Water Resources planning and development (CE571)

Submitted to:-

Proff. Dr. Mazen KAVVAS

Report about

River flow

Submitted By:-

Hindreen Mohammed Nazif Jabbar

Student No.: 201445032

Date: 2015/11/9

River: river is a natural flowing watercourse, usually freshwater, flowing towards an ocean, sea, lake or another river. In some cases a river flows into the ground and becomes dry at the end of its course without reaching another body of water. [1]

Rivers are part of the hydrological cycle. [1]

Where do rivers begin?

Rivers begin at their source in higher ground such as mountains or hills, where rain water or melting snow collects and forms tiny streams. [2]

How are rivers formed?

When one stream meets another and they merge together, the smaller stream is known as a tributary. It takes many tributary streams to form a river. [2]

Where do rivers end?

The great majority of rivers eventually flow into a larger body of water, like an ocean, sea, or large lake. The end of the river is called the mouth. [2]

Water generally collects in a river from: [2]

precipitation and surface runoff groundwater recharge springs And release of stored water in natural ice (e.g. from glaciers)

Meanders

Meanders may form through erosion of the river banks and deposition on the inside of bends. [1]

Formation of an ox-bow lake:-

Map of major rivers flow in the Turkey:

Map of major rivers flow in the Iraq:

How to calculate discharge of rivers: [11]

Once you have calculated discharge (Q) for one segment, then you sum all the segments together to get total discharge.

Qtotal = Q1 + Q2 + Q3 + …. + Qn

Example Field Data [11]

♦

♦

♦

Concentration and velocity curve against of bed slope of river:

What are three forces that can carry sediment? [4]

Wind, water, and gravity:

Wind- Picks up sediment and blows it to another place. Water, Carries sediment with flowing water (I.e. runoff). Gravity- Making sediments fall down (I.e. landslides).

Sediment and Suspended Sediment [5]

Storms, of course, deliver large amounts of water to a river, but did you know they also bring along lots of eroded soil and debris from the surrounding landscape? Rocks as small as tiny clay particles and as large as boulders moved by the water are called sediment. Fast-moving water can pick up, suspend, and move larger particles more easily than slow-moving waters.

If proper sediment-trapping systems were not used, then rainfall runoff could wash large amounts of sediment into the tributary, where it eventually will flow into the main stream.

Q/ what is solution for sediment and Suspended Sediment at preventing it to reach to the stream?

Ans. / We should have Sediment-trapping systems and preventing erosion.

1-Sediment-trapping systems [5]

a. Sediment Basin

b. Sediment trap

2- Preventing erosion [5]

Sediment can be classified based on its grain size and/or its composition [6]

Turbidity [7]

Turbidity is the cloudiness of water and is the result of suspended material in theWater.

What factors influence the turbidity of water? [10]

1. Turbidity is the result of suspended solids in the water that range from clay, silt, and plankton, to industrial wastes and sewage. The lower the turbidity, the clearer the water is.

2. High turbidity may be caused by soil erosion, waste discharge, urban runoff, flooding, dredging operations, channelization, and increased flow rates.

Effects of Turbidity [7]

High levels of turbidity have a two-fold effect on water:-

a) It loses its ability to support a large variety and number of aquatic organisms.Where there is less light penetrating the water, there will be lessPhotosynthesis occurring and this reduces the level of oxygen in the water.

b) The water becomes warmer because any suspended material absorbs heatFrom the sun. This also decreases the amount of oxygen dissolved in water.

Measuring Turbidity [7]

Turbidity is normally measured by an instrument called a Nephelometer. ThisInstrument determines the scattering of light and is measured in standardNephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU). Normal levels of turbidity can vary from less than 1 in clear pristine streams to very much greater than 200 NTU in murky rivers after flood events.

Nephelometer: an instrument for measuring the size and concentration of particles suspended in a liquid, especially by means of the light they scatter.

Test for measuring the turbidity of water: [8]

1. Turbidity Tube Test

2. Hach 2100P Turbidity Meter Test

Simple evaluation of (NTU) of water: [9]

Good if NTU < 1

Fair if NTU is between (1-5)

Poor if NTU > 5

When NTU is between (0.05 – 1) the water is Potable water.

Determining turbidity (rate of sedimentation) of water is very important because of portable water and design of dam.

Reference

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River

[2] http://www.primaryhomeworkhelp.co.uk/rivers.html

[3] http://www.eng.usf.edu/~mross/coursework/cwr4103/notes5.pdf

[4] http://www.answers.com/Q/What_are_three_forces_that_can_carry_sediment

[5] http://water.usgs.gov/edu/sediment.html

[6] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sediment

[7] http://www.gbwaterwatch.org.au/resources/ID1297385597.pdf

[8] https://translate.google.com/#en/ar/Nephelometer

[9] http://www.ashcroftbc.ca/include/get.php?nodeid=317

[10] http://goo.gl/mnh4xO

[11] http://goo.gl/Zs33dP