rigid plastics packaging-materials processes and applications

Rapra Review Reports

Expert overviews covering the science and technology of rubber and plastics

ISSN: 0889-3144

Rigid Plastics Packaging - Materials, Processes and Applications

Report 151

Volume 13, Number 7, 2002

F. Hannay

RAPRA REVIEW REPORTS

A Rapra Review Report comprises three sections, as follows:

1. A commissioned expert review, discussing a key topic of current interest, and referring to the References andAbstracts section. Reference numbers in brackets refer to item numbers from the References and Abstractssection. Where it has been necessary for completeness to cite sources outside the scope of the Polymer Librarydatabase, these are listed at the end of the review, and cited in the text as a.1, a.2, etc.

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Item 1Macromolecules

33, No.6, 21st March 2000, p.2171-83EFFECT OF THERMAL HISTORY ON THE RHEOLOGICALBEHAVIOR OF THERMOPLASTIC POLYURETHANESPil Joong Yoon; Chang Dae HanAkron,University

The effect of thermal history on the rheological behaviour of ester- andether-based commercial thermoplastic PUs (Estane 5701, 5707 and 5714from B.F.Goodrich) was investigated. It was found that the injectionmoulding temp. used for specimen preparation had a marked effect on thevariations of dynamic storage and loss moduli of specimens with timeobserved during isothermal annealing. Analysis of FTIR spectra indicatedthat variations in hydrogen bonding with time during isothermal annealingvery much resembled variations of dynamic storage modulus with timeduring isothermal annealing. Isochronal dynamic temp. sweep experimentsindicated that the thermoplastic PUs exhibited a hysteresis effect in theheating and cooling processes. It was concluded that the microphaseseparation transition or order-disorder transition in thermoplastic PUs couldnot be determined from the isochronal dynamic temp. sweep experiment.The plots of log dynamic storage modulus versus log loss modulus variedwith temp. over the entire range of temps. (110-190C) investigated. 57 refs.

GOODRICH B.F.USA

Accession no.771897

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Previous Titles Still AvailableVolume 1Report 3 Advanced Composites, D.K. Thomas, RAE, Farnborough.

Report 4 Liquid Crystal Polymers, M.K. Cox, ICI, Wilton.

Report 5 CAD/CAM in the Polymer Industry, N.W. Sandlandand M.J. Sebborn, Cambridge Applied Technology.

Report 8 Engineering Thermoplastics, I.T. Barrie, Consultant.

Report 11 Communications Applications of Polymers,R. Spratling, British Telecom.

Report 12 Process Control in the Plastics Industry,R.F. Evans, Engelmann & Buckham Ancillaries.

Volume 2Report 13 Injection Moulding of Engineering Thermoplastics,

A.F. Whelan, London School of Polymer Technology.

Report 14 Polymers and Their Uses in the Sports and LeisureIndustries, A.L. Cox and R.P. Brown, RapraTechnology Ltd.

Report 15 Polyurethane, Materials, Processing andApplications, G. Woods, Consultant.

Report 16 Polyetheretherketone, D.J. Kemmish, ICI, Wilton.

Report 17 Extrusion, G.M. Gale, Rapra Technology Ltd.

Report 18 Agricultural and Horticultural Applications ofPolymers, J.C. Garnaud, International Committee forPlastics in Agriculture.

Report 19 Recycling and Disposal of Plastics Packaging,R.C. Fox, Plas/Tech Ltd.

Report 20 Pultrusion, L. Hollaway, University of Surrey.

Report 21 Materials Handling in the Polymer Industry,H. Hardy, Chronos Richardson Ltd.

Report 22 Electronics Applications of Polymers, M.T.Goosey,Plessey Research (Caswell) Ltd.

Report 23 Offshore Applications of Polymers, J.W.Brockbank,Avon Industrial Polymers Ltd.

Report 24 Recent Developments in Materials for FoodPackaging, R.A. Roberts, Pira Packaging Division.

Volume 3Report 25 Foams and Blowing Agents, J.M. Methven, Cellcom

Technology Associates.

Report 26 Polymers and Structural Composites in CivilEngineering, L. Hollaway, University of Surrey.

Report 27 Injection Moulding of Rubber, M.A. Wheelans,Consultant.

Report 28 Adhesives for Structural and EngineeringApplications, C. O’Reilly, Loctite (Ireland) Ltd.

Report 29 Polymers in Marine Applications, C.F.Britton,Corrosion Monitoring Consultancy.

Report 30 Non-destructive Testing of Polymers, W.N. Reynolds,National NDT Centre, Harwell.

Report 31 Silicone Rubbers, B.R. Trego and H.W.Winnan,Dow Corning Ltd.

Report 32 Fluoroelastomers - Properties and Applications,D. Cook and M. Lynn, 3M United Kingdom Plc and3M Belgium SA.

Report 33 Polyamides, R.S. Williams and T. Daniels,T & N Technology Ltd. and BIP Chemicals Ltd.

Report 34 Extrusion of Rubber, J.G.A. Lovegrove, NovaPetrochemicals Inc.

Report 35 Polymers in Household Electrical Goods, D.Alvey,Hotpoint Ltd.

Report 36 Developments in Additives to Meet Health andEnvironmental Concerns, M.J. Forrest, RapraTechnology Ltd.

Volume 4Report 37 Polymers in Aerospace Applications, W.W. Wright,

University of Surrey.

Report 39 Polymers in Chemically Resistant Applications,D. Cattell, Cattell Consultancy Services.

Report 41 Failure of Plastics, S. Turner, Queen Mary College.

Report 42 Polycarbonates, R. Pakull, U. Grigo, D. Freitag, BayerAG.

Report 43 Polymeric Materials from Renewable Resources,J.M. Methven, UMIST.

Report 44 Flammability and Flame Retardants in Plastics,J. Green, FMC Corp.

Report 45 Composites - Tooling and Component Processing,N.G. Brain, Tooltex.

Report 46 Quality Today in Polymer Processing, S.H. Coulson,J.A. Cousans, Exxon Chemical International Marketing.

