rinderpest cattle plague rpv. center for food security and public health iowa state university -...
TRANSCRIPT
Rinderpest
Cattle PlagueRPV
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
OverviewOverview
• Organism• Economic Impact• Epidemiology• Transmission• Clinical Signs• Diagnosis and Treatment• Prevention and Control • Actions to take
The Organism
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
The OrganismThe Organism
• Family Paramyxoviridae• Genus Morbillivirus• Other members of the family include
−Peste des Petits Ruminants virus−Measles virus−Canine distemper virus −Phocid distemper virus
of sea mammals• Relatively fragile virus
Importance
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
HistoryHistory• 1184 BC:
− The siege of Troy− War and movement of armies
• 1762:− First veterinary school established in France
in response to Rinderpest • 1885:
− “Great African Pandemic”• 1960’s:
− Eradicated from most of Europe, China, Russia and Far East
• 1992: − Global Rinderpest Eradication Program (GREP)
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
Economic ImpactEconomic Impact
• Destroys entire populations of cattle• Leads to famine in cattle-dependent
areas• 1982-1984 outbreak: $500 million• $100 million
spent annually on vaccination
Epidemiology
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
Species AffectedSpecies Affected
• Mainly a disease of cattle and domestic buffalo, including water buffalo
• Most wild and domestic cloven-footed animals can become infected−Zebu, sheep and goats, pigs, and wild
ungulates in contact with cattle
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
Geographic DistributionGeographic Distribution
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
Morbidity/ MortalityMorbidity/ Mortality
• Naive populations mortality may reach 100%
• Endemic areas−Susceptible stock are
immature or young adults
Transmission
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
Animal TransmissionAnimal Transmission
• Direct contact −Nasal/ocular secretions−Feces, urine, saliva, and blood
• Contaminated food or water• Indirect contact
−Fomites
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
Animal TransmissionAnimal Transmission
• Aerosol transmission only very short distances
• Most infectious period: 1-2 days before clinical signs and 8-9 days after onset of clinical signs
• Vector transmission unknown• No chronic carrier state• Wildlife not a reservoir
Animals and Rinderpest
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
Clinical SignsClinical Signs
• Incubation period−3-15 days, usually 4-5 days
• Four forms of disease−Classic, Peracute, Subacute, Atypical
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
Clinical SignsClinical Signs
• Classic form−Fever, depression, anorexia−Constipation followed by hemorrhagic
diarrhea−Serous to mucopurulent nasal/ocular
discharge−Necrosis and erosion
of the oral mucosa −Enlarged lymph nodes−Death in 6-12 days
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
Clinical SignsClinical Signs
• Peracute−Young animals, high fever with
congested mucous membranes, death in 2-3 days
• Subacute−Mild clinical signs with low mortality
• Atypical− Irregular fever, mild or no diarrhea− Immunosuppression leading to
secondary infections
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
Post Mortem LesionsPost Mortem Lesions
• Esophagus−Brown and necrotic foci
• Omasum−Rare erosions and hemorrhage
• Small intestine, abomasum, cecum and colon−Necrosis, edema and
congestion−“Tiger striping”
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
Post Mortem LesionsPost Mortem Lesions
• Lymph nodes−Swollen and edematous
• Gall Bladder−Hemorrhagic mucosa
• Lungs−Emphysema, congestion and
areas of pneumonia
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
Differential DiagnosisDifferential Diagnosis
• Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis• Bovine viral diarrhea• Malignant catarrhal fever• Foot and mouth disease• Bluetongue• Salmonellosis• Paratuberculosis• Peste des petits
ruminants
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
SamplingSampling
• Before collecting or sending any samples, the proper authorities should be contacted
• Samples should only be sent under secure conditions and to authorized laboratories to prevent the spread of the disease
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
DiagnosisDiagnosis
• Clinical−Rapidly spreading acute febrile illness in
all ages of animals−Accompanying clinical signs consistent
with RPV • Laboratory Tests
− Isolation and confirmation of virus
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
DiagnosisDiagnosis
• Samples to Collect−Live animals
Viremia drops when fever falls and diarrhea begins
Blood sample Swabs of lacrimal fluid Necrotic tissue of oral cavity Aspirations of superficial lymph nodes
−Dead animals Spleen, lymph node, tonsil
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
Treatment Treatment
• No known treatment• Diagnosis usually means slaughter of
effected animals• Supportive care with antibiotics in
rare cases of valuable animals• Preventative measures are key
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
Public Health SignificancePublic Health Significance
• Rinderpest virus does not cause disease in humans
Prevention and Control
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
Recommended ActionsRecommended Actions
• Notification of Authorities−Federal:
Area Veterinarian in Charge (AVIC) www.aphis.usda.gov/vs/area_offices.htm
−State veterinarian www.aphis.usda.gov/vs/sregs/official.htm
• Quarantine
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
DisinfectionDisinfection
• Chemical−Glycerol and lipid solvents
• Natural −pH 2 and 12
For at least 10 minutes Optimal survival for the virus is at pH 6.5-7
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
VaccinationVaccination
• Most commonly used vaccines−Cell-culture-adapted
• Colostral immunity interferes with vaccination−Vaccinate calves annually for 3 years
• Heat stability of vaccine an issue
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
PreventionPrevention
• Endemic areas−Vaccinate national herd according to
recommendations• High-risk countries
−Vaccination of susceptible animals• Rinderpest free countries
− Import restrictions on susceptible animals and uncook meat products from infected countries
Additional Resources
Center for Food Security and Public Health Iowa State University - 2004
Internet ResourcesInternet Resources
• World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) website−www.oie.int
• USAHA Foreign Animal Diseases – “The Gray Book”−www.vet.uga.edu/vpp/gray_book
• Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations−www.fao.org
Acknowledgments
Development of this presentation was funded by a grant from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to the Center for Food Security and Public Health at Iowa State University.
Authors:
Co-authors:
Reviewer:
Jamie Snow, DVM, MPHKatie Steneroden, DVM
Anna Rovid Spicker, DVM, PhDKristina August, DVMRadford Davis, DVM, MPH, DACVPM
Bindy Comito Sornsin, BA
Acknowledgments