riihan308d load and unload plant lr

RIIHAN308D

Load and unload plant

Student Learning Resource Student Name ________________________________________________

Type Title Standard Issue Version Ref Release date LR RIIHAN308D NVR Standard 15.5 2 1 Load and Unload Plant 19/08/2014

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Student Information

Purpose: The purpose of this learning package is to help you understand the technical and theoretical knowledge and associated skills of your selected trade area. This package contains a number of learning and associated documents for this unit of competency. Please read all parts of this package to ensure that you complete and manage the process correctly. These assessment tools address the mandatory requirements of the unit of competency including, evidence requirements, range statements and the required skills and knowledge to achieve the learning outcomes indicated in the document. Performance criteria are described below. The contents of this unit will contain some or all of the following as required: Unit outlines / Performance Criteria Self-Checks are self-tests for the student. These have in general been extracted from this learning resource.

ELEMENT PERFORMANCE CRITERIA

1. Plan and prepare to load and unload plant

1.1Access, interpret and apply load handling documentation and ensure compliance the

work activity is compliant

1.2Obtain, read, interpret, clarify and confirm work requirements

1.3Identify and address potential risks, hazards and environmental issues, and implement

control measures

1.4Select and wear personal protective equipment appropriate for work activities

1.5Identify, obtain and implement signage and barriers and ensure the loading/unloading site is made safe and isolated from general traffic flow

2. Load the plant

2.1Confirm the dimensions and capacity of the float/trailer to safely carry the plant item

2.2Select tools and loading equipment, check for serviceability/faults and rectify or

report, verbally or in writing, prior to commencement

2.3Confirm preparation of the plant for transportation has been completed

2.4Place and secure loading aids

2.5Confirm loading procedure with operator and/or guide before loading commences

2.6Move the plant item onto the trailer/float and halt at the designated position

3. Unload the plant

3.1Confirm the unloading procedure with operator and/or guide before unloading commences

3.2Place and secure unloading aids, including ramps, in accordance with the trailer/float

specifications

3.3Slacken securing devices and remove in a sequence which optimises safety

3.4Move the plant item off the trailer/float and halt at the designated position

3.5Stow loading aids including ramps, bridging materials and securing devices

UNIT DESCRIPTOR RIIHAN308D Load and unload plant This unit covers loading and unloading plant in the resources and infrastructure industries. It includes planning and preparing, loading plant, and unloading plant. Licensing, legislative, regulatory and certification requirements that apply to this unit can vary between states, territories, and industry sectors. Relevant information must be sourced prior to application of the unit.


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ASSESSMENT

Overall Assessment Requirements The instructional outcomes required at the completion of this training are satisfactory for each form of evidence resulting in competent. If you do not achieve the required outcomes of competent, for this assessment you will be required to re sit a supplementary examination within a reasonable time of the original examination date. To achieve successful completion of this unit you should achieve a minimum of 3 forms of assessment. Below are some of the forms of evidence that can be used. 1. Written Assessment 2. Third party reports (usually by your employer or supervisor) 3. Workshop/ On Site Activity (generally referred to as “Practical Assessment”) 4. Logbook Evidence (a record of the tasks you carry out for each unit) Theory Examination During the period of this learning you will be required to complete a written theory examination to establish the level of understanding of technical content. Self Checks Self-checks are to be completed on pages provided when requested by your trainer. These exercises are used mainly as a learning tool; they may form part of your overall assessment if deemed necessary by your Trainer. Verbal Questions Verbal questions may be used and recorded to establish your level of knowledge of the competencies of this learning package. Practical Observation / Assessment Practical may be assessed in either of the following formats: -

• Practical observations will be undertaken in the workplace. Where the assessor observes the student completing a task in the workplace the observation will be recorded in the observation checklist.

• Where a student is not able to undertake an activity in the workplace a simulated practical activity will be setup by the assessor. (Refer to the practical exercises outlined in this Student Learning Resource.) The observation checklist will be used to record the student’s performances.

Where a student undertakes an activity in the workplace and the trainer is not able to be present the employer / supervisor will confirm the activity on the Third Party Report. The student and employer / supervisor will provide photographic evidence of the activity with an explanation of the task undertaken. The assessor will contact the student by phone or face to face to question the student about the activity to confirm the students understanding and skills. The outcome of this contact will be recorded in the Practical Assessment.


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Log Book or Training Record Book It is the responsibility and requirement for the learner to complete the training record based on the on-the-job and structured training tasks received by the employer or Supervising Registered Training Organisation (SRTO) or as indicated in the training plan, which may be produced to the employer and SRTO at reasonable intervals of not more than 3 months. Log Book evidence from your employer and other forms of evidence relating to this unit of competency will contribute to the outcome of this learning package. If the required activity is not part of your employer’s scope of activity you will be required to complete the skill learning process within a simulated environment. Logbook evidence must reflect the “Elements” shown for this unit. Results A statement of Attainment may be printed for this unit if required, but in general your achievement of this unit will be recorded and presented to you on completion of the entire qualification. Your certificate will record all the units you have completed. RPL and Acceleration Recognition of prior learning is available to all students. This provides an opportunity for being credited for previous learning. Acceleration provides an opportunity to reduce the allocated learning hours for this unit of competency. There is a separate RPL kit for this process. Methodology This unit may be provided as a separate learning instruction or provided with other units of competency in a practical or theoretical learning experience. Due care Every care has been taken to ensure that the information in this learning guide is correct, but trainers are advised to check the currency and the relevance of the content to their own training package. Copyright protects this publication. Except for purpose permitted by the Copyright Act 1968, reproduction, adaptation, electronic storage and communication to the public is prohibited without prior written permission. Pre-requisites Pre-requisite units: None Feedback to the learner The trainer will provide feedback to the learner on the progress of assessment

This learning package is intended for use by those completing the Competency Unit RIIHAN308D Load and unload plant as part of Basic Stream Skills within the Civil Construction Skills Stream of the National Competency Framework.

Type Title Standard Issue Version Ref Release date Kit RIICCM205D NVR Standard 15.5 1 002 Carry out manual excavation 26/11/2013

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Preparation for Moving Plant

SAFETY EQUIPMENT Safety Equipment needed when tiling floors includes, but limited to: Steel capped boots or steel capped rubber boots - Shoes should be quality shoes that have steel caps in the toe. There are types for most occasions including working on the ground, below ground in trenches or on the roof. Safety shoes protect you from objects falling onto the front of your feet. Shoes need to be a quality product that can flex sufficiently when you are required to climb ladders or similar. Do not wear thongs or open foot-ware as you can easily receive serious damage to your feet. Most building sites will ban such practices

Safety glasses Always use for cutting tiles - Eye protection is a must where there is a chance of getting something caught in your eyes. Far worse than this is the chance that something may pierce your eye. It is recommended that people wear quality protective safety glasses all of the time. They may also be lightly tinted for sun protection. These are not expensive and can look quite fashionable. Once again, many people take this advice far too lightly and only wish they had listened when told of the dangers. Other forms of eye protection are available including full face shields.

Ear protection Hearing protection is essential where ever excessive noise is being created i.e. more than 70 decibels. Circular saws that cut brick, timber, tiles and other materials create a noise level that can permanently damage your hearing. This is a long-term process and after many years working in the industry, permanent damage occurs. Many people take this far too lightly and after years in the industry you may have wished that you listened to early warnings. By then it is too late. The earplugs shown above offer excellent protection and these reduce the noise down to an acceptable level. Earplugs can reduce the noise level 20 to 35 decibels. It is best to have suitable protection that offers safe reduction. It is not wise to make it impossible to hear any noise as this can become dangerous. Your trainer will demonstrate their correct use.


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PPE is one of those items that someone is going to keep reminding you that you must use. Eventually it will be left to you to automatically fit your PPE when it is appropriate to do so. When considering buying PPE, select items that are quality products that fit comfortably and are convenient to use.

Protection location Description

Body clothing Suitable clothing

Feet protection Safety shoes

Hearing protection Ear muffs or ear plugs

Eye protection Full face shields or safety eye glasses or goggles

Head protection Comfortable Safety helmets

Lung or breathing protection Dust masks, chemical, gas and fine particle filtering respirators.

Hand Gloves Wear, heat and chemical resistant types

There are many good safety stores available and at the end of the day it is up to you to look after yourself. Do not blame others for your own bad habits.

PPE Items The following describes a range of PPE that you should be prepared to wear.

Clothing Sensible clothing that protects from the sun and is tough enough to resist annoying scratches. It should not be very loose or baggy as loose clothing can get caught on obstacles or in machinery. It should not be skin tight as some circulation of air is recommended. Sun-safe, breathable heavy-duty cotton materials are recommended for general purpose clothes in the construction industry.

Hand Protection Gloves are available for many duties that are hard on the hands. The range includes general-purpose gloves, gloves for heat protection, gloves for chemical protection, and many others. You should not be afraid to wear gloves simply because you may be considered soft. Ignore such remarks and protect yourself from bad cuts and chemicals attack etc.


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Mouth or Breathing Protection Breathing dust, fumes and chemical vapours are all possible while working in the construction industry. From simple dust masks to more complex breathing masks are available. What is needed for the job may depend on the type of job being performed. If in doubt it may be necessary to consult your employer or read the material safety data sheet that is available. More information is provided on this topic later. Above are masks for dust, mist and fume protection Skin Protection Other types of PPE are available and should be seriously considered as part of the tool kit. Sun creams min factor 30+ and Extended brims for hard hats or Protective creams etc.

Safety

Safety at work is an issue that concerns everyone; employers, employees, their families and the community. Working around trucks is a major cause of injury in the transport and storage industry. To assist workers to work safely and to come home safely the Working Around Trucks guidance material has been produced. It provides practical and straight-forward information on how to manage the risks of injury associated with working around trucks. This guidance material has been produced by industry for industry. Transport and Storage Industry Sector Standing Committee members who are industry leaders developed this material to support Workplace Health and Safety Queensland’s preventative activities. The committee members are dedicated to making the transport and storage industry safer, their expertise and knowledge bring valuable employer, employee and union input to the development of industry safety solutions. The growth of a diverse economy powered by bright ideas contributes to Queensland as a strong state. This guidance material for working around trucks is one of the bright ideas. The vision is for industry, supported by Workplace Health and Safety Queensland to implement the practical solutions to ensure workers make it home safely.

Each of the PPE displayed above are only a sample and a very wide range of each of the PPE items is possible. It is important to make your selection carefully because if you are not protected properly, you may suffer lifelong consequences.


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Working around trucks – loading and unloading Vehicles and mobile plant, moving in and around workplaces, have the potential to cause occupational injuries and deaths in workplaces in Australia. Reversing, loading, unloading and pedestrian movement are the activities most frequently linked with workplace vehicle accidents. Traffic and pedestrian movement at workplaces should be designed, planned and controlled so that pedestrians and vehicles can circulate safely. Improving workplace traffic safety, in addition to reducing work-related injuries, can also improve workplace efficiency and productivity. Workplace vehicle hazards may occur during: • Pedestrian movement at workplaces and coming into contact with mobile equipment • Vehicles or plant reversing and manoeuvring • Arrivals and departures • Loading and unloading • Hitching and unhitching trailers • Mounting or dismounting from vehicles • Securing loads, and • Maintenance work

Most at risk from vehicles at workplaces are people who work with, or interface with vehicles and mobile plant, such as: • Cars • Vans • Forklifts • Trucks • Semi trailers and trailers • Tractors • Loaders • Buses, and • Utilities.

Other people at risk may include other workers, management, self-employed people, customers or visitors at workplaces. Risk assessment Employers are required by law to carry out regular risk assessments, identify hazards, assess the risk of injury or harm, review workplace procedures regularly and consider means of controlling or reducing these risks. Risks must be controlled according to the hierarchy outlined in the Workplace Health and Safety Act 1995 (the Act): • Eliminating vehicle or pedestrian movement where possible, or removing the

need for reversing • Substituting unsafe vehicles, loading facilities, road signage or road surfaces with

safer ones. • Isolating vehicles from pedestrians or vice versa • Minimising by engineering controls (e.g. pedestrian barriers, handrails, separate

access doors for pedestrians and vehicles, speed limiting vehicles).


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• Applying administrative controls, such as: ! Providing education, training, supervision and safe work procedures on vehicle ! Movement at workplaces ! Ensuring a robust documented induction process takes place within the

workplace before workers commence work ! Restricting pedestrian access in certain areas, or at certain times ! Enforcing appropriate site speed limits ! Preventing reversing in certain areas, or at certain times ! Providing designated parking for work and private vehicles ! Monitoring risks to ensure they remain as low as possible.

• Using personal protective equipment (PPE), such as safety boots, helmets and reflective high-visibility garments. PPE is the lowest level of control.

• Monitoring the effectiveness of safety changes and safe work procedures through regular inspections, checks and record keeping.

1. PERMITS Before commencing to transport any machine the question must be asked, are permits required? Points to consider are:

• Over dimension: ! Height; ! Width; and ! Length.

• Weight of the combined load The regulations governing the dimensions and mass of loads may vary between States and Territories. Written applications for permits can be made by completing an application for a Permit for a Vehicle to Exceed the Statutory Mass and/or Dimension Limits. This must be lodged with the State or Territory Road Traffic Authority and is processed in order of receipt. It is important to allow time for the permit to be processed. Plan movements in advance.


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There are three general types of permits. These are:

• Over Dimension. • Excess Mass. • Over Dimension Combined with Excess Mass.

Permits are classified in accordance with the level of control required over:

• Times of travel. • Route selection. • Operating conditions.

PERMIT CLASSIFICATIONS • Trip A trip permit is issued for a single trip of a specific vehicle carrying a load over a specific route. The permit will either require the trip to take place on a specific day or days or on any day or days within a given time period up to a maximum of one month. • Period A period permit is issued to cover frequent trips of a specific vehicle carrying the same load or load type on a specific route. Period permits are issued for time periods of up to twelve months. • Zone A zone permit is issued to cover frequent trips of a specific vehicle carrying the same load or load type within a defined zone. Zone permits are issued for time periods of up to twelve months. • Combined Period and Zone Period A zone permit is only issued if all routes within the zone under consideration are suitable for the operation proposed. Therefore it is often appropriate to combine a zone permit with a period permit, to allow travel through an adjacent zone in which all roads may not be suitable. • General Conditions All permits are issued subject to general conditions, which are printed on the back of the permit document: Conditions to note are:

< The permit shall be carried by the driver of the vehicle at all times and be produced when requested by an Inspector appointed under the Act, or a police officer.

< The permit may be cancelled or revoked at any time.


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< The permit is issued on the express condition that the limitations specified shall not be exceeded.

< The exemption shall operate only with respect to the vehicle, loads, routes and time specified, and does not relieve the owner and/or driver of the duty to observe all other provisions of the Road Traffic Act and Regulations.

• General Considerations

< Times of travel. < Routes. < Escort operating guidelines. < Escort requirements by other Authorities. < Speed limits. < Warning signs. < Flags, delineators and flashing yellow lights. < Use of headlights. < Clearances from other Authorities.

2. IDENTIFYING HAZARDS AND THEIR NEGOTIATION Power Grader HAZARDS PRECAUTIONS 1. Height of grader Check route, determine minimum clearance

available - if necessary remove canopy, exhaust pipe or any other component exceeding the limit.

2. Width of grader Angle grader blade to reduce overall width to within legal limit, otherwise remove blade.

3. Forward and Rearward movement

Locate front wheels against gooseneck. Lower blade onto deck of trailer. Restrain grader with individual chains and tensioners at front and rear. The drawbar and front axle bolster are ideal anchor points.

4. Sideways movement

Restrain with chains and tension on each side. Where necessary provide special anchor points on grader frame to facilitate side restraint.

5. Movement of blade which is detached

Restrain with independent individual lengths of chain, prevent movement forward, rearward and sideways.

On graders with articulation always place the articulation lock pin in place to prevent any unnecessary movement. NOTE: Where graders are to be transported considerable distances or over rough

roads, it is recommended that the tyre and rim assemblies be removed to prevent bounce effects which are induced by road surface irregularities and the large pneumatic tyres. Under severe conditions this bounce may snap restraining chains otherwise the method of restraint illustrated is recommended.


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3. Pre-Start Checks IMPORTANT: Check for “Do Not Operate” tag on machine. If a tag has been placed

on the machine the, person whose name appears on the tag must be contacted for further instruction.

DO NOT START the machine and Under No Circumstance is the tag to be removed, unless instructed to do so by the person who placed the tag.

Figure 1 "DO NOT OPERATE" TAG


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4 Walk Around Inspection Engine Compartment * Check engine oil level; * Inspect for fluid leaks; * Clean any grass, sticks or leaves, and * Check fan belt tension and condition of radiator hoses. Radiator * Inspect guard and clean off any debris build up; and * Check coolant for level and condition. NOTE: Refer to the operator’s manual if adding radiator coolant as the mixing of

different coolants may have a chemical reaction. CAUTION: Do not remove radiator cap when the engine has been running as hot

steam can cause serious injury. Hydraulic System * Check oil level - do not overfill as the oil will expand when hot; * Inspect hoses for leaks, condition and loose fittings; * Inspect hydraulic rams for leaking seals, and damage or wear, and * Check pins and bushes for wear. Air Intake System * Check pre-cleaner bowl and clean if required; * Check air restriction indicator - if indicator is in the red then the air cleaner needs

replacing or cleaning; and * Clean air cleaner if required - clean in accordance with manufacturer’s specifications. Attachments * Inspect for damage, excessive wear and check pins for security and conditions. * Check cutting edges for wear and bolts for security; and * Check teeth (if fitted) for wear and security. Covers and Guards * Inspect for damage, loose nuts and bolts. Oil Leaks * General inspection of machine for any visible oil leaks. Structure * Inspect for any damage, loose nuts and bolts and structural cracks.