Report 47 Chemical Analysis of Polymers, G. Lawson, LeicesterPolytechnic.

Volume 5Report 49 Blends and Alloys of Engineering Thermoplastics,

H.T. van de Grampel, General Electric Plastics BV.

Report 50 Automotive Applications of Polymers II,A.N.A. Elliott, Consultant.

Report 51 Biomedical Applications of Polymers, C.G. Gebelein,Youngstown State University / Florida Atlantic University.

Report 52 Polymer Supported Chemical Reactions, P. Hodge,University of Manchester.

Report 53 Weathering of Polymers, S.M. Halliwell, BuildingResearch Establishment.

Report 54 Health and Safety in the Rubber Industry, A.R. Nutt,Arnold Nutt & Co. and J. Wade.

Report 55 Computer Modelling of Polymer Processing,E. Andreassen, Å. Larsen and E.L. Hinrichsen, Senter forIndustriforskning, Norway.

Report 56 Plastics in High Temperature Applications,J. Maxwell, Consultant.

Report 57 Joining of Plastics, K.W. Allen, City University.

Report 58 Physical Testing of Rubber, R.P. Brown, RapraTechnology Ltd.

Report 59 Polyimides - Materials, Processing and Applications,A.J. Kirby, Du Pont (U.K.) Ltd.

Report 60 Physical Testing of Thermoplastics, S.W. Hawley,Rapra Technology Ltd.

Volume 6Report 61 Food Contact Polymeric Materials, J.A. Sidwell,

Rapra Technology Ltd.

Report 62 Coextrusion, D. Djordjevic, Klöckner ER-WE-PA GmbH.

Report 63 Conductive Polymers II, R.H. Friend, University ofCambridge, Cavendish Laboratory.

Report 64 Designing with Plastics, P.R. Lewis, The Open University.

Report 65 Decorating and Coating of Plastics, P.J. Robinson,International Automotive Design.

Report 66 Reinforced Thermoplastics - Composition, Processingand Applications, P.G. Kelleher, New Jersey PolymerExtension Center at Stevens Institute of Technology.

Report 67 Plastics in Thermal and Acoustic Building Insulation,V.L. Kefford, MRM Engineering Consultancy.

Report 68 Cure Assessment by Physical and ChemicalTechniques, B.G. Willoughby, Rapra Technology Ltd.

Report 69 Toxicity of Plastics and Rubber in Fire, P.J. Fardell,Building Research Establishment, Fire Research Station.

Report 70 Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene Polymers,M.E. Adams, D.J. Buckley, R.E. Colborn, W.P. Englandand D.N. Schissel, General Electric Corporate Researchand Development Center.

Report 71 Rotational Moulding, R.J. Crawford, The Queen’sUniversity of Belfast.

Report 72 Advances in Injection Moulding, C.A. Maier,Econology Ltd.

Volume 7

Report 73 Reactive Processing of Polymers, M.W.R. Brown,P.D. Coates and A.F. Johnson, IRC in Polymer Scienceand Technology, University of Bradford.

Report 74 Speciality Rubbers, J.A. Brydson.

Report 75 Plastics and the Environment, I. Boustead, BousteadConsulting Ltd.

Report 76 Polymeric Precursors for Ceramic Materials,R.C.P. Cubbon.

Report 77 Advances in Tyre Mechanics, R.A. Ridha, M. Theves,Goodyear Technical Center.

Report 78 PVC - Compounds, Processing and Applications,J.Leadbitter, J.A. Day, J.L. Ryan, Hydro Polymers Ltd.

Report 79 Rubber Compounding Ingredients - Need, Theoryand Innovation, Part I: Vulcanising Systems,Antidegradants and Particulate Fillers for GeneralPurpose Rubbers, C. Hepburn, University of Ulster.

Report 80 Anti-Corrosion Polymers: PEEK, PEKK and OtherPolyaryls, G. Pritchard, Kingston University.

Report 81 Thermoplastic Elastomers - Properties and Applications,J.A. Brydson.

Report 82 Advances in Blow Moulding Process Optimization,Andres Garcia-Rejon,Industrial Materials Institute,National Research Council Canada.

Report 83 Molecular Weight Characterisation of SyntheticPolymers, S.R. Holding and E. Meehan, RapraTechnology Ltd. and Polymer Laboratories Ltd.

Report 84 Rheology and its Role in Plastics Processing,P. Prentice, The Nottingham Trent University.

Volume 8

Report 85 Ring Opening Polymerisation, N. Spassky, UniversitéPierre et Marie Curie.

Report 86 High Performance Engineering Plastics,D.J. Kemmish, Victrex Ltd.

Report 87 Rubber to Metal Bonding, B.G. Crowther, RapraTechnology Ltd.

Report 88 Plasticisers - Selection, Applications and Implications,A.S. Wilson.

Report 89 Polymer Membranes - Materials, Structures andSeparation Performance, T. deV. Naylor, The SmartChemical Company.

Report 90 Rubber Mixing, P.R. Wood.

Report 91 Recent Developments in Epoxy Resins, I. Hamerton,University of Surrey.

Report 92 Continuous Vulcanisation of Elastomer Profiles,A. Hill, Meteor Gummiwerke.

Report 93 Advances in Thermoforming, J.L. Throne, SherwoodTechnologies Inc.

Report 94 Compressive Behaviour of Composites,C. Soutis, Imperial College of Science, Technologyand Medicine.

Report 95 Thermal Analysis of Polymers, M. P. Sepe, Dickten &Masch Manufacturing Co.

Report 96 Polymeric Seals and Sealing Technology, J.A. Hickman,St Clair (Polymers) Ltd.

Volume 9

Report 97 Rubber Compounding Ingredients - Need, Theoryand Innovation, Part II: Processing, Bonding, FireRetardants, C. Hepburn, University of Ulster.

Report 98 Advances in Biodegradable Polymers, G.F. Moore &S.M. Saunders, Rapra Technology Ltd.

Report 99 Recycling of Rubber, H.J. Manuel and W. Dierkes,Vredestein Rubber Recycling B.V.

