rm - lect 5
TRANSCRIPT
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Research Design
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Factors affecting Research Design
Availability of scientific information
Availability of sufficient data
Availability of time
Proper exposure to the source of data
Availability of money
Availability of manpower
Effect of various internal and external variables on the
research project Impact of controllable and uncontrollable variables on
the Research Project
Proper exposure to the sources of data
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Advantages
Time Saving
Direction Schedule
Resources Planning
Procurement
Better documentation
Satisfaction
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Steps
The Problem
Objective of the study Nature of Study
Sources of Data
Techniques of Data Collection
Social Cultural Context
Geographical Limit
Basis of Selection
Limitations and Scope of Study
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Contents
Research Study
About what subject it is? Reason for this selection
Scope for this study
Objective of this study
Hypothesis
What is to be tested?
Data Collection
What kind?
What different series?
What methods of collection?
What tools for collection
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Universe and Sample
What universe to be studied?
What type of sampling to be used?
What is the sample size?
Data Analysis
Choice of techniques for analysis
Methods of analysis Results of analysis and conclusions
Report Writing
Stress on domain of validity
Reference period
Reference and Significance of Study
Identifying areas for further research
Bibliography
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Data Collection and Measurement
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Data consists of facts, figures, any relevant material
that serves for basic study and analysis. Without data, no question can be answered.
It is a base for analysis.
Information: Analysis of data
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Data Sources
Primary Sources
Observation Interview
Mailed Questionnaire
Secondary Sources
Internal Source
Private Documents
Bibliography
Camera Directories
Encyclopedias
Films
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Indexes
Journals
Magazines
News Papers
Public Speeches
Radio TV
Tape recorder
Use of Mechanical Devices
Year Books
External Sources
Unpublished Records Not available to People in
Published form.
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Secondary Data
Advantages
Most economic Available Quickly
Widens Database
Verification of findings
Disadvantages
Not meet the needs
Unreliable data
Inaccurate data
Obsolete data
Limited data
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Characteristics for Evaluating Secondary Data
Data Relation Quality
Reliability
Originality
Completeness
Unbiasness
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ac ors n uenc ng e c o ce or a aCollection
Type of Information needed
Nature of Research study Unit of Enquiry
Education
Skilled and Trained Persons
Sample Size
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Methods for Primary Data Collection
Observation
Questionnaire Structured Questionnaire
Non Structured Questionnaire
Experimentation
Interview
Projective Technique
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AdvantagesSr.
No.
Personal Interview with
Questionnaire
Mailed Questionnaire Telephone Interview
1 Most flexible method ofobtaining data
Wider and morerepresentative coverage
possible at the same cost
Wider and morerepresentative coverage
possible at the same cost.
2 Identity of Respondent
known
No field Staff is required No field Staff is required
3 Very Low/non response Cost per questionnairerelatively low Cost of response low
4 Supervision and Control
Possible
No bias for interviewers Quick way of obtaining data
5 Respondents can answer
question directly.
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DisadvantagesSr.
No.
Personal Interview with
Questionnaire
Mailed Questionnaire Telephone Interview
1 Most expensive method ofdata collection
Average number of non
response
Non telephone ownersand those with unlisted
numbers cannot be
reached
2 Considerable supervision
necessary
Probing questions cannot be
asked
Interview period is short
3 Bias of the investigators
present in the responses
Slowest of all methods of
data collection
Questions which require
probing cannot be asked.
4 Assumes that the
respondent is educated
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Preferred Data Collection MethodSr.
No
Funds Time Type of Data Personal
Interview
Mail Telephone
1 Inadequate Restricted Few Items X2 Inadequate Restricted Much
Information X3 Inadequate Ample Few Items X X X4 Restricted Ample Much
Information X X5 Ample Restricted Few Items X X6 Ample Restricted Much
Information X7 Ample Ample Few Items X X8 Ample Ample Much
Information
X
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Sampling & Sampling Technique
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Sampling
Population Universe
Sampling Method
Sample
Continuous Variable
Discrete Variable
Census Survey
Sample Survey
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Advantage of Sampling over Census
Less Expensive
Less Time Consuming Greater Accuracy
Destructive Enumeration
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Sampling Technique
Characteristics
Economy
Intensive and elaborate study
Reliability
Scientific Nature
Suitability
Reliability
Size of the Sample
Homogeneity of the Sample Representativeness of the sample.
