rna and protein synthesis ribonucleic acid: another type of nucleic acid that works with dna to make...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: RNA and Protein Synthesis Ribonucleic acid: another type of nucleic acid that works with DNA to make proteins](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022033101/56649f1e5503460f94c3562b/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
RNA and Protein Synthesis
Ribonucleic acid: another type of nucleic acid that works with DNA
to make proteins
![Page 2: RNA and Protein Synthesis Ribonucleic acid: another type of nucleic acid that works with DNA to make proteins](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022033101/56649f1e5503460f94c3562b/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
mRNA
From nucleus to cytoplasm
DNA
transcription
nucleus cytoplasm
translation
trait
aa
aa
aa
aa
aa
aa
aa
aaaa
aa
protein
![Page 3: RNA and Protein Synthesis Ribonucleic acid: another type of nucleic acid that works with DNA to make proteins](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022033101/56649f1e5503460f94c3562b/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
DNA vs. RNADNA deoxyribose sugar nitrogen bases
G, C, A, TT : AC : G
double stranded 1 type
RNA ribose sugar nitrogen bases
G, C, A, UU : AC : G
single stranded 3 types: M, R, & T
![Page 4: RNA and Protein Synthesis Ribonucleic acid: another type of nucleic acid that works with DNA to make proteins](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022033101/56649f1e5503460f94c3562b/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Transcription Making mRNA from DNA DNA strand is the
template (pattern)match bases
U : A G : C
EnzymeRNA polymerase
![Page 5: RNA and Protein Synthesis Ribonucleic acid: another type of nucleic acid that works with DNA to make proteins](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022033101/56649f1e5503460f94c3562b/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Matching bases of DNA & RNA Double stranded DNA unzips
A G GGGGGT T A C A C T T T T TC C C CA A
![Page 6: RNA and Protein Synthesis Ribonucleic acid: another type of nucleic acid that works with DNA to make proteins](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022033101/56649f1e5503460f94c3562b/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Matching bases of DNA & RNA Double stranded DNA unzips
A G GGGGGT T A C A C T T T T TC C C CA A
![Page 7: RNA and Protein Synthesis Ribonucleic acid: another type of nucleic acid that works with DNA to make proteins](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022033101/56649f1e5503460f94c3562b/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Matching bases of DNA & RNA Match RNA bases to DNA
bases on one of the DNA strands
U
A G GGGGGT T A C A C T T T T TC C C CA A
U
UU
U
U
G
G
A
A
A C CRNA polymerase
C
C
C
C
C
G
G
G
G
A
A
A
AA
![Page 8: RNA and Protein Synthesis Ribonucleic acid: another type of nucleic acid that works with DNA to make proteins](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022033101/56649f1e5503460f94c3562b/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Matching bases of DNA & RNA U instead of T is matched to A
TACGCACATTTACGTACGCGGDNA
AUGCGUGUAAAUGCAUGCGCCmRNAaa
aa
aa
aa
aa
aa
aa
aaaa
aa
U C CCCCCA A U G U G A A A A AG G G GU Uribosome
![Page 9: RNA and Protein Synthesis Ribonucleic acid: another type of nucleic acid that works with DNA to make proteins](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022033101/56649f1e5503460f94c3562b/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
aa
aa
aa
aa
aa
aa
aa
aaaa
aa
protein
cytoplasm
nucleus
traitU C CCCCCA A U G U G A A A A AG G G GU U
ribosome
![Page 10: RNA and Protein Synthesis Ribonucleic acid: another type of nucleic acid that works with DNA to make proteins](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022033101/56649f1e5503460f94c3562b/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
How does mRNA code for proteins mRNA leaves nucleus mRNA goes to ribosomes in cytoplasm Proteins built from instructions on mRNA
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
How?
mRNA
U C CCCCCA A U G U G A A A A AG G G GU U
![Page 11: RNA and Protein Synthesis Ribonucleic acid: another type of nucleic acid that works with DNA to make proteins](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022033101/56649f1e5503460f94c3562b/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
How does mRNA code for proteins?
TACGCACATTTACGTACGCGGDNA
AUGCGUGUAAAUGCAUGCGCCmRNA
Met Arg Val Asn Ala Cys Alaprotein
?
How can you code for 20 amino acids withonly 4 DNA bases (A,U,G,C)?
ribosome
aa aa aa aa aa aa aa aa
![Page 12: RNA and Protein Synthesis Ribonucleic acid: another type of nucleic acid that works with DNA to make proteins](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022033101/56649f1e5503460f94c3562b/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
AUGCGUGUAAAUGCAUGCGCCmRNA
mRNA codes for proteins in triplets
TACGCACATTTACGTACGCGGDNA
AUGCGUGUAAAUGCAUGCGCCmRNA
Met Arg Val Asn Ala Cys Alaprotein
?