Report 100 Photoinitiated Polymerisation - Theory andApplications, J.P. Fouassier, Ecole Nationale Supérieurede Chimie, Mulhouse.

Report 101 Solvent-Free Adhesives, T.E. Rolando, H.B. FullerCompany.

Report 102 Plastics in Pressure Pipes, T. Stafford, RapraTechnology Ltd.

Report 103 Gas Assisted Moulding, T.C. Pearson, Gas Injection Ltd.

Report 104 Plastics Profile Extrusion, R.J. Kent, TangramTechnology Ltd.

Report 105 Rubber Extrusion Theory and Development,B.G. Crowther.

Report 106 Properties and Applications of ElastomericPolysulfides, T.C.P. Lee, Oxford Brookes University.

Report 107 High Performance Polymer Fibres, P.R. Lewis,The Open University.

Report 108 Chemical Characterisation of Polyurethanes,M.J. Forrest, Rapra Technology Ltd.

Volume 10

Report 109 Rubber Injection Moulding - A Practical Guide,J.A. Lindsay.

Report 110 Long-Term and Accelerated Ageing Tests on Rubbers,R.P. Brown, M.J. Forrest and G. Soulagnet,Rapra Technology Ltd.

Report 111 Polymer Product Failure, P.R. Lewis,The Open University.

Report 112 Polystyrene - Synthesis, Production and Applications,J.R. Wünsch, BASF AG.

Report 113 Rubber-Modified Thermoplastics, H. Keskkula,University of Texas at Austin.

Report 114 Developments in Polyacetylene - Nanopolyacetylene,V.M. Kobryanskii, Russian Academy of Sciences.

Report 115 Metallocene-Catalysed Polymerisation, W. Kaminsky,University of Hamburg.

Report 116 Compounding in Co-rotating Twin-Screw Extruders,Y. Wang, Tunghai University.

Report 117 Rapid Prototyping, Tooling and Manufacturing,R.J.M. Hague and P.E. Reeves, Edward MackenzieConsulting.

Report 118 Liquid Crystal Polymers - Synthesis, Properties andApplications, D. Coates, CRL Ltd.

Report 119 Rubbers in Contact with Food, M.J. Forrest andJ.A. Sidwell, Rapra Technology Ltd.

Report 120 Electronics Applications of Polymers II, M.T. Goosey,Shipley Ronal.

Volume 11

Report 121 Polyamides as Engineering Thermoplastic Materials,I.B. Page, BIP Ltd.

Report 122 Flexible Packaging - Adhesives, Coatings andProcesses, T.E. Rolando, H.B. Fuller Company.

Report 123 Polymer Blends, L.A. Utracki, National ResearchCouncil Canada.

Report 124 Sorting of Waste Plastics for Recycling, R.D. Pascoe,University of Exeter.

Report 125 Structural Studies of Polymers by Solution NMR,H.N. Cheng, Hercules Incorporated.

Report 126 Composites for Automotive Applications, C.D. Rudd,University of Nottingham.

Report 127 Polymers in Medical Applications, B.J. Lambert andF.-W. Tang, Guidant Corp., and W.J. Rogers, Consultant.

Report 128 Solid State NMR of Polymers, P.A. Mirau,Lucent Technologies.

Report 129 Failure of Polymer Products Due to Photo-oxidation,D.C. Wright.

Report 130 Failure of Polymer Products Due to Chemical Attack,D.C. Wright.

Report 131 Failure of Polymer Products Due to Thermo-oxidation,D.C. Wright.

Report 132 Stabilisers for Polyolefins, C. Kröhnke and F. Werner,Clariant Huningue SA.

Volume 12

Report 133 Advances in Automation for Plastics InjectionMoulding, J. Mallon, Yushin Inc.

Report 134 Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy of Polymers,J.L. Koenig, Case Western Reserve University.

Report 135 Polymers in Sport and Leisure, R.P. Brown.

Report 136 Radiation Curing, R.S. Davidson, DavRad Services.

Report 137 Silicone Elastomers, P. Jerschow, Wacker-Chemie GmbH.

Report 138 Health and Safety in the Rubber Industry, N. Chaiear,Khon Kaen University.

Report 139 Rubber Analysis - Polymers, Compounds andProducts, M.J. Forrest, Rapra Technology Ltd.

Report 140 Tyre Compounding for Improved Performance,M.S. Evans, Kumho European Technical Centre.

Report 141 Particulate Fillers for Polymers, Professor R.N.Rothon, Rothon Consultants and ManchesterMetropolitan University.

Report 142 Blowing Agents for Polyurethane Foams, S.N. Singh,Huntsman Polyurethanes.

Report 143 Adhesion and Bonding to Polyolefins, D.M. Brewisand I. Mathieson, Institute of Surface Science &Technology, Loughborough University.

Report 144 Rubber Curing Systems, R.N. Datta, Flexsys BV.

Volume 13

Report 145 Multi-Material Injection Moulding, V. Goodship andJ.C. Love, The University of Warwick.

Report 146 In-Mould Decoration of Plastics, J.C. Love andV. Goodship, The University of Warwick

Report 147 Rubber Product Failure, R.P. Brown.

Report 148 Plastics Waste - Feedstock Recycling, ChemicalRecycling and Incineration, A. Tukker, TNO.

Report 149 Analysis of Plastics, Martin J. Forrest, RapraTechnology Ltd.

Report 150 Mould Sticking, Fouling and Cleaning, D.E. Packham,Materials Research Centre, University of Bath.