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Batteries * Inspect electrolyte level; * Check condition and security; and * Check cleanliness of terminals and cell cap vents. Transmission * Inspect for leaks; and * Check fluid level - check operators manual for procedures as there may be a different

procedures for both hot and cold checks. Brakes * Check fluid levels (if applicable); and * Close air tanks taps (if air operated system). Tyres * Check tyre pressures (as per manufacturer’s specifications); * Inspect outer casing for any damage or excessive wear; and * Check wheel nuts for security. Fuel * Check levels. Steps and Hand Rails * Inspect condition and cleanliness. Lights/Electrical * Insect for broken lenses and bulbs; and. * Check for damaged or broken wiring. Isolation Switch * (If fitted) turn it on.

5 MOUNTING AND DISMOUNTING Statistics have shown that falling is one of the major causes of personal injury. Hand Holds and Steps * Always use the handholds and steps that have been provided by the manufacturer for

safe entry and exit. Three Points of Contact * Keep three points of contact (both hands and one foot or both feet and one hand) at

all times and always face the machine for safe entry or exit.


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Controls * DO NOT use controls as hand holds for entry or exit. Jumping * DO NOT jump on or off any machine and NEVER mount or dismount a moving

machine. Wet/Slippery Conditions * Be careful when conditions are wet or slippery and ensure all steps and platforms are

free of mud and scrape boots before mounting the machine. Cabin Procedure * Windows * Clean all windows and mirrors and inspect for any damage.


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* Operators Compartment * Keep clear of any rubbish, tools and chains etc.; * The operator must have unrestricted access to all foot and hand controls; and * Keep compartment and controls clean at all times. * Seat Belts * Check for cleanliness and condition; * Inspect seat belt clip and buckle for correct operation; and * Seat belts must be worn where fitted. NOTE: Replace the seat belt if it does not operate properly or if it is damaged, worn or

deteriorated. * Seat * Inspect seat for security and condition; * Check seat adjustment for operation and adjust for operator comfort; * Operators must be able to fully depress the foot controls with back against the seat.

• Doors and Windows (if fitted)

• Secure all doors and windows to prevent damage when travelling and operating. They form an integral part of the ROPS structure.

• Instrument Panel

• Inspect for broken gauges and warning lights; and • Test panel lights for correct operation by holding down test switch (refer to

operators manual for procedure). IMPORTANT: Before operating any machine the operator MUST read the operators

manual for any instructions on special checks, inspections relating to the particular machine.

NOTE: If damage or faults are found during the ‘walk around inspection’ they should be

reported to the supervisor and or repaired before commencing work.


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6. Start up Procedure IMPORTANT: Always be seated when starting the machine. Seat Belt

• Wear a seat belt when you operate a machine fitted with a Roll-Over Protection Structure (ROPS) to minimise the chance of injury in the event of a roll over.

• Seat belts must be worn when travelling on the road to comply with State or Territory Regulations.

Park Brake

• Check that park brake is engaged. Levers and Controls

• Check that transmission control lever is in neutral position and safety locks on

(if fitted) all attachment controls are in the hold position. Throttle Control

• Check that the throttle control or accelerator pedal is pushed past any detent that may be fitted and is in the low idle position.

Starting the Engine

• Turn the ignition switch to start the engine, if it fails to start within approximately 10 seconds allow the starter to cool down and try again. In cold conditions Pre-heating may be required. (refer to operators manual for procedures on using Glow Plugs).

Gauges

• Check all gauges for correct operation; • If the oil pressure gauge does not indicate the recommended operating

pressure, shut the machine down and have it checked.

7. AFTER START CHECKS Warm Up

• Allow the engine and components to warm up to operating temperature for approximately 5 minutes before operating;

• During this period operate all attachment controls checking for correct operation, unusual noises and any vibrations; and

• Re-check all gauges and warning lights for correct operation. Safety Check

• Ensure the area is clear of all personnel and equipment before moving.


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8. MOVING THE MACHINE Procedure

• Raise all lowered attachments, release park brake; • Check that the direction of travel is clear; and • On entering or leaving a confined space, sound the warning device to warn any

personnel of the machine movement. Steering There are basically three methods of steering available to the grader operator:

• Straight as with a rigid frame, using only the front wheels and wheel lean for steerage.

• Articulation used in conjunction with the front wheels and wheel lean. This has the advantage of smaller diameter turns.

• Crab Steer or offset steering is used where it is an advantage to have the rear tandems offset from the front wheels while travelling in a straight line. It generally has three main uses.

Check brakes and steering for correct operation before moving onto roadways and into operating cycles. Turning For general turning the only control required is the steering wheel. This however limits the turns to a very large radius. To improve the turn radius the operator can, lean the front wheels and articulate the frame. Ensure the differential lock is not engaged. For a forward turn, lean the front wheels into the turn and articulate the frame in the direction of the turn.

Figure 2 FORWARD TURN For a backward turn, lean the front wheels to the outside of the turn and articulate in the direction of the turn.


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Figure 3 BACKWARD TURN NOTE: There is a danger of running over the blade with the rear wheels on articulated

turns. Care should be taken to have the blade square so the heal is a long way from the rear tyre.

U-Turn If the area permits, then the grader can perform a U-turn. This type of turn is faster than a “T.” Or 3 point turn and causes less wear and tear on both the operator and the machine. Shown Figure 26 are the steps to perform a U-turn to the left, to perform a U-turn to the right repeat the procedure reversing all directional commands. All implements should be raised prior to attempting any turns. To perform a left hand U-turn, veer away from the turn then: " Turn left, lean front tyres into the turn then articulate to the left.

• Approximately half way through the turn the articulation should be reversed.

This should be timed so that the machine will “crab” over to be parallel with the run that has just been completed. It may also be possible to do a normal “U.” turn, with full articulation, and then straighten the frame.

• Finally the articulation is centred, the lean on the front tyres is removed and the

steering centred. This will now have placed the machine parallel with the last run ready to continue with the grading.


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9. Parking the machine Select a Safe Place to Park * Park on level ground;

* Keep well clear of emergency exits and allow clear access to fire fighting equipment and refuelling points;

* Don’t restrict access to private property or obstruct through traffic; * If left on site or roadway provide barricades, lights and warning signs; and * Avoid parking under trees (limbs could fall and damage the machine)

Attachments

* Lower all raised attachments; and * Place all attachment control levers in the neutral or hold position.

Transmission

* Place the transmission and forward reverse levers into the neutral position and apply any safety locks.

Park Brake

* Apply park brake. NOTE: Refuelling should be carried out at the end of the shift (this will reduce

condensation in the fuel system by keeping the tank full overnight). It is therefore important to refuel before parking or park in a position that allows refuelling to be carried out by a mobile tanker. Refer manufacture’s recommendations for refuelling procedures.


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10. SHUT DOWN PROCEDURE Idle Down Time * All machines should be idled down for 3 to 5 minutes to allow the heat to dissipate

evenly through the engine; * Turbo charged machines must be idled down for 3 to 5 minutes to allow the

turbo to cool and slow down while still being lubricated (if engine is turned off without idling down the turbo will continue to spin at a high speed without the bearing being lubricated causing damage to the turbo); and

* Idle at low revs for 30 seconds and shut the engine down. * During the idle down period checks can be made on the hydraulic lines and

connections for any damage or leaks (tighten connections if loose); * Check for any structural damage or oil leaks that may have developed during

the day; and * Check any oils that can be checked with the engine running (hot checks).

Documentation Complete any documentation that is required such as - fuel used, engine hours and any defect reports that need to be submitted. Engine Shut Down

* Before leaving the cab shut the engine down; * Remove the key; * Relieve the pressure in the hydraulic lines by moving the attachment control

levers; * Lock the cab and any other lockable caps or panels; * Turn off the isolation switch (if fitted); and * Drain any air tanks (if applicable).


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11. TIE DOWN POINTS Suggested Methods of Restraint • Forward or Rear Movement The machine should be restrained by chains and binders at the front and rear of the grader, usually on the drawbar at the rear and the towing hook at the front.

Figure 4 METHODS OF RESTRAINT Serviceability of Chain and Attachments When assessing the serviceability of chains and attachments, if any of the following conditions exist, the chain or attachment should be replaced:

• Any link weakened by wear, damage or corrosion which reduces its diameter by more than 10%.

• Any bent, twisted, stretched or collapsed link. • Any link repaired by welding (except when approved by original manufacturer),

or any unsuitable repair link. • A knot in any portion of the chain. • Any attachment (turnbuckle, load binder, grab hook, etc.) weakened or

prevented from functioning by wear, damage or corrosion.

• Using Chains and Tensioners

• Chains, load binders and turnbuckles should be checked before use and only undamaged and fully functioning equipment should be used for restraining loads.


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• Chains should not be knotted. Twisted chains should be straightened out.

• Chains should be specially protected over sharp edges or rough surfaces.

• Chains should not be joined with wire or bolts or with joining links which do not match the strength of the chain.

• Transport chain is not suitable for lifting purposes and should not be used for any lifting.

Figure 5 CHAINS AND TENSIONERS

•


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• If chain is used for towing heavy vehicles, it should be thoroughly inspected after use, and discarded if stretched or other wise damaged. An 8mm transport chain is not suitable for towing a semi-trailer prime mover.

• Lever type load binders (dogs) can effectively tension chains to the high levels required for increasing friction between the load and vehicle.

• Lever load binders vary in their manufacturer’s rated capacities up to 5.9 tonnes, and are not suitable for use with 13mm and 16mm grade chain for restraining heavy equipment. In such cases, load-rated turnbuckles or ratchet load binders should be used.

• When placed vertically, lever load binders should be applied with the lever rotating downward to tension the chain.

• The operator should ensure that the lever is not obstructed and is locked in the correct over centre position after tensioning the chain. If there is a possibility of the chain

• Becoming loose because of a shifting or settling load, the lever should be secured to the chain by, for example, tie wire or the loose end of the chain.

• When releasing chain tensioned by a fixed lever load binder, extreme care should be taken to prevent injury from the rotating lever, which can release suddenly and unexpectedly.

Do’s and Don’ts * Do make sure you have enough lashings and that they are in good condition and

strong enough to secure your load. * Do make sure that tie-down lashings are as near to vertical as possible. * Do make sure that direct lashings attached to loads on wheels are not near

vertical. * Do attach lashings at tie rail support points. * Do check and re-tighten the lashings or other restraining devices as required. * Do use lashing protectors on sharp edges. * Do use wedges and chocks to block your load. * Do make sure that lose bulk loads cannot fall or be blown off your vehicle. * Do use a vehicle that is built strong enough for the job. * Do take extreme care when releasing a fixed lever load-binder. * Don’t use faulty equipment. * Don’t attach chains or webbing between tie rail supporting points. * Don’t tie down loads onto greasy or dirty steel decks. * Don’t stand over and push down on a load-binder.

Responsibility It is the responsibility of the person in charge of the loading and the driver to ensure that loads are properly restrained by the vehicle structure and attachments, and by the load securing equipment. It is the responsibility of the owner, the driver and the person in charge of the loading to ensure that a vehicles load restraint structures and attachments, and the load securing equipment are serviceable and functional.


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It is the responsibility of the owner, the driver and the person in charge of the loading to ensure that a vehicles load restraint structures and attachments, and the load securing equipment are strong enough for their application. On articulated machines, locking devices must be utilised to prevent articulation, and residual hydraulic pressure should be relieved by operating steering controls at least twice with the engine stopped. Vehicle and equipment parking brakes should be applied for transport. The manufacturers recommendations regarding the positioning of transmission controls should be followed when restraining vehicles and equipment for transport. Loose objects that could move controls during transport, should not be left in vehicles or equipment. Large dynamic forces can be generated in lashings by heavy vehicles or equipment bouncing on their tyres or suspension during a journey. Bouncing can be reduced by applying additional vertical lashings at each wheel. The lashings should have a manufacturers rating of at least half the weight of the load and should be fully tensioned. Locking suspension units, tying the machine down onto blocks or removing wheels, where appropriate, for transport will also prevent bouncing. In some cases, one end of the machine can be left unblocked to prevent blocking timbers becoming dislodged from flexing of the truck or trailer. Where the mobile equipment is wider than 2.5 metres, a widening low loader, outrigger or extensions should be used for maximum support. At least 75% of the normal contact area of equipment tyres or tracks should be supported on the vehicles loading deck. Any unsupported tyre or track should not project more than 150mm beyond the vehicle deck or extension. Lashing Points Manufacturers should provide lugs or lashing points on vehicles and equipment to enable them to be properly secured for transport. Front and rear towing brackets are convenient lashing points. One lashing passing around the towing pin is not as effective in preventing sideways movement as two separate lashings attached to the pin.


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12. DRIVING MACHINE ON PUBLIC ROAD/ON SITE

When driving the grader on public roads ensure the blade is 300-400mm above ground, and within confines of machine, rippers are raised and locking pin is engaged on articulating frame. Check lights (i.e. indicators and brake lights) and travel with strobe light on if fitted, obey all traffic regulations and travel at a safe speed. Place the blade so that the toe end is to the left side of the machine, i.e. not towards on coming traffic.

Select a path between two points on site so that obstacles and hazards are minimised.

When travelling on site select a safe route to minimise going around obstacles and hazards. 13. SAFE LOADING AREAS

Loading

Always use a guide when loading a machine onto a float.

Make sure that the transporter is parked in a safe place to enable loading to take place without danger to the equipment or personnel.

When the transporter is positioned on a roadway it is important to ensure that through traffic has ample warning of restricted access.

Do not position float on corners or over the crest of a hill where approaching traffic has little time to react to the situation.

Place warning signs well in advance of the loading area and have flashing lights operating.

Check that the load platform is in good condition before loading and that the tie down points are not damaged and are sufficient for the load being carried. 14. POSITION ON FLOAT

Loading Machine on Transporters

The transporter must be parked in a safe area on firm level ground with all park brakes and supporting jack in position. The loading platform should be clear of all debris.

When loading the grader, the operator must line it up straight with the loading ramps and approach in low gear following the directions of the appointed guide.

As the machine is driven onto the float or trailer the operator should ensure blade is high enough to clear the pivot point of ramp or carrying platform.


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Once on the float the machine is driven forward as far as possible and the blade and rippers lowered.

The machine must be restrained by chains in a manner, which minimises its movements during transport.

The machine should be shut down with all brakes and locks applied. Before moving it is important to secure the rain cap on the exhaust to prevent air being sucked down the exhaust and causing damage to the turbo. 15. UNLOADING

When Unloading Machine Off Float

Always use a guide when unloading the machine.

Make sure float is parked on level ground and in a safe place to enable unloading to take place without danger to equipment or personnel.

Do not position the float on corners or over the crest of a hill where approaching traffic has little time to react to the situation.

Place warning signs well in advance of the unloading area, and have flashing lights operating.

Lift the blade and rippers to clear pivot point on the float and watch the guide at all times.


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Traffic management

Traffic routes All traffic routes, manoeuvring areas and yards should be: • Safe for both vehicles and pedestrians at the workplace • Wide enough for the largest vehicle using them • One-way if possible, with adequate passing space around stationary vehicles • Clearly signposted to indicate restricted parking, headroom, speed limits,

vehicle movement and other route hazards • Surfaced with bitumen, concrete or other suitable material, and well drained • Free from steep gradients as far as possible (gradients that cannot be avoided

should be clearly signposted, and plant should only operate on gradients if specifically designed to do so - use manufacturer’s instructions as a guide)

• Designed and controlled to ensure safe vehicle movement • Well maintained • Free from obstructions, grease or slippery substances • Free from damage to surfaces • Immediately cleaned or cleared following substance spills or falls from vehicles • Adequately lit, particularly junctions, buildings, plant, walkways and vehicles routes, and • Designed to avoid extreme light variation (e.g. Drivers moving from bright sunlight

into dull light or vice versa). Vehicle operators exposed to hazardous sun glare should be provided with suitable protection (e.g. broad-brimmed hats, UV-rated eyewear, sunscreen, long-sleeved shirts and long trousers).


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Clear road markings and signage should alert vehicle operators to: • Speed limits • Sharp bends • Junctions • Pedestrian crossings • Vehicle crossings • Blind corners • Steep gradients, and • Roadwork’s

Pedestrian and mobile plant interaction

The safest way to protect pedestrians is to: • Eliminate the requirement for people and plant to operate at the same level (e.g.

design the hazard out by building raised loading docks in new facilities) • Provide separate footpaths or walkways and eliminate pedestrian traffic where

vehicles and mobile plant operate • Install pedestrian barriers (e.g. inward opening gates) at building entrances and

exits to prevent pedestrians walking in front of vehicles • Make traffic routes wide enough for safety where separating pedestrians and mobile

plant is not possible • Mark traffic routes (e.g. paint directional lines on the floor or ground) • Provide separate access ways for vehicles

and pedestrians into buildings or enclosures, and

• Provide vision panels in pedestrian doors entering vehicle areas.

Workplaces where pedestrians have to cross vehicle routes should have: • Clearly visible ground markings and signs • Clear pedestrian and vehicle visibility • Adequate lighting, and • Established and communicated right-of-way rules.

Prevent Accidents near Traffic Most machinery is not made for street or highway travel or at least not for long distances. To be safe, load onto a trailer or low loader and transport to job sites. When the machinery needs be moved short distances on a public roadway, keep the following safety tips in mind. • Lock attachments in the transport position. • Observe all traffic signals, signs and rules. • Mount a Slow Moving Vehicle (SMV) emblem on the back to indicate the loader is

moving at a speed less than 25 mph • Use caution at intersections. Allow faster moving vehicles to go first. Make sure you

have enough time to get through safely, without interrupting traffic flow.


