Risk Factors for Risk Factors for Coronary Heart Coronary Heart

Disease.Disease.

Did you know that….Did you know that….

•In the UK, someone has a heart In the UK, someone has a heart attack every 2 minutes, that’s attack every 2 minutes, that’s 260,000 people per year.260,000 people per year.

•Almost 2.6 million people have Almost 2.6 million people have CHD. CHD.

•CHD causes about 114,000 deaths CHD causes about 114,000 deaths a year. That’s 1 in 5 deaths in a year. That’s 1 in 5 deaths in men and 1 in 6 deaths in women.men and 1 in 6 deaths in women.

What is a Risk Factor?What is a Risk Factor?

•A Risk Factor is something A Risk Factor is something that increases one’s chance that increases one’s chance of harming oneselfof harming oneself

•E.g. Crossing the Bristol E.g. Crossing the Bristol Road without looking Road without looking

•Coronary Artery Disease is Coronary Artery Disease is associated with certain associated with certain Risk FactorsRisk Factors

Types of Risk FactorTypes of Risk Factor

•There are three categories of Risk There are three categories of Risk Factors:Factors:

•1) Non-Modifiable1) Non-Modifiable

•2) Modifiable2) Modifiable

•3) Changeable3) Changeable

Non-Modifiable Risk Non-Modifiable Risk FactorsFactors

•Sex - male is higher risk Sex - male is higher risk

•Aged over 65Aged over 65

•Family History of Heart DiseaseFamily History of Heart Disease

• Ethnic background.Ethnic background. South Asians living in the UK have a South Asians living in the UK have a higher premature death rate from CHD higher premature death rate from CHD than average. The rate is 46% higher than average. The rate is 46% higher for men and 51% for womenfor men and 51% for women

• Social differences.Social differences. Death rate from CHD is 58% higher for Death rate from CHD is 58% higher for men who are manual workers than for n men who are manual workers than for n one manual. The rate for female manual one manual. The rate for female manual workers is almost twice as high.workers is almost twice as high.

Modifiable Risk FactorsModifiable Risk Factors• DiabetesDiabetes Diabetics have a 25 – 50% higher risk of CHD Diabetics have a 25 – 50% higher risk of CHD than non diabetics. 3% of men and 1% of women, than non diabetics. 3% of men and 1% of women, aged over 35, are non diagnose diabetics.aged over 35, are non diagnose diabetics.

• HypertensionHypertension 34% of men & 30% of women have raised BP. In a 34% of men & 30% of women have raised BP. In a recent WHO report raised BP was identified as recent WHO report raised BP was identified as the second most important cause of death and the second most important cause of death and disability in developed countries, exceeded only disability in developed countries, exceeded only by tobacco.by tobacco.

• HypercholesterolemiaHypercholesterolemia The average blood cholesterol for men is about The average blood cholesterol for men is about 5.5mmol and about 5.6mmol for women. About 66% 5.5mmol and about 5.6mmol for women. About 66% of men and women have blood cholesterol levels of men and women have blood cholesterol levels higher than the recommended 5.0mmol.higher than the recommended 5.0mmol.

Changeable Risk FactorsChangeable Risk Factors

• SmokingSmoking Regular exposure to second hand smoke Regular exposure to second hand smoke

increases the risk of CHD by ~25%increases the risk of CHD by ~25% About 28% of men and 24% of women in Britain About 28% of men and 24% of women in Britain

still smoke cigarettes.still smoke cigarettes.

• Unhealthy DietUnhealthy DietAbout 6 out of 7 adults consume more than the About 6 out of 7 adults consume more than the recommended levels of saturated fat.recommended levels of saturated fat.Only 13% of men and 15% of women & 12% of Only 13% of men and 15% of women & 12% of children in Britain currently eat the children in Britain currently eat the recommended number of portions of fruit and recommended number of portions of fruit and vegetables.vegetables.

• Lack of Physical ExerciseLack of Physical ExerciseOnly 37% of men and 24% of women do any Only 37% of men and 24% of women do any regular physical exercise.regular physical exercise.Over the last 25 years the average number Over the last 25 years the average number of miles we walk (per year) has fallen by of miles we walk (per year) has fallen by 25% whilst the average number of miles 25% whilst the average number of miles travelled by car has increased by 70%.travelled by car has increased by 70%.

• Being OverweightBeing Overweight About 43% of men and 33% of women are About 43% of men and 33% of women are overweight and a further 22% of men and overweight and a further 22% of men and 33% of women are obese.33% of women are obese.

• Excess Alcohol IntakeExcess Alcohol Intake 40% of men and 23% of women drink more 40% of men and 23% of women drink more than the daily recommended amount of than the daily recommended amount of alcohol.alcohol.

Risk Factor TargetsRisk Factor Targets

• Non-SmokingNon-Smoking• Cholesterol less than 5 mmolsCholesterol less than 5 mmols• Blood Pressure below 140/85Blood Pressure below 140/85• Aerobic Exercise ~ 30 Mins 3 - 5 x Aerobic Exercise ~ 30 Mins 3 - 5 x WeekWeek

• Good Diabetic controlGood Diabetic control• BMI below 25BMI below 25• Alcohol - Max 21 units men 14 units Alcohol - Max 21 units men 14 units women per weekwomen per week