Rigid Plastics Packaging -Materials, Processes and

Applications

ISBN 1-85957-358-4

F. Hannay, Nampak Group Research & Development


1

Contents

1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................................... 3

2 Container Moulding Processes .................................................................................................................. 3

2.1 Extrusion ......................................................................................................................................... 3

2.2 Sheet Extrusion/Thermoforming .................................................................................................... 4

2.3 Injection Moulding ......................................................................................................................... 6

2.4 Extrusion-Blow Moulding (EBM).................................................................................................. 7

2.5 Injection Blow Moulding ................................................................................................................ 9

2.6 Injection-Stretch Blow Moulding ................................................................................................... 9

3 The Main Polymers Used in Rigid Packaging Applications ................................................................... 12

3.1 Polyethylene .................................................................................................................................. 12

3.2 Polypropylene (PP) ....................................................................................................................... 14

3.3 Polyesters ...................................................................................................................................... 14

3.4 Styrenic Polymers ......................................................................................................................... 16

3.5 Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) ............................................................................................................ 16

3.6 Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) ................................................................................................................ 16

3.7 Identification of Polymers for Recycling ..................................................................................... 17

4 High Barrier Polymers for Multilayer Containers................................................................................... 17

4.1 Polyamide Barrier Polymers ......................................................................................................... 17

4.2 Ethylene-Vinyl Alcohol Copolymer (EVOH) .............................................................................. 18

4.3 Thermoplastic Epoxies ................................................................................................................. 19

4.4 Further Development of Barrier Polymers ................................................................................... 20

5 Other Barrier Enhancement Processes .................................................................................................... 21

5.1 Organic Coatings ......................................................................................................................... 21

5.2 Inorganic Vapour Deposited Coatings .......................................................................................... 21

5.3 Fluorination of HDPE for Solvent Barrier ................................................................................... 22

6 Rigid Plastics in Secondary Packaging ................................................................................................... 22

7 Rigid Plastics Packaging for Non-Food Applications ............................................................................. 23

8 Rigid Plastics Packaging for Foods ......................................................................................................... 23

8.1 Fresh and Near-Fresh Foods ......................................................................................................... 23

8.2 Frozen Foods ................................................................................................................................. 24

8.3 Shelf-Stable Foods ........................................................................................................................ 24


2

The views and opinions expressed by authors in Rapra Review Reports do not necessarily reflect those ofRapra Technology Limited or the editor. The series is published on the basis that no responsibility orliability of any nature shall attach to Rapra Technology Limited arising out of or in connection with anyutilisation in any form of any material contained therein.

8.4 Processed Foods ............................................................................................................................ 24

9 Rigid Plastics Packaging for Beverages .................................................................................................. 25

9.1 Carbonated Soft Drinks Bottles .................................................................................................... 25

9.2 Beer Bottles ................................................................................................................................... 25

9.3 Still or Non-Carbonated Beverages .............................................................................................. 26

10 Food and Beverage Packaging Developments ........................................................................................ 26

10.1 Integration of Blowing and Filling Operations ............................................................................ 26

10.2 Aseptic Processing versus Hot-Fill ............................................................................................... 26

10.3 Alternative Processing Techniques ............................................................................................... 27

11 Future Trends ........................................................................................................................................... 27

Abbreviations and Acronyms ......................................................................................................................... 28

Abstracts from the Polymer Library Database ................................................................................................ 29

Subject Index ..................................................................................................................................................115


3

1 Introduction

Plastics’ desirable properties such as toughness, lightweight and the design freedom that they offer, havemade them a natural choice for both rigid and flexiblepackaging materials. Flexibility is said to be one ofthe great advantages of plastic materials in manyapplications. The word ‘plastic’ has come to implymouldability and flexibility. It is therefore necessaryto clarify what we mean when we use the term ‘rigidplastics packaging’ in contrast to flexible packaging.

Typical containers covered by our definition of rigidplastics include bottles, jars, tubs, buckets and pails.These are self-supporting, freestanding containers.Most have walls thicker than 0.25 mm. There willalways be grey areas in definitions of this type. Forexample trays produced in form-fill-seal operationsmay be considered to be flexible packaging, but arelittle different in form and rigidity to thin pre-formedtrays or punnets classed as rigids.

The rapid advancement of rigid plastics in packaginghas been influenced by the parallel development ofplastic raw materials and plastics conversion processes.Low density polyethylene, polystyrene, high densitypolyethylene, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) andpolypropylene have taken their places in the rigidpackaging spectrum as blow moulding, injectionmoulding and thermoforming processes developed tomould containers from these materials with increasingspeed and efficiency. Polyester (or polyethyleneterephthalate (PET)) has been known since 1941 as afibre polymer and as a flexible packaging material. Itwas only in 1975, after the injection-stretch blowmoulding process was invented and commerciallydeveloped, that PET’s unique properties could be usedto meet the challenge of packaging carbonated drinksin a plastic container.

Developments in packaging processes and technologyhave contributed to the growth in plastics packaging.Advances in filling machines and systems capable ofhandling lightweight containers at high speed have beenimportant. New decoration techniques have widenedthe scope for rigid plastics in packaging. Developmentsin food processing have opened new opportunities forthe use of plastics and will continue to have a largeinfluence in the future.

In this review, the main plastic conversion processesrelevant to rigid packaging are briefly described anddevelopment trends in these processes reviewed.

Similarly, the main packaging polymers, barrierpolymers and developments in these areas arediscussed. While all the major polymers are discussed,it is clear that in recent years, PET and enhancementof the properties of PET containers has dominateddevelopment work in rigid packaging.

2 Container Moulding Processes

The moulding processes used to manufacture plasticcontainers are varied. They require melting of theplastic, shaping or moulding it and then cooling to formthe rigid container. In many cases the processescompete with each other to make the same type ofcontainer. For example, yoghurt cups may be madeeither by thermoforming or injection moulding. In theend the most appropriate manufacturing process for aparticular container will depend on cost considerations,the number of containers required and the productspecifications. Table 1 compares manufacturingprocesses and typical applications.

Each process could justify a study on its own. For thoseunfamiliar with plastics conversion processes a briefdescription of the relevant basic processes is provided,followed by a review of moulding developments ofimportance to rigid packaging.

2.1 Extrusion

Extrusion is a process for melting and mixing plasticsbefore forming. It is the basis of most plastic conversionprocesses (see Figure 1). An extruder consists of a rawmaterial hopper, a heated barrel containing a rotatingfeed-screw and an extrusion head. The extrusion headcontains a die that determines the shape of the plasticextrudate. Plastic granules are fed from the hopper bythe screw. The plastic is melted by a combination ofheat from the barrel and shear heat generated by themechanical action of the screw. The action of the screwmixes the molten plastic and feeds it through the die.The shape and type of die determines the end productto be produced.

