHk;kog fLFkfr;ksa dh vksj /;ku vkdf"kZr fd;k x;k gS&

i;kZoj.k laj{k.k% fodkl ,oa iznw"k.k dsi;kZoj.k laj{k.k% fodkl ,oa iznw"k.k dsi;kZoj.k laj{k.k% fodkl ,oa iznw"k.k dsi;kZoj.k laj{k.k% fodkl ,oa iznw"k.k dsi;kZoj.k laj{k.k% fodkl ,oa iznw"k.k dschp la?k"kZchp la?k"kZchp la?k"kZchp la?k"kZchp la?k"kZ

'''''kf'k Hkw"k.k dqekj ,oa 'osrkECkq xkSrekf'k Hkw"k.k dqekj ,oa 'osrkECkq xkSrekf'k Hkw"k.k dqekj ,oa 'osrkECkq xkSrekf'k Hkw"k.k dqekj ,oa 'osrkECkq xkSrekf'k Hkw"k.k dqekj ,oa 'osrkECkq xkSre

lkjka'k% i;kZoj.k iznw"k.k dh leL;k vkt u dsoy vf[ky Hkkjrh; Lrj ijns[kh tk jgh gS cfYd lewpk fo’o blls vkØkar gSA rhoz vkfFkZd fodkl rFkkc<+rh ekuo vkcknh us vkt ns’k ds i;kZoj.k] vf/klajpuk ¼infrastructure½,oa izkÑfrd laink ij vR;f/kd ncko cuk Mkyk gSA vkS|ksfxd iznw"k.k]Hkw{kj.k] ouksa dk dVko] rhoz vkS|ksxhdj.k] 'kgjhdj.k vkSj Hkwfe dk fldqM+ubR;kfn dqN ,sls dkjd gSa tks i;kZoj.k iznw"k.k dks c<+kok ns jgs gSaA Hkwfe vkSjty tSls izkÑfrd lainkvksa dk vR;f/kd nksgu ,oa vkS|ksxhdj.k dh izfØ;kds ifj.kkeLo:i bu izkÑfrd lainkvksa dk i;kZoj.kh; {kj.k 'kq: gks x;kAekuo lfgr bl /kjrh ij jgus okys lHkh izkf.k;ksa ,oa ouLifr;ksa ds le{kvkt i;kZoj.k iznw"k.k ,d fodjky leL;k ds :i esa gSA oSf’od rkieku esac<+ksrjh] vEy o"kkZ] tyok;q ifjorZu] vkst+ksu ijr esa Nsn] ck<+] lw[kk] pØokr¼lwukeh½] Hkwfexr ty dk iznwf"kr gksuk] ok;q iznw"k.k] rVh; ty iznw"k.k bR;kfnizkÑfrd vkink dh ,d yach lwph gS] ftldk /kjrh ij jgus okys lHkh tho -tUrq lkeuk dj jgs gSaA i;kZoj.k laj{k.k ds laoS/kkfud izko/kkuksa ,oa fu;kedlaLFkkvksa ds ckotwn Hkkjr esa i;kZoj.k ladV xgjkrk tk jgk gSA izLrqr ys[kesa i;kZoj.k ladV ds fofHkUu vk;keksa ,oa i;kZoj.k laj{k.k dh fn’kk esa fd, x,iz;klksa dk lE;d foospu izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA


i;kZoj.k nks 'kCnksa ^ifj* vkSj ^vkoj.k* ls feydj cuk gS ftldk 'kkfCndvFkZ ifj ;kfu pkjksa vksj vkSj vkoj.k ;kfu ?ksjk gS vFkkZr~ gesa pkjksa vksj ls?ksjusokyk i;kZoj.k gSA yqbZ Fkkel us viuh iqLrd n ykbOl vkWQ , lsy esa /kjrhdks ,d thoar lsy ¼living cell½ vkSj mlds pkjksa vksj ds okrkoj.k dks mldhj{kk dk ,d vkoj.k crk;k gSA ;gh j{kk-dop i;kZoj.k gS tks /kjrh dh lrg ds


i;kZoj.k fodkl rFkk fu;kedh;i;kZoj.k fodkl rFkk fu;kedh;i;kZoj.k fodkl rFkk fu;kedh;i;kZoj.k fodkl rFkk fu;kedh;i;kZoj.k fodkl rFkk fu;kedh;laLFkkvksa dh Hkwfedk% ,d v/;;ulaLFkkvksa dh Hkwfedk% ,d v/;;ulaLFkkvksa dh Hkwfedk% ,d v/;;ulaLFkkvksa dh Hkwfedk% ,d v/;;ulaLFkkvksa dh Hkwfedk% ,d v/;;u

mes'k dqekjmes'k dqekjmes'k dqekjmes'k dqekjmes'k dqekj

lkjka'k% og lc dqN ftlls pkjksa vksj ls euq"; f?kjk gS i;kZoj.k gksrk gSAeuq"; ds vkl-ikl tks dqN Hkh orZeku gS] i`Foh ds LFky Hkkx ij] LFky dsÅij rFkk i`Foh ds vkUrfjd Hkkxksa esa dgha Hkh tks Hkh gS og izR;{k ;k ijks{k]lw{e ;k LFkwy] ykHkizn ;k gkfuizn] rRdky ;k nwjxkeh fdlh u fdlh izdkjdk izHkko euq"; ds fy, mRiUu djrk gS] og i;kZoj.k gh gSA i;kZoj.k dsvUrxZr nks izdkj ds miknku gksrs gSa%&

vtSfod rFkk tSfod miknkuksa ds la;ksx ls i;kZoj.k dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSAi;kZoj.k ds vUrxZr] mijksDr minkuksa ds la;ksx ls fufeZr edku] ou] cxhps]tu-thou vkfn leLRk vkrs gSaA i;kZoj.k dh izkd`frd fLFkfr esa fdlh izdkjds gLr{ksi dh izfØ;k ,oa fLFkfr tks iznwf"kr djrh gS] i;kZoj.k-iznw"k.k dgktkrk gSA oRkZeku le; esa i;kZoj.k-iznw"k.k ,d fo'oLrjh; Hk;adj leL;k cux;h gSA i;kZoj.k ladV ,oa i;kZoj.k-iznw"k.k dh leL;k us fo'o ds izR;sddksus ds tu-thou dks dekscs'k] izR;{k ;k ijks{k fdlh u fdlh :i esa fdUrqlqfuf'pr rkSj ij izHkkfor fd;k gSA i;kZoj.k ladV ds dbZ dkj.k gks ldrsgaS] tSls c<+rh tula[;k] jklk;fud inkFkksZa dk iz;ksx] foKku dk c<+rk izHkko]vfoosdiw.kZ lalk/ku-nksgu ,oa miHkksx bR;kfnA ;s lHkh ,d [krjukd Hkfo";dh lwpuk ns jgs gSa] vkSj ?kkrd ifj.kkeksa dh vkSj ladsr dj jgs gSaA i;kZoj.kls lacaf/kr bu lEkL;kvksa us oSKkfudksa] jktuhfrKksa ,oa f'k{kkfon~ks dk /;kuviuh vksj vkdf"kZr fd;k vkSj ;g eglwl fd;k x;k gS fd i;kZoj.k fodkldks lkekU; fodkl dk vfuok;Z vax cuk;k tk, rFkk fu;kedh; laLFkk;sa blfn'kk esa ldkjkRed igy djsaA


vkTk dk ekuo izzxfr dh vksj lEeq[k gSA og izfrfnu oSKkfud ,oa izkS|ksfxd{ks= esa mUufr dj fodkl dh vksj c<+ jgk gSA tgk¡ ekuo fodkl dh vksj bruk

i;kZoj.k laj{k.k dh pqukSfr;k¡i;kZoj.k laj{k.k dh pqukSfr;k¡i;kZoj.k laj{k.k dh pqukSfr;k¡i;kZoj.k laj{k.k dh pqukSfr;k¡i;kZoj.k laj{k.k dh pqukSfr;k¡

lR;izdk'k ef.k f=ikBhlR;izdk'k ef.k f=ikBhlR;izdk'k ef.k f=ikBhlR;izdk'k ef.k f=ikBhlR;izdk'k ef.k f=ikBh

lkjka'k% izLrqr 'kks/k i= esa ^i;kZoj.k laj{k.k dh pqukSfr;k¡** dk fo’kn~ fo’ys"k.kizLrqr fd;k x;k gSA orZeku le; esa gekjs le{k i;kZoj.k laj{k.k Hka;djpqukSrh ds :i esa ifjyf{kr gks jgk gSA i;kZoj.k laj{k.k gsrq fu;ked laLFkkvksadh mnklhurk dh fLFkfr esa yksxksa ds ikl ,sls ra= dh vuqiyC/krk gksxh] fturd os viuh bl Toyar leL;k gsrq enn ds vkdka{kh cu ldsaA Qyr% mudsikl ,slk dksbZ fodYi 'ks"k ugha jg tkrk tks mUgsa bl leL;k ls futkr fnykldsaA ,slh fLFkfr esa mudh grk’kk vkSj fujk’kk vR;f/kd rhozrj gksxh vkSjviuh vkokt dks ra= rd igq¡pkus gsrq fojks/kkRed vkØks’k ds iFk ij vxzljgksxsa] ftlls fgalkRed fojks/kksa dh vfHko`f) gksxhA xr~ o"kksZa esa ftu fgalkRedxfrjks/kksa ls ge ,dkdkj gq,] Hkfo";xr~ o"kksZa esa muesa vfro`f) dh lEHkkouk dhvk'kadk ls eu m}sfyr gksxk] ftuds derj gksus dh xqatkb’k ys’kek= Hkh ughagSA ;g i;kZoj.k rFkk ns’k nksuksa gsrq 'kqHk ladsr ugha gSA i;kZoj.k laj{k.k gsrqbl rjg dh mnklhurk dk ewy dkj.k gS%& vkfFkZd fodklA i;kZoj.kh;fu;ked laLFkk,¡ Hkh i;kZoj.k ls lEcfU/kr iz’uksa ij fu;r ugha jgha] rks bldhotg ;g Hkh gS fd geus vHkh rd ;g Lohdkj ugha fd;k gS fd i;kZoj.k^vkfFkZd ifjorZu ds ?kVd* ds :i esa Hkh dk;Z dj ldrk gSA geus vkti;kZoj.kh; lqj{kk gsrq furkUr vko';d lq>koksa dh Hkh vuns[kh dj nh gSA