Codon = block of 3 mRNA bases
codon
ribosome
![Page 13: RNA and Protein Synthesis Ribonucleic acid: another type of nucleic acid that works with DNA to make proteins](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022033101/56649f1e5503460f94c3562b/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
For ALL life!strongest support
for a common origin for all life
Code has duplicatesseveral codons for
each amino acidmutation insurance!
Start codonAUGmethionine
Stop codonsUGA, UAA, UAG
The mRNA code
![Page 14: RNA and Protein Synthesis Ribonucleic acid: another type of nucleic acid that works with DNA to make proteins](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022033101/56649f1e5503460f94c3562b/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
How are the codons matched to amino acids?
TACGCACATTTACGTACGCGGDNA
AUGCGUGUAAAUGCAUGCGCCmRNA
anti-codon
codon
tRNAUAC
MetGCA
ArgCAU
Val Anti-codon = block of 3 tRNA bases
aminoacid
![Page 15: RNA and Protein Synthesis Ribonucleic acid: another type of nucleic acid that works with DNA to make proteins](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022033101/56649f1e5503460f94c3562b/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
mRNA to protein = Translation The working instructions mRNA The reader ribosome The transporter transfer RNA (tRNA)
mRNAU C CCCCCA A U G U G A A A A AG G G GU U
aaaa
aa
tRNA
GGU
aa
tRNA
U A C
aa
tRNA
GA C
tRNA
aa
A GU
ribosome
![Page 16: RNA and Protein Synthesis Ribonucleic acid: another type of nucleic acid that works with DNA to make proteins](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022033101/56649f1e5503460f94c3562b/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
aa
aa
aaaa
aa
aa
aa
mRNA
From gene to protein
DNA
transcription
nucleus cytoplasm
protein
translation
trait
U C CCCCCA A U G U G A A A A AG G G GU Uribosome
tRNA
aa
![Page 17: RNA and Protein Synthesis Ribonucleic acid: another type of nucleic acid that works with DNA to make proteins](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022033101/56649f1e5503460f94c3562b/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
MutationsChanges to DNA are called mutations
change the DNAchanges the mRNAmay change proteinmay change trait
DNA TACGCACATTTACGTACG
mRNA AUGCGUGUAAAUGCAUGC
aa aa aa aa aa aa aaprotein
trait
![Page 18: RNA and Protein Synthesis Ribonucleic acid: another type of nucleic acid that works with DNA to make proteins](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022033101/56649f1e5503460f94c3562b/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Types of Mutations
1.Point mutation: change in a single base pair in DNA (substitution) THE DOG BIT THE CAT THE DOG BIT THE CAR
Missense mutation = changes amino acidNonsense mutation = change to STOPSilent mutation = no change in protein
![Page 19: RNA and Protein Synthesis Ribonucleic acid: another type of nucleic acid that works with DNA to make proteins](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022033101/56649f1e5503460f94c3562b/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Types of Mutations
2. Frameshift mutation: a single base pair is added or deleted and shifts the reading of the codons
THE DOG BIT THE CAT
THE DOG SBI TTH ECA T
![Page 20: RNA and Protein Synthesis Ribonucleic acid: another type of nucleic acid that works with DNA to make proteins](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022033101/56649f1e5503460f94c3562b/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Mutations
3. Chromosomal mutations: any change in the structure or number of chromosomes, common in plants deletion: part of a chromosome is removed insertion and translocation: part of a
chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome
inversion: part of a chromosome breaks off and is reinserted backwards
![Page 21: RNA and Protein Synthesis Ribonucleic acid: another type of nucleic acid that works with DNA to make proteins](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022033101/56649f1e5503460f94c3562b/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Examples of chromosomal mutations
deletion
duplication
inversion
translocation
12.4
![Page 22: RNA and Protein Synthesis Ribonucleic acid: another type of nucleic acid that works with DNA to make proteins](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022033101/56649f1e5503460f94c3562b/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Gene Regulation
Only a small percent of genes are expressed (~3%)
Genes that are expressed have a proteins that control their expression
“TATA box”: sequence at the beginning of a transcription site in eukaryotes
![Page 23: RNA and Protein Synthesis Ribonucleic acid: another type of nucleic acid that works with DNA to make proteins](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022033101/56649f1e5503460f94c3562b/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
The Operon
Four regions of DNA control the production of a protein
a structural gene that holds the codons for the amino acid sequence found in the enzyme.
an operator region right in front of the structural gene.
a promotor region where the RNA polymerase will bind to the DNA.
a regulator gene which has a role in controling the transcription from the structural gene.
The combined region of the operator and structural gene is called an operon.
![Page 24: RNA and Protein Synthesis Ribonucleic acid: another type of nucleic acid that works with DNA to make proteins](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022033101/56649f1e5503460f94c3562b/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
![Page 25: RNA and Protein Synthesis Ribonucleic acid: another type of nucleic acid that works with DNA to make proteins](https://reader030.vdocuments.us/reader030/viewer/2022033101/56649f1e5503460f94c3562b/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Animations
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/sites/0072437316/student_view0/chapter15/animations.html#
http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/units/basics/firefly/