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• Do not drive at night unless the loader is equipped with lights as required by state law. • Meet WZTM requirements e.g. highly-visible warning cones & traffic controllers to alert

oncoming traffic when working near a public roadway. Locate flaggers and cones far enough ahead of the work site so drivers have time to slow down.

• The machinery operator and the flagger should wear highly visible, reflective clothing. • Do not park the loader on a public roadway. It creates a hazard for you and motorists.

Park away from the road on a level surface if the loader must be left at a job site. • Check the operator's manual for instructions before hauling the loader on a trailer. Safety Messages and Signs Manufacturers put important safety messages on each piece of equipment and in the operator's manual. It is critical to read, understand and follow all safety messages. Many safety messages use the words Caution, Warning and Danger to get your attention. Following are safety messages and their meanings. Each of these signs will have a written message, and perhaps a picture, about an unsafe condition. Below the well-known stop bat traffic controller.

CAUTION means you need to be careful. Follow the directions on the sign or you could get hurt. WARNING is more serious and means you need to follow the directions on the sign or you could be badly hurt or killed. DANGER is the most serious safety message. If you don't follow the directions, you will be seriously injured or killed. Safety Concerns Employers need to pay special attention to safety concerns if they have workers who are in roadwork zones or other areas where they can be exposed to the risk of injury, or even death, from the movement of construction vehicles and equipment and passing motor vehicle traffic. Workers who operate construction vehicles or equipment can be injured by overturns, collisions or being caught in running equipment. And stop-go bat operators and other


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workers on foot are exposed to the risk of being struck by passenger traffic or construction equipment if they are not visible to motorists or equipment operators. Falls, electrical, struck-by and caught-between are common hazards for workers involved in road work zones. Many people are injured each year in crashes in these areas. Project managers can use a Traffic Management Plan (TMP) to coordinate the flow of construction vehicles, equipment and workers who are operating in close proximity within the activity area, so that the safety of workers can be ensured. The project supervisor can evaluate the effectiveness of the temporary traffic control setup by walking or riding the job looking for skid marks, damaged barricades and other evidence of near misses. Temporary traffic control devices - such as signage, warning devices, barricades and crash barriers used consistently throughout the work zone - can also help reduce injuries. These should be set up before construction begins.

In residential construction, large vehicles on small lots present special hazards for workers and home owners, especially during remodelling or making additions. A ground guide should help move big vehicles that have limited views.

Always remember before commencing work on any job site all safety signs and barricades must be in place. It’s your life that could be

in danger as well as that of your mates.

Type Title Standard Issue

Version

Ref Release date Kit RIIHAN308A NVR Standard

15.5 1 003 Load and Unload Plant 05/02/2014

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SIGNAGE REQUIREMENTS A “Traffic Management Plan” Most signage requirements will be accessed from The Manual of Uniform Traffic Control devices (MUTCD), Australian standards or variations to those standards as approved by the appropriate Authorities (depending on the circumstances) NOTE: The Manual of Uniform Traffic control Devices is Based on Australian Standards A.S 1742.3 Traffic Control Devices for Work on Roads In the “Traffic Management Plan” details would include:- Background of the works - Location Traffic safety

Type of work

Volume of traffic

Standards for signage and any variations

Construction/excavation activities Traffic management

Speed restrictions

Special traffic management

Illustrations of locations

Illustrations of traffic signage (mutcd or equivalent)

2.1 GENERAL Careful consideration should be given to the signing of the work site, no matter how brief the occupation of the site may be. This should include- (a) Provision of adequate warning of changes in surface condition and the presence of personnel or plant engaged in work on the road; (b) Adequate instruction of road users and their guidance safely through, around or past the work site; and (c) Protection of workers. Four important basic principles to be observed are as follows: (i) Signs and devices should be used in a standard manner and be appropriate to the conditions at the work site. (ii) Signs and devices should be erected and displayed before work commences at a work site. (iii) Signs and devices should be regularly checked and maintained in a satisfactory condition. (iv) Signs and devices should be removed from a work site as soon as practicable. However, appropriate signs should remain in place until all work (including loose stone removal and line marking following bituminous surfacing) has been completed. Similar principles should be applied to the signing of emergency road hazards, where possible.


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2.2 PLANNING 2.2.1 Levels of planning

Some measure of planning is required for all road works protection or traffic guidance schemes. It will normally take place at one of three levels, as follows: (a) Short-term and mobile works not involving road closure planning in these cases should comprise the development of procedures and the provision of appropriate sets of signs and devices to cover all of the routine tasks the workers will encounter. The procedures should be documented by means of work methods statements supported if necessary by standard plans showing, for example, the processional order and separation distances of items in a mobile works gang. (b) Works involving relatively simple part-roadway closures

Planning in these cases should comprise a minimum requirement to sketch the protective devices and delineation required on a road construction or similar plan, and to prepare a list of devices required for the job. A reference to a diagram or figure or similar standardized illustration may be substituted for the sketch or plan provided it matches adequately the situation.

(c) Works involving complex traffic arrangements or staging, or both Planning in these cases should comprise the preparation of a fully documented traffic guidance scheme providing the following:

(i) Plans showing temporary traffic paths, their delineation and the position of traffic control or warning devices.

(ii) On multi-stage works, a separate set of plans for each stage.

(iii) Details of after-hours traffic arrangements, on separate plans if they cannot be adequately incorporated into the above.

(iv) All necessary instructions for the installation, operation, between-stage rearrangement and ultimate removal of devices at the conclusion of the job. It is essential to prepare such plans well before the job starts or before the start of the stage to which they apply, so that there is enough time to obtain any special devices or approvals needed.

2.2.2 Planning procedure

Planning at all levels requires a procedure to be followed whereby all essential aspects of the plan are considered in an ordered way. The following matters should be considered in turn and incorporated into the plan if relevant: (a) Traffic demand determination of the capacity required to accommodate traffic demand at an acceptable level of service and convenience to road users. From this is determined the amount of road space which must remain open and where applicable, the times of day during which greater amounts of road space are needed to handle higher traffic volumes, e.g. urban peak periods (see Clause 4.11). (b) Traffic routing Selection of the appropriate means of routing traffic at the site, i.e. through, around or past the site or a combination of these (see Clause 4.12), and ensuring that all required traffic movements are provided for. (c) Traffic control


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Determination of the need for traffic control, i.e. by traffic controller, traffic signals (portable or permanent), police or other means.

(d) Other road users

Determination of the need to make provisions for road users other than vehicular traffic, including:

(i) Pedestrians, including people with disabilities where appropriate.

(ii) Bicycles.

(iii) School children.

(iv) Local residents.

(v) Emergency vehicles.

(e) Special vehicle requirements determination of the need to provide for vehicles such as:

(i) Buses, including stops and terminals.

(ii) Over-dimensional vehicles, i.e. vehicles which, together with their load, are wider or longer than a legal limit vehicle.

(iii) Restricted vehicles, i.e. vehicles which, although within legal limits, are permitted to use only specified routes

2.2.3 Risk management

Risk management entails the identification and analysis of all safety risks likely to arise during

Roadwork’s including the setting up, operating, changing and ultimate dismantling of a traffic guidance scheme, followed by the determination of appropriate measures to mitigate those risks. The process is Appropriate at two levels as follows: (a) When preparing standardised procedural statements for the conduct of minor routine and mobile works. (b) When preparing traffic guidance schemes for more extensive or complex works where site specific risks will assume importance. In each case the process should be carried out by first identifying all the safety risks likely to arise, evaluating them in terms of likelihood of occurrence and adverse consequences using historical data, experience or other means. The proposed procedural statement or traffic guidance scheme should then be checked in detail to ensure that adequate means of controlling or reducing those risks found to be significant, are in place.

More detail on the management of risk is given in AS/NZS 4360.


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2.3 TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT

2.3.1 General

Depending on circumstances, movement of traffic may be achieved in one of the following ways:

(a) Through the work area by intermingling with workers or plant.

(b) Past the work area by means of a delineated path alongside but clear of the work area.

(c) Around the work area by a detour which may be via a side track, or an existing road.

Figure 2.1 illustrates the various components of a typical work site. A summary of the requirements for signing and delineation of each component is given in Clause 4.1. It is essential that at any work site, all of these components which are relevant in a particular case are identified and the appropriate treatment applied.

2.3.2 Safety and convenience

In order to achieve minimum disruption and inconvenience to road users, only the minimum practicable length and width of a road should be closed off at any time. Capacity requirements should be provided for. Work schedules should be arranged to minimise- (a) Disruption of established traffic movements and patterns; (b) Interference with traffic at peak movement periods and at night, weekends, holiday periods or other special events; and (c) Interference with public transport services. Signs and devices should not direct a motorist to disobey a law unless an authorised person is present to direct traffic. If traffic control will be extremely difficult, it may be desirable to seek help from the local Police. Requirements of a traffic guidance scheme to provide for the safety of workers are specified in Clause

2.4.3.


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2.3.3 Traffic through the work area

Passage of traffic through a work area should only be permitted where both the traffic and the work can be adequately controlled. Traffic controllers or traffic signals shall be employed as necessary to slow traffic on the immediate approach to an active work area, to stop traffic for short periods when required for the movement of plant or other operations, or to control single line flow. A guide vehicle may be needed to lead traffic along the desired path and to control its speed. Controllers should also be provided if necessary to control the movement of plant within the trafficable area.

2.3.4 Traffic past the work area

This will be the normal method of traffic management at sites where complete elimination of traffic from the site is not required. Traffic paths past the work area shall be clearly delineated. At long-term works, if the travel path substantially deviates from normal, as far as practicable, original pre-works delineation including pavement markings and raised pavement markers (RPMs) shall be obliterated if they are likely to misdirect drivers negotiating the site.

2.3.5 Traffic around the work area (side-tracks and detours)

When it is not practicable to allow traffic through or past the work area, it may be catered for by means of either a detour using existing roads or a specially constructed side-track. Requirements and recommendations for the operation of side-tracks, detours and temporary crossovers on divided roads, are given in Clause 4.12.

2.3.6 Night conditions

Where work at a site extends for more than a single work shift or is to be performed at night, the following requirements and recommendations for operating or securing the site at night apply:

(a) Wherever practicable, any part of the normal roadway which is closed during the day and can be opened at night should be opened if by so doing either travel conditions or safety, or both for night traffic, can be improved.

(b) Temporary traffic route lighting through a works site may be required in high-volume, high-speed rural areas if there is a substantial deviation of the travel path from normal, and in urban areas where the path through the site could be difficult to follow. The existence of extraneous lighting, especially glare sources, should be taken into account when assessing the need for work site lighting (see Clause 2.4.3).

(c) Uncontrolled single lane operation shall not be permitted except for very short lengths under naturally low-speed, low-volume conditions such as in residential streets, and where adequate lighting is provided.

2.3.7 Provision for pedestrians and bicycles

Where pedestrians, including people with disabilities, have to move through, past or around a work site or to cross the road within a work site, they shall be provided with and directed to suitably constructed and protected temporary footpaths and crossing points, or formal pedestrian crossings, or refuges if warranted. Such facilities shall meet the requirements of Clause 2.3.8.


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Bicycle or shared paths separate from vehicular traffic paths should be provided through, past or around the work area whenever there is a bicycle demand and the volume of vehicles or bicycles, or both, is too great for bicycles to be safely accommodated within vehicular traffic paths. Bicycle paths, where provided, should be at least 1.2 m wide, one-way, or 2 m wide, two-way. Shared paths, where provided, should be at least 2 m wide, one-way or 3 m wide, two-way. Both should have an alignment and surface condition suitable for riding.

2.3.8 Temporary footpaths and pedestrian crossing

Where footpaths or pedestrian crossings have been temporarily relocated, requirements and recommendations for the temporary facilities are as follows:

(a) The width should be not less than 2 m, with an absolute minimum of 1 m at local constrictions.

(b) Where pedestrian traffic has been diverted onto an existing roadway the pedestrian path may be separated from vehicular traffic by a mesh fence, provided that -

(i) The clearance to the delineated edge of the traffic lane is at least 1.2 m and the speed limit is 60 km/h or less; or

(ii) The clearance to the delineated edge of the traffic lane is less than 1.2 m and the speed limit is 40 km/h or less.

Where these requirements cannot be met or where observance of the speed limit is likely to be poor (85th percentile speed more than 10 km/h above the speed limit) a safety barrier (see Clause 3.10.2) should be provided.

NOTE: The channeling of pedestrians and bicycle traffic using lightweight modules is subject to the requirements of Clause

3.10.1(c).

(c) Surfacing should provide for prams, strollers and wheelchairs, and for the visually impaired.

(d) Lighting should be not less than the level provided on the original footpath or crossing. Lighting to AS 1158.4 should be provided if the associated works reduce either the sight distance to, or the prominence of, the crossing.

(e) Crossings should be located as near as practicable to established pedestrian routes, and should be to the same standard as regards width and surface smoothness as the crossings they replace, including provisions for the visually impaired.

(f) Crossings should be signalized if the crossings they replace were signalized.


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2.4 DEVICE REQUIREMENTS

2.4.1 Selection and use

This Manual specifies the minimum number of signs and devices required-

(a) To provide advance warning;

(b) To guide traffic through, around or past the work area; and

(c) To minimise the possibility of confusion and misinterpretation of the intended instructions.

Advance warning signs and devices should allow adequate time for correct response under the anticipated worst conditions (see Clause 4.2.1). All approaches to the work area, including any side roads, shall be considered. Approval for erection or removal of regulatory traffic control devices shall be obtained from the Department of Main Roads or local government, as appropriate. Authorities shall use standard signs wherever a suitable sign for the purpose exists. However, there will be instances where there is no suitable standard sign. In such cases, the sign developed shall comply with the format requirements specified in Clause 3.2, and approval of the Director-General of Main Roads shall be obtained for such non-standard signs prior to erection.

2.4.2 Delineation The travelled path on the approaches and past the work area shall be delineated so as to properly define which part of the roadway is available to road users, or the path that traffic is required to follow, under all reasonably expected weather and atmospheric conditions, day or night as applicable.

Delineation should be considered for both long and short range purposes. The former should provide drivers approaching the work site with an advance view of the site indicating the general location and direction of the trafficable path, whilst the latter should guide drivers through the works once they have entered the work area or side track. Long range delineation should begin to provide advance guidance at the start of the work site. Short range delineation should indicate a continuous path for at least D(where D = 60 to 80) metres in front of the vehicle. Although all forms of delineation will contribute to both functions, long range delineation will be mostly achieved by effective side-mount, above-pavement devices. Short range will usually rely on a combination of retro reflective line marking and other pavement based devices, and above pavement devices such as traffic cones and bollards.

2.4.3 Night conditions Signs shall be either retro reflective or floodlit. Delineating devices shall comprise or incorporate retro reflectors flashing lamps may be used to draw attention to certain advance signs (see Clause 3.11). Flashing lamps shall not be used for delineation.

Pavement markings through the work site shall be retro reflective. This may be achieved by means such as reflectorizing paint using drop-on beads, retro reflective preformed materials or raised retro reflective pavement markers.

NOTE: The use of steady or ripple lamps has been deleted from this Part of the Manual.


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Hazards or barriers may require floodlighting to make them more conspicuous Care should be taken that floodlighting, undimmed illuminated flashing arrow signs, matrix type variable message signs and other similar devices do not cause disability glare for approaching drivers.

Except in an emergency, floodlighting should not be provided by use of vehicle headlights.

Signs required being fluorescent by day and retro reflective at night, e.g. the Workers (symbolic) sign, shall have a sign face background comprising combination fluorescent/retro reflective material.

Signs and equipment e.g. Workers (symbolic) sign and high visibility clothing worn by traffic controllers, which comprise combination fluorescent/retro reflective material do not require illumination i.e. floodlighting.

Further requirements for the use of temporary delineators are given in Clause 3.9.2.

2.4.4 Size of signs

Where alternative sizes are given for a particular sign in Section 3, unless otherwise specified, the smaller signs are considered adequate for low-volume, low-speed roads.

The use of the next largest sign is recommended on high-speed, or high-volume roads, or both. Where a third or fourth alternative size is given it is normally for use on freeways and roads of similar standard. It is possible in constrained circumstances that smaller signs are required, or special designs may need to be developed.

2.4.5 Adjustment to existing devices

Existing signs and traffic control devices which are inappropriate for, or conflict with, the temporary work site situation shall be covered, obliterated or removed.

For regulatory traffic control devices, prior approval shall be obtained from the Department of Main Roads or local government, as appropriate.

2.4.6 Safety barriers

The use of safety barriers may be required for situations where any of the following are cause for concern and safe clearance between moving traffic and the hazard cannot be achieved:

(a) Hazardous traffic conflicts (e.g. head-on collisions).

(b) Collisions with hazardous fixed objects, or falls into excavations close to the travelled path.

(c) The safety of workers and plant on site (see Clause 4.3).

(d) The separation of temporary footpaths, shared paths or bicycle paths from vehicular traffic paths (see Clause 2.3.8).


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Requirements and recommendations for the selection, positioning and end treatment of safety barriers are given in Clause 3.10.2.

2.4.7 Vehicle size and load restrictions

Where the width, height or load-carrying capacity of the roadway or structure is to be temporarily reduced during works, the appropriate authority should be informed in advance so that arrangements may be made to divert traffic which would exceed the temporary limitations.

The authority should also be advised when the restriction is removed so that all traffic can resume use of the roadway or structure.

Possible ground clearance problems for long, low vehicles should also be made known.