Let us consider sheet extrusion as an example. Anextruder feeds melt through a slot-shaped die to forma sheet of molten plastic. This passes over a series ofrollers that control the final sheet thickness and coolthe sheet. The sheet is then commonly wound onto reelsfor subsequent use.


4

By using a number of extruders to feed different plasticmaterials, via a combining device, or feedblock, to acommon die, multilayered structures of differentmaterials, with different properties can be formed. Werefer to this as co-extrusion. Extrusion feedblocks anddies are precision engineering components and can beextremely complex, particularly when a large numberof materials are used in a co-extrusion. Thedevelopment of co-extrusion has made it possible tocombine materials with diverse properties. This hasmade an important contribution to the development ofsophisticated plastics packaging.

2.2 Sheet Extrusion/Thermoforming

Wide-mouth containers such as tubs, trays and cupsare commonly produced by thermoforming.Thermoformed containers are usually tapered and the

process requires that the mouldings have a mouth widerthan the container body as the process cannot mouldundercuts. For this type of container, thermoformingcompetes with injection moulding. Variations of theprocess allow for the production of multilayer barriercontainers and even heat-resistant/oven-resistant trays(52, 358).

2.2.1 The Thermoforming Processes

The thermoforming process, illustrated in Figure 2,starts with plastic in sheet form. The sheet is softenedby heating in an oven, or by passing it over a bank ofheaters. The hot sheet is then placed over a hollowmould. In the vacuum forming process, a vacuum drawsit into the mould. In the pressure-forming process, apositive pressure applied above the sheet blows thesheet into the mould cavity. The mould cavity must bevented to prevent air from being trapped between thesheet and the mould surface.

A plug-assist device may be used to push the sheet intothe mould cavity to ensure optimum wall-thicknessdistribution in the final moulding. The shape of theplug will determine the final material distribution inthe moulding (381). Only the outer surface of thecontainer is formed by the mould. The inner surface isformed by air pressure. Thermoformed containers willtherefore not have the same dimensional accuracy astheir injection-moulded counterparts (188, 406).

A feature of the thermoforming process is that thecontainer has to be punched out of the remaining sheet.This may be done by incorporating cutters in the mouldor by indexing the mouldings to a separate punchingstation. The web of material remaining after the

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The extruder


5

containers are punched out is referred to as skeletalwaste. For an economic process this has to be regroundand recycled back into the system. In containermoulding, the skeletal waste may form 40% to 60% ofthe material output.

A thermoforming machine may be coupled directly toits own dedicated sheet extruder to form a continuousextrusion/thermoforming line. This saves energy, as thesheet does not have to be fully cooled and then reheated.The extruder feeds into a temperature-conditioning unitthat cools the sheet to optimum forming temperature.

2.2.2 Thermoformed Multilayer BarrierContainers (181, 378)

Co-extrusion of multilayer structures is a well-developed technology and hence the manufacture ofmultilayer sheet has become fairly commonplace. Withready availability of suitable sheet, it is a relativelyeasy step for a thermoformer to produce multilayercontainers.

The earliest multilayer containers were simple two-layer structures of two similar materials. Cups with aglossy crystal polystyrene outer skin over high impactpolystyrene are a good example. Similar examples,often seen on the shelves today are two-colour tubs; abright colour on the outside and a clean white innerlayer. As we have seen, thermoforming produces a highproportion of skeletal waste. Two-tone containers meantwo-tone waste that has to be reprocessed. This led tothree-layer sheet extrusion; a colour layer/mixed colourregrind/a white layer.

To produce containers with high gas barrier propertiesrequires co-extrusion of plastic materials with very

different melting points and different melt viscosity.Layers of adhesive copolymers are needed to ensuregood adhesion between dissimilar polymers. Thethickness of expensive high gas-barrier polymers needsto be precisely controlled. As a result, the feedblocksand sheet extrusion dies required to produce thecomplex co-extruded structures available today areprecision engineering tools based on high leveltechnology.

Trays used for shelf-stable ready meals are a goodexample of the complex material combinations in usetoday. These typically consist of polypropylene (PP)as the structural layer and ethylene-vinyl alcoholcopolymer (EVOH) as the gas barrier. The wallstructure consists of virgin or pigmented PP/mixedPP+EVOH regrind/adhesive/EVOH/adhesive/virginPP.

2.2.3 Ovenable Containers

The development of crystallisable grades of PET(CPET) as described in Section 3.3.1 has made itpossible to thermoform PET trays that can be used forheating food in conventional household ovens. A heat-setting step is added to the process. Sheet extruded fromCPET is rapidly chilled to ensure that crystallisationdoes not occur. This sheet is then reheated andthermoformed in the conventional manner. The formedcomponent is then transferred to a crystallisationstation. This is a second mould that is heated to theoptimum crystallisation temperature of the PET. Thethermoformed article is held in the mould underpressure while the PET crystallises. The transparentamorphous PET becomes white and heat resistant.Ovenable CPET trays are reported to resisttemperatures up to 220 °C.

Figure 2

Thermoforming


6

2.3 Injection Moulding

Injection moulding is a very widely used process.Common injection moulded packaging items includetubs, buckets, rigid tubes, screw caps and variousclosures and fitments.

2.3.1 The Basic Injection Moulding Process

An injection moulder consists of a purpose-builtextruder coupled to a clamping press that is fitted withan interchangable mould. A common form of injectionmoulder has a reciprocating screw extruder as theinjection unit. The screw has a one-way valve, or check-ring at its tip. The moulding cycle starts with the screwin a forward position in the barrel. The screw rotatesin the barrel, feeding molten plastic forward, throughthe check-ring to the front of the barrel. As melt buildsup ahead of the screw, the screw is pushed back in thebarrel by the melt pressure. When a suitable pool ofmelt has accumulated ahead of the screw, the screw israpidly moved forward, acting as a piston, injectingthe molten plastic, under high pressure, into theclamped mould. The mould is filled and, after a coolingperiod, the clamp opens and the finished moulding isejected from the mould. This is illustrated in Figure 3.

