rmit workshop biosolids research inorganic characteristics · research priorities • i have...
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RMIT Workshop Biosolids Research
Inorganic Characteristics
Roger Wrigley Associate Professor and Honorary Fellow
Department of Agriculture and Food Systems School of Land and Environment
University of Melbourne
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Introduction
• This is an attempt to steer you towards people and research priorities
• I have adopted a loose interpretation of the inorganic constituents of biosolids
• Given the sensitive nature of the subject much of the information is in CIC reports which cannot be cited
• Difficult to get comparative data • Don’t underestimate clay, silt and sand
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Time Team 1982-2012
Dr. Peter May -manures as growth media Mrs Cathy Botta - manures, biosolids and plants Scott Birchall - dairy effluent database Dr. Graham Brodie - modelling and microwaves Dr. Robyn Taylor - biosolids blending Dr. Zahida Muyen - biosolids and sodicity Dr. Graham Moore - engineering of biosolids Mrs Lakshika Goonewardena -geotechnical media Dr. Kithsiri Bandara Dassanayake - agronomic and
hydraulic modelling
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1. Manures and Sludge 1. Feedlot manure-’’Maxi Crap’’- pen scraping 2. Turning poultry manure into gold-’’Dynamic Lifter’-
focus on plant response rather than fate of constituents 3. Pig, rabbit, zoo, fish farm and dairy manure
bedding and scraping
Focus is on macronutrients and organic matter . All contain heavy metals and clay and all contain salt and particularly potassium and sodium
Sand and silt can also be present-this impacts physico chemical properties and composting potential
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2. Biosolids Harvest, transport and stockpiling leads to consolidation and compaction. The presence of clay increases cohesion and limits infiltration and permeability
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2(a) Sodic Soil, Biosolids and Recycled Water –Zahida Muyen
Can biosolids buffer soil dispersion associated with rainfall on a recycled water site?
Profile posi+on Topsoil (T) Subsoil (S)
Water Quality
Potable
Tap (D) Ter+ary Treated Sewage (R)
Raw Sewage
(W)
Biosolids mass (g/kg)-‐
ra+o dry to wet 150-‐100:0 150-‐80:20
150-‐60:4
0
50-‐100:
0 0
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2(a)Soil Dispersion
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2(a) Results
• Biosolids can be used to ameliorate recycled water irrigation sites but the impact of salinity and sodicity of the biosolids cannot be discounted
• Biosolids can buffer the dispersion of a sodic soil as well as serving as a shroud to protect the soil surface from the impact of rainfall
• The mechanism of stabilisation is complex and it is not just a matter of the beneficial value of increasing soil organic matter
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2(b) Biosolids Blending- RobynTaylor Biosolids from the Melbourne Water Eastern Treatment Plant (Grade C2)
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2(b)Biosolid large blocks or consolidated material
Biosolid was broken down into friable texture before blending
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P 10006
K 2745
Mg 4746
Ca 8262
Na 1618
S 3535
2(b)Biosolids composition (mg/kg)
Cd 6.59
Pb 100.1
Ni 67.95
Cu 306.7
Zn 580.7
Al 42099
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• Four treatment blends were used in the experiment. The blends were mixed according to commercial practice by varying the proportion of biosolid into a ‘standard’ compost (7 parts sand: 3 parts organic matter) blend.
• The ratios of biosolid incorporation were 1:9; 1:6; 1:3 (v/v) and a control of ‘standard’ compost only.
• Concentrations of PTMs were determined and agronomic assessment of the media treatment blends was performed pre and post trial.
2(b)Process
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2(b)Treatment Blends
Pre-trial analysis of Cadmium (mg/kg) of media treatment blends
Blends
Cd
B-C 1.25
B-9 1.52
B-6 1.76
B-3 2.27
s.e.d Signif.
0.177 <0.001
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2(b)The plant species chosen represented a broad range of plants used in amenity horticulture Calendula Tomato Wallaby grass
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Plug plants (5 replicates per treatment) were established in the glasshouse prior to transplanting into 2.8 litre pots at advanced seedling stage (approximately 15 cm in height).
2(b)Plant Establishment
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Design and Management • The pots were arranged in the glasshouse in a
completely randomized design blocked by species on benches.
• All plants were watered to field capacity by irrigation with a known volume of water. All pots were placed on saucers for the collection of any leachate.
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• Samples of growing media, plant fractions and leachate were assessed for PTM’s, agronomic characteristics, pH and EC.
• All data were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) with the main effects of treatment (3 d.f.) and plant species (2 d.f.).
Analysis
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2(b)Sample Results - Cadmium
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
Flower Stem Leaf green Leaf dead
Con
c. (m
g/kg
DM
)
ControlB-9B-6B-3
Calendula
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2(b)Results - Cadmium Tomato
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
Green fruit Ripe fruit Truss Stem Leaf green Leaf dead
Con
c. (m
g/kg
DM
)
ControlB-9B-6B-3
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2(b)Sample Results - Cadmium
0.0
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
Seed green Seed dry Stem green Stem dry Leaf green Leaf dry
Con
c. (m
g/kg
DM
)
ControlB-9B-6B-3
Wallaby grass
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2(b)Sample Results - Cadmium Mass balance – all species
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
B-C B-9 B-6 B-3 B-C B-9 B-6 B-3 B-C B-9 B-6 B-3
Calendula Tomato Wallaby grass
% m
/m
plant retained
leached
soil retained
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2(b) findings • no evidence of poor plant growth or development. • uptake of toxic metals in all plant species was limited. The
increases in concentrations in the food crop (tomato) are unlikely to have any health implications for consumers.
• limited release (via leachate) of various toxic and potentially toxic metals
• Wallaby grass was of particular interest. Limited research is available on indigenous grass species in relation to biosolid application and PTM’s
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2(c) Stabilisation of Biosolids to Improve Geotechnical Properties- Lakshika
Goonewardena
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Biosolid Admix Liquid Flux (m3/m2/d)
EPA, Victoria (2001) Requirement
(m3/m2/d)
Biosolid 0.0002 0.0001
Biosolid + 4% cement 0.0001 0.0001
Biosolid + 12% lime 0.0001 0.0001
Biosolid + 4% bentonite 0.0001 0.0001
Maximum percolation rates
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2(c)Fate of Metals
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3. Future
• land application of WTP biosolids • agronomic properties of biosolids • source of clay, silt and sand in biosolids • role of clays in the inorganic fraction of biosolids • use of uncompacted but chemically stabilised
biosolids as media for plant growth over a capped landfill
• agronomic performance of biosolids compared with manure and commercial fertiliser