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MEANING OF MEASUREMENT

Measurement is a relatively complex anddemanding task specially when it concerns qualitativeor abstract phenomena. By measurement we mean theprocess of assigning numbers to objects orobservations, the level of measurement being afunction of the rules under which the numbers are

assigned.

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DEFINITION OF MEASUREMENT

According to Torgerson, measurement is the

assignment of numbers to objects represents amounts

or degrees of property possessed by all objects.

Technically speaking, measurement is a process

of mapping aspects of a domain onto other aspects of

a range according to some rule of correspondence.

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OBJECTIVES OF MEASUREMENT

To facilitate empirical explanation of social andpsychological phenomena. Measuring devices helpthe researcher to classify variables, which he

observes.

It renders data amenable to statistical manipulationand treatment. The application of statisticaltechniques for comparing and studying therelationship between variables is possible only ifthe data collected can be manipulated.

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It facilitates testing of theories and hypotheses.Theories are formulated to predict and explain a

social and psychological phenomenon.

It enables the researcher to differentiate betweenobjects or people in terms of function.

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TESTS OF MEASUREMENT

Test of reliability

Test of validity

Test of generalizability

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1. TEST OF RELIABILITY

A measuring instrument is reliable if it provides

consistent results. Reliable instrument

contributes to validity, but a reliable instrument

may not be a valid instrument. However a valid

instrument is always reliable.

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METHODS FOR ASSESSING THE

RELIABILITY

There are mainly two methods forassessing the reliability.

Test re-test method

Split-half method

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Test re-test method

It is a conservative method to estimate reliability.The idea behind it is that one should get the samescore on a given test on repetitive testing. There are

three main components to this method. Administering the measurement instrument for eachsubject at two separate times to test for stability.

A high stability correlation between the two measuresat Time-1 and Time-2 indicates high degree ofreliability.

Assume there is no change in the underlyingconditions between Test-1 and Test-2.

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Split-half method

The technique of splitting halves is the most

basic method for checking internal consistency when

a measure contains a large number of items. In the

split-half method, one may calculate results from one-

half of the scale items and check them against the

results from the other half of the items.

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Construct validity is the most complex and abstract.

If measurementson our devised scale correlate in a

predicted way with other propositions, we can

conclude that there is some construct validity.

Conclusion validity asks is there a relationship

between the programme and the observed outcome.

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3. TEST OF GENERALIZABILITY

Generalizability can be termed as the ability to

explain the same (similar) phenomena at all times and

in all places without necessarily having to study it

directly at all times and in all places. Unless we can

make some generalizations, we are not pushing our

knowledge forward and that is the whole point of

research.

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CONCLUSION

Measurement of variables is one of theimportant stages in research process. The

various tests used for measuring the variables

include test of reliability, test of validity and

test of generalizability.

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REFERENCES

Research methods for Graduate Business andSocial Science Students-

John Adams & Hafiz T.A.Khan.

Research Methodology-Methods &

Techniques-

C.R.Kothari.

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THANK YOU