orZeku le; esa i;kZoj.kh; ifjn`'; prqfnZd ekuod`r xfrfof/k;ksa ls vkgrgS] ftlls i;kZoj.k vlarqfyr gks jgk gSA ,slh fLFkfr;k¡ ;fn vxzsrj ;Fkkor cuhjgh] rks lEiw.kZ ekuork ,oa izd`fr dk vfLrRo ladVxzLr gks tk;sxkA Qyr% ;gtkuuk vR;Ur vko';d gks tkrk gS fd i;kZoj.k D;k gS\ vkSj bls dSls lajf{krfd;k tk,A

i;kZoj.k dk vk'k; gS ekuo ds pkjksa rjQ dk izkd`frd vkoj.k ;k ifjos’kAvFkkZr~ tks Hkh izd`fr iznÙk phtsa gesa vius prqfnZd vko`Ùk fd;s gq, gS] ;Fkk&ok;q]

Hkkjr esa i;kZoj.kh; U;k;’kkL= ,oaHkkjr esa i;kZoj.kh; U;k;’kkL= ,oaHkkjr esa i;kZoj.kh; U;k;’kkL= ,oaHkkjr esa i;kZoj.kh; U;k;’kkL= ,oaHkkjr esa i;kZoj.kh; U;k;’kkL= ,oavketuvketuvketuvketuvketu¼D;k Lora= fu;kedh; izkf/kdj.k vfuok;Z gS\½¼D;k Lora= fu;kedh; izkf/kdj.k vfuok;Z gS\½¼D;k Lora= fu;kedh; izkf/kdj.k vfuok;Z gS\½¼D;k Lora= fu;kedh; izkf/kdj.k vfuok;Z gS\½¼D;k Lora= fu;kedh; izkf/kdj.k vfuok;Z gS\½

johUnz dqekj oekZjohUnz dqekj oekZjohUnz dqekj oekZjohUnz dqekj oekZjohUnz dqekj oekZ

lkjka’k% Hkkjr esa foxr~ rhu pkj n’kdksa ls i;kZoj.k laj{kk gsrq vusd uhfr;k¡]dkuwu rFkk laxBuksa dk fuekZ.k gqvk gSA ijUrq okafNr Qy ugha izkIr gks ldsgSaA i;kZoj.k laj{kk gsrq cus laxBuksa dk vius nkf;Roksa ij [kjk ugha mrjukrFkk U;kf;d fu.kZ;ksa ds vkaf’kd izHkko ds dkj.k vketu bl izfØ;k ls dVsgq, gSaA lkFk gh muds fgrksa dh izLrqfr gsrq i;kZIr volj ugha fn;s tkrs gSaAHkkjr esa i;kZoj.kh; U;k;’kkL= ds ijh{k.k ls fofnr gksxk fd bu reke dkuwuksavkSj U;kf;d fu.kZ;ksa dh jsMkj esa vketu ugha vk ikrs pkgs ;g ekeyk mudsi;kZoj.kh; fojks/kh vknrksa ij fu;a=.k j[kus dk gks ;k mudh vkthfodh;izkFkfedrk dk iz’u gksA reke eqn~nksa ij foospu ds i’pkr~ ;g vuq’kalk dhtk ldrh gS fd i;kZoj.k laj{k.k rFkk iznw"k.k fu;a=.k gsrq cuh laLFkkvksa vkSjfofHkUu i;kZoj.kh; uhfr;ksa ds dk;kZUo;u dh ftEesokjh fdlh ,sls izkf/kdj.kdks nh tk;s ftls Lok;Ùkrk izkIr gks vkSj vko’;drkuqlkj ekud cuk dji;kZoj.k laj{k.k vkSj iznw"k.k fu;a=.k ds lkFk-lkFk vuojr vuqJo.k dj ldsAblds fy, i;kZoj.k laj{kk ds gsrq ,d Lora= fu;kedh; izkf/kdj.k dk xBufd;k tkuk pkfg,A


;g ,d loZekU; rF; gS fd Hkkjr esa i;kZoj.k dk fnu-izfrfnu gzkl gks jgkgSA ;|fi Lora=ksRrj Hkkjr esa i;kZoj.k laj{kk gsrq de-ls-de nks lkS dkuwu]vusd laLFkk,¡ ;Fkk dsUnzh; ea=kky;] jkT;ksa esa foHkkxksa] dsUnzh;@jkT;@dsUnziz’kkflr jkT;ksa ds Lrj ij i;kZoj.k fu;a=.k cksMksZa rFkk gfjr U;k;k/khdj.k(Green Tribunals) vkfn dk fuekZ.k gqvk gS] lkFk-gh-lkFk U;kf;d vkns’kksa]


Bksl dpjk izca/ku ,oa i;kZoj.kBksl dpjk izca/ku ,oa i;kZoj.kBksl dpjk izca/ku ,oa i;kZoj.kBksl dpjk izca/ku ,oa i;kZoj.kBksl dpjk izca/ku ,oa i;kZoj.klaj{k.k % iVuk ds lanHkZ esalaj{k.k % iVuk ds lanHkZ esalaj{k.k % iVuk ds lanHkZ esalaj{k.k % iVuk ds lanHkZ esalaj{k.k % iVuk ds lanHkZ esa

lqjsUnz dqekjlqjsUnz dqekjlqjsUnz dqekjlqjsUnz dqekjlqjsUnz dqekj

lkjka'k% uxjhdj.k ,oa miHkksDrkoknh izofÙk ds dkj.k vkt Bksl dpjs dh ek=k,oa izdfr esa vkewypwy ifjorZu vk;k gSA bl dkj.k] Bksl dpjs dk fMlikst+y*,oa izcU/ku ,d pqukSfriw.kZ dk;Z cu x;k gSA ljdkj] uxj fudk;ksa rFkkuhfr-fuekZrkvksa ds fy, ;g ,d ljnnZ cu x;k gSA i;kZoj.k iznwf"kr gks jgkgSA tu-LokLF; izHkkfor gks jgk gSA dsoy ljdkjh iz;kl gh bl leL;k lsfuiVus ds fy, i;kZIr ugh gSA vke turk] NGOs, LFkkuh; fudk;] iz’kklu,oa ljdkj & bu lcdk lfEefyr iz;kl vko';d gSA Bksl dpjk izca/ku dks,d tu-vkUnksyu dk :i nsuk gksxkA izLrqr ys[k esa iVuk ds lanHkZ esa Bksl dpjkizcU/ku dh leL;kvksa ,oa pqukSfr;kas dk fo’ys"k.k fd;k x;k gSA ;g v/;;ulEiw.kZ fcgkj ds fy, uhfrxr fufgrkFkZ gaSA dkj.k] ;fn iVuk esa uxj fudk;]tks fcgkj ljdkj dh ukd ds uhps dk;Z dj jgs gSa] Bksl dpjk izca/ku dh j.kuhfrfodflr ugha dj ik jgs gSa rks jkT; ds vU; Hkkxksa dk D;k gksxk] tgk¡ ds uxjfudk; Hkkjh vkfFkZd raxh ,oa vU; leL;kvksa ls tw> jgs gSaA

Hkwfedk

foxr~ o"kksZa esa uxjhdj.k ,oa miHkksDrkoknh izo`fÙk esa vR;ar rhoz xfr ls o`f)gqbZ gSA fodflr ns'kksa dh rqyuk esa fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa xfr rhoz jgh gSA bl dkj.kBksl dpjs dh ek=k ,oa izd`fr esa Hkh dbZ xq.kk btkQk gqvk gSA Hkkjr esa yxHkx 65fefy;u Vu dpjs dk mRiknu izR;sd o"kZ gks jgk gSA buesa 5-6 fefy;u VuIykfLVd dpjk] 0-17 fefy;u Vu ck;ksesfMdy dpjk rFkk 15 yk[k Vu bZ-osLV^gSA1 Bksl dpjs dk fMlikst+y* ,oa izcU/ku vkt ,d pqukSrhiw.kZ dk;Z cu x;k gSAljdkj] uxj fudk;ksa rFkk uhfr fuekZrkvksa ds fy, ;g ,d ljnnZ cu x;k gSAi;kZoj.k iznwf"kr gks jgk gSA tu-LokLF; izHkkfor gks jgk gSA izLrqr ys[k esa iVukds lanHkZ esa Bksl dpjk izcU/ku dh leL;kvksa ,oa pqukSfr;kas dk fo’ys"k.k fd;k x;k


xk¡/kh fparu esa lrr~ fodkl ,oaxk¡/kh fparu esa lrr~ fodkl ,oaxk¡/kh fparu esa lrr~ fodkl ,oaxk¡/kh fparu esa lrr~ fodkl ,oaxk¡/kh fparu esa lrr~ fodkl ,oai;kZoj.ki;kZoj.ki;kZoj.ki;kZoj.ki;kZoj.k