In conventional injection moulding all the surfaces ofthe moulded component are formed and cooled bycontact with the mould. High dimensional accuracy istherefore possible. The relatively high injectionpressures mean that there is good replication of themould surface. Very detailed or high gloss surfacefinishes can be achieved.

There are many variations of the basic injection-moulding machine. Some machines have acontinuously operating, non-reciprocating screw thatfeeds into a separate accumulator, with injection beingdone by a separate piston. There are also manyvariations of mould clamping systems, i.e., hydraulic,mechanical and hybrid hydraulic assisted mechanicalclamps. Screw drives may be hydraulic or electric. All-electric injection moulders appear to be becoming morepopular.

The mould itself is a critical part of the process. Mouldscan vary from a simple single-cavity tool to verycomplex multi-cavity moulds. Melt channels, calledrunners, feed molten plastic from the injection unit tothe mould cavities. In simple moulds, these may becold runners, which are ejected with the mouldings andhave to be reground and reprocessed. More complexmoulds have hot-runners that provide a constant melt

Figure 3

Injection moulding


7

pathway between the injection unit and the mouldcavities.

2.3.2 Injection Moulding Developments

Many of the developments over the years have beenaimed at improving injection moulding machineefficiencies, reducing the dead time in the cycle andimproving machine control systems. Mouldmanufacturing developments have made importantcontributions to efficiency. Hot runner systems arecontinuously being improved to permit more cavitiesin the same mould area and to reduce the residencetime of the molten material in the runner system.Attention has also been given to post-mould handlingto improve efficiencies. Using pick-and-place robotsto remove hot components from the mould and placethem in secondary cooling tools has reduced cycletimes. In in-mould labelling (IML) systems (11, 348),robots are also used to place labels in the mould thuseliminating a down-stream operation (161).

2.3.2.1 Coinjection Moulding

Two-colour moulding has found a number of non-packaging applications as diverse as key-pads withmoulded-in characters and multicolour automotivelighting clusters (12). Two (or more) injection unitsare coupled to a single mould clamping unit fitted witha multi-cavity mould and moving mould cores. Thefirst material or colour is injected into the first cavity.The mould opens and the component is transferred onthe mould core to the next cavity. The mouldedcomponent now forms part of the mould as the secondmaterial is moulded over it.

This process has found applications in the luxury endof the packaging market for the manufacture ofmulticolour components. For example, soft,elastomeric materials are moulded over hardermaterials to produce caps and closures with a soft-touchgripping area.

Of more importance to the future of rigid packaging isthe ability to use coinjection systems to producemultilayer barrier containers. In the mid-1980s theAmerican Can Company patented a multilayer injectionprocess used to produce plastic food cans. These had aPP/EVOH/PP structure, giving excellent gas barrierproperties and competing with multilayerthermoformed containers. Continental PETTechnologies, working with Husky Injection Systemsdeveloped the technology to produce multilayer PET/

EVOH/PET preforms for subsequent stretch-blowmoulding into high barrier ketchup bottles. A surge ofenvironmentalism then saw the development ofcoinjection systems to encapsulate post-consumerrecycled PET between two layers of virgin material.More recently intensive developments to improvemultilayer preform injection moulding systems havebeen driven by the prospect of packing beer in barrierPET bottles (205, 212).

Much of the technology in these moulding systems liesin the design of the mould hot runner systems. Somesystems rely on the sequential injection of the differentmaterials into the mould, while others use simultaneousinjection systems. At present this is an area of intensedevelopment and intense patent litigation.

2.3.2.2 Selective Foaming

The patented Coralfoam process uses chemical blowingagents with careful control of cooling rates in selectedparts of the mould and moving mould components tofoam only selected areas of injection mouldedcomponents. The process can be used to foam a thick,insulating grip ring around a thin-walled cup forpackaging foods that can be reheated and eaten fromthe container (90, 333).

2.3.2.3 Other Significant Injection MouldingProcess Developments

Gas-assist injection processes have been used toproduce articles with a hollow core. Applications ofthis technology in rigid plastics packaging are limited.Perhaps it could be used to mould thick handles on anotherwise thin-walled packaging item, or other similarapplication. The process and its variations can becomplex. An extension of gas-injection is water-assisted injection which may accomplish similar goals,with higher cooling speeds.

It is claimed that wall thickness’ of circular tubs andpails can be significantly reduced, without loss ofmechanical properties by using the Orbital TurbulentInjection Process developed by Demag Ergotech andPoranunt in Thailand (53, 287).

2.4 Extrusion-Blow Moulding (EBM) (264)

Extrusion-blow moulding is a bottle making process.It can be used to produce containers from as small as a


8

few millilitres to 220 litre drums and larger.Applications range from small cosmetic containers andjars through the familiar bottles and containers withintegral handles used in everyday householdapplications, to large containers and drums forindustrial applications.

A conventional extruder feeds molten plastic to anextrusion head that produces a hollow tube of moltenplastic called a parison. Two halves of the hollow blow-mould close over the parison. As the mould closes, thebase of the parison is sealed. Air is blown into the hotparison, inflating it in the water-cooled mould. Aftercooling, the blown bottle is ejected from the mould. Itthen has to be trimmed to remove the tail that is formedduring the base sealing. Excess material around theneck of the bottle is also trimmed. The principle ofextrusion-blow moulding is illustrated in Figure 4.

The distinctive base weld-line is a way of identifyinga bottle as being extrusion blow-moulded. Animportant feature of the process is that a containerwith an integral handle can be formed as part of theblowing process.

Trim-scrap produced in the blow-moulding operationis significant. The amount of scrap depends on the bottledesign but may typically be between 20% and 50% ofthe bottle weight. It is therefore critical to the economicsof the process, that this scrap is regranulated and

blended into virgin polymer for re-extrusion into newbottles.

