risk perception pdf
TRANSCRIPT
interview
• A total of 14 people were interviewed for the study.
• This sample is assumed to be representative of the population who takes the different public transportation available in Metro Manila
MAIN OBJECTIVE - to gather data on risk
perception on the various modes of transportation
• They were asked ques.ons about their risk percep.on on the mode of public transport that they normally take. E.g. What do you think are the health dangers or harm caused by your daily trip in the jeep/bus/LRT?
• It was important to focus the ques.ons into determining the perceived “health risks”
• Two societal contexts are examined : 1. Philippines’ POV via Filipino
commuters 2. Japanese POV through
Japanese commuters
What are the general pros/cons of the different modes of public
transport?
PROS - major livelihood for most Filipinos - route passes through almost all major locations in the metro
CONS - vehicle exhaust or
usok is detrimental to health
- too congested - Exposure to
various pollutants like buga and cigarette smoke
Additional CONS: - very unsafe dilapidated condition of
some jeeps, risk of hold-up and crimes, passengers sometimes cling/ride on the rear of the jeep, reckless drivers
PROS
- Most are airconditioned
CONS
- usok in nonaircon buses -overcrowding -cigarette smoking - Become susceptible to drastic changes in weather - the commuting experience is nakakanerbyos (fast driving, accident-prone,reckless drivers)
PROS
-convenience of fast travel -relatively safer since it is for short distances only
CONS
-exposure to usok and pollutants in the air like second-hand cigarette smoke - accident-prone because of its size - noisy
PROS
- no harmful exhaust or usok - air-conditioned - fast and convenient, less-exhaustive way of traveling
CONS
- Inconvenience during power interruption
- Overcrowding inside the train
PROS
-privacy of travel
- can direct the driver what route to take
CONS
- Questionable about safety (luku-lukong driver)
- air pollution (LPG taxi)
PROS
- Luxury of traveling on your own
- More controlled environment
CONS
-contained (communicability of diseases) - strong air conditioning and hot weather outside (init at lamig)
Most Dangerous and the Most Safe Modes of Transportation
57%
7.00%
36%
Most Dangerous/Risky Public Transport
Jeep Tricycle Bus
Most Dangerous and the Most Safe Modes of Transportation
56% 33.00%
11%
Most Safe Mode of Transportation
MRT/LRT Private Car Bus
Security
Asked for Health Risks, a number of interviewees answered with maYers
that pertain to security.
How safe am I when I take this par2cular public transporta2on?
• Generally, one’s physical condi.on is also affected by other factors such as the feeling of security.
What really is “usok” as it is conceived in the minds of Filipinos?
• “Usok” as SMOKE
• “Usok” as AIR POLLUTION
A: Their notion of risk and vulnerability with regards to
“usok” is heavily influenced by their notion of what it is.
Q: Why is it important to point out the differences in the conception of
usok?
“Usok” as SMOKE
• Smoke In a scientific sense, smoke is a
mixture of solid, liquid and gaseous particles mixed up in air due to combustion.
– Given off by lighted cigarette – Exhaust from the vehicles (buga ng
sasakyan na maitim)
“Usok” as SMOKE
• Risk is present only in places along roads and in the road itself
• Vulnerable only when riding open vehicles running in the public roads.
• Air Pollution In a scientific sense, air pollution is the introduction
of harmful particles in the air.
– “Usok” inside LPG-powered taxis • “Usok” having levels (of intensity) like that of the white
smoke and black smoke exhaust from jeepneys
• Risk is present everywhere, especially in highly urbanized places, like the metro.
• Vulnerable virtually anywhere in urbanized places.
– Riding LPG taxis
Most Common Modes of Transportation in Japan
– Bicycle – Train
– Subway – Bus
– Car – Taxi
• Too expensive for most people to use
Public transportation is not so developed
– Car – Bus
Percep.on of risk
• Not so focused on health – More focus on:
• Accidents • Security
• Congestion in trains and buses as health risk
The Japanese Point of View on Transport-Related Risks
Usual view during Tokyo’s rush hour in train terminals
On the Interviewees
• Being asked strictly about health risks – Modes of transporta.on reduce chances to exercise • Riding buses instead of walking and riding a bicycle
– Emphasis on choosing a transporta.on shows how much exercise one wants to get
On the Interviewees
Other Notes IN GENERAL,
There is a lack of developed notion of
“health risk” in public transportation for the
Japanese people.
“Usok” as SMOKE
• Vehicle Exhausts – In Japan • Lots of vehicles with low emission levels
– Promoted by government and subsidy is offered
– In Philippines • There are s.ll a lot of smoke belchers
Usok as Smoke
“Usok” as SMOKE
• CigareYe Smoking in Vehicles – In Japan • Not allowed • Separate “carriers” for smokers and non-‐smokers
– In Philippines • Not allowed but there are s.ll some who choose not to follow
Usok as Smoke
No.on of Health Risk
• When asked about “health risk” – Filipinos • Think of dangers and harms to one’s health
– Japanese • Think of possible hindrances to living a healthy lifestyle and not so much on dangers or harms posed
Notion of Health Risk
What exactly cons.tutes a HEALTH RISK?
Perception of “Health Risk”
PHYSICAL FACTOR
EMOTIONAL FACTOR
MENTAL FACTOR
People have differing opinions on what cons.tutes a health risk • One criterion is the physical risk to health that a certain thing/event poses (i.e. causes coughing, headaches)
Perception of “Health Risk”
Another less obvious criterion is with regards to safety such as possible road accidents, hold-‐upping incidents, “kaskaserong” driver.
This implies that what cons.tutes good health for these individuals is not necessarily wholly in terms of physical health, but also emo.onal and mental health
Perception of “Health Risk”
Responsibility for Illness and Health Care
• Responsibility for Illness and Health Care in transporta:on – Not the passenger’s responsibility • Uncontrollable circumstances such as weather, and sick companions • The pervasive air pollu.on in ci.es
– Passenger’s responsibility • Passenger’s choice and decision to use the mode of transport
Risk Communication • Risk communica.on – There are laws aimed at addressing the problem, specifically of, air pollu.on • But, due to lack of communica.on with the base units in the local areas, implementa.on is not achieved. – Eg. Rampant smoke-‐belching jeepney’s around the ci.es
– Lack of effort from individuals to prac.ce healthier habits in public transport and lack of effort to remind others
– Eg. Coughing without covering the mouth