2.5 INSTALLATION 2.5.1 Condition of devices

Individual signs and devices should be examined before installation to ensure that they are in good condition and are effective. The following checks are required: (a) Mechanical condition Items that are bent, broken or have surface damage should not be used.

(b) Cleanliness Items should be free from accumulated dirt, road grime or other contamination.

(c) Colour of fluorescent signs Fluorescent signs whose colour has faded to a point where they have lost their daylight impact should be replaced.

Signs required to be effective at night should be checked for reflectivity as soon as possible after installation.

Those whose retro reflectivity is degraded either from long use or surface damage should be replaced. Night-time effectiveness can best be checked by viewing the signs by vehicle headlights in dark conditions.

Functional inspections are also required, see Clause 2.5.5.

2.5.2 Positioning of devices Signs and devices should be positioned and erected so that-

(a) They are properly displayed and securely mounted (see Clause 3.3);

(b) They are within the line of sight of the intended road user;

(c) They cannot be obscured from view, either by vegetation or parked cars;

(d) They do not obscure other devices from the line of sight of the intended road user;

(e) They do not become a possible hazard to workers, pedestrians or vehicles; and

(f) They do not deflect traffic into an undesirable path.

Signs and devices should generally be placed 1 m clear of the travelled path.


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In rural areas, where signs are to be mounted on posts for long-term works, they should normally be erected 1.5 m minimum above the level of the nearest edge of the travelled path to the underside of the sign.

In urban areas where signs are mounted on posts for long-term works adjacent to a footpath, or where vehicle parking may occur, they should be erected a minimum of 2.2 m above the level of the kerb or footpath to the underside of the sign, to reduce interference from parked vehicles.

Where neither pedestrians nor parked vehicles have to be considered, e.g. on a traffic island or median, the height given for rural roads may be more appropriate.

Signs mounted on portable supports used for short-term operation (see Clause 3.3) should generally be located and erected as follows:

(i) In rural areas - on the road shoulder.

(ii) In urban areas - behind the kerb if visible to oncoming traffic and not obstructing traffic; otherwise, on the pavement as near as practicable to the kerb, without the sign becoming obscured.

Where an instruction sign (e.g. see Clauses 3.5 and 3.6) and a road condition sign (see Clause 3.7)would normally be required at the same location, the former shall take precedence and the latter should be positioned at the best alternative location. The need to erect signs on both sides of the roadway on high-speed, high-volume roads, or on multilane roads or at curved alignments, should be considered. The visibility of a sign can be affected by deep shade, the direction of the sunlight, background conditions (including lighting) and oncoming headlights. These factors should be considered when signs and devices are erected to ensure that they can be clearly seen at all times.

2.5.3 Sequence of erection Before work commences, signs and devices at the approaches to the work area should be erected in accordance with the installation plan in the following sequence:

(a) Advance warning signs.

(b) All intermediate advance and positional signs and devices required in advance of the taper or start of the work area.

(c) All delineating devices required to form the taper including the illuminated flashing arrow sign at the end of the taper where required.

(d) Delineation past the work area or into a side track.

(e) All other required warning and regulatory signs.

A vehicle displaying a vehicle mounted warning device as specified in Clause 3.12.1(b) or (c) as appropriate shall be used in advance of the taper position to protect workers setting out or retrieving the taper, or reinstating it if displaced or knocked out. Signs and devices that are erected before they are required should be covered by a suitable material. The cover should be removed immediately prior to the commencement of work.


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NOTE: These signs should be covered with opaque materials. Open weave materials such as hessian are not suitable as the retro reflective performance of the sign is not sufficiently inhibited when viewed at night using vehicle headlights. Covering signs with black or dark coloured plastic materials can result in excessive temperature and moisture cycling which may damage the sign. Best results are obtained by using a dense fabric that allows entrapped moisture, e.g. condensation, to dissipate in a natural manner. Covered signs should be inspected at night to ensure that they are not visible and hence do not provide conflicting messages to drivers. When signs are only partially covered, care should be taken to ensure that adhesive tapes are not applied directly to the reflective sign face as damage to the sign face will result from adhesive ageing. Signs should also be checked in unusual weather conditions including high winds for loss or disturbance of the covering.

2.5.4 Orientation of sign Signs should face towards approaching traffic approximately at right angles to the line of sight from the driver to the sign. At curved alignments, the sign should be placed approximately at right angles to the line of sight of a motorist 50 m in advance of the sign.

2.5.5 Inspection When the erection of the signs and devices is completed and the condition of devices has been checked in accordance with Clause 2.5.1, supervisory personnel should carry out a functional inspection before and after opening to traffic.

This inspection should be carried out at the normal traffic speed, along the travelled path, and past all of the signs and devices. The same inspection should be carried out at night with dipped headlights. If the arrangement is considered confusing or unsatisfactory, it should be adjusted and inspected again. A similar functional inspection should be carried out after any change is made to the arrangement.

2.5.6 Publicity Depending on the complexity of the traffic guidance scheme and the length of time it is to operate, it may be necessary to erect special signs to inform the public of the traffic guidance scheme. NOTE: It may also be advisable to implement a publicity campaign using printed material and local media, particularly the radio.

2.6 OPERATION 2.6.1 Daily routine

An example routine for the operation of a work site, including the keeping of records of any incidents which might have ongoing consequences, is given in Appendix A.

2.6.2 Layout variation

It is most important that signs and devices, for which the temporary or permanent need no longer exists, be covered (see Note to Clause 2.5.3) or removed.

Additional appropriate signs and devices should be introduced as changed circumstances or road conditions dictate and any changes should be noted on daily work sheets or in a diary (see Paragraph A2(a) Appendix A).

Any work site which is long-term and at which work is not being carried out continuously shall, in addition to the signs and devices required to protect the work area on a continuing basis, e.g. overnight and at weekends, have the Workers (symbolic) sign (see


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Clause 3.4.4) erected on each approach to each location within the site whenever workers are actually on site at the location

The latter signs shall be removed at the end of the shift (except where multiple shifts are involved), or when the workers leave the site. A change of speed limit may also be required in conjunction with the placement or removal of the Workers (symbolic) sign (see Clause 4.3).

2.6.3 Maintenance of devices Ineffective signs and devices shall be replaced by similar items in good condition, if they cannot be made effective by cleaning or repairing. Signs and devices which are no longer in good condition should be either refurbished to new condition or replaced. Non-repairable signs should be destroyed so that they are not inadvertently reused.

2.6.4 Use of high visibility clothing

All personnel shall wear high visibility clothing while on or adjacent to the travelled path, or in other potentially hazardous areas, e.g. on or adjacent to construction haul roads (see Clause 3.16.5).

2.6.5 Closures and delays

There may be occasions when there is no alternative to the complete closure of a road. Delays to traffic should be minimised with a desirable maximum delay of about 15 min. If the delay is expected to be longer, the method of working should be altered or a detour or side track provided. If the delay is longer than 15 min because of an unexpected event, e.g. plant breakdown, the supervisor should inform the traffic controllers of the delay and should give an estimated time to be relayed to the public. If traffic queues become too long, consideration should be given to either finding a suitable detour or otherwise re-routing traffic. Advice should also be given to emergency services.

2.6.6 Work site records

Records should be kept of all work site signing and delineation. Appendix A and Appendix B provide example procedures for this purpose.

2.7 REMOVAL

It is most important that the relevant signs and devices be removed or concealed from view as soon as any activity is completed or a hazard ceases to exist.

Parking areas

Onsite parking, if provided, should enable separation between work and private vehicles. Private vehicles should be parked away from busy work areas where possible. Walkways leading to and from parking areas should be: • Safely surfaced • Clearly marked • Adequately lit • Unobstructed • Signposted, and • Separated from vehicle routes.


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Workers and customers, who bring private vehicles to workplaces, should be provided with, and comply with: • Specified safe routes • Clear safety signs at parking areas • Clear speed limit signs, and • Information and instruction on safe driving on workplace routes. Loading bays and platforms

Loading bays should be situated in safe and suitable locations where vehicles can be manoeuvred easily, and near tarping areas.

Where practicable, they should be protected from adverse weather conditions, and should be subject to a risk assessment and safe work procedures. Raised loading platforms should be: • Provided with safe access, egress and safe bays for people working at ground level • Clearly marked along the edges • Fitted with rails on the non-loading side, to reduce the risk of someone falling off the

edge, and • Fitted with raised wheel-stop edges to prevent vehicles, such as forklifts and

trolleys, rolling over the edge.

Reversing

Reversing accidents are a major cause of workplace injury and damage to vehicles, equipment and premises. Most reversing accidents can be avoided by: • Removing the need for reversing (e.g. With drive-through loading and unloading systems) • Minimising the need for reversing (e.g. By reorganising loading and unloading procedures) • Providing clearly marked reversing areas visible to drivers and pedestrians • Excluding non-essential personnel from the area • Ensuring signallers wear high-visibility clothing and their signals can be clearly seen • Using radios and other communication systems • Ensuring drivers have another person to direct them if they cannot see clearly

behind before reversing • Ensuring visiting drivers are familiar with workplace routes and reversing areas • Providing larger reversing areas • Placing fixed mirrors at blind corners • Fitting refractive lenses on rear windows to help drivers see ‘blind spots’ • Fitting reversing alarms to plant, and • Using flashing reversing lights on vehicles, especially if workplace noise is too loud

for reversing alarms to be heard. To reduce risks when reversing, keep rear vision mirrors, fixed safety mirrors and windscreens clean and in good repair, and reversing alarms in working order, loud enough to be heard above other work noises.


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Injuries can occur when people at ground level assist in hitching trailers or trailed implements to semi trailer cabs, tractors and other prime movers. Safe procedures should ensure there is a clear form of communication between the operator and the hitcher. To prevent parked prime movers and trailers rolling, they should be parked: • On level ground, preferably in a designated parking area • With brake firmly applied and in gear, and • With wheels chocked.

Any raised attachments, such as slashers or rotary hoes on tractors, should be lowered to the ground, and the engine stopped and the key removed.

Forklift instability – the risks Forklifts can overturn as a result of: • Travelling with forks raised and no load • Turning sharply • Travelling across an incline or uneven ground • Travelling with a raised load • Carrying a load forwards down a slope • Carrying an unevenly balanced load, and • Braking hard when loaded.

Overturning and tipping

Overturning is a leading cause of death involving forklifts, accounting for one in six deaths. When an operator jumps, or is thrown from an overturning forklift, more often than not they end up trapped under the overturned forklift causing a fatality.

Research identified 10 key concerns in relation to forklift stability: 1. Most rollovers involve unladen forklifts, making the truck more unstable than a

laden forklift with the load being carried low. 2. When operators apply the brakes on a laden forklift, they easily lose stability. 3. Even when stationary, forklifts have a small stability safety margin (i.e. 30-50% at

rated load with the load down and 15-20% with a fully elevated load and mast vertical).

4. Manufacturer’s information should always detail if the forklift’s working capacity has been restricted by stability tests relating to (lateral) overturning, or (longitudinal) tipover.

5. Manufacturers should include vital information, such as the forklift’s capacity at full forward tilt of the mast and at maximum load elevation, in their sales information.

6. Uneven flooring, particularly with a height difference in excess of 20 mm across the front wheels, can seriously impact on a forklift’s stability when carrying its rated load at full height.

7. When undertaking high lifts, particularly over four metres, dual-wheel forklifts should always be used.

8. When driving with a raised load, or a raised empty load carriage, a forklift may become ‘dangerously’ unstable.

9. Loads attached to a forklift or suspended from a jib attachment are more likely to result in a full forward tip over when braking.

10. Forklifts can easily overturn if they make contact with overhead structures.


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Lift capacity, the maximum load supported by the lift, and vertical lift travel are the most important forklift specifications to be considered in order to prevent forklift instability incidents. Employers can help minimise effects of forklift instability by: • Establishing appropriately sized pedestrian exclusion zones - the speed travelled and

type of load carried will impact on the size of the exclusion zone • Designing all new workplaces to ensure pedestrians and forklifts are completely separated • Ensuring seatbelts are fitted and correctly worn • Installing intelligent systems preventing forklifts being started unless a seatbelt is fastened • Purchasing forklifts with speed limiting devices • Removing incentives that may encourage forklift operators to drive too quickly • Reducing the speed limit around the workplace • Using forklifts with a greater capacity for a given load • Using dual-wheeled forklifts that provide an extra margin of safety in lateral stability

when lifting loads above 4.5 metres • Requiring suppliers to provide detailed information on all stability limitations, capacities

at different lift height and lift positions, and how the limiting capacity was obtained • Buying forklifts with a slightly higher capacity than needed at the workplace • Looking for stability-enhancing features when buying a forklift • Hiring a forklift that suits the workplace environment, and • Negotiating a good deal with your supplier – get a safer forklift for your money. Load carrying When carrying loads on a forklift, take into consideration the following: • Forklifts are heavy even without a load and just like heavy vehicles, (e.g. dump trucks) they are dangerous when not used correctly. • Forklifts can still cause injury even when travelling at low speeds. At higher speed,

and fully laden, the risk is even greater. • Forklift operators must ensure each load is carried, lowered and set down, in

compliance with the manufacturer’s recommendations and company procedures. • A forklift’s capacity is the maximum weight it can safely carry at a specified load centre. • Load capacity data plates are a useful tool, allowing manufacturers to detail the load

each forklift can safely lift. • The rated capacity of a forklift must always be noted and never exceeded. Marked

weight, a weight gauge or scale can be used to weigh loads. Ensure they do not exceed the forklift’s capacity.

• Overloading can damage the forklift, as well as present additional health and safety risks to operators and pedestrians in the workplace.

• Together with the weight, the shape and size of a load affects the way it should be lifted. • When a load is raised, the forklift is less stable. Tilting forwards or backwards with a

raised load will also affect stability. • Driving with a raised load is a dangerous practice, which can lead to tipping,

particularly if the forklift is being driven at speed, around a corner or over an uneven surface.


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Load handling Check the load before starting the engine: • If it’s not placed correctly, reload it • Make sure the load is within the forklift load limit listed on the load capacity data plate • If it’s particularly long or wide, check if you need to take an alternative route • If pallets are damaged, remove them, and • Ensure pedestrians are not present while operating a forklift.

This can easily happen if you do not follow the rules, there are hundreds of similar pictures on the net where operators were not as cautious as they should have been. In fact quite a few died or were seriously

injured.

Safety tips for forklift operators The following are safety tips to ensure safe forklift operation: • Where fitted, seatbelts must be worn and speed limits and stop signs obeyed. • Avoid turning when negotiating grades, ramps and inclines. • Slow down and sound the horn when approaching an intersection or corner. • When getting off a forklift, ensure the parking brake is set, the forks are lowered

and controls are neutralised. • Passengers must not ride on a forklift unless there is an additional seat, footrest

and seatbelt. • Raising people on forks or pallets is a prohibited work practice. • Order picking platforms must have guard rails to prevent falls. If it is possible for a

person to extend their body over the guard or step from the platform, then a safety harness should be provided. The harness must be attached to a strong anchor point. A risk assessment should be conducted to determine the type of travel restraint system, or fall prevention system, suited to the activity and workplace environment.

• Use maintenance work platforms, with a meshed-in work area securely attached to the forks to raise people performing minor maintenance tasks.

• Platforms should not be used by workers who have not completed the necessary safety training. These platforms should only be attached to a complying designated forklift, with a load capacity data plate stating attachments that may be used. To use a forklift


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with a maintenance work platform, it must have tilt levers locked out, and restricting hydraulic valves fitted.

• Implement safe work procedures to ensure anyone on a work platform who is raised in a forklift can be rescued if an incident or breakdown occurs.

• Train workers on how to act if an incident should occur. • If a side or forward tip over occurs, operators should not jump; instead they should stay

in the cabin, hold on firmly and stay with the forklift leaning in the opposite direction of the overturn.

• A properly adjusted seatbelt will keep you safely in the cabin during an overturn. Know the workplace

All employers must provide safe workplaces for workers, and any visitors to the workplace. All workers and employers have a responsibility to ensure forklifts are used in a safe manner. New workplaces should be designed to provide separate zones for pedestrians and forklifts. Before operating a forklift, the workplace should be assessed to ensure it is safe, and its conditions present no apparent risk of injury to a person, or damage to equipment or loads.

Following is an example of a checklist that can be expanded to reflect individual forklifts and their operating environment. Use the checklist to ensure the forklift can be operated in a safe and efficient manner, minimise forklift-related injuries, and ensure any inefficient or dangerous forklift practices are rectified. Workplace checklist

Before operating a forklift, it is important to be familiar with the area of operation.

This can be done by taking a walk around and assessing the site to identify any hazards that may impact on the safe operation of a forklift and report any identified hazards to the supervisor.

To ensure the safe operation of a forklift at the site, check: • Pedestrian exclusion zones are marked • Ground surfaces are even and clear of obstruction • Pedestrian and vehicular traffic • Restricted and poorly ventilated spaces • Lighting conditions and noisy machines • Uneven floors, ramps and railway tracks • Overhead doorways, fittings, power lines and obstructions • Wet and dry areas • Loading docks • Storage racking, and • Forklift operating paths.


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Traffic management plan

A traffic management plan is essential to address many of the risks associated with the use of forklifts in the workplace. To reduce the risks of forklift-related incidents, traffic management plans should effectively separate powered mobile plant, such as forklifts, from pedestrians, including truck drivers. Safety of pedestrians is one of the most important aspects of a workplace traffic management plan.

The preferred way to develop a traffic management plan is to: • Identify any hazards • Assess the risks that may be caused by people coming into contact with a hazard, and • Put in place risk control measures to eliminate or minimise risks.