eerk ef.k f=ikBheerk ef.k f=ikBheerk ef.k f=ikBheerk ef.k f=ikBheerk ef.k f=ikBh

lkjka’k% izLrqr 'kks/k i= dk mís'; xk¡/kh fparu esa lrr~ fodkl ,oa i;kZoj.k*dk fo’kn~ fo’ys"k.k izLrqr djuk gSA orZeku le; esa lH; lyhdsnkj ,oarehtnkj gksus dk vkpj.k ge iwjh rjg Hkwy x;s gSaA bUgha de ;knnk’r okyksads dkj.k egkRek xk¡/kh us lnSo lH;rk dks vlk/; jksx* dh miek ls foHkwf"krfd;k vkSj e’khuksa dks t+gj feVkus dh tgjhyh nok ds ln`’k ekukA cM+s-cM+s<k¡ps ds ctk; NksVs-NksVs <k¡ps vkSj cM+h-cM+h e’khuksa dh ctk;] NksVs ls pj[ksvkSj dqVhj xzke m|ksxkas dks csgrj ekukA vius fy, NksVs-NksVs dke pqus],dkn’k ozr r; fd;s] xk¡o dks vius vki esa ,d x.kra= vkSj la;e] lknxh]LokoyEcu dks Lora=rk rFkk izd`fr ------- nksuksa ds laj{k.k dk vkStkj ekukAvkt viO;; vkSj datwlh esa i;kZIr vUrj ifjyf{kr gksrk gSA twBu u NksM+ukdatwlh ugha] viO;; jksduk gSA xk¡oksa esa ;g twBu eosf'k;ksa ds dke vk tkrkgS ;k [kkn x<~<s esa pyk tkrk gS] tcfd 'kgjksa esa ;g dpjk c<+krk gSA gesa;g pkfg, fd ftu phtksa dk ge T;knk bLrseky djrs gksa] mlds izfrvuq’kkflr mi;ksx dk ladYi ysaA1 vkt ^fQVusl veax n fQV* okys ghthou th;sxsa] 'ks"k pkYlZ MkfoZu ds lS)kfUrd jkg ij pys tk;saxsA xk¡/kh thdk ;g oDrO; lehphu izrhr gksrk gS fd ^^i`Foh lHkh dh vko';drkvksa gsrqi;kZIr gS] fdUrq ykyp gsrq ugha**2A


fodkl ,d O;kid ladYiuk gS vkSj i;kZoj.k ds lkFk mldk tfVy ,oaifjorZuh; lEca/k gSA fo'o ds lHkh ns'kksa esa vkt fodkl ds iFk ij ,d-nwljs lsvkxs fudy tkus dh gksM+ eph gS vkSj blds fy, vkS|ksxhdj.k ls ysdj izkd`frdlalk/kuksa ds nksgu rd ds gj lEHko mik; fd;s tk jgs gSaA fodkl dh gksM+ esage ;g Hkwy x, fd ge bls fdl ewY; ij gkfly djuk pkgrs gSaA ftl rjg

Ik;kZOkj.k fodkl vkSj fu;kedh;Ik;kZOkj.k fodkl vkSj fu;kedh;Ik;kZOkj.k fodkl vkSj fu;kedh;Ik;kZOkj.k fodkl vkSj fu;kedh;Ik;kZOkj.k fodkl vkSj fu;kedh;laLFkkvksa dh Hkwfedk % Hkkjrh; Ikfjis{;laLFkkvksa dh Hkwfedk % Hkkjrh; Ikfjis{;laLFkkvksa dh Hkwfedk % Hkkjrh; Ikfjis{;laLFkkvksa dh Hkwfedk % Hkkjrh; Ikfjis{;laLFkkvksa dh Hkwfedk % Hkkjrh; Ikfjis{;

jktchj flag nyky ,oa ljcu dqekjjktchj flag nyky ,oa ljcu dqekjjktchj flag nyky ,oa ljcu dqekjjktchj flag nyky ,oa ljcu dqekjjktchj flag nyky ,oa ljcu dqekj

lkjka'k% Ik;kZoj.k vkSj fodkl nksuksa ,d nwljs ds izfrjks/kh jgs gaSA ;kfutSls-tSls fodkl dh j¶rkj vkxs c<+h gS mldk Ik;kZoj.k ij izfrdwy vljns[kus dks feyk gS ;|fi vusd Ik;kZoj.k ,oa fodkl ls tqM+s fopkjdksa dkekuuk gS fd nksuksa ds e/; ;g }U) ,d lhek rd jgrk gS mlds ckn ;s nksuksa,d nwljs ds iwjd gks tkrs gSaA rhljs fo'o ds ns'kksa esa c<+rh fodkl dhvko';drk vkSj Rotksa us Ik;kZoj.k dks fiNys Ng n'kdksa esa cqjh rjg izHkkforfd;k gS ftldk urhtk ;g gS fd Ik;kZoj.k laj{k.k ,oa fodkl dh ckr dhtkus yxhA fj;ks ?kks"k.kk] D;ksVks izksVksdksy] isfjl le>kSrk] ,tsaMk&21 vkfnbl fn'kk esa mBk, x, egRoiw.kZ vUrjkZ"Vªh; dne dgs tk ldrs gaSA Hkkjr esaHkh 1972 ls gh Ik;kZoj.k laj{k.k ,oa lao)Zu gsrq vusdksa dne mBk, x, gSaftlesa tyok;q ,oa e`)k laj{k.k dkuwuksa ds lkFk-lkFk bUgsa ykxw djokus gsrqvusdksa fu;kedh; laxBuksa ,oa fudk;ksa dh LFkkiuk Hkh dh xbZ gSA Ik;kZoj.k ,oaou eU=ky; rFkk foHkkxksa ds vfrfjDr jk"Vªh; gfjr U;k;k/khdj.k rFkkizknsf'kd gfjr U;k;k/khdj.kksa rFkk Ik;kZoj.k vnkyrksa dk xBu fiNys nksn'kdksa esa fd;k x;k gS rkfd Ik;kZoj.k fodkl dks lqfuf'pr fd;k tk ldsvkSj bldk {kj.k djus okyksa dks nf.Mr fd;k tk ldsA bl Ikzdkj orZekuys[k esa Ik;kZoj.k fodkl vkSj fu;kedh; laLFkkvksa dh Hkkjr ds lanHkZ esa leh{kkdh xbZ gSA

HkwfedkHkwfedkHkwfedkHkwfedkHkwfedk

nf{k.kh gfj;k.kk {ks= esa vc rd 95 Qhlnh LVsV os LkM+dksa dks gkbos esarcnhy fd;s tkus ls djhc 50]000 ls vf/kd isM+ksa dh cfy p<+ pqdh gS vkSj 250gSDVs;j ou Hkwfe dk lQk;k fd;k tk pqdk gSA yxHkx 50]000 vkSj isM+ksa dhdVkbZ dh rS;kjh py jgh gSA ysfdu dkVs x, isM+ksa dh ,sot esa ,d Hkh isM+

i;kZoj.k fodkl rFkk fu;kedh;i;kZoj.k fodkl rFkk fu;kedh;i;kZoj.k fodkl rFkk fu;kedh;i;kZoj.k fodkl rFkk fu;kedh;i;kZoj.k fodkl rFkk fu;kedh;laLFkkvksa dh HkwfedklaLFkkvksa dh HkwfedklaLFkkvksa dh HkwfedklaLFkkvksa dh HkwfedklaLFkkvksa dh Hkwfedk

uwj Qkfrek valkjhuwj Qkfrek valkjhuwj Qkfrek valkjhuwj Qkfrek valkjhuwj Qkfrek valkjh

lkjka'k% fodkl ls vk’k; gS lkekftd] vkfFkZd] lkaLd`frd vkSj jktuhfrd{ks= dks vR;f/kd foLr`r ,oa csgrj cukus dh] fodflr gksus ;k djus dhizfØ;k ls gSA nwljs 'kCnksa esa thou ds gj igyw dks mUur ;k fodflr djusls gSA ijUrq vkS|ksxhdj.k ,oa rhoz fodkl dh izfr;ksfxrk us bl vk’k; dksdsoy vkfFkZd i{kksa dks vius vUnj lekfgr fd;kA vkS|ksxhdj.k ,oa rhozfodkl dh va/kh nkSM+ esa i;kZoj.k dks ges’kk fcu lksps-le>s csjgeh ls 'kks"k.kfd;kA /khjs-/khjs ekuo tkfr bu Hk;adj ifj.kkeksa dk lkeuk dj jgh gSA bldsnq"ifj.kke ds :i esa c<+rk rkieku] c<+rk leqnz ty Lrj] vlkef;d ekSleifjorZu] [kk| vlqj{kk] tykHkko] vkst+ksu ijr dk {kj.k] ck<+ rFkk lw[ks dhleL;k] Hkw-L[kyu] pØokr dh c<+rh dBksjrk] Xysf’k;jksa dk fi?kyuk bR;kfngSA lrr~ fodkl fo’o dh izkd`frd lalk/kuksa dh lhek ds Hkhrj jgdjlaiks"k.kh;rk ij lkekftd] vkfFkZd vkSj ikfjfLFkfrdh; izxfr vkSj {kerk ij/;ku dsfUnzr djus rFkk bu rRoksa dks vUrlZEcfU/kr djus dh ekax djrk gSAi`Foh ds rkieku esa o`f) ls gksus okys nq"izHkkoksa esa ekSle pØ esa ifjorZu gksus]ty ds rkih; izlkj vkSj fge[k.Mksa ds fi?kyus ls leqnz dk tyLrj c<+us]vfro`f"V ds dkj.k ck<+ vkus] lw[kk iM+us vkSj jsfxLrkuhdj.k dh izfØ;k rstgksus vkfn dks fxuk;k tkrk jgk gSA ysfdu oSKkfudksa ds vuqlkj bllstyok;q esa iwjh rjg cnyko dk [krjk Hkh iSnk gks jgk gS] tks /kjrh ds thoksavkSj ouLifr;ksa ds thou esa Hkh ifjorZu yk nsxkA bl dkj.k cgqr lhiztkfr;ksa ds yqIr gksus dk Hkh vuqeku gSA fu"d"kZr% vc le; vk x;k gS]tcfd ge vkxs gksus okyh {kfr dks u dsoy jksds] cfYd mlesa fujUrj dehdjrs pys tk,aA gesa ;g Lohdkj djuk gksxk fd gekjs ;gk¡ i;kZoj.k lUrqyudh O;oLFkk u ds cjkcj gSaA oLrqfLFkfr ;g gS fd mnkjoknh uhfr;ksa us ladVdks vkSj Hkh xEHkhj cuk;k gSA i;kZoj.k laj{k.k dk nkf;Ro dsoy ljdkj vFkokdkuwu O;oLFkk ij gh ugha gS cfYd ge lc ij Hkh gSA