Similar Sample
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Importance of Sampling
Concentrated study of selected items
Representatives units studied
Large Area
Scrutiny of available information
Sufficiency of results
Collecting of the information
Ad t
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Advantages
Accuracy
Administrative Suitability
Advantage over Census
Less Cost
Saving in Time
Disadvantages Chances for bias
Difficulty of accuracy
Difficulty of obtaining a representative sample
Lack of trained manpower
Non-availability of informants
Possibility for error in sampling
Inadequacy of samples
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Sampling Errors
Non Sampling Errors Incorrect concept of a Population
Samples drawn lagging complete randomness
Irrelevant, wrong, exaggerated replies to
questionnaires
Wrong interviewing methods
Inadequate response received
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Sampling Frame
Perfect Frame Incomplete Frame
Inaccurate Frame
Inadequate Frame
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Methods of sampling
Probability Sampling
Simple Random Sampling
Stratified Random Sampling
Systematic Random Sampling
Multi-Stage Sapling
Cluster Sampling
No n-Probability Sampling
Convenience Sampling
Purposive Sapling (or judgment) Quota Sampling
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Sampling Design
Type of Population
Sampling Unit
Type of Sample
Sample Size
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Observation
F t f Ob ti
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Features of Observation
Eye Observation
Aim Planning
Recording
Physical and mental Activity Purposive and Selective
Exactness
Cause and Effect relationships
Direct Study
T f Ob ti
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Types of Observation
Direct Observation
Indirect Observation Participant Observation
Non Participant Observation
Structured Observation Unstructured Observation
Ad t
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Advantages
Direct means of data collection e.g., Human Behavior
More accurate and reliable Less bias involved than questioning
Can be done continuously to increase reliability and
accuracy
Di d t
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Disadvantages
Not useful all the time especially to study the past
problem.
Opinions and attitudes cannot be studied by
observations.
Time involved is more
Difference between observer and event to occur.
Sampling theory gets ruled out.
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The Interview Method
Obj ti
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Objectives
To exchange ideas and experience
To elicit (collect) information.
T f I t i
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Types of Interview
Formality
Formal
Informal
Number
Personal
Group
Purpose
Diagnostic
Treatment Research
Fulfill Curiosity
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Period of Contact
Short Contact
Prolonged Contact
Subject Matter
Qualitative
Quantitative
Mixed
Role
Non-directive/free/Unstructured Focused
Repeated
P bl i I t i
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Problems in Interview
Inadequate Response
Non Response
Interviewers bias
Advantages
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Advantages
More Appropriate Technique
Easy to avoid misinterpretations
High percentage of returns
Yield Perfect sample
Information secured is more accurate
Greater number of returns
Disadvantages
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Disadvantages
Involves high cost
Involves huge time
High degree of skill
Process for Interview Method
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Process for Interview Method
Introduction
Object of the Interview
Interview
Free Atmosphere
Help
Research Questions
Encouragement
Direction
Note-Taking
Concluding
Report
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The Questionnaire Method
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Purpose
To collect information from the respondents who arescattered in a vast area
To achieve success in collecting reliable and
dependable data
Types Structured/Standardized
Non-Structured
Open Ended
Close-Ended
Mixed Questionnaire
Pictorial Questionnaire
Guidelines for Questionnaire Items
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Guidelines for Questionnaire Items
Information to be obtained
Type of Questionnaire to be used
Writing a first draft
Re-examining and revising question
Pre-testing and editing the questionnaire
Specify procedure for its use.
Advantages
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Advantages
Less Skill and training
Economical
Standardization
Anonymity
Less Pressure
Disadvantages
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Disadvantages
Limited Response
Low Returns
Lack of Checking on replies
Limited Success
Limited Flexibility
Lac of Personal Contact
Possibility of Wrong Answers
Illegibility
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