Consultation is central to developing a traffic management plan supported by all workplace parties. Workplace health and safety representatives (WHSRs), forklift operators, other workers and employers should all play a part. This will result in: • More informed decisions • A boost in job satisfaction and morale • An improved commitment to workplace health and safety, and • Fewer workplace injuries.

When identifying risk control measures consider the source of the risk and develop practical, workable controls. Controls may include: • Developing efficient routes • Monitoring traffic flows • Reducing frequency of interaction with hazards • Substituting a forklift with other suitable load shifting equipment, and • Eliminating the risk altogether, where possible.

Once risk controls are in place, they must be regularly reviewed to gauge their effectiveness.

An effective traffic management plan can use a range of devices, including: • Pedestrian and forklift exclusion zones • Safety zones for truck drivers • Safety barriers • Containment fences • Reduced speed limiting devices (e.g. smart forklifts), and • Signage.

All those at the workplace, including visitors, must be advised of the site’s traffic management plan.


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Developing a traffic management plan Devise a plan to separate pedestrians and forklifts. Forklift movements, braking distance, stability, environment, height of load and the type of load being handled must be considered when introducing pedestrian and forklift exclusion zones.

The optimum is to eliminate forklifts or substitute them with more pedestrian-friendly load shifting equipment. Workplaces should also be designed to eliminate, or at least minimise, pedestrian access to areas where forklifts operate. This can be done by: • Studying the frequency of forklift and pedestrian interaction and identifying areas

where they come into conflict • Clearly marking ‘No Go’ exclusion zones for pedestrians and forklifts • Erecting barriers to protect marked pedestrian walkways and designated forklift

operating areas • Providing designated pedestrian crossings, such as boom gates and overhead walkways • Implementing and enforcing procedures, such as clearly indicating when pedestrians

and forklifts must give way to each other • Displaying clear warning and traffic management signs • Using proximity devices to trigger signals, boom gates, warning signs and other ‘smart’ Technologies • Ensuring forklift warning devices and flashing lights are functioning at all times • Ensuring pedestrians wear high-visibility clothing (e.g. reflective vests), and • Ensuring all forklifts have high-visibility markings and that the workplace is well lit.

The diagram below is an example of a traffic management plan for truck loading/unloading in the workplace.


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Pedestrian exclusion zone Designate exclusion zones for pedestrians and forklifts. A pedestrian exclusion zone has been established for a distance of three metres around the forklift, plus an additional allowance for the nature of the load and the speed travelled. Forklift movements within this zone are stopped before pedestrians enter. If a pedestrian is within three metres of a forklift, employers must do a risk assessment and introduce suitable risk control measures. Forklifts should be prohibited or minimised around tea rooms, time clocks, cafeterias, amenities and entrances.

Pedestrian walkways must be clearly marked. Installing physical barriers ensures workstations are separated from forklift travel areas. Audio warnings are just as important as visual ones. Use a mix of high volume alarms, horns and flashing lights to warn pedestrians of approaching forklifts. Flashing lights are imperative in areas with high levels of ambient workplace noise.

Use overhead dome mirrors to improve the safety of pedestrians and forklift operators at intersections and blind corners. Avoid placing bins, racks or storage units in areas that could obstruct a forklift operator’s view.

Crushing is the most common form of forklift-related injury sustained by pedestrians. Even when travelling at low speeds, forklifts present significant risk to the safety of pedestrians. Half the pedestrians killed were crushed by forklifts that were barely moving. Too often, safe forklift practices are only introduced in a workplace after a worker has been killed or injured. Don’t wait until a forklift-related death or injury takes place before implementing forklift and pedestrian exclusion zones.

Safety zone for driver

The driver must be in full view to a forklift operator. All loading or unloading activity must stop if the driver cannot be seen, or needs to enter an exclusion zone to inspect a load. Alternatively, if it is safe to do so, the system of work can allow the driver to stay in the truck cabin during loading and unloading.


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Bollards/witches hats/paint Bollards marking the perimeter of the pedestrian exclusion zone must be installed.

Forklifts

Only one forklift should operate at any one time in the pedestrian exclusion zone.

Reducing risks

Simple safety practices, such as maintaining and obeying speed limits, observing stop signs, slowing down and sounding the warning device (horn) at intersections, still apply.

Once a task is complete, forklift operators should ensure the forklift is parked, shut down and secured in line with traffic procedures and the manufacturer’s recommendations. Ensure the key is removed from the ignition.

Employers, WHSRs, forklift operators and other workers all have a part to play in ensuring safe forklift practices are observed. Small changes in behaviour can deliver significant safety improvements.

Action must be taken now to eliminate injuries and save lives.

Safe forklift operating procedures are often disregarded once an operator has gained a certificate of competency. A certificate of competency provides an operator with skills to operate a forklift safely; however, induction into a new workplace, or changed environments, unfamiliar forklifts and safe work procedures, is a must.

To be able to operate a forklift, the operator must: • Be trained in safe forklift procedures and the operator’s manual • Hold a relevant certificate of competency • Lower the load before moving or turning • Move with the forks as close to the ground as possible, and • Lower the forks, apply the park brake, close the gas cylinder valve and remove

the ignition key when leaving a forklift unattended. Policies, procedures and legal requirements

All workplaces should have policies and procedures in place that ensure all workplace parties involved in forklift operations have a clear understanding of how they can make the workplace safer. Workplaces should also have policies and procedures on: • Hazard identification • Risk assessment • Risk control • Purchasing of machinery, and • Incident reporting and investigation

For further information see: http://www.deir.qld.gov.au/workplace/law/codes/riskman/index.htm


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As part of policies and procedures in any workplace, an induction should be conducted for all new workers, to ensure that they are familiar, not only with the machinery they are required to operate, but the surroundings and procedures associated with that workplace. This induction should include casual and permanent workers.

A good induction process should consist of, but not limited to, the following: 1. Introduction to the worksite 2. Site security procedures 3. Site layout and plan 4. Injury and incident reporting procedures 5. HR policies and procedures 6. WHS regulations 7. Evacuation procedures 8. Hearing conservation 9. Working at heights regulations 10. Safe work procedures 11. Introduction into site operating procedures, and 12. Forklift safety.

Selecting a suitable forklift

Each workplace is different. Before purchasing, hiring or leasing a forklift, be aware of what forklift safety and ergonomic design features are best suited to your workplace. This can be the most effective way of avoiding safety problems and minimising operator injuries. If a forklift is needed to work in a flammable or explosive atmosphere, ensure it suits this purpose by referring to the manufacturer’s recommendations. If forklifts are required to be used in poorly ventilated areas, ensure it is electric. WHSRs, operators and other affected workers should be consulted when purchasing new machinery. They are best placed to provide advice on good safety features and practices.

Incident reporting

All safety incidents involving forklifts must be promptly reported to a supervisor. Workplaces should encourage a culture of incident reporting. Immediate reporting allows immediate changes to be made to fix the cause of the incident and prevent similar occurrences. Reporting allows all associated hazards to be identified, procedures to be reviewed and risks to be assessed. Consultation ensures effective risk controls are identified and maintained.

Incidents can be caused by a wide range of factors. Each incident must be investigated before the cause can be determined.

Consultation

Employers need to consult with WHSRs and workers about all aspects of workplace health and safety, including putting safe forklift practices in place.


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Usually workers know their work environment better than anyone else. Consultation with workers will: • Lead to identifying practical risk solutions • Ensure workers have a sense of ownership of any safety changes, and • Encourage workers to observe, maintain and include improved forklift safety

practices as part of their daily work routine. Remote sites – safety procedures

The following safety procedures ensure safety around trucks is maintained and adhered to when working remotely at customer sites: • Carry out a risk assessment on site and keep with the business where the

forklift is being operated, including original quotes for work to be carried out • Provide all drivers with a copy of site safety procedures and risk assessments

and make sure they acknowledge receipt of these, and • Conduct tool box talks about any new sites and any identified issues.

Record keeping

Keep copies of the risk assessment about the site in the transport/dispatch office. All drivers must be provided with copies of site procedures that were developed for the site/s

Notification by new client

Notify clients/s of safety requirements, including: • Carrying out a risk assessment • Requesting provision of safe work procedures in relation to working around trucks • Providing copies of safety inductions for the truck drivers, and • Making a traffic management plan of the site available to drivers.

If there has been no information provided by the client then: • The supervisor must provide a safety inspection checklist to be completed by the driver • The driver must complete all relevant questions and note any additional hazards

that may be present and provide on return to home site, and • A copy of the safety inspection list must be provided to the client.

Risk assessment

Where the customer is unable to provide a risk assessment or safe work procedures for working around trucks then: • The company supervisor and the customer must ensure a risk assessment is conducted • The risk assessment must be completed prior to any work being conducted on the site, & • If high risk areas are identified, then no work should be completed until

measures are taken to reduce or eliminate the risk


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Safe work procedures for a remote site Safe work procedures should include, but are not limited to: • Accessing the site • Parking trucks safely • Ensuring documentation is in a safe place • Providing adequate light • Unloading procedures clear and defined • Damage reporting procedure available, and • Reporting incidents and near misses.

Slips, trips and falls Every workplace needs to be examined, so that all slips, trips and falls hazards are identified. To assist in determining exactly where slips, trips and falls have happened, or are likely to happen, there are three easy steps to follow: 1. Inspect the premises. Developing a slips, trips and falls checklist may be

helpful in identifying the sources of typical hazards in a specific workplace. Make a list of the locations of concern. For each location, record anything that could be high risk.

2. Consult with workers. Ask workers for their input, as they will know about any

potential risks from their experience of doing the task. Helpful information will be in records of previous risk assessments. (see Appendix 1 for a sample forklift operator’s daily checklist).

Pay particular attention to the following: • Floors and grounds • Housekeeping and cleanliness • Cleaning and maintenance methods • Lighting • Stairs, ramps and sloping surfaces • Walkways • Tasks being undertaken, and • Footwear.

High risk areas are: • Wet, oily or slippery floors • Uneven or sloping surfaces • Work areas where lifting and carrying tasks, and some other manual

tasks, such as pushing and pulling, are performed • Where the pace of work causes people to walk quickly or run • High pedestrian traffic areas • Where there are constant changes to workplace conditions, such as building sites • Unfamiliar locations, and • Accident locations that have not been secured and cleaned up.


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3. Check records, including incident and injury reports, near miss reports, workers' compensation claims, and workplace inspection checklists.

Control measures

A control measure can be a process, procedure or action put in place to eliminate or minimise the risk posed by specific hazards. Control measures for risks identified should be developed and implemented in consultation with workers and attention given to hazard identification and risk controls in unfamiliar locations (e.g. when workers work off-site, or at clients’ homes or offices).

Workplace design

Changing the workplace design can eliminate many hazards that can cause slips, trips and falls. Design and build workplaces with safety and comfort in mind. When new facilities are to be built, or existing facilities upgraded, it is an opportunity to avoid many common hazards by identifying potential slips, trips and falls hazards. In consultation with workers, analyse the tasks to be done by workers and the circumstances in which they will be done. Plan and discuss the movement paths of people and materials with architects and workers.

Design should consider: • Cords, leads, cables and power boards • Lighting • Floor surfaces, and • Work functions.

Some design controls to eliminate hazards include: • Providing power, telephone, computer and other equipment services from ducts in the

floor or from the ceiling, eliminating the need for cords on the floor • Ensuring adequate lighting for work areas, floors, stairs and passageways • Installing floor surfaces suitable for the work area, such as high friction tiles with deep

profiles for draining wet areas, and • Ensuring there is adequate storage space to keep materials out of work and traffic areas.

Flooring The following tips will help improve floor surfaces and minimise the risk from slips, trips and falls: • Consider the slip resistance of the floor surface (see Appendix 2 for information about

floor surfaces and coverings). • When the flooring itself is identified as a hazard, and installing new flooring is not

reasonably practicable, there are a number of floor treatments that are designed to be used on existing flooring. This is a less expensive option than installing new flooring. However, this would be false economy if the treated floor is not sufficiently improved.

• Use treatments that substantially increase the surface roughness of the flooring. Be sure a floor treatment doesn’t introduce a new hazard.

• Minimise changes in the floor level. If levels must change, install ramps rather than steps. • Avoid sudden changes in floor surface texture, where possible. If such changes do occur,

ensure good lighting and visual cues are in place.


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• When footwear in the workplace cannot be controlled (e.g. where the public have access), an effective strategy must be put in place (e.g. installing softer flooring, such as thicker vinyl, cork or carpet). Increasing the roughness of surfaces can increase the slip resistance of floors. For example, concrete finished with a steel trowel is much smoother and therefore more slippery than concrete finished with a wooden float, or with a broom. Products that increase the surface friction will need to be maintained in accordance with the manufacturer’s specifications.

Stair design Key points to consider are: • Ensure the proportions of the stair treads are the same throughout a flight of stairs. • Apply non-slip edges (nosings) to improve safety on stairs and help give visual

definition to the edge of the stairs. Metal nosings applied to carpeted stairs should have ample taper to blend smoothly with the carpet to prevent heels catching in the back edge of the nosing.

• Provide clear visual cues for the start and finish of the stairs, ample lighting above the stairs, and a tread pattern that does not reduce the visual definition of the edge of each individual step.

• Provide handrails. For further information, refer to the Building Code of Australia and AS 1657 Fixed platforms, walkways, stairways and ladders - Design, construction and installation. Ramp design Install ramps instead of stairs, if there is space to make the change in level, without too great a slope. The following should be taken into consideration when installing ramps: • Ensure the slope of a ramp conforms to the appropriate Australian Standard and

Building Code of Australia specifications. The maximum ramp slope should be 1 in 8, or 1 in 14 if people with disabilities will need to use the ramp.

• Apply flooring with greater slip resistance on ramps than that used on level flooring. • Provide clear visual cues for the start and finish of the ramps, ample lighting

above the ramp, as well as a suitable tread pattern in the flooring. • Provide handrails on ramps, as for stairs, and provide kerbs of at least 100 mm

high on both sides to prevent trolleys running off the edge. Lighting Ensure both internal and external stairways and walkways are well lit. Lighting levels should accommodate changes in conditions, such as transitions from closed to open areas. For further information, refer to the AS1680 series on interior and workplace lighting. Drainage When installing drainage, consider the following: • Provide a means of containing and draining water, or other fluids, at

machines or processes as required. • If there is a substantial amount of fluid, provide channels in the floor covered by gratings.

Use gratings as flooring if the work task is very wet and/or greasy.


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• Surfaces should be slip resistant and not introduce a trip hazard with uneven surfaces. Duckboards, for example, may not be suitable because of uneven surfaces.

• Flooring that needs to be washed, or that will be wet at times, should be graded to drainage points to minimise pooling of water. The location of drains should be as close as possible to any source of liquid, and there should be adequate drainage points provided to avoid excessive changes in floor level due to grading.

• Use moulded floor tiles with deep profiles for draining fluids, especially if the edges of the patterns are sharp. High-pressure water sprays may be needed for cleaning the tiles. Build up of hardened grease or dirt can make high profile tiles ineffective.

Machinery and equipment Before placing any machinery or equipment, consider the following to prevent slips, trips and falls: • Carry out regular maintenance and inspection of production machinery for signs of leaks.

Prevent machines spraying out liquids by adjusting or enclosing the machine. • Contain liquids on the floor that may have come from production machinery. These

can be contained to a small area surrounding the machine, by using a metal tray or a low concrete wall. Ensure the containment area is effective, well-drained and does not introduce further hazards.

• Put measures in place to deal with water from leaking pipes or condensation from air conditioning/refrigeration units in cold rooms. This can be a serious problem as pools of water can freeze on the floor.

• Use absorbent material rolls or flat sheets around the machine. Replace when they become soaked with fluid.

• Install exhaust systems to remove dusts or vapours that can settle on floors. • Support electric cords and pneumatic hoses for air tools overhead to keep

them off the floor. • Avoid the use of extension cords, where possible, by using battery-powered tools. • Ensure work and traffic areas are clearly defined and marked. • Carry out regular site clean-ups to remove rubbish. • When moving materials by hand or by trolleys that are pushed, ensure

materials are not stacked high so the view of the floor ahead is obscured. • Maintain three points of contact when accessing or exiting forklift and truck cabins

(e.g. two hands and one foot or two feet and one hand) and use ladder and/or steps where they are provided.

Weather Wet weather increases the risk from slips, trips and falls. To prevent this from occurring: • have absorbent flooring materials set into the floor at entrances to stop

rainwater, snow and mud being walked indoors • provide leak proof receptacles at entrances to buildings for leaving wet umbrellas,& • provide leak proof plastic bags at entrances if wet umbrellas have to be carried.


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Spills

Every drop of oil can contaminate a million drops of water

If spills occur in the workplace: • Ensure workplace policies and procedures for cleaning up spills clearly identify

who is responsible for isolating and cleaning up the spill without delay • Ensure all staff is appropriately trained and instructed in the spills clean-up procedures • Ensure easy access to equipment and materials for cleaning up spills - use

absorbent materials that do not leave a residue • Transport and carry substances in appropriate containers to avoid spills - use lids

or covers where necessary, and • Use alternative containers if poor packaging causes spills. External environments External environments may also cause slips, trips and falls. Consider the following: • Uneven path sections are a common hazard, where the edge of one section is

above or below the surface of an adjacent section and can be difficult to see • Uneven or sloping ground surfaces can be avoided or levelled • Lay path sections on a stable base material, which will prevent them from tilting

over time, and • Housekeeping is needed where there are constant changes to workplace

conditions, such as building sites. Vegetation Vegetation, such as moss on external paths, can be slippery, particularly in wet and shaded areas. Use commercial products to effectively remove these contaminants. Tree roots, leaf litter and wet grass can present slips, trips and falls hazards. Good maintenance can reduce these risks.