Hkkjr esa fodkl rFkk i;kZoj.k laj{k.kHkkjr esa fodkl rFkk i;kZoj.k laj{k.kHkkjr esa fodkl rFkk i;kZoj.k laj{k.kHkkjr esa fodkl rFkk i;kZoj.k laj{k.kHkkjr esa fodkl rFkk i;kZoj.k laj{k.k¼i;kZoj.k] ou rFkk tyok;q ifjorZu ea=ky; dh Hkwfedk½¼i;kZoj.k] ou rFkk tyok;q ifjorZu ea=ky; dh Hkwfedk½¼i;kZoj.k] ou rFkk tyok;q ifjorZu ea=ky; dh Hkwfedk½¼i;kZoj.k] ou rFkk tyok;q ifjorZu ea=ky; dh Hkwfedk½¼i;kZoj.k] ou rFkk tyok;q ifjorZu ea=ky; dh Hkwfedk½

gjh'k nÙkgjh'k nÙkgjh'k nÙkgjh'k nÙkgjh'k nÙk

lkjka'k% Hkkjr esa cgqr vfèkd xjhch vkSj fodkl dh t:jrksa ds eísut+j]i;kZoj.k vkSj mlds laj{k.k dk eqík o"kZ 1970 rd dgÈ Hkh çkFkfedrk ij ugÈFkk] ysfdu o"kZ 1972 esa gqÃ ekuo fodkl ij LV‚dgksYe dkWUÝsal us Hkkjr dk#[k i;kZoj.kh; eqíksa dh vksj ifjoÆrr dj fn;kA ;g lEeysu ,d VÉuxi‚baV ds :i esa Hkkjr ds i;kZoj.k dks ysdj fopkjkas dks ifjoÆrr djrk fn[kkvkSj blus i;kZoj.k ;kstuk vkSj leUo; ij jk"Vªh; lfefr ¼,ulhbZihlh½ dko"kZ 1972 esa xBu fd;kA ,ulhbZihlh us i;kZoj.kh; uhfr;ksa vkSj dkuwuksa dsfy, u, çkoèkku is’k fd,] blus i;kZoj.kh; dkuwuksa ds fu;a=.k vkSj laj{k.kds fy, dsaæ ljdkj ds 'kh"kZ fudk; ds :i esa o"kZ 1980 esa i;kZoj.k foHkkx]vkSj fQj o"kZ 1985 esa i;kZoj.k ,o ou ea=ky; rFkk o"kZ 2014 esa tyok;qifjorZu dh izkFkfedrk dks /;ku esa j[krs gq, i;kZoj.k] ou rFkk tyok;qifjorZu ea=ky; dk xBu fd;kA rc ls] ea=ky;] dsUnz ljdkj dk jk"Vªh;fudk; gS] ftls Hkkjr dh i;kZoj.kh;] ou vkSj tyok;q ifjorZu ls lEcaf/kr;kstuk,a cukus ,oe~ fu;af=r djus dk vf/kdkj çkIr gSA

i;kZoj.kh; ppkZ

i;kZoj.k vkSj ekuo ds ijLij laca/kksa dks le>us ds foKku dh 'kq#vkr] 19ohalnh esa gqbZ vkSj ftls 1866 esa teZuh ds tho foKkuh gsdy us ikfjfLFkfrdh dkuke fn;k FkkA ,slk ekuk x;k Fkk fd ekuork dk LFkku] vkSj dgha ugha cfYdi;kZoj.k ds gh Hkhrj ekStwn gSA vesfjdh U;k;fon~ tkWtZ ikfdZUl eklZ dh ^eSu,.M uspj* ¼1964½ dks ikfjfLFkfrdh ij fy[kh xbZ igyh iqLrd ekuk tkrk gS]ftlesa fn[kk;k x;k gS fd ekuo xfrfof/k;ka i;kZoj.k dks uqdlku igqapk ldrhgSa1A eklZ us vius vuqHkotU; vuqla/kku dh cM+h [kwclwjrh ls leh{kk dh vkSjik;k dh euq"; gj txg xM+cM+h iSnk djus okyk ,tsaV gSA og tgka dgha Hkh iSj


i;kZoj.kh; leL;k;sa ,oa lek/kkui;kZoj.kh; leL;k;sa ,oa lek/kkui;kZoj.kh; leL;k;sa ,oa lek/kkui;kZoj.kh; leL;k;sa ,oa lek/kkui;kZoj.kh; leL;k;sa ,oa lek/kku

lfPpnkuUn feJlfPpnkuUn feJlfPpnkuUn feJlfPpnkuUn feJlfPpnkuUn feJ

lkjka'k% i;kZoj.k iznw"k.k fodkl dh izfrc)rk curk tk jgk gSA ekuo thoudk Øec) fodkl LoPN ,oa lUrqfyr i;kZoj.k dk gh izfrQy gSA vr% bldhlqj{kk ekuo thou dh lokZf/kd egRoiw.kZ vko';drk gSA Hkkjr esa tks fodklgqvk og i;kZoj.k iznw"k.k ij vk/kkfjr jgkA ck<+] lw[kk] Hkwfe dVko] Hkw-{kj.k]rirh /kjrh] xzhu gkml izHkko] lwukeh ygjsa] HkwdEi vkfn i;kZoj.k iznw"k.k dhgh izkd`frd izfrfØ;k gSA oSf’od Lrj ij 1972 esa LVkWdgkse lEesyu 1992 esafj;ks fMtsusjks esa lEiUu Hkwfe lEesyu] 1997 esa D;ksVks lEesyu] 2002 esatksgkUlcxZ lEesyu] 2005 esa XySadk lEesyu bl ckr ij dsfUnzr jgk fdi;kZoj.k dh lqj{kk dSls lqfuf’pr dh tk;sA


i;kZoj.k ,oa euq"; ,d nwljs ls vU;ksU;kfJr :i ls lEcfU/kr gSaA i;kZoj.kij ekuo fodkl fuHkZj djrk gSA ekuo thou dk Øec) fodkl LoPN ,oalarqfyr i;kZoj.k dk gh izfrQy gSA vr% i;kZoj.k dh lqj{kk ekuo dh lokZf/kdegRoiw.kZ vko';drk gSA xk¡/kh th us dgk Fkk fd tc O;fDr o`{k fouk’k] tylrg dh lekfIr vFkok thoue.My dks nwf"kr djrk gS rks og tyok;q lEcU/khifjorZu ds fouk'kd :i dks vkeaf=r djrk gSA xk¡/kh th us ;g Hkh dgk Fkk fd/kjrh gekjs iq#"kksa dks fojklr ds :i esa ugha nh gSA gekjs cPpksa ds fy, m/kkj gSftldks mUgsa lqjf{kr ykSVkuk gekjh ftEesnkjh gSA

Lora= Hkkjr esa tks Hkh fodkl gqvk og i;kZoj.k iznw"k.k ij vk/kkfjr jgkArhoz vkS|ksfxd fodkl] 'kgjhdj.k ,oa tula[;k o`f) ds pyrs ou o`{kksa dhvU/kk/kqU/k dVkbZ gksrh jghA ouksa dks dkVdj tgk¡ ,d vksj vkcknh clk;h x;hogha nwljh vksj cM+h la[;k esa m|ksxksa dh LFkkiuk] lM+d fuekZ.k] jsy ;krk;kr dkfoLrkj] gokbZ vM~Mkas dk fuekZ.k ,oa foLrkj gksrk jgkA vkS|ksxhdj.k ds blHkksxoknh nkSM+ esa ge fodkl ds uke ij ftl izdkj ck:nh lqjaxksa] Mªhfyax e’khu,oa MkbukekbV ds foLQksVksa }kjk igkfM+;ksa dks fpjrs-rksM+rs gq, lM+ds ,oa fVgjh

Ik;kZoj.kIk;kZoj.kIk;kZoj.kIk;kZoj.kIk;kZoj.k-laj{k.klaj{k.klaj{k.klaj{k.klaj{k.k

enu xksiky flUgkenu xksiky flUgkenu xksiky flUgkenu xksiky flUgkenu xksiky flUgk

lkjka'k% i;kZoj.k dk vLokLF;dj gks tkuk gh i;kZoj.k-iznw"k.k gSAi;kZoj.k-lja{k.k vkt lokZf/kd egRoiw.kZ gks x;k gSA i;kZoj.k dk LoPN gksuktho-tUrq] tM+-psru] lcds fy, vko';d gSA bldk iznwf"kr gksuk lcds fy,gkfudkjd gSA tula[;k-o`f) ,oa foykflrkiw.kZ thou-'kSyh ds pyrs i;kZoj.kvR;f/kd iznwf"kr gks pqdk gSA ty] ok;q] /ofu] e`nk] leqnz bR;kfn lHkh[krjukd fLFkfr rd iznwf"kr gks pqds gSaA m"ek-iznw"k.k] ukfHkdh;-iznw"k.k]oSpkfjd-iznw"k.k bR;kfn Hkh pje lhek ij gSA tSo-fofo/krk u"V gks jgh gSA^Xykscy okfeZax* vkSj rstkch cjlkr ls leL;k vkSj Hkh Hk;kog gks x;h gSAfodkl ds fy, cuk, x, cM+s-cM+s ck¡/k Hkh i;kZoj.k-iznw"k.k dks c<+k jgs gSaAvkst+ksu ijr {k;xzLRk gSA Hkwfexr ty Hkh iznwf"kr gks jgk gSA ou dVrs tk jgsgSaA jsfxLrku c<+rs tk jgs gSaA isVªksfy;e inkFkksZa ds iz;ksx esa rhoz o`f) tkjh gSAigkM+ de gksrs tk jgs gSaA ^o"kkZ ty laj{k.k* misf{kr gSA* ^Bksl vif'k"V izca/ku O;oLFkk* ypj gSA ufn;k¡] ukyksa esa rCnhy gks x;h gSaA Xysf'k;j fi?kyrs tkjgs gSa ,oa uSfrdrk dk gzkleku gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa lcdks fpfUrr gksuk pkfg,Atula[;k dks lhfer djuk vkSj ^lknk thou ,oa mPp fopkj* ds fl)kar dksviukuk i;kZoj.k-lja{k.k ds fy, fufoZdYi gSA blesa fu;kedh; laxBuksa dhHkwfedk Hkh egRoiw.kZ lkfcr gksxhA