2.4.1 EBM Machine Configurations

There are a large number of different types of extrusion-blow moulding machines. There are machines with anintermittent reciprocating screw extruder and machineswith continuous extrusion systems. The extruders mayfeed a single head, producing a single parison. A smallcapacity machine may only have a single cavity mouldproducing 2 to 3 million bottles a year. Multiple headextruders extrude a number of parisons, simultaneouslyfeeding a multi-cavity mould. High-speed rotary, orwheel blow moulders have continuous extrudersfeeding up to 14 moulds on a rotating wheel producing40 million per annum. There are horizontal wheels andvertical wheels (384).

In North America, wheel machines are favoured forhigh output blow moulding. In Europe the so-calledlong-stroke blow moulders have been developed andare favoured for high output. These machines haveextrusion heads producing between 6 and 16 parisonssimultaneously. A large mould with the same numberof cavities is fitted to the clamping unit, which mayhave a stroke of more than 650 mm. Clearly this is aseparate subject and cannot be discussed in detail here(264, 303).

Figure 4

Principles of extrusion-blow moulding


9

2.4.2 Co-Extrusion-Blow Moulding (149, 384)

The technology to co-extrude a multilayer parison iswell developed. It is possible to manufacture containerswith layers of different materials. This has been widelyused as a way of incorporating post-consumer plasticscrap. As an example, a three-extruder blow-moulder,with a three-layer extrusion head may used to producea bottle with a coloured outer skin, a core layer ofreclaimed material and an inner layer of virgin plasticin contact with the product.

Polymers with high gas barrier properties, such asethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), can beincorporated in a multilayer bottle structure. Squeezebottles for tomato ketchup based on polypropylene (PP)are a good illustration of the use of this technology. Atypical ketchup bottle consists of 6 layers as follows:PP outer skin/mixed bottle trim-scrap/adhesivecopolymer/EVOH/adhesive copolymer/virgin PP.

2.5 Injection Blow Moulding

As the name suggests, this process is a combination ofinjection moulding and blow moulding. It is used tomanufacture high quality bottles and jars.

An injection blow-moulding machine usually has threemould stations. Tube-like parisons, or preforms, areinjection moulded at the first station. While still hot,these are transferred on mandrels to the blowing stationwhere they are inflated in a set of blow moulds. Theblown containers are then transferred to the ejectionstation, see Figure 5.

Because the parisons are injection moulded, injectionblown containers have a high quality neck finish and abetter surface finish than extrusion blown containers.Tooling costs are high because a preform mould andblow mould are required. The process is usually usedfor smaller containers and finds its main applicationsin the pharmaceutical and cosmetics field.

2.6 Injection-Stretch Blow Moulding(283, 328, 329)

Injection-stretch-blow-moulding (ISBM) wasdeveloped specifically to manufacture carbonateddrinks bottles from polyethylene terephthalate (PET).PET has a sharp melting point and a low melt viscosityand is not suitable for extrusion blow moulding. Inprinciple ISBM is a variation of injection blowmoulding. A tube-like preform is first injectionmoulded. This preform is much shorter than the finalbottle. The preform is conditioned to a temperature justabove the glass transition temperature of the PET, butwell below the crystalline melting point. It is thentransferred to the blow mould. Here a stretch rod entersthe preform. This rapidly stretches the preformlongitudinally while very high-pressure air inflates thepreform into the cold mould, see Figure 6.

A unique feature of ISBM is that the container is blowmoulded below the melting point of the plastic material.Combined with longitudinal and axial stretching of thepreform, this results in biaxial orientation of thepolymer molecules. Biaxial orientation impartsexceptional strength and creep resistance to thecontainer. It also enhances the gas barrier properties.This strength, creep resistance and relatively good gasbarrier is what makes the PET carbonated beveragebottle possible.

A further consequence of the fact that the bottles areformed below the melting point of the material is thatit is not possible to form an integral handle in thecontainer, as can be done in extrusion-blow moulding.This limitation is partially addressed by fitting a clip-on injection-moulded handle after moulding.Alternatively, the preform may be moulded with a smallhandle attached to the neck. The preform is then blownwith the handle portion out of the blow mould. Thislimits the number of preforms in a given mould areaand may require careful placement and orientation ofthe preform in the blow mould.

Although still used mainly for PET bottle and jarmanufacture, much development work is being doneon ISBM of polypropylene and there are some

Figure 5

Injection-blow moulding


10

commercial PP bottle operations. Stretch-blowmoulded clarified PP copolymers have a gloss andclarity approaching that of PET. The biaxial orientationresults in a vast improvement in impact strengthcompared to extrusion-blown PP containers.

2.6.1 ISBM Process Variations

The ISBM process can be split up into three stages,i.e., injection moulding, temperature conditioning andstretch-blowing. ISBM machines are classified intothree types.

2.6.1.1 Two-Stage ISBM

Preform moulding and bottle blowing are performedin two entirely separate operations. Preforms aremoulded on large, multi-cavity injection moulders.They may then be stored or shipped to a remote blow-moulding site. The preforms then have to be reheatedfrom ambient to blowing temperature prior to blowmoulding. The 2-stage process lends itself to high-speed production of large quantities. It also has the

advantage that preform moulding can be centralisedand blow moulding decentralised, with bottles beingblown at a number of sites, close to or in the fillingplant. This has economic advantages, as shipping fairlydensely packed preforms is much more cost-effectivethan shipping large volumes of empty containers overlong distances.

2.6.1.2 Single-Stage ISBM

This process more closely resembles conventionalinjection-blow moulding. The preforms are injectionmoulded and bottle blown in the same machine.Multiple preforms are moulded at the injection station.After partial cooling in the injection mould, they areindexed to a temperature conditioning station. Theythen move into the blow moulds where blowing andstretching take place. These machines have the samenumber of blow moulds as they have injection cavities.Their output rate is determined by the cooling time thatis required in the injection moulds. This limits themachine efficiency somewhat. Single-stage machinesare better suited to applications not requiring largequantities. An advantage is that the preforms are nothandled between stages. Single-stage bottles therefore

Figure 6

Injection-stretch blow moulding


11

have a better, blemish-free surface. This offersadvantages in containers for cosmetic products. Single-stage ISBM is also commonly used in the manufactureof wide-mouth PET jars.