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Housekeeping and cleaning Cleaning procedures must be reviewed regularly. Good housekeeping involves scanning the workplace for hazards, such as: • Grease build up, spills and low objects • Newly cleaned and wet areas where people may walk, and • Untidy and cluttered work areas.

To ensure that housekeeping and cleaning are performed to an appropriate standard: • Allow sufficient time for staff to carry out these tasks and routines. • Implement policies and safe work procedures in consultation with workers. • Train all relevant workers in appropriate policies and procedures, as well as in the

safe use of chemicals and substances. • Define the cleaning tasks, including appropriate sequencing of the work, so

that the cleaners themselves are not put at risk by walking unnecessarily over wet surfaces.

• Ensure cleaning tasks are undertaken at an appropriate time and not during high traffic and busy periods, preferably outside normal work hours. If this is not possible, set up barriers and warning signs to keep people off the affected areas, or provide alternative routes for pedestrians if the usual route is being cleaned.

• Use cleaning agents and detergents, according to the manufacturer’s directions. Consult manufacturers of cleaning products about suitable materials, equipment and procedures for minimising slipperiness, while still doing an effective cleaning job. For the safe use of cleaning products, refer to the manufacturer’s information on the product label, the workplace register of hazardous substances, and the Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS) for the product.

• Avoid build up of polish and other materials on floors (excess polish may be transferred to footwear and become a hazard elsewhere).

• Maintain dry conditions where polished floors are used. • Finish wet cleaning processes by vacuuming up solutions or mopping dry, to

minimise the time the floor is wet. • Remove hardened grease from tiled kitchen floors, in order to benefit from any

slip resistant texture of the tiles. This may require strong cleaning chemicals that should be thoroughly rinsed off with clean water. High-pressure water sprays may be necessary for cleaning profiled tiles.

Training staff All workers should have a good understanding of slips, trips and falls hazards in their workplace. This understanding should be developed through induction and ongoing training sessions. Training should also be discussed as a part of the consultation arrangements in the workplace. Training workers is essential to ensure control measures are maintained and used. All workers play a part in maintaining good housekeeping and cleanliness. Workers must be trained to report any hazards to their supervisor and/or the person responsible for workplace health and safety.


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The training topics should include: • How to recognise slips, trips and falls hazards, and the part workers can

play in minimising them. • What action to take in the case of spills, covering procedures to clean up

spills, and immediate action to take to warn others. • The importance of regular floor surface cleaning, maintaining housekeeping and

procedures for preventing slips, trips and falls hazards. Cleaning staff should be trained on the methods required and control procedures, such as restricting access and using appropriate signage during cleaning to warn of slippery floors.

• Information on the correct use of cleaning products, which can be found on the product label, or from manufacturers' recommendations.

• The importance of cleaning footwear regularly to remove material trapped between the treads.

Signage Signage should be used to: • Alert people to surfaces that are wet following recent cleaning or spills, and • Indicate procedures, such as specific footwear required for certain locations,

especially for visitors to the workplace.


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Footwear Wear the most appropriate footwear for the job and work environment. Refer to the workplace policy on footwear. Risk assessments should include the use of footwear as a control measure, where necessary.

General purpose work footwear should have the following characteristics: • Slip resistant sole material • Good tread pattern • Rounded heel edge with good area of contact (avoid raised heels with small contact area) • Cushioned sole, and • Close, but comfortable fit.

Checking that control measures are adequate

Risk assessments and control measures must be reviewed regularly, or whenever there is evidence that the existing risk assessment is no longer valid.

Review workplace control measures in consultation with workers when: • An incident involving a slip, trip or fall occurs (even if it is a near miss) • Changes to the premises or nature of the work are proposed, and • New equipment or work practices are introduced.

Make any necessary changes to prevent a recurrence. Consider the following points when reviewing controls: • Are the cleaning methods for any of the floors and paths fully specified and recorded? • Are all cleaning staff aware of the required methods and quality standards? • Are all staff trained in the procedures for dealing with spills? • Are all workers wearing the required personal protective equipment (PPE)? • Have any changes been made to floors, requiring new risks to be assessed?

All managers and supervisors should be aware of their accountability for hazards relating to slips, trips and falls, including:

• Floor quality • Cleaning • Housekeeping • Machinery and equipment • Lighting • Ramps • Stairs, and • Drainage.


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Manual tasks Manual tasks are more than just lifting or carrying an object. They also include: • Lifting • Lowering • Pushing • Pulling • Carrying • Moving, and • Holding or restraining any object, animal or person.

Manual tasks can include a wide range of activities, such as pulling a lever, restraining an animal, or holding and operating a power tool. Research has identified five ‘direct’ risk factors related to manual tasks that can cause or contribute to musculoskeletal disorders. These are: • Forceful exertions • Working postures – awkward and static • Repetition • Duration, and • Vibration.

These risk factors outlined in the Manual Tasks Code of Practice 2000 directly stress the body and cause injury. One of these risk factors must be identified in the task in order for a risk of injury to exist. However, the more risk factors identified the greater the risk. Forceful exertions put high levels of stress on muscles and body tissues. This includes force exerted by the body or force impacting on the body. Examples include lifting a very heavy or awkward load from the ground (e.g. lifting a person or a 40 kilogram cement bag), or force to the lower limbs resulting from jumping out of a vehicle. Working postures Awkward postures are postures where joints are at or near the extreme of their movement, (e.g. your head bent to the side so your ear is by your shoulder). Exposure to awkward postures can cause damage to the muscles and other tissues when they occur in combination with forceful exertion, another awkward posture (e.g. back bent and twisted), repetitive action, or if held for a prolonged period. Static or fixed postures such as prolonged sitting or standing can sometimes be more fatiguing than tasks that require moderate movement. Your body has to work hard to hold the posture (leading to quicker muscle fatigue), putting greater stress on other tissue and giving your body less flexibility to deal with unexpected changes. Awkward postures are often caused by poorly designed work area(s), tools, equipment or work practices. Repetition and duration involves making the same type of movement over and over (e.g. frequent lifting or working on a production line) or holding a position for a long time. There are even greater risks when repetition is combined with awkward postures, forceful exertions, fast movement, and/or cold conditions.


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The work cycle is the time taken to perform the task once without interruption. Tasks involving short cycle times of less than 30 seconds and performed for more than one hour are considered to be a risk, because the same muscles and other soft tissues are being used continuously. Duration is the amount of time a person is exposed to a risk factor (e.g. vibration, awkward postures) without a break. Long periods of activity increase the strain and wear and tear on the body. Duration may be considered a significant risk factor when a task is performed continuously for one hour or longer. Vibration Exposure to continuous or high intensity vibration is a concern as it increases the strain and wear and tear on the body. There are two sources of vibration exposure according to the contact points between the body and the vibrating equipment: • Hand/arm vibration can be caused by vibrating hand tools such as grinders,

drills and circular saws, particularly if they are not properly maintained or not appropriate for the task. It can result in fatigue, pain, numbness, tingling, decreased sensation in the fingers, hand and arm.

• Whole body vibration commonly results from sitting or standing on work surfaces that vibrate such as trucks, forklifts, tractors or platforms. It is associated with general discomfort and lower back pain.

For further information on manual tasks see: Sprains and strains in the transport and storage industry: http://www.deir.qld.gov.au/pdf/whs/sprains_strains_transport_factsheet2005.pdf Sprains and Strains: http://www.deir.qld.gov.au/pdf/whs/sprains_strains_booklet2005.pdf Preventing manual tasks injuries Workers' compensation statistics show that one-third of all occupational injuries in Australia occur during manual tasks. This injury rate has not been reduced by traditional approaches, which concentrated on correct lifting techniques, and saw the weight of an object as the only source of danger. The most successful approach is a systematic one, which aims to ‘design out' the whole range of possible causes of injury during manual tasks. Workers and their WHSRs should be involved in this process. Common causes of manual task injuries include: • Lifting gates • Pulling taut liners curtains • Handling freight (including overuse injuries which develop over time), and • Restraining loads (use of ‘dogs’ and chains).

Common manual task injuries include: • Strains and sprains • Hernias • Disc herniation’s, and • Aggravation of degenerative conditions.


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Personal protective equipment (PPE) • Gloves • Helmets • Wrap around/UV safety glasses • High-visibility garments • Wrist guards • Steel-capped safety footwear • Long-sleeved shirts and long trousers • Hearing protection, and • Sun protection.

Work at height

• Use tarp spreaders, and • Use fall arrest equipment.

Maintenance and reporting

Preventing injury by: • Reporting damaged equipment • Implementing preventative/scheduled maintenance routines, and • Conducting pre-start inspections.

SIGNAGE APPROPRIATE TO CIVIL CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES


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Work instructions When planning any work you must take into account your duty of care obligations and the policy and procedures of your workplace. You must make sure your conduct is safe and does not place others at risk. For example, you may need to cordon off an area where you will be working or put up a sign to warn others about the type of work being done. The requirements will be in your work instructions for the job. them. Things can go wrong if you don’t understand instructions properly. The following is an example of a basic work instruction that could be given for digging a trench for the laying of a 20-metre pipeline.

Take Control of Your Own Safety Faulty Equipment The most common causes of electrocution in the civil construction industry are: • Faulty electrical tools • Working with/near equipment that people think is off or 'dead' but is actually on or 'live' Electric shocks happen when a person becomes part of an electrical circuit and the current flows through their body. Incidents with electricity are usually caused by a lack of experience, training or supervision, broken equipment or dangerous work conditions. How can you keep safe? • Plan and discuss the job with your boss • Make sure you are supervised at all times by a qualified worker • Regularly check and clean the tools that you use • Switch off appliances at the power point before you pull out the plug. Electrical equipment

can still partially operate without being plugged in due to stored energy. When you turn off the main power supply, just leave the equipment switched on for a while to release the stored energy

• Limit damage to electrical cords by keeping them off the ground • Use equipment properly. Check instructions and follow them • Use the correct earthing equipment • Don't overload power boards with lots of electrical appliances • Follow the lock, isolate, tag, test and check system when cleaning or fixing equipment • Report any breakdowns or faulty equipment to your boss Your boss should provide residual current devices (RCDs) or safety switches to reduce the risk of electric shock and electrocution if you need these devices.

This triangle shape is the symbol for caution. The exclamation mark in the centre means Pay Attention. In some instances, the triangle-shaped sign will show a picture. Other times, words explain why the sign is used.


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Environmental Hazards Objectives 1. Identify environmental hazards. 2. Recognize treatment and first aid for exposure to environmental hazards.

All workers in Australia are committed to observing and practicing environmental management in all aspects of their job and in undertaking activities in compliance with all statutory legislation and other legal requirements.

Environmental protection on the building site Environmental protection begins at the building site with the air workers have to breathe. They should be protected from any fumes from construction machinery, as well as fumes from building waste or materials which need to be carefully separated and properly recycled or disposed of when the job is complete, the soil should be treated as a valuable asset and left unpolluted.

Queensland's Environmental Protection Agency (abbreviated to EPA) was for some time a separate department of the Queensland Government, and, following 2009 State elections, became a part of the Government's larger Department of Environment and Resource Management This part of the Department of Environment and Resource Management's role is to manage climate change and protect the environment on behalf of the Queensland Government [2] To achieve this the section aims to

• provide Conservation and Environmental Services: including a Queensland Parks and Wildlife Service to manage the Queensland's protected area estate; plus Environmental Services to assist manage development, business, and industry;

• promote Sustainable Futures: including planning for climate change; encouraging environmental sustainability, supporting environmental innovation, and developing strategies and policies to achieve an environmentally sustainable future; and

• achieve organisational Performance and Capability: including building a "robust" scientific base to government policy and decision making, and valuing people and accumulating knowledge within the organisation.


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Whether they are large, medium or small, building sites, engineering works and demolition works can be a significant source of noise, vibration, dust and fumes. Traffic movements of men, machinery, materials and waste can add to these problems. Good project management should ensure that these pollution impacts are properly assessed and have mitigation plans. By agreement of site operating hours, the types of plant and equipment in use, mitigation measures for noise and dust emissions and HGV routes to and from the site, the general public can be protected from unnecessary inconvenience and disturbance. In practice, smaller building sites where "prior consent" has not been sought can cause problems to immediate neighbours.

Common Hazards • Cave in of ground • Collapse of Trench walls • Instability of adjoining structures • Contaminated environment • Contact with services • Inrush of water • Hazardous atmosphere • Falling loads • Placement of loads • Hazardous materials • Falls • Dust

Heat Stress – Your work environment can be deadly! You can become seriously ill or die if you do not take the proper precautions while working in high temperatures and humidity. Heat can reduce physical performance, as well as mental alertness, causing more accidents. Heat Facts • You are more likely to suffer from a heat related illness on humid days.

• If you are not used to working in the heat, you are more likely to suffer from a heat related illness. It can take your body anywhere from 5 days to 2 weeks to be acclimated to working in the heat. It is recommended that new workers, who begin in hot, humid weather, start out by working half of the normal time and workload on the first day and then build up to a complete day by the end of the week.

Water is fundamental to our health, our way of life and our environment. It underpins growth in population and our economy – and these are critical to Australia’s future prosperity. There are 14 major river catchments and many sub-catchments in South East Queensland. The largest is the Brisbane River catchment which flows directly into Moreton Bay. The combined catchment area of the creeks and rivers flowing into Moreton Bay is 21,220 km². Any pollution up stream has a follow on effect downstream. It is imperative that all workers are aware of the need to keep water ways unpolluted.


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• You are more vulnerable to heat illness if you have suffered in the past.

• During the course of the day, you can produce as much as 5 to 10 litres of sweat. Replenish this fluid by drinking liquids so that you do not suffer from a heat related illness.

Environmental protection requirements are identified from the project environmental management plan, confirmed and applied to the allocated task ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION WHY DO WE NEED ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROLS? We need environmental controls to protect the receiving environment not just on a small scale but on a global scale as well. Environmental controls on site are those structures or monitoring systems put in place to minimise the impacts of construction activities. Deciding which to use depends on the reasons why controls may be needed.

• Waste control • Hazardous materials • Water quality (erosion and sediment control) • Cultural heritage management issues • Air quality • Noise • Flora and fauna

WHAT THE LAW SAYS GENERAL There are many legal requirements you must follow in order for the construction process to precede without damage to the environment. Legislation includes Acts and Regulations, which are mandatory, codes of Practice, Advisory Standards, and Guidelines, which are non-mandatory but may be cited in mandatory Acts and Regulations. The tiers of Government are: • Federal or Commonwealth Legislation (the Environmental Protection & Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999) • State & Territory Legislation (Environmental Protection Act 1994 and Water Act 2000) • Local Government Legislation (Development Approvals, Material Change of Use, Environmentally Relevant Activities) In Queensland, the principal law is the Environmental Protection Act (1994) and the administering Authority is the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Common Law is where a precedent has been set in a Court of Law, not through an Act of Parliament (also known as Case Law). Two examples of Common Law are: • Rights of Neighbours – causing undue interference with use of land or damage. • Rights of Protection – requires obligations to be met to provide adequate safety standards. MOST RECENT LEGISLATION UPDATES RELATING TO THE ENVIRONMENT AND QUEENSLAND Aboriginal Cultural Heritage Act 2003: New legislation, which includes changes to regulate impacts and disturbances to significant Aboriginal areas or objects. Definition of Aboriginal Cultural Heritage has been amended and is: “anything that is – a) A significant Aboriginal area in Queensland; or b) A significant Aboriginal object; or


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c) Evidence of archaeological or historical significance, of Aboriginal occupation of an area of Queensland.”

It also includes the following new provisions: • Duty of Care (section 23) which carries a penalty for Individuals of $7500, and for Corporations $75000. • Unlawful Harm (section 24) which carries a penalty of $7500 or 2 years imprisonment. • Prohibited excavation, relocation and taking away (section 25). • Unlawful possession of Aboriginal Cultural Heritage (section 26). Water Regulation 2002: Permits and approvals required for development, which affects water access or impacts on water (e.g. canal developments). Environmental Protection Act 1994 and Integrated Planning Act 1997 outline the required ERA’s and Development Approvals. Common Law Obligations regarding Prevention of Vandalism, Fire or Flooding: A duty of care exists on managed land to prevent foreseeable events to provide Due Diligence for the public and your employee’s safety. Contractor must prevent consequential air pollution, water pollution, and unlawful discharges to the sewer, noise pollution and other environmental offences by taking preventative actions to deal with foreseeable acts of vandalism or natural events. For example, properly maintain and protect through fencing, roofing, contouring, fire breaks, locked gates etc. any liquid storage tanks or other plant and equipment exposed to the elements or to mischief from vandals.

DETAILS FROM THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ACT 1994 Due Diligence Due diligence is: 1. A defence under the Environmental Protection (EP) Act to protect the workforce and the companies they work for against prosecution 2. A duty of care from individuals and companies to prevent or minimise environmental harm 3. "Taking all reasonable and practical steps to prevent or minimise environmental harm by establishing and maintaining a system to ensure compliance with the EP Act". Taking all reasonable and practical steps to prevent or minimise environmental harm by establishing and maintaining a system to ensure compliance with the EP Act". 4. Where there is an obligation to provide a level of care through expected standards (e.g. record keeping demonstrating compliance with legal obligations, contractor responsibilities such as obtaining an Environmentally Relevant Activity (ERA) permit to undertake an ERA activity.)

GENERAL ENVIRONMENTAL DUTY Every person has a duty not to carry out any activity that will cause or is likely to cause environmental harm unless all reasonable and practicable measures have been taken to prevent or minimise the harm (S36). It is important to understand that under this Act, a person can be found guilty of an offence before any actual harm is caused.