vkt i;kZoj.k-iznw"k.k lkspuh; fLFkfr rd igq¡p x;k gSA i;kZoj.k ,oaikfjfLFkfrdh dks vaxjsth esa bdksykWth ,.M ,uo;kjues.V dgk tkrk gSA vkWDlQksMZbaxfy'k 'kCndks'k ds vuqlkj] ouLifr;ksa] i'kq-if{k;ksa] euq";ksa rFkk buds fuoklLFkkuksa dk ikjLifjd lEcU/k ;k buds ikjLifjd lEcU/kksa dk v/;;u bdksykWthgS vkSj ouLifr;ksa] i'kq-i{kh rFkk euq";ksa ds fuokl LFkkuksa rFkk fLFkfr;ksa-ifjfLFkfr;ksadks ,uok;jues.V dh laKk nh tkrh gSA oSls] O;kid vFkZ esa bdksykWth vkSj,uok;juEks.V 'kCnksa dk leku vFkZ esa Hkh iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA ikfjfLFkfrdh og


Ik;kZoj.k laj{k.k fu;ked laLFkk %Ik;kZoj.k laj{k.k fu;ked laLFkk %Ik;kZoj.k laj{k.k fu;ked laLFkk %Ik;kZoj.k laj{k.k fu;ked laLFkk %Ik;kZoj.k laj{k.k fu;ked laLFkk %jk"Vªh; gfjr izkf/kdj.k jk"Vªh; gfjr izkf/kdj.k jk"Vªh; gfjr izkf/kdj.k jk"Vªh; gfjr izkf/kdj.k jk"Vªh; gfjr izkf/kdj.k ,d fo’ys"k.k,d fo’ys"k.k,d fo’ys"k.k,d fo’ys"k.k,d fo’ys"k.k

jf’e pkSgku

lkjka'k% bl 'kks/k dk;Z esa ge ml Toyar fo"k; dks mBk jgs gaS tksfd orZekule; esa turk] ljdkj vkSj vUrjkZ"Vªh; Lrj ij lHkh ds fy, flj nnZ gSAIk;kZoj.k iznw"k.k leL;k fo’o ds lHkh ljdkjksa ds fy, pqukSrh gS vkSj vc gkygh esa isfjl lEesyu esa Ik;kZoj.k dks fo’o ds fy, lcls cM+k [krjk crk;k x;kgS D;ksafd ;g leL;k Hkkjr esa gh ugha cfYd fo’o esa vusd rjhds ls mB jghgSa tSls fd dgha vpkud Hkwdai] Tokykeq[kh QVuk] taxyksa esa vkx QSyuk]leqnz dk ty Lrj c<+uk vFkok vkf.od ijh{k.kksa ls iznw"k.k] vkdk’k esalSVsykbZV dk dwM+k vkSj Ik`Foh ij fofHkUu izdkj ds iznw"k.k fparktud fLFkfr esagS jk"Vªh; gfjr izkf/kdj.k rFkk loksZPp U;k;ky; }kjk fn, x, fu.kZ;ksa dhvogsyuk jkT; ljdkj }kjk Ik;kZoj.k ij Hkkjh iM+ jgh gSaA vkSj turk }kjkIk;kZoj.k dh mis{kk ty dh egRrk uk le> ikuk rFkk LoPNrk ds izfr mis{kkHkkjh iM+ jgh gaSA bu lHkh n`f"V ls ge bl v/;;u ds ek/;e ls ;g crkukpkgsaxs fd jkT; ljdkjksa vkSj turk dks loksZPp U;k;ky; esa vihys uk djdsizkf/kdj.k dh ikyuk djuh pkfg,A bl n`f"V ls ge bl izkf/kdj.k vkSjljdkj ds n`f"Vdks.kksa ds leh{kk djsaxsA


bDdhloha 'krkCnh dk izkjEHk vusd ifjorZuksa] nqfo/kkvksa ,oa }U)ksa ls izkjaHkgqvkA 20oha 'krkCnh esa tks lS}kafrd ekU;rk,a Fkha mudk [kaMu fd;k x;k vkSjmuls mRiUu fofHkUu leL;kvksa dks u, :Ik esa izLrqr Hkh fd;kA jktuhfrdoSKkfudksa us fofHkUu Lrjksa ij lq/kkjus ds fy, izsfjr Hkh fd;k tSls fd Y;wfl;uikbZ] jkcVZ Mgky] gf.VXVu] tku fxzy czsFk bR;kfn us ;g ekuk Fkk fd jktuhfrdfLFkjrk vkfFkZd fodkl ds fy, vko’;d gS vkSj ;g Hkh ekuk fd Hkkjr tSlsfodkl’khy ns’k blfy, /kheh xfr ls izxfr dj jgs gSa os jktuhfrd vfLFkjrk

i;kZoj.k laj{k.k esa Hkkjrh; fu;kedksai;kZoj.k laj{k.k esa Hkkjrh; fu;kedksai;kZoj.k laj{k.k esa Hkkjrh; fu;kedksai;kZoj.k laj{k.k esa Hkkjrh; fu;kedksai;kZoj.k laj{k.k esa Hkkjrh; fu;kedksadh Hkwfedk % ,d v/;;udh Hkwfedk % ,d v/;;udh Hkwfedk % ,d v/;;udh Hkwfedk % ,d v/;;udh Hkwfedk % ,d v/;;u

deys'k ukjk;.k feJ ,oa lq/khj dqekj 'kqDydeys'k ukjk;.k feJ ,oa lq/khj dqekj 'kqDydeys'k ukjk;.k feJ ,oa lq/khj dqekj 'kqDydeys'k ukjk;.k feJ ,oa lq/khj dqekj 'kqDydeys'k ukjk;.k feJ ,oa lq/khj dqekj 'kqDy

lkjka'k% i;kZoj.k dh j{kk gekjs lkaLd`frd ewY;ksa ,oa ijEijkvksa dk gh vax gSAHkkjr esa i;kZoj.k laj{k.k dh jhfr uhfr jgh gSA gekjk i;kZoj.k laj{k.k dkbfrgkl cgqr iqjkuk gSA Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ftls 1950 esa ykxw fd;k x;k Fkkijarq lh/ks RkkSj ij i;kZoj.k lja{k.k ls ugha tqM+k FkkA Hkkjr esa i;kZoj.k ds eq[;fu;ked ds :i esa ou i;kZoj.k ,oa tyok;q ea=ky; 1980 ls dk;Zjr~ gSAHkkjr esa 'kh"kZ fu;ked dsUnzh; iznw"k.k fu;a=.k cksMZ dke djrk gSA ;g jkT;Lrjh; vkSj LFkkuh; fu;kedksa ls lg;ksx] leUo; LFkkfir djrs gq, i;kZoj.kds lHkh igyqvksa ij dk;kZUo;u vkSj fu;eu dk dk;Z djrk gSA tgk¡ rdi;kZoj.k dh v|ru fLFkfr dk iz'u gS] og fparktud gSA izLrqr vkys[k esaHkkjr dh i;kZoj.k fu;e uhfr] fu;ked vkSj U;k;ikfydk dh lfØ;rk dhleh{kk dk ,d iz;kl gSA gekjk ;g v/;;u orZeku ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa uhfrfu;kedksa dk iquZ izLrqrhdj.k] iqu:}kj ,oa bu laLFkkvksa dh lhek] lkEkF;Z ,oaLora=rk c<+kus dh vko';drk eglwl djrk gSA blds lkFk-gh-lkFk lkekftdpsruk] ;qokvksa dh Hkkxsnkjh] ukxfjd lekt dh fgLlsnkjh vkSj lacaf/kr fo'ks"kKksadh vf/kdre Hkkxsnkjh dh vko';drk gSA


i;kZoj.k dh j{kk gekjs lkaLd`frd ewY;ksa ,oa ijEijkvksa dk gh vax gSA Hkkjresa i;kZoj.k laj{k.k dh jhfr uhfr jgh gSA vFkoZosn esa dgk x;k gS fd euq"; dkLoxZ ;gha i`Foh ij gSA gekjk i;kZoj.k laj{k.k dk bfrgkl cgqr iqjkuk gSA gM+IiklaLd`fr i;kZoj.k ls vksr-izksr Fkh rks oSfnd laLd`fr i;kZoj.k laj{k.k gsrq i;kZ;cuh jghA Hkkjrh; euhf"k;ksa us lewph izd`fr gh D;k lHkh izkd`frd fu;kedksa dksnsork Lo:i ekukA i`Foh ds fy, gekjk HkkOk ^^ekrk Hkwfe% iq=ks ge i`Fo;k%** dkjgk gSA mtkZ ds lzksr lw;Z dks ^^lw;Znsoks Hko%** dgdj iqdkjkA ty dks Hkh nsork


