rise of progressivism r. horner ehs apush supplemental to american pageant and n. miller
TRANSCRIPT
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Rise of ProgressivismR. HornerEHSAPUSHSupplemental to American Pageant and N. Miller
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Who are these People? (Successors of the Reformers)
•Grangers•Populists
•Progressives
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Conflicting Tides
•Munn v. Illinois, 1877▫Conviction for price-fixing upheld▫Granger laws OK
•Wabash, St. Louis…RR vs. Illinois▫State legislatures could only act where
Congress had not▫Only some Granger laws ok▫Led to Interstate Commerce Commission
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Populists
•Product of rural discontent•Late 1880s•Product of Farmer’s Alliances•Foe: railroads, banks, big business, tariffs•IDEA: A People’s Party
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Election of 1890• McKinley Tariff (a low as possible to achieve
its goal): protect industry, but don’t raise too much revenue– Result: 1894 US had an alarming deficit
• Ds (Cleveland): adequate revenue and moderate protection
• Result: Wilson-Gorman Act, 1894– Slightly lowered tariff; many special deal for
industries– Income Tax• “Communistic, socialistic”
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Supreme Court
•“Income tax is unconstitutional”•Populists and other advocates for the
poor: even the courts are TOOLS… of the wealthy!
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Terms of the economic debate, absolutely:• Capitalism: capital– Private property for private property– Laissez faire marketplace
• Socialism: society– Government ownership of critical industries• Trains, telephone, electricity, etc.
– Social programs to provide decent living standards for all
• Communism: common– All property held in common–Needs of all provided on equitable terms
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Political Systems
• Autocracy–Authoritarian/dictatorship/tyranny/monarchy• Lenin and the Bloshevik Revolution
• Aristocracy–Oligarchy/plutocracy/meritocracy/elitism
• Democracy – Republican Democracy–Careful of the “majority rules” notion: our
definition of democracy includes a basic set of rights that are protected for all despite the beliefs of the majority
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Election of 1896
•McKinley v. Bryan•Free Silver vs. the Status Quo
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Progressivism• Middle class felt itself squeezed and shrinking– Pressure• Labor Unions• Giant Corporations• Immigrants
• Goals:– Use state power to curb trusts– Stop the socialist threat by improving the
conditions of the ordinary people– Reform corrupt government• Initiative, referendum recall; Australian secret ballot
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Progressivism, cont.• Based in cities– Jacob Riis: Attack the slums
– Republican: Robert LaFollette• Regulate public utilities
– R’s Charles Evans Hughes• Regulate utilities and trusts; investigate corrupt practices
• Accomplishments– Safety and sanitations codes– Child labor laws; protective codes of women– Workmen’s compensation laws for injuries– Hours and wage regulations– Fire safety and machine safety regulations
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•Business’s responsibilityor
Dog-eat-Dog?
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TRs Square Deal for Labor• “the public interest”• Operate the mines with federal troops?• Dept. of Commerce and Labor• Interstate Commerce Commission– Give it some teeth to regulate railroads
• “Good” Trusts and “Bad” Trusts– Public conscience vs. lust for power and wealth?
• Consumer Protection– FDA
• Conservation: public lands, forests, and water– Reclamation– Dams
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Panic of 1907
• Shows the need for banking reform• TR paves the way for Federal Reserve Act
of 1913 with the Aldrich-Vreeland Act of 1908
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Election of 1912
•Wilson vs. TR vs. Taft•And the winner is . . . . Progressive ideas
▫Woodrow Wilson Probably would not have won without it being
a three-way race
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Woodrow Wilson (D)
• “New Freedom”• More active gov’t role in economic and
social affairs – but what does that mean?
• Smaller Businesses are better businesses• Unregulated markets – free trade• Rely on competition–Wilson: “…the man on the make”
• Fragment big corporations rather than regulate them
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Wilson Tackles the Tariff and Banks
• Federal Reserve System, 1913– Regulate America’s financial markets
• 16th Amendment:– “The Congress shall have the power to lay and
collect taxes on income, from whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several States, and without regard to any census or enumeration.”
• Income Tax– Article I, Section IX: “No capitation or other direct
tax shall be laid, unless in proportion to the census or enumeration herein before direct to be taken.”
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Wilson Progressivism at High Tide•Federal Trade Commission Act 1914•Clayton Anti-Trust Act 1914•Federal Farm Loan Act 1916•LaFollette Seamen’s Act 1915•Workingmen’s Compensation Act 1916
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Progressive fade…..?• Today’s news today:–Huckabee promised to eliminate the income tax– Obama and Clinton called for national health insurance– All candidates give attention to global warming…but
what kind of attention?– Gov’t agencies are on the watch for mad cow disease,
lead paint in toy, salmonella–Hearing are being held to discuss the financial bailout
and re-regulating markets and industries–Modern-day trust busting or other ‘populist’ or
‘progressive’ activities• Microsoft, environmental standards, etc.