Duty to Notify Environmental Harm Any person who becomes aware that serious or material environmental harm will be caused or is likely to occur (unless it is authorised or an emergency direction) must notify their employer or the relevant authority as soon as possible (S37). The maximum penalty for not notifying environmental harm is $6 000. Project employees should notify their Supervisor as soon as possible if they have any concerns.

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION POLICIES Environmental policies have been established under the EP Act for air, water noise, and waste management. Some examples are as follows. Air – failure to comply with an air quality abatement notice (S19 Air Policy). Penalty is $2500.


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Water – 1) Rubbish, wastewater, concrete, pesticides, oil, etc., cannot be released into a roadside gutter, drain or body of water, or be placed in a position where it could be released (S31 of 136). The penalty varies between $1200 and $1500. This may include an unprotected stockpile of topsoil or mulch close to a creek. 2) Storm water that results in a buildup of mud or silt in drains. Sand, silt, or mud may not be deposited or placed where it could wash into a gutter or drain (S32 Water Policy). The penalty is $1200. This may include washing a vehicle on the roadside or in a driveway. Noise – Failure to comply with a noise abatement notice (S23 Noise Policy), the penalty is $2500. Under the new Noise Policy, any audible noise outside normal working hours is a nuisance and is an offence under the EP Act. This means a contractor cannot work on a Sunday or public holiday at any time, or any weekday including Saturday, before 6.30am or after 6.30pm without prior approval from a regulatory authority. • Waste Management – The EP (Waste Management) Regulation 2000 imposes fines for littering and waste dumping. Fines range up to $1,500 for littering, then from around $3000 (less than 200 litres) to up to $12,375 if over 200 litres for illegally dumping waste. The penalties stated above are an indication only and may change according to circumstances. ENVIRONMENTAL OFFENCES The fines quoted are for individuals. For companies the fine is five to ten times greater. • Unlawful environmental harm – any act or omission that causes material or serious environmental harm or a nuisance is unlawful, unless it is authorised or an emergency (S119). • Environmental nuisance – (not trivial or negligible in nature) the penalty is $10,000 or $50,000 if willful (S123). Some examples include noise, dust and odour exceeding the limits. • Material environmental harm – the maximum penalty is $50,000. If the harm is willful, the fine is $100,000 and up to two years imprisonment (S120). Examples include land contamination and/or improper waste disposal. • Serious environmental harm – the maximum penalty is $100 000. If the arm is willful, the fine is $250 000 and up to five years imprisonment (S120). Examples would include a major oil spill in waterways and/or dumping toxic material. • Offences against environmental protection policies – a person must not willfully contravene an environmental protection policy. Penalties range up to $100,000 (S124). • Prescribed contaminants – contaminants prescribed by an environmental policy must not be placed in a position where they could cause serious or material environmental harm or environmental nuisance (S126) or be released into the environment except when directed by an authorised person’s emergency direction (S125). The maximum penalty is $10,000.

WHAT LARGE COMPANIES LIKE LEIGHTON IS DOING TO IMPROVE THE ENVIRONMENT? Here is an example. Leighton is committed to implementing and maintaining an Environmental Management System in accordance with the requirements of AS/NZ ISO 14001 (International Standard Quality Assurance for the Environment). This includes the following specific to each project: • Leighton Branch Environmental Policy: - Sets out obligations and company requirements. The Leighton Environmental Policy applies to all employees and their subcontractors • Leighton Branch Environmental Management Plan (EMP). A separate EMP is required for each project and considers the specific environmental impacts of the project: • Legal requirements


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• Identification of all environmental impacts • Controls for all significant impacts • Emergency response for critical activities • Clear authorities and responsibilities • Monitoring programs for all controls • Audits, management review and corrective action • Records of all activities, e.g., training and communications. Included in the EMP are a series of Project Instructions (PI) and Process Control Plans (PCP). These documents are specific to each project and activity, and detail the required environmental controls including responsibilities. These documents are administered by Project Management. Civil Construction is striving to be a leading example of environmental management in the construction industry. Achieving certification to ASNZ 14001 also gives Leighton certain commercial advantages such as being able to undertake contracts, which specify this as a requirement. Environmental protection Acts and Regulations • Environmental Protection Act 1994 • Environmental Protection Regulation 1998 • Environmental Protection (Waste) Policy and Regulation 2000 • Environmental Protection (Water) Policy 1997 • Environmental Protection (Noise) Policy 1997 • Environmental Protection (Air) Policy 1997 • National Environment Protection Council (Queensland) Act 1994 • Queensland heritage Act 1992 • Queensland Heritage Regulation 2003 ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION ACT 1994 THIS ACT IS TO PROTECT QUEENSLAND'S ENVIRONMENT WHILE ALLOWING FOR DEVELOPMENT THAT IMPROVES THE TOTAL QUALITY OF LIFE, NOW AND IN THE FUTURE, IN A WAY THAT MAINTAINS ECOLOGICAL PROCESSES ON WHICH LIFE DEPENDS. THIS APPROACH IS TERMED 'ECOLOGICALLY SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT'. Environmental Protection Regulation 1998 One of the main functions of the Environmental Protection Regulation 1998 is to list all the environmentally relevant activities, their level and the annual fee. Environmental Protection (Waste) Policy and Regulation 2000 The Environmental Protection (Waste Management) Policy 2000 (Waste EPP) and the Environmental Protection (Waste Management) Regulation 2000 co-ordinate and clarify waste management practices in Queensland and provide improved environmental safeguards. The legislation commenced on 1 July 2000. Developed with local government and industry input, the legislation will benefit the Queensland community through safer disposal practices, and cost savings achieved by improved planning and management of waste services. It provides clarification for waste contractors, waste generators, local governments and the general community. EPP summary The Waste EPP provides a strategic framework for managing wastes in Queensland. It does this by establishing a preferred waste management hierarchy and various principles as the basis for waste management. The waste hierarchy moves from the most preferred — waste avoidance, to re-use, recycling, and energy recovery, through to waste disposal, the least preferred Environmental Protection (Water) Policy 1997 This has the purpose of achieving the object of the Environmental Protection Act 1994 in relation to Queensland waters. The purpose is to be achieved by providing a framework for—


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• Identifying environmental values for Queensland waters; • Deciding and stating water quality guidelines and objectives to enhance the environmental values; • Making consistent and equitable decisions about Queensland waters that promote efficient use of resources and best practice environmental management; and • Involving the community through consultation and education, and promoting community responsibility • Environmental Protection (Noise) Policy 1997 This has the purpose of achieving the object of the Environmental Protection Act 1994 in relation to Queensland's acoustic environment. To achieve the object, the policy— • Identifies environmental values to be enhanced or protected; • Specifies an acoustic quality objective; and • Provides a framework for making consistent and fair decisions that best protect Queensland's acoustic environment, resolving disputes about noise issues, developing noise management programs involving government entities, industry groups and the community, making accurate and consistent noise assessments, and providing customers with important information about noise. • Environmental Protection (Air) Policy 1997 This has the purpose of achieving the object of the Environmental Protection Act 1994 in relation to Queensland's air environment. To achieve the object, the policy— • Identifies environmental values to be enhanced or protected; • Specifies air quality indicators and goals to protect the environmental values; and • Provides a framework for making consistent and fair decisions about managing the air environment and involving the community in achieving air quality goals that best protect Queensland's air environment. Queensland Heritage Act 1992 This provides for the conservation of Queensland's historical cultural heritage. It requires all involved in its administration to achieve the retention of the cultural heritage significance of the places and objects to which it applies and the greatest sustainable benefit to the community from those places and objects consistent with the preservation of their cultural heritage significance. Queensland Heritage Regulation 2003 This sets out the details of forms approved by the Minister, fees in a schedule, and states the details that must accompany an application to enter a place in the heritage register, an application for a certificate of immunity from registration and a application for an exemption certificate. PREPARING ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLANS This guideline provides information on the purpose and content of an environmental management plan (EM plan) and how to prepare one as part of an environmental impact assessment (EIA). This guideline provides guidance on how to undertake effective EIA.

1. INTRODUCTION The purpose of this guideline is to provide clear and comprehensive advice on the scope, role and content of environmental management plans (EM plans) for managing environmental impacts of proposals in Queensland. The intended audience consists of developers, planners, environmental management professionals, community stakeholders and decision makers. This document describes the role of the EM plan in environmental impact assessment (EIA) and planning for ecologically sustainable development (ESD) within the framework of existing legislation and environmental management policies. Appendix A provides a summary diagram for developing an EM plan.


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It should be noted that this guideline does not apply to mining, exploration, petroleum or gas projects, as the Environmental Protection Act 1994 (EP Act) specifies particular requirements for EM plans for the mining industry.

2. Why EM plans are useful EM plans are a useful vehicle for integrating and implementing the environmental management commitments, conditions, and statutory requirements that development proposals may or must observe. EM plans are developed by proponents during a proposal’s planning and design EM plans facilitate ESD and integrated decision-making they are: • Able to form the basis for consultation and negotiation of outcomes; • Flexible • Comprehensive in that they may address all relevant environmental management issues • Able to be updated; and. • A tool for promoting accountability They promote self-regulation and integration of environmental management issues into planning and operations they may address all relevant environmental management issues, can be drafted in a consultative manner, and may incorporate regulatory requirements. They can also be the focus of stakeholder input.

3. Purpose of EM plans An EM plan provides life-of-proposal control strategies in accordance with agreed performance criteria for specified acceptable levels of environmental harm. EM plans may specify all affected environmental values, all potential impacts on environmental values, mitigation strategies, relevant monitoring together with appropriate indicators and performance criteria, reporting requirements and, if an undesirable impact or unforeseen level of impact occurs, the appropriate corrective actions available. The aims of an EM plan are to provide: (1) Auditable proponent commitments to practical and achievable strategies and design standards (performance specifications) for the management of a proposal to ensure that environmental requirements are specified and complied with; (2) An integrated plan for comprehensive monitoring and control of impacts; (3) Local, State and Commonwealth authorities, stakeholders and the proponent with a common focus for approvals conditions and compliance with policies and conditions; (4) The community with evidence that the environmental management of a project is acceptable.

4. Attributes of EM plans EM plans may have the following attributes: • Integration of the various regulations pursuant to a development approval in an ordered, flexible and integrated format that is auditable by the proponent and administering agency; • Integration of the terms of operational approvals, such as licences, with the provisions of planning and land use development approvals; • translation of the studies and scientific reports from the EIS into achievable management strategies; • • Facilitation of developer planning for protection of the environment; and consistency with, and forming part of, a company’s EMS (term used by International and British Standards: ISO 14001 and BS 7750) or Integrated Environmental Management System (term used in the EP Act) or Quality Assurance system (business term). Appendix A shows how an EM plan may be developed to incorporate these attributes.

5. How EM plans relate to EIA EM plans may relate to the various stages of planning for a proposal including development assessment, post approval operations and proposal decommissioning.


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EIA incorporates development of an EM plan and is an established process for: ensuring that proponents take primary responsibility for protection of the environment that may be affected by their proposal. This responsibility may be expressed in the EM plan as commitments forming a basis for statutory decisions on whether a proposal should proceed. The EM plan may be an integral part of a statutory approval; • including community views in the assessment and decision making processes. The EM plan provides a summary of the likely environmental impacts and how they will be managed; and determining the basis for ongoing environmental management and monitoring, should the proposal proceed. The EM plan is the planning document that may be used and updated during the operational phase.

6. Content and format of EM plans An EM plan contains clear commitments, framed in a way that enables assessment of the extent to which the commitment has been met. The commitments should be auditable. An effective EM plan should be structured to address the key elements of the environmental management Notes: (1) The EIA process provides the background information on environmental values and likely level of impacts. (2) The EM plan consists of one or a number of elements to address specific management issues, each of which includes the above components. (3) The EM plan provides many components of an EMS as described by the ISO 14000 series. (4) The acceptable EM plan may be given effect by relevant licences and permits required by legislation. The recommended structure of each element of the EM plan is: Element/issue: Aspect of construction or operation to be managed (as it affects environmental values). Operational policy: The operational policy or management objective that applies to the element. Performance criteria: Measurable performance criteria (outcomes) for each element of the operation. Implementation strategy: The strategies, tasks or action program (to nominated operational design standards) that will be implemented to achieve the performance criteria Monitoring: The monitoring requirements to measure actual performance (i.e. specified limits to pre-selected indicators of change). Auditing: The auditing requirements to demonstrate implementation of agreed construction and operation environmental management strategies and compliance with agreed performance criteria Reporting: Format, timing and responsibility for reporting and auditing of monitoring results. Corrective action: The action (options) to be implemented in case a performance requirement is not reached and the person(s) responsible for action (including staff authority and responsibility management structure).

Appendix A - EM plan development process Issue of significance

Predicted impact and what magnitude?

Comparison with standards/guidelines

Controls proposed Who, when, how? Monitoring responsibilities Who, when, how?

Controls proposed Who, when, how?

Monitoring responsibilities Who, when, how?


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Reporting/auditing responsibilities Who, when, to whom?

Corrective action required

Review of EM plan An EM plan is reviewed and periodically updated to reflect knowledge gained during the course of operations and to reflect new knowledge and changed community standards (values). Changes to the management plan may be developed and implemented in consultation with relevant authorities and stakeholders. Scope of EM plan EM plan elements The EM plan should address the environmental impacts of the project, as determined from the EIS, likely approval conditions, and an assessment of environmental risk. These are likely to be as listed below (others may be warranted as a result of the EIS): a) Construction phase Issues may include: • Noise; • traffic; • Dust; • lighting; • Weed and pest management; • other social disruption; • Vibration; • air quality • Water quality; • erosion and sedimentation; • Acid sulfate soils; • flora and fauna;

Guideline Preparing environmental management plans • Land contamination • emergency situation management; • Cultural heritage; • waste and site cleanup; • Rehabilitation; • visual amenity; • Setting; • recording and reporting of complaints • Management of natural and World Heritage values; • Environmental induction/environmental training • Fire management; • effluent disposal; • Training in EM plan requirements for construction workers; • Demand on community services and facilities; and • Impacts on community cohesion due to the increased workforce.


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b) Operational phase Issues may include: • Noise; • flora and fauna; • Air quality; • waste management; • Water quality; • vibration • Dust; • lighting; • Weed and pest management • visual amenity; • Setting or location; • landscape and character maintenance; • Recording and reporting of complaints; • traffic management and monitoring; • Erosion and sedimentation control; • rehabilitation; • Safety; • emergency situation management • Fire management; • effluent disposal; • Contingency plan for evacuation; • tourism; • Visitor management plans • Management of natural and world heritage values; • Greenhouse gas and adaptation to climate change • Ongoing training for all levels of staff regarding general environmental duty and environmental management;

C) Decommissioning phase Issues may include: • Air quality; • water quality; • Sediment and erosion control; • weed and pest management; • Waste management; • visual amenity; • Dust; • lighting; • Noise; • vibration; • Flora and fauna; • waste and site cleanup; • Safety; • contingency plans for evacuation; • Removal of structures • Landscaping, revegetation, stabilisation and rehabilitation; • Management of natural and world heritage values; associated with the development; and • Recording and reporting of complaints • Fire management; • land contamination; • Emergency situation management;

Sediment and Erosion Control Introduction There are two parts to an effective water quality management strategy for an urban development. The first phase involves the installation of erosion and sediment control measures during construction, when the sediment export potential is at its greatest. The second phase of a management strategy involves the construction of treatment trains to improve the quality of post development runoff. Sediment research, points to the following water quality and ecological processes in Australian waters: Systems heavy in suspended solids, with adsorbtion of nutrients, metals and pesticides attached to surfaces of suspended solids. Turbidity associated with suspended solids blocking light and adsorbing solar radiation that exacerbates temperature stratification in water bodies. Low organic carbon levels and a high proportion of refractory carbon, limiting microbial-driven nutrient release. Highly variable flows, with significant events driving major exports of pollutants, followed by extended period of low flows. Sediments as the major store of pollutants, and the moderator of water quality in the water column.

Type Title Standard Issue Version Ref Release date LR RIIHAN308D NVR Standard


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Poor mixing of water caused by periods of low flow and high temperatures, creating sharp temperature gradients. Poor mixing conditions depressing oxygen transfer, exacerbating sediment nutrient release processes. Time-based interception, storage and remobilisation of flow constituents, often associated with land use and management practices. Trophic systems, affected by sunlight extinction limiting photosynthesis, and variable flows (water levels) limiting plant habitats (biomass). Large civil works and building sites in fully developed inner city areas can provide challenges in controlling storm water pollution. There is increased risk of sediment pollution where building materials such as sand, fill material and topsoil are delivered and temporarily stored on pavements and roadsides. Other threats arise when concrete conveying pumps, delivery tubes, hoses, trucks and delivery bins are washed out. This acidic, heavily polluted, sediment causes severe problems in storm water systems and kills aquatic organisms. Litter, pesticides, acid washes, paints, solvents and construction adhesives also pose risks. Clearing and earthmoving increases erosion by as much as 40,000 times the rate occurring in undisturbed sites. Many states and regions have legal requirements for erosion and sediment control. These laws have been supplemented by national storm water guidelines. Soil Conservation The key protector of soils is vegetation. Erosion is generally high wherever the vegetation has been disturbed and rainwater is concentrated. The problem increases as 'marginal' lands are developed as urban centres grow. Most land degradation associated with urban development results from erosion by water, salinity and acid sulphate soils. Wind is a factor on sandy soils in exposed coastal zones. The damage from poor conservation practices is easily recognisable. However, environmental damage tends to accumulate slowly. It is often only after scientific evidence brings to light the loss of flora and fauna species that community concern is raised and action is taken.