Hkkjr esa i;kZoj.k laj{k.k vkSjHkkjr esa i;kZoj.k laj{k.k vkSjHkkjr esa i;kZoj.k laj{k.k vkSjHkkjr esa i;kZoj.k laj{k.k vkSjHkkjr esa i;kZoj.k laj{k.k vkSjiapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa dh Hkwfedkiapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa dh Hkwfedkiapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa dh Hkwfedkiapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa dh Hkwfedkiapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa dh Hkwfedk

’khyk dqekjh’khyk dqekjh’khyk dqekjh’khyk dqekjh’khyk dqekjh

lkjka'k% i;kZoj.k iznw"k.k us oSf’od Lrj ij Hkwfe] ty vkSj ok;q dks izHkkfor djekuork ds fy, cM+h pqukSrh mRiUu dj nh gSA c<+rk i;kZoj.k iznw"k.k Hkkjrds fy, fpark dk dkj.k blfy, Hkh gS fd 2018 esa i;kZoj.k ds ekeys esa Hkkjrdh jSafdax fo’o ds 180 ns’kksa esa 177 gSA tyok;q ifjorZu ds nq"ifj.kke ds pyrsi`Foh ds ?kus taxy jsfxLrku curs tk jgs gSaA ,d rjQ ufn;k¡ iznwf"kr gks jghgSa rks nwljh rjQ ty nksgu ls iwjs ns’k esa ty ladV xgjkrk tk jgk gSA Hkwtydk Lrj dkQh uhps tkus ls Hkkjr ds dbZ Hkkxksa esa ty ds fy, leL;k mRiUugks xbZ gSA i;kZoj.k laj{k.k ds fy, oSf’od iz;kl ds vkyksd esa Hkkjr esavusd vf/kfu;e fufeZr gksus ds ckotwn i;kZoj.k iznw"k.k c<+rk gh tk jgk gSA,slh Hk;kog fLFkfr esa i;kZoj.k laj{k.k gekjh uSfrd ftEesokjh gks xbZ gSA ;fnxzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa xkscj-xSl la;a=ksa dk vf/kd mi;ksx fd;k tk, rks bllsi;kZoj.k laj{k.k esa dkQh lg;ksx gks ldrk gSA blh izdkj lkSj ÅtkZ dkiz;ksx [kkuk idkus rFkk ?kjsyw] okf.kfT;d vkSj vkS|ksfxd iz;ksx esa fy, tkusls ÅtkZ ladV ls fuiVk tk ldrk gSA cM+s iSekus ij c<+ jgs i;kZoj.k iznw"k.kds vkyksd esa ns’k esa iapk;rksa dks i;kZoj.k laj{k.k laca/kh dk;Z lkSaius ls cM+kcnyko fd;k tk ldrk gSA LFkkuh; laLFkkvksa ds ek/;e ls i;kZoj.k dhizfØ;k dks rst dj LokLF; laca/kh leL;kvksa dk fujkdj.k fd;k tk ldrk gSALFkkuh; xzkeh.k ;k v)Zuxjh; {ks=kssa esa fofHkUu rjg ds m|ksxksa ls ckgj fudyusokys vif’k"Vksa ds fujkdj.k ds fy, iapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa dh HkwfedkegÙoiw.kZ gks ldrh gSA /keZxzaFkksa esa of.kZr rF;ksa ds vkyksd esa /kjrh vkSj O;fDrds vVwV laca/kksa dh n`f"V ls i;kZoj.k laj{k.k gekjh ftEesokjh gks xbZ gSA ,slhxaHkhj fLFkfr esa laj{k.k ds fy, iapk;rh jkt rFkk LFkkuh; Lo’kklu lslacaf/kr fofHkUu laLFkkvksa dh Hkwfedk dkQh dkjxj gks ldrh gSA vr% iapk;rksadks i;kZoj.k fodkl laca/kh dk;ksZa dk vf/kdkj nsuk i;kZoj.k laj{k.k ds fn’kk

227Hkkjr esa i;kZoj.k laj{k.k vkSj iapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa dh Hkwfedk’khyk dqekjh

esa Økafrdkjh dne gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fd Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds 73osa la’kks/kuvf/kfu;e }kjk iapk;rh jkt laLFkkvksa dks u flQZ laoS/kkfud ntkZ fn;k x;k]oju~ vusd vf/kdkj Hkh lkSais x, gSaA lafo/kku dh 11oha vuqlwph esa iapk;rhjkt laLFkkvksa dks tks 29 dk;Z lkSais x, gSa] muesa ukS dk;ksZa dk lh/kk laca/ki;kZoj.k laj{k.k ls gSA


i;kZoj.k iznw"k.k us oSf’od Lrj ij Hkwfe] ok;q vkSj ty dks izHkkfor dj vktekuork ds fy, cM+h pqukSrh mRiUu dj nh gSA 19oha lnh esa /kjrh dk vkSlrrkieku yxHkx 0-1 fMxzh rFkk 20oha lnh esa yxHkx 0-7 fMxzh ls vkSj vf/kd c<+rktk jgk gS vkSj ,slh laHkkouk O;Dr dh tk jgh gS fd o"kZ 2100 rd /kjrh ds vkSlrrkieku esa yxHkx nks ls N% fMxzh rd of) gks ldrh gSA Hkkjr ds fy, fparktudrF; ;g gS fd gekjs fgLls dh /kjrh dk rkieku 0-57 fMxzh izfr lnh c<+k gS vkSj2050 rd ;g nks-rhu fMxzh rd c<+ ldrk gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa fuEu vk; okys ns’kksaesa tyok;q ifjorZu ds pyrs Qlyksa dh {kfr] Mk;fj;k] ck<+ vkfn ls djhc 1-5yk[k ekSrsa izfro"kZ gksaxh ftuesa 85 izfr’kr flQZ ;qok vkcknh gksxhA tyok;qifjorZu ls leqnz dk tyLrj c<+us] pØokrksa] Hkwfe ds dVko rFkk tylzksrksa ds u"Vgksus ls LokLF; ds [krjs esa o`f) gksxhA vkt fodkl ds uke ij ftl <ax lsizkd`frd lainkvksa dk nksgu gks jgk gS] og ,d xaHkhj leL;k gS ftldk funku[kkstuk gekjh izFke ftEesokjh cu xbZ gSA izd`fr us gesa fofHkUu izdkj dh laink,¡miyC/k djkbZ gSa ftudk larqfyr mi;ksx dj ge le`f) dh vksj c<+ ldrs gSa]ysfdu vkS|ksfxd mUu;u rFkk vkfFkZd fodkl ds pyrs budk larqfyr nksgu izkjaHkgqvk gS ftudk Li"V izHkko i;kZoj.k ij iM+k gSA c<+rk i;kZoj.k iznw"k.k fo’kss"k :ils Hkkjr ds fy, fpark dk dkj.k blfy, gS fd 2018 esa i;kZoj.k ds ekeys esa Hkkjrdh jSafdax fo’o ds 180 ns’kksa esa 177 gS] tcfd 2016 esa ;g jSafdax 141 FkhA1 fo’oLrj ij i;kZoj.k ds laca/k esa Hkkjr dk ;g fxjrk Lrj ge lcds fy, fpark dklcls cM+k dkj.k gSA i;kZoj.k ,oa iznw"k.k dk vFkZ& i`Foh ds pkjksa vksj tSolfØ;rk dk og iryk vkoj.k ftls thoeaMy (biosphere) dgrs gSa] i;kZoj.kdgykrk gSA euq";] ty] LFky] ou] Qly] ekxZ ,oa m|ksx ;s lHkh tfVyikfjfLFkfrdh ds vax gSaA izk;% i;kZoj.k dks ikfjfLFkfrdh dk i;kZ; ekuk tkus yxkgSA blh rjg tc ekuo dh fodklkRed fØ;kvksa ds pyrs izdfr dh LoPNrk vkSjlarqyu Hkax gks tkrs gSa rc blls iznw"k.k gksrk gSA la{ksi esa] iznw"k.k ty] ok;q ;kHkwfe ds HkkSfrd jklk;fud vkSj tSfod xq.kksa esa gksus okyk dksbZ Hkh vokaNuh;ifjoZru gS] ftlls euq"; thoksa rFkk izkd`frd lalk/kuksa dh gkfu dh laHkkouk gksA

euq”;euq”;euq”;euq”;euq”;-izd`fr laca/k % Hkkjrh; ouizd`fr laca/k % Hkkjrh; ouizd`fr laca/k % Hkkjrh; ouizd`fr laca/k % Hkkjrh; ouizd`fr laca/k % Hkkjrh; oudkuwuksa ds utfj, lsdkuwuksa ds utfj, lsdkuwuksa ds utfj, lsdkuwuksa ds utfj, lsdkuwuksa ds utfj, ls

fo’o nhid f=ikBhfo’o nhid f=ikBhfo’o nhid f=ikBhfo’o nhid f=ikBhfo’o nhid f=ikBh

lkjka’k% izÑfr ls ijs ekuo thou dh dYiuk vlEHko gSA ekuo thou dkmn~Hko vkSj fodkl lnSo i;kZoj.k ij fuHkZj djrk gSA ftu yksxksa us bfrgkldh O;k[;k fyfi ds fodkl ls dh gS] rFkk blds iwoZ ds dky dks izkxSfrgkfldekuk gS] mUgkssaus euq"; ds thou esa i;kZoj.k ds egRo dks de djds vk¡dk gSAtcfd okLro esa euq"; dk vfLrRo i;kZoj.k ds lkFk dqN bl izdkj xqFkk gqvkgS fd ekuo thou ds fdlh Hkh dky dh dYiuk mls i;kZoj.k ds lkFk tksM+djgh dh tkuh pkfg,A