Soil erosion has particular consequences for aquatic environments, causing:

• Degradation of marine habitats. • Increased turbidity in streams and water bodies. • Increased salinity on land and in water bodies. • Increased frequency and damage caused by flooding. • Reduced aesthetic values of bush land and water bodies.



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Soil Loss Storm water managers and designers can calculate the anticipated soil loss which is likely to occur during development, and use this information to take protective measures to contain the problem. These calculations can assist in assessing the erosion risk, selecting controls, sizing of sediment and retarding basins, and provide comparative catchment analysis. Sediment Traps Sediment traps are temporary control measures used to retain coarse suspended particles. Finer particles and soluble materials pass through them. Sediment traps are easy to construct, relatively inexpensive and easily moved as construction work proceeds. The most common forms of sediment traps are straw bales and sediment fences using geotextile fabrics.

Brush and Straw Mulches A variety of innovative proprietary methods have been developed by organisations specialising in soil erosion protection. Commonly these systems are spray applied, use organic materials, and are bound with emulsions which slowly degrade. These systems generally use brush or straw, and can be applied at controlled thicknesses, depending upon the slope and erodibility of the soil. Erosion Blankets and Geo-Textiles Soil protection can be 'rolled out' in the form of organic blankets and synthetic woven geo-textiles. These are generally installed to allow permanent establishment of vegetation using prepared tube stock and semi advanced tree cover. This form of soil erosion control is generally used where there is possible high velocity flows, such as creek and stream bank protection.



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Wind Erosion Wind erosion can cause soil particles to become airborne and then settle out as dust where it will be washed into storm water systems in the next downpour. In Australia, intense rainfall immediately after bushfires can result in the flow of large sediment and organic ash loads into water bodies. Vegetation Stabilisation Vegetation stabilisation can reduce potential soil loss by reducing raindrop impact, storm run-off velocity and wind erosion. Techniques include:

Sub-soil Drainage Sub-soil drainage systems can take a variety of forms. Common types are: • Rubble drains. • Perforated or slotted pipes. • Strip drains with a cellular core wrapped in a geo-textile filter fabric. Sub-soil drainage can be used to assist with storm water surface flow management and infiltration control. It can improve the environment for growing protective vegetation and improve soil stability on steep slopes. Sub-soil drainage is increasingly being used in Water Sensitive Urban Design to underlay grassed swales in streetscapes and carry storm water to settling and reuse treatment ponds and wetlands.

Different sub soil drainages Street Sweeping/Vacuum Cleaning Traditionally, street sweeping as a treatment-based control measure for removing litter and reducing overall heavy metal loads and coarse sediments, has not been a very cost efficient management system. However, recent technical advances in vacuum suction cleaning have made it more competitive. In the future, pollution on some high use freeway and road systems may require vacuum cleaning to protect sensitive local water bodies, if other measures cannot be designed in or retrofitted. Storm water runoff from road surfaces is one of the many contributors to the non-point source pollution load. Tiny particles are proving difficult to capture in current storm water pollution devices. The storm water load contains significant quantities of heavy metals, which are a threat to aquatic environment


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Environmental Policy – Typical Company Statement As General Manager of Company I am conscious of the potential damage caused by activities in the workplace impacting on the human and global environment. We the managers and workers of Company have an obligation to ensure the work we do is managed and prevented from causing damage. To do this we must:

Ensure the required Environmental licensing is registered and current for all involved activities undertaken at that workplace. Ensure the Environmental Impact Management Plan (IMP) required, is developed, registered and followed by the project of initiation. Ensure the physical environmental controls are managed to prevent a breach of: 1. Erosion and sediment control 4. Environmental noise and vibration and 2. Flora and fauna waste 5. Contaminated land management 3. Culture and heritage We must also comply with:

The Queensland Environmental Protection Legislation. Company environmental policies, standards and procedures I require all managers, supervisors and forepersons To conduct an environmental risk assessment to identify the levels of risks present or potential in the workplace and implement the most appropriate controls to manage out the risks. To report and investigate all breaches and non-conformances to the agreed policies, standards and procedures. I therefore empower all workers to install and maintain the selected controls, given the environmental conditions present or pending, to prevent Environmental damage To identify, nominate and implement innovative solutions: For controlling spills into the environment For recycling of waste products, particularly environmentally harmful waste generated by or as a result of our work. For conservation of scarce and cultural resources, its water, lands, ecosystems and historical places. For reducing environmental damage to or impact on the continuing health, wellbeing and productivity of individuals. As a result of our diligence in controlling environmental harm, I believe we will: Protect Queensland’s environment whilst delivering quality work to our clients; Demonstrate to our clients our commitment to development that improves the total quality of life, both now and in the future, in a way that maintains the ecological processes on which life depends (“ecologically sustainable development”)



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Often flooding will add to environmental resources damage. The release of oils, diesel fuel and other chemicals due to flooding can have increased and significant impact in the environment. Anticipation of such events by workers and management aided by such things as the BOM site, radio news updates and other weather reports will help minimize this impact, and enable workers to move machinery to higher ground.

Flooding in Toowoomba is seldom but can occur if drains are not kept clear

Don’t let this happen on your job site dig by hand its much safer & Dial before you dig 1100



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Take Control of Your Own Safety

Objective 1. List the two most commonly reported

causes of death of workers. 2. Interpret the meaning of commonly

posted warning signs.

Greatest Dangers to Life In construction projects, either for an individual project, or a major Civil contractor, workers use all types excavation tools and machinery. This construction work involving digging in trenches is especially dangerous because it can involve overhead work and the possibility of falling objects. It comes as no surprise that these objects can be very heavy if they are made of cement, ceramic, or even steel. If there is an unfortunate accident and these objects fall serious and catastrophic injuries can occur. These catastrophic injuries can result in serious bodily injury or even death.

Fortunately there are ways to prevent falling object accidents including properly securing the construction area. It is also important to post warning signs during construction to alert passer-by’s. In some situations, fences and barricades will help keep moving machinery and other possible dangers away from the excavation.

If you have been injured falling objects it is important to first receive the necessary medical treatment and then an experienced construction accident lawyer can discuss your legal rights with you. If you have been hit by a falling tools someone has been negligent and you have the right to compensation from either the construction site owner, the contractor, or possibly the manufacturer of the machinery. Help Yourself Safe work habits are important. Here are three actions you can take to be safe on the job site.

Learn all you can. Pay attention to safety instructions on your job site and if you see unsafe work practices

then report them. If you have questions, stop and ask your supervisor before you continue. Concentrate on working safely. Sometimes you may be tempted to take risky shortcuts. Remember that an accident can leave you permanently injured or cut your life short. For your safety and the safety of those around you, do not take unnecessary risks. No deadline is so pressing you can't take the time to do your work safely. Additional Precautions Do not work if you are tired or have taken drugs or alcohol. If you are on medication, discuss with your doctor or pharmacist if you are capable of carrying out your job safely. $180,000 fine for trench collapse

! A farming/grazing company was fined $180,000 by the NSW Industrial Court after a trench collapsed and seriously injured two workers. The Court noted that the company had failed to comply with relevant Codes of Practice and a WorkCoverNSW guide relating to trenches. Two workers were laying concrete pipes in the trench. The Court found that the trench was not shored, battered or adequately benched at the time. After being dug, it was then widened to give the workers easier access to the pipes, but the extra soil dug up was dropped too close to one side of the trench. This placed extra stress on the wall and caused it to collapse. Some of the soil contained silt and was not stable, but that was not obvious from initial visual inspections. However, the Code of Practice identified this as a possible hazard to be aware of. The Safety Procedure includes:

Safety measures 1. Keep a well-stocked, up-to-date first aid kit in an accessible area. 2. Always wear appropriate protective gear.

Train workers thoroughly Your site is a workplace and you are responsible for the health and safety of workers and visitors. Inexperienced workers are much more likely to be injured in job site accidents. You can prevent injuries in many ways: • Supervise inexperienced workers at all

times.

2 workers seriously injured digging a trench. Ensure all excavated soil is at least 1.5 metres from the trench

Report any missing or damaged safety equipment to your supervisor

This triangle shape is the symbol for caution. The exclamation mark in the centre means Pay Attention. In some instances, the triangle-shaped sign will show a picture. Other times, words explain why the sign is used.



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• Make sure your workers are thoroughly trained in equipment operation and safety.

• Keep all equipment in good repair. • Warn workers of potential hazards and

insist they use equipment safely. • Only allow a worker to perform a task

when you are confident they can handle it. • Keep visitors well away from operating

machinery such as grinders and wet saws and warn them of potential hazards.

Protect children from accidents Children account for one in seven job site related fatalities and children under the age of sixteen account for one in four job site related deaths. You can protect children from harm in many ways: • Warn children of the hazards and make

them aware of safety issues. • Always remove keys or power from

machinery. • Make sure that equipment storage areas

are securely locked and inaccessible. • Don’t leave tools unattended.

Draw up an emergency plan An emergency plan is vital. Some suggestions include: • Ensure easy access to a suitable and well-

stocked first aid kit. • Make sure at least one person on the job

site is trained in first aid. • Keep emergency numbers and correct

addresses next to the telephone. • Plan routes to the nearest hospital. • Regularly talk through your emergency plan with other workers.

Where to get help Your doctor 1. In an emergency, always call triple zero

(000) For an ambulance

Remember Ensure that everyone working on the job is thoroughly familiar with operating procedures and safety requirements for all tools and machinery they use.

Safety Messages and Signs Manufacturers put important safety messages on each piece of equipment and in the operator's manual. It is critical to read, understand and follow all safety messages.

Many safety messages use the words Caution, Warning and Danger to get your attention. Following are safety messages and their meanings. Each of these signs will have a written message, and perhaps a picture, about an unsafe condition. Below the well known stop bat traffic controller. Who should be used on large sites where deliveries of many truckloads of tiles and materials may occur.

CAUTION means you need to be careful. Follow the directions on the sign or you could get hurt.

Clean Up All too often construction sites are left in a mess and are very dangerous to work around. There are some simple things that can help decrease the amount of injuries and in turn keep the site cleaner and safer for those working around it. Here are some guidelines in keeping your construction site clean and safe during a home remodel

Construction sites that are not kept clean are the frequent cause of workplace incidents and work injuries. Often these types of incidents can be easily be prevented just by cleaning up the construction site. A clean site makes jobs more efficient and safe.

Scraps and off cuts that come from construction come in all shapes and sizes, so it can be a hassle to clean up. Also as workers are busily working packaging gets removed and then just thrown on the ground. This creates tripping and slipping hazards. If the ground is covered then it also makes other potential problems hard to see. When the site is not cleaned up, no one cares



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about leaving garbage where it drops. This is extremely dangerous! Just by carefully making sure that the job site is clean is one of the easiest ways to improve the safety of the workers during the job. When the workplace isn't continually kept clean then this creates incidents waiting to happen. It is easy to keep a construction site clean during. The problem is that far too often workers are careless about the mess that is made. Cleaning up on the job means cleaning up scrap material, trash and debris and putting it in the appropriate containers, and making sure the containers are emptied regularly. Also proper storage of materials and equipment will help to make a clean and safe work site.

All waste should be recycled where possible. Here are some other key things you can do to help keep your construction site clean and safe during the life of the job: • Don't handle materials multiple times.

Have one person take it and throw it out to ensure others aren't dropping pieces as they walk.

• Minimize how far workers have to take the materials to where they are being used.

• Make sure that materials can easily pass to where they need to go. Keep all walkways and paths clear.

• Clean all equipment during the day and especially at the end of the day to ensure

• the next day will start clean and safe and ready for work.

• •

Accidents happen quickly so take the time to

plan any loading or unloading of plant.


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RIIHAN308A Load and unload plant Question 1. What would you inquire about before proceeding with machine transport? _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________

Question 2. List 3 points you would consider?

_____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________

Question 3. Where would you lodge a permit application?

_____________________________________________________________________________

Question 4. List the 3 general permit types?

_____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ Question 5. List the 3 things that affect permit classification?

_____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ Question 6. List 3 of the general conditions that are printed on the back of the permit document?

_____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________

Self Checks


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Question 7. List 5 other general considerations of permit issue?

_____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________

Identifying Hazards & their Negotiation

Question 8. In regards to the power grader hazard identification, List 3 and explain the process of negotiation for each?

_____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________


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Question 9. What would you do in the preparation of the grader for transportation over rough roads and considerable distance?

_____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________

Pre-Start Checks

Question 10. Under what circumstances can the Do Not Operate Tag be removed?

_____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________

Question 11. When should Pre-Start Checks be conducted?

_____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________

Walk Around Inspection

Question 12. Outline 3 things you would inspect in your walk around inspection. List what you are inspecting for in each case?

_____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________


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Question 13. If you have a large oil leak visible from the transmission during inspection, what processes do you put in place?

_____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ Mounting and Dismounting Question 14. Outline the correct procedure for mounting and dismounting a machine?

_____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________

Question 15. Before operating any new machine that the operator isn’t familiar with, what must be done?

_____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________

Start up Procedure

Question 16. Outline 5 things of importance during a machine start up procedure?

_____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ After Start Checks

Question 17. List the warm up and safety check procedure?

_____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________

Moving the Machine

Question 18. List the procedure for moving the machine?

_____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________


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Parking the Machine

Question 19. Outline all the requirements for parking a machine?

_____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________

Question 20. When should refuelling be carried out? What other things should be considered before parking the machine?

_____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________

Shut Down Procedure

Question 21. Why do you let a machines engine idle down for a period of time?

_____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________

Question 22. List 3 thing you could check during this idle down period?

_____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________


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Question 23. What documentation should be completed at the end of shift and engine shut down?

_____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ Question 24. After shutting down the engine and before leaving the cab, List 5 things you should do?

_____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________

Tie Down Points

Question 25. Where should the machine be restrained by chains and binders?

_____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ Question 26. List 5 conditions that would render a chain or attachment unsuitable for use?

_____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________


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Tie Down Points

Question 27. List 4 types of chain tensioners?

_____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________

Question 28. When selecting chains to secure the machine, what 2 things would you consider?

_____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________

Question 29. Who is responsible for ensuring the load is secured correctly?

_____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________

Question 30. After loading a articulated machine what extra precautions would you take?

_____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________

Question 31. List 4 things you would check or do after loading the machine?

_____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________


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Question 32. List 4 things you wouldn’t do when securing a machine?

_____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________

Question 33. If equipment is wider than 2.5m, List some things you could do to still safely transport the machine?

_____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________

Tie Down Points

Question 34. Describe how you would lash a machine using the towing bracket? Sketch if necessary.

_____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________

Driving Machine on Public Road/On Site

Question 35. Describe how you would prepare the machine and precautions that you would take to drive the machine on a public road?

_____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________


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Safe Loading Area

Question 36. Describe a safe loading area?

_____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________

Position of Machine on the Float

Question 37. Describe how you would position the machine on the float? Outline all points in this process.

_____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________

Unloading the Machine off the Float

Question 38. Describe the unloading procedure of the machine from the float? Outline all points in the process.

_____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________________________________


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Complete the Job Safety Analysis on the last page for a site where you will be required to load and unload a particular piece of plant. Write in some of the hazards below before attempting the JSA. Hazards can be selected collectively as a team.

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

Practical Exercise 1


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Having completed your JSA carry out a prestart check on your piece of plant before attempting to start the machine for loading Plant Inspected Organisation:

Depot Location:

Inspected By:

Manufacturer:

Model No:

Serial No:

Description Yes No N/A Comments

Risk assessment completed ! ! !

Operators manual available ! ! !

Log book available ! ! !

Engine oil is at correct level ! ! !

Sufficient and correct fuel is in tank ! ! !

Air filter is clean and in good condition ! ! !

Cutting blades where appropriate are in good condition ! ! !

Sufficient cord is attached to head ! ! !

Spark plug has correct gap ! ! !

Spark plug lead is in good condition ! ! !

Fuel lines are in good condition ! ! !

Fuel tap is operatable and turned on ! ! !

Accelerator cable is attached correctly and moving freely ! ! !

Choke lever working correctly ! ! !

Starter cord is not frayed and attached securely ! ! !

Exhaust outlet is covered with a protective guard ! ! !

Start / Stop switch operational ! ! !

Equipment is in an operational / non-operational condition Inspection Verified By: Name: Signature: Date:



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Having completed the JSA and prestart checks and taking into account any TMP under the watchful eye of your trainer load your piece of equipment onto its trailer, float or truck and demonstrate the correct application of all chains and tensioners to their anchor points. You should ensure that all tensioners, rachets or lever binders are correctly tightened and that the load is correct for transportation. In the case that it is a wide or oversized machine you should also demonstrate the correct paperwork for the transport. You should make note below of the procedures you carried out, a small diagram of your chains and tensioners is required.

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________________



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Student Name : Student Signature:

Project : Trainers Name:

Location : Date : Accepted : Yes ! No !

Procedure - List of steps in doing a Job on a site.

Possible Hazards – What things can happen or go wrong, also what hidden dangers are there on this Job Site? Risk Safety Control – How can I stop or minimize these

things happening or going wrong or injuries occurring? Risk

Signature Trainer / Site Leader_____________________________________ Signature Building Supervisor___________________________________

Job Safety Analysis


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Consequence

Likelihood 1 2 3 4 5

Insignificant Minor Moderate Major Catastrophic

A (Almost Certain) 11 16 20 23 25

B (Likely) 7 12 17 21 24

C (Possible ) 4 8 13 18 22

D (Unlikely) 2 5 9 14 19

E (Rare) 1 3 6 10 15

Low Medium High Extreme

Job Safety Analysis – Risk Matrix


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riihan308d load and unload plant lr

Documents