euq"; vkSj i;kZoj.k ds e/; ,d vU;ksU;kfJr laca/k gS] tks vkfn dky ls pykvk jgk gSSA Hkkstu] f’kdkj rFkk dqN vU; t:jrksa ds fy, euq"; izkjEHk ls ghi;kZoj.k ij fuHkZj jgk gSA euq"; }kjk vkx ds fodkl vkSj iz;ksx ds QyLo:ibl fuHkZjrk es fu%lansg o`f) gqbZA Ñf"k dk Kku bl fn’kk esa vxyk pj.k FkkA blizdkj izkjfEHkd fuHkZjrk ls ysdj orZeku le; rd ekuo ds fodkl esa i;kZoj.k,d vfr egRoiw.kZ vo;o jgk gSA

euq"; vkSj i;kZoj.k ds laca/k ds izkjfEHkd pj.k dks le>us ds fy, /kkfeZdmikxe gh lkekU;r% miyC/k Lkzzksr gSA vk/kqfudrk ds iwoZ euq"; us ewY; vkSjfo’okl dk vk/kkj Hkh /kkfeZd ekU;rkvksa dks gh cuk;k pkgs og ewY; euq";i;kZoj.k lac/k ds fo"k; esa gh D;ksa uk gksA vxj izkjfEHkd /kkfeZd ekU;rkvksa dhckr djsa rks ge ikrs gaS fd lcls igyk vkSj izkphu /kkfeZd fopkj euq"; vkSji;kZoj.k ds laca/kksa ls gh mitkA i;kZoj.k us izkjfEHkd euq"; dks mldh lhfer'kfDr dk ,glkl djk;k rFkk euq"; esa fuHkZj gksus dh Hkkouk dk tUenkrk Hkhi;kZoj.k gh FkkA1

i;kZoj.k vkSj fodkli;kZoj.k vkSj fodkli;kZoj.k vkSj fodkli;kZoj.k vkSj fodkli;kZoj.k vkSj fodkl

egs'k dqekj flagegs'k dqekj flagegs'k dqekj flagegs'k dqekj flagegs'k dqekj flag

lkjka'k% izLrqr 'kks/k i= dk eq[; mís'; ^i;kZoj.k vkSj fodkl* dk fo'kn~fo'ys"k.k izLrqr djuk gSA i;kZoj.k lEiw.kZ ekuork ds thou dk vk/kkj gSAtho txr ds fu;ked ds dkj.k gh i`Foh dks thfor txr ¼Living Earth½dk xkSjo izkIr gSA lkSje.My esa dsoy i`Foh ij gh thou gsrq vuqdwyifjfLFkfr;k¡ i;kZoj.k ds :i esa fo|eku gS] ftl dkj.k og ^olqU/kjk* dhmiek ls foHkwf"kr gSA i;kZoj.k vkSj ekuo izd`fr dh xksn esa mRiUu gksdjizd`fr ls lkgp;Z djds gh thfor jgrk gSA


ekuo lfgr tSo txr dk vfLrRo izd`fr iznÙk i;kZoj.k dh gh vewY; nsugSA ekuo l`f"V dh loksZZRd`"V vuqd`fr gS] tks i;kZoj.k ds jgL;ksa dks lokZf/kdvkRelkr~ dj ik;k gSA ekuo dh leLr vuqfØ;kvksa dk lh/kk lEcU/k i;kZoj.kls gh gksrk gSA vr,o i;kZoj.k ,d ,slk leqPp; gS] tks l`f"V dks thoUr cuk,gq, gSA ;g isM+-ikS/kksa ,oa thoksa dks thou iznku djrs gq, thou ;ksX; okrkoj.kds lkFk-lkFk muds fy, ewyHkwr vko';drkvksa dks Hkh miyC/k djkrk gSA orZekuesa oSKkfud izxfr] vkS|ksfxd mUufr] vkuqokaf'kd] d`f"k] m|ksx vkfn dh vlhemiyC/krk izdfr }kjk gh lEHko gks ik;h gSA ;|fi vkt fodkl ds en esa enkU/kekuo izd`fr dk vizkd`frd nksgu dj blds vfLrRo ij gh iz'u fpUg~ yxk fn;kgSA bl lUnHkZ esa egkRek xk¡/kh dk ;g dFku lehphu izrhr gksrk gS fd ^^bli`Foh ij lHkh dh vko';drkvksa gsrq lalk/ku i;kZIr gS] fdUrq ykyp ds fy,ugha**1A

oLrqr% ekuo vkSj izd`fr dk ,d-nwljs ls vU;re~ lEcU/k gSA izd`fr dh xksnesa mn~Hkfor ekuo izd`fr esa gh iy-c<+dj] izd`fr ds rRoksa ds lkgp;Z ls viukvfLrRo dk;e j[krs gq, vius lokZaxh.k fodkl dh izfØ;k dks Hkh izd`fr dh xksnesa gh lEiUu djrk gSA mlds prqfnZd HkkSfrd o lkaLd`frd n'kkvksa dk vkoj.ktks mls izfr{k.k izHkkfor djrk jgrk gS] i;kZoj.k dgykrk gSA


LoPN xaxk vfHk;ku vkSj jk"Vªh; gfjrLoPN xaxk vfHk;ku vkSj jk"Vªh; gfjrLoPN xaxk vfHk;ku vkSj jk"Vªh; gfjrLoPN xaxk vfHk;ku vkSj jk"Vªh; gfjrLoPN xaxk vfHk;ku vkSj jk"Vªh; gfjrizkf/kdj.k % n’kk o fn’kkizkf/kdj.k % n’kk o fn’kkizkf/kdj.k % n’kk o fn’kkizkf/kdj.k % n’kk o fn’kkizkf/kdj.k % n’kk o fn’kk

_rs’k Hkkj}kt_rs’k Hkkj}kt_rs’k Hkkj}kt_rs’k Hkkj}kt_rs’k Hkkj}kt

lkjka'k% Hkkjr esa i;kZoj.k laj{k.k dk bfrgkl cgqr izkphu gSA Hkkjrh;euhf"k;ksa us lewph izÑfr gh D;k] lHkh izkÑfrd 'kfDr;ksa dks nsork Lo:iekukA Hkkjrh; laLÑfr eas tu dks Hkh nsork ekuk x;k gSA lfjrkvksa dksthounkf;uh dgk x;k gS] blfy, izkphu laLÑfr;k¡ ufn;ksa ds fdukjs mithavkSj iuihaA Hkkjrh; lafo/kku izR;{k :i ls i;kZoj.k laj{k.k ds izko/kkuksa ls ughatqM+k FkkA lu~ 1972 esa LVkWdgkse lEesyu esa Hkkjr ljdkj dk /;ku i;kZoj.klaj{k.k dh vksj [khapkA ljdkj us 1976 esa lafo/kku esa la’kks/ku dj vuqPNsn48¼,½ rFkk 51¼,½ ¼th½ tksM+sA vuqPNsn 48¼,½ ds rgr Hkkjrh; lafo/kku jkT;ljdkjksa dks funsZ’k nsrk gS fd og ^i;kZoj.k dh lqj{kk o mleas lq/kkjlqfuf’pr djsa] rFkk ns’k ds ouksa vkSj oU; thou dh j{kk djsaA* vuqPNsn51¼,½ ¼th½ ukxfjdksa ls bl drZO; dh vis{kk djrk gS fd os ^^izkÑfrdi;kZoj.k dh j{kk djsa rFkk mldk lao)Zu djsa vkSj lHkh tho/kkfj;ksa ds izfrn;kyq jgsa**A Lora=rk ds i’pkr~ c<+rs vkS|ksxhdj.k] 'kgjhdj.k vkSj tula[;k-of)ls i;kZoj.k dh xq.koÙkk esa fujarj deh vkrh xbZ] ftlds pyrs ljdkj usle;-le; ij vusd dkuwu o fu;e cuk, tSls & fjoj cksM~Zl ,sDV ;k vf/kfu;e] 1956( ty ¼iznw"k.k fuokj.k ,oa fu;a=.k½ vf/kfu;e] 1974( i;kZoj.k¼laj{k.k½ vf/kfu;e] 1986( ok;q-iznw"k.k laca/kh dkuwu( ou ¼laj{k.k½ vf/kfu;e] 1980(oU;-thou ¼laj{k.k½ vf/kfu;e] 1995( rFkk tSo-fofo/krk vf/kfu;e] 2002]bR;kfnA


Hkkjr esa Lora=rk i’pkr~ dbZ ubZ laLFkkvksa dk rsth ls foLrkj gqvkA ljdkjds u,-u, mÙkjnkf;Roksa vkSj dk;ks± dh tfVyrkvksa ds dkj.k bu laLFkkvksa dkxBu vko’;d Fkk] ftuesa lkafo/kkfud] lkafof/kd] fu;kedh;] v/kZ-U;kf;d laLFkk,¡


i;kZoj.k iznw"k.k % fu;a=.k ,oa mik;i;kZoj.k iznw"k.k % fu;a=.k ,oa mik;i;kZoj.k iznw"k.k % fu;a=.k ,oa mik;i;kZoj.k iznw"k.k % fu;a=.k ,oa mik;i;kZoj.k iznw"k.k % fu;a=.k ,oa mik;

vEcqts’k dqekj feJvEcqts’k dqekj feJvEcqts’k dqekj feJvEcqts’k dqekj feJvEcqts’k dqekj feJ

lkjka'k% izLrqr 'kks/k i= esa ^^i;kZoj.k iznw"k.k % fu;a=.k ,oa mik;** dk fo’kn~fo’ys"k.k izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA orZeku le; esa i;kZoj.kh; foe’kZ esa c<+rk gqvkiznw"k.k ,d Toyar leL;k ds :i esa tSfod vfLrRo ij iz’ufpUg~ yxk jgk gSAvk/kqfudrk vkSj rduhdh vkt ds oSf’od mUur lekt esa rhoz xfr lsvfHko`f) gks jgh gSA bl leL;k ls leLr fo’o iw.kZr% voxr Hkh gS vkSjfpfUrr HkhA blds dkj.k ekuo ftl rjg ds okrkoj.k ¼i;kZoj.k½ esa jgus dksfoo’k gS og fnu-izfrfnu iznwf"kr gksrk tk jgk gS] ftlds nq"ifj.kke Lo:idgha vR;f/kd xehZ rks dgha vR;f/kd lnhZ dk lkeuk djuk iM+ jgk gSA ;gnq"izHkko ek= bruk gh ugha cfYd leLr tho/kkfj;ksa dks fofo/k izdkj ds jksxksals xzflr gksuk iM+ jgk gSA izd`fr vkSj mldk i;kZoj.k vius 'kk’or LoHkkols 'kq)] fueZy vkSj leLr tho/kkfj;ksa gsrq LokLF; dk iks"kd gksrk gS fdUrq;fn fdlh dkj.ko’k og iznwf"kr gks tkrk gS] rks i;kZoj.kh; ifjfLFkfr esamiyC/k leLr tho/kkfj;ksa gsrq fofo/k izdkj dk ladV mRiUu djrk gSA ekuolH;rk dk ftl izdkj rhozrk ls fodkl gks jgk gS Bhd mlh izdkj i;kZoj.kesa iznw"k.k dh ek=k Hkh rhozrj gksrh tk jgh gSA blds izlkj.k esa lokZf/kdmÙkjnk;h ekuo dk orZeku fØ;k dyki vkSj mldh thou 'kSyh gSA ;gk¡ ;g/;krO; gksuk pkfg, fd iznw"k.k dh o`f) dk izeq[k dkj.k ekuoh; vokaNuh;xfrfof/k;k¡ gS] tks izd`fr iznÙk lalk/kuksa dk vfr’k; fonksgu djrs gq, olqU/kjk dks dwM+s-dpjs ds <sj dk Lo:i iznku dj jgh gSa ftlls lEiw.kZ ty] ok;qvkSj Hkwfe iznwf"kr gks jgh gSA ftlls leLr tho txr dk LokLF; nq"izHkkforgks jgk gSA


i;kZoj.k dk Kku laiw.kZ lekt ds fy;s vk/kkjHkwr vko’;drk gS D;ksafd ;gtho txr dk fu;ked gSA i;kZoj.k ds dkj.k gh iFoh dks thfor txr dk xkSjoizkIr gqvk gS] D;ksafd lkSj ifjokj esa dsoy iFoh ij gh leLr izkf.k;ksa] tho/kkfj;ksa]

Hkkjr esa i;kZoj.k & laj{k.k ,oaHkkjr esa i;kZoj.k & laj{k.k ,oaHkkjr esa i;kZoj.k & laj{k.k ,oaHkkjr esa i;kZoj.k & laj{k.k ,oaHkkjr esa i;kZoj.k & laj{k.k ,oafu;ked ladk;ksa dh Hkwfedkfu;ked ladk;ksa dh Hkwfedkfu;ked ladk;ksa dh Hkwfedkfu;ked ladk;ksa dh Hkwfedkfu;ked ladk;ksa dh Hkwfedk

Ekhuk feJkEkhuk feJkEkhuk feJkEkhuk feJkEkhuk feJk

lkjka'k% Hkkjrh; n’kZu] eq[;r% lka[; n’kZu] bl O;kid rF; ij vk/kkfjr gSfd ekuo-’kjhj i;kZoj.k ds egRoiw.kZ ?kVdkas ^î`Foh] ty] vfXu ]ok;q vkSjvkdk’k^^ ls fufeZr gSA Hkkjrh; /keZ laLd`fr o iajijkvksa esa izd`fr dks fo’ks"kegRo fn;k x;k gSaA Hkkjrh; izkphu xzUFkksa us &lnSo iq:"k o izd`fr ds leUo;,oa ^ôlq/kSo dqVqcde ^^ dk Kku fn;k] ftlesa lEiw.kZ i`Foh dks viuk vax oifjokj dgk x;k gSA i`Foh tks i;kZoj.k dk ewyk/kkj gS] mUgas êk¡^^ dgdj iwtktkrk gSA lHkh izkd`frd 'kfDr;ksa dks Hkkjr esa nsoLo:Ik ekudj iwtus dhizkphu ijaijk gS] tSls lw;Z] pUnzzzek] ty] ok;q] isM+-ikS/ks fo’ks"kr % rqylh] ihiy]uhe] vkfnA le; ds lkFk-lkFk ;g fodkl fujarj pyrk jgk] ijUrq ykHk vkSjvf/kd ykHk dh Hkw[k us bl fodkl dks ,d e`xejhfpdk cuk;kA

vk/kqfud Hkkjr esa loZizFke i;kZoj.k vlraqyu fczfV’k vkSifuosf’kd dky esans[kus dks feyrk gSA vaxzsth&mifuos’kokn dh fouk’kdkjh nksgu uhfr dsdkj.k i;kZoj.k dk ál vkajHk gqvk tks vktknh ds i’pkr Hkh fujarj pyrkjgkA Hkkjr gh ugha] vfirq iwjs&fo’o esa i;kZoj.k ds {k; ds fy, c<+rh gqbZtula[;k] xjhch] vf’k{kk] vkS|ksxhdj.k] =qfViw.kZ i;kZoj.k&uhfr;k¡] tfVyU;kf;d iz.kkyh vkfn vusd izdkj ds dkjd mrjnk;h gSaA

lkafo/kkfud O;oLFkk vkSj i;kZoj.klkafo/kkfud O;oLFkk vkSj i;kZoj.klkafo/kkfud O;oLFkk vkSj i;kZoj.klkafo/kkfud O;oLFkk vkSj i;kZoj.klkafo/kkfud O;oLFkk vkSj i;kZoj.k

Lora=rk-izkfIr ds i’pkr tc Hkkjrh; lafo/kku dk fuekZ.k gqvk rks ;|fiblesa izR;{k :i ls i;kZoj.k dks ysdj dqN ugha dgk x;kA ijUrq Hkkjrh; lafo/kkuds ewy esa ftl& lektoknh jkT; dh ifjdYiuk dh xbZ gS] mleas ukxfjdksa olekt ds thou-Lrj dks ÅWpk mBkuk gh jkT; dk drZO; fu/kkZfjr fd;k x;k gSAmPp thou-Lrj LoPN okrkoj.k] vFkkZr iznw"k.k-jfgr i;kZoj.k esa gh laHko gSA

ASHOK LAVASASecretaryDepartment of Expenditure,Ministry of Finance, Govt. of India,Room No.128 C, North Block,New Delhi-110001.

AMITABH KANTChief Executive Officer, NITI Aayog,Govt. of India, NITI Bhavan,Sansad Marg, New Delhi-110001.

GIRISH KUMARIIPA,New Delhi110002.

THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATIONNON-ELECTED MEMBERS OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL

PresidentVENKAIAH NAIDUVice-President of India

ChairmanT.N. CHATURVEDI

Former Governor of Karnataka

Vice PresidentSHEKHAR DUTT

(Former Governor of Chhattisgarh)Co-opted Members



S.S. KSHATRIYAChairmanIIPA Maharashtra Regional Branch,16th Floor, New Administrative Building,Opp. Mantralaya, Hutatma Rajguru Chowk,Madame Cama Road, Mumbai-400032.

N. LOKENDRA SINGHChairmanIIPA Manipur Regional Branch,C/o Registrar,Manipur University,Canchipur,Imphal-795003.

AJIT KUMAR TRIPATHIChairmanIIPA Odisha Regional Branch,


AJAY MITTALSecretaryDepartment of Personnel & Training,Ministry of Personnel,Public Grievances & Pensions,Govt. of India,Room No.112,North Block,New Delhi-110001.

IIPA Academic Staff

DOLLY ARORAIIPA, New Delhi-110002.

K.K. PANDEYIIPA, New Delhi-110002.

Director & Member-SecretaryTISHYARAKSHIT CHATTERJEE


New Delhi-110002.


.

RATTAN P. WATALSecretaryDepartment of Expenditure,Ministry of Finance, Govt. of India,Room No.128 C, North Block,New Delhi-110001.

SINDHUSHREE KHULLARC.E.O, NITI Aayog,Govt. of India, New Delhi-110001

GIRISH KUMARI.I.P.A.New Delhi110002.

THE INDIAN INSTITUTE OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATIONNON ELECTED MEMBERS OF THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL

PresidentMOHAMMAD HAMID ANSARI

Vice President of IndiaChairman

T.N. CHATURVEDIFormer Governor of Karnataka

Co-opted Members (2014-2016)

SHEKHAR DUTT(Former Governor of Chhattisgarh)Flat No.C-805, 8th Floor,Keenwood Tower,Charmwood Village,Surajkund Road,Faridabad-121009 (Haryana).



JOHNY JOSEPHChairmanIIPA Maharashtra Regional Branch,16th Floor, New Administrative Building,Opp. Mantralaya, Hutatma Rajguru Chowk,Madame Cama Road, Mumbai-400032.

N. LOKENDRA SINGHChairmanIIPA Manipur Regional Branch,C/o Registrar, Manipur University,Canchipur, Imphal-795003.

BIPIN BIHARI MISHRAChairmanIIPA Odisha Regional Branch,Qtr. No.VIC, 2/1, Unit-1,Bhubaneswar-751009.


SANJAY KOTHARISecretaryDepartment of Personnel & Training,Ministry of Personnel,Public Grievances & Pensions,Govt. of India,Room No.112,North Block,New Delhi-110001.

IIPA Academic Staff (2014-2016)

DOLLY ARORAI.I.P.A, New Delhi-110002.

K.K. PANDEYI.I.P.A, New Delhi-110002.

Director & Member-Secretary TISHYARAKSHIT CHATTERJEE


New Delhi-110002.


INDIAN INSTITUTE OF PUBLIC ADMINISTRATIONNEW DELHI

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yksd iz'kklu (v/Z&okf"kZd)lEiknd% egsUnz izlkn flag

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lEiknd% ,l- ,u- feJ

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