2.6.1.3 One-and-a-Half Stage ISBM

This rather odd term was coined to describe the latestgeneration of modified single-stage machines. They area compromise between the single-stage and two-stageprocesses, but remain a single machine process. Toincrease the efficiency of the blowing portion of thesingle-stage process, these machines have morepreform cavities than blow mould cavities. Preformsare injection moulded as in a single-stage process. Theyare then transferred to a post-mould cooling/holdingstation. They are then reheated in groups, with the sizeof the group matching the number of blow moulds.For example, a machine may have 6 preform cavitiesand only 2 blow moulds. The blow moulding cycle isthree times faster than the injection cycle. Six preformsare moulded and transferred to the holding station.From there they are transferred in pairs, first through are-heating oven, then to the pair of blow moulds. Threeblowing cycles take place during the preform moulding.

2.6.2 Heat-Set PET Bottles (110, 290)

PET has the unusual ability to exist either in acompletely amorphous state or in a highly crystallinestate. This is discussed in more detail in Section 3.3.1.When sufficient heat is applied to a PET container heldin a mould, the degree of crystallinity increases. Thisincreases the temperature resistance of the PET. Theprocess is called heat-setting. It can be used to producePET bottles that can withstand hot filling. The degreeof heat-setting may be controlled to yield differentlevels of heat stability. Unfortunately heat-setting addssignificantly to the bottle cost.

Standard PET containers blown in cold moulds maywithstand filling at up to 60 °C. Partial heat-settingmay be applied by using heated moulds. The amountof heat that can be applied is limited and the blowingprocess is slowed down considerably. Bottles producedwith partial heat-setting may withstand filling to about75 °C. The hot fill temperature achieved will dependon the process, the bottle weight and the fillingprocedure.

To achieve an 80 to 85 °C resistance, a purpose-builtblow moulder with a second set of blow moulds isrequired. There are a number of commercially available

processes. Essentially, the bottles are first blown inheated moulds and then transferred to cooled mouldswhere they are stabilised to final dimensions. Capitalcosts are obviously significantly higher than forstandard blow moulding.

In both these processes, only the body of the bottle isheat set. The neck remains amorphous and is thereforeliable to distort at high temperatures. There are twooptions to avoid neck distortion. The necks may bemade very thick and the filled containers cooled as soonas possible after filling. Alternatively the preform neckmay be crystallised in a separate operation beforeblowing. Neck crystallisation processes are covered bypatents. They involve heating only the neck in a mouldto a temperature high enough to induce crystallisation.The optimum crystallisation depends on the particulargrade of PET but could be as high as 160 °C. In theprocess the necks become opaque white. This is adistinguishing feature of this type of container.

It is possible to produce PET bottles capable ofwithstanding fill temperatures in excess of 95 °C witha special blowing process. Neck crystallisation isessential. A blow/shrink/blow process is used. The firstblow step is a conventional PET bottle blowingoperation using oversized moulds. The oversized bottleis then passed through a crystallising oven where itshrinks to smaller than the required size. Crystallisationtakes place and stresses are relaxed. The mouldingsare then transported to a second blowing machine wherethey are re-blown and cooled to form the final container.

It is clear that all heat setting adds substantially to thecontainer cost both in terms of reduced output permould and with increased investment cost. ModifiedPET resins with improved heat resistance and improvedcrystallisation properties are under development.

2.6.3 Multilayer Barrier Bottles (175)

PET bottles have moderate gas barrier properties, butthey are not sufficient for packing oxygen sensitivefood products. Driven by the huge potential for asuccessful PET beer bottle, extensive developmentwork has been focussed on producing multilayer PETbottles. This has had some technical success, but thejury is still out on the commercial success. This abilityto produce high barrier bottles, together with heat-setting, or aseptic filling technology must have spin-offs for other critical food packaging applications.

Having said that, the heart of barrier PET bottletechnology lies not in the blow moulding process, but


12

in multilayer preform injection moulding, as discussedin Section 2.3.2.1. Barrier properties can also beachieved by coating monolayer PET bottles. This isdiscussed in Section 5.

2.6.4 ISBM Polypropylene Containers

Much has been said about PET ISBM bottles. Theprocess has also been successfully applied topolypropylene (PP). Stretch-blow moulded clarified PPrandom copolymers can produce tough containers thatalmost rival PET in clarity. Their commercial successhas been limited by the very high oxygen permeabilityof PP when compared to PET. Developments inmultilayer preform technology need to be applied topolypropylene to widen the scope for ISBM.

3 The Main Polymers Used in RigidPackaging Applications

Packaging materials need to be low cost and mustprocess efficiently. Plastics packaging is no exception.The bulk of plastic materials used in packagingapplications are the large volume commodity plastics.Where special properties, like high gas barrier, arerequired, specialised materials are in use, but as a minorcomponent in multilayer structures. Today rigid plasticspackaging is dominated by high density polyethylene(HDPE) and PET with PET actively gaining marketshare on many fronts. There is also a lot of activity anddevelopment in PP container materials. This sectioncovers the properties of commodity plastics used inrigid packaging, either as monolayer containers, or asthe structural layer in multilayer containers. Some morespecialised polymers that find niche applications asmonolayer containers are included.

Factors to consider when selecting one of the commonplastic materials for a particular application aresummarised in Table 2. Oxygen permeability andmoisture vapour transmission rates of these materialsare compared to the high barrier materials in Section 4.

3.1 Polyethylene

3.1.1 High Density Polyethylene (HDPE)

HDPE is widely used to extrusion-blow mouldcontainers for milk, household chemicals, automotiveproducts and large drums for industrial chemicals.

Bottles for healthcare products, toiletries and cosmeticsmay be extrusion- or injection-blow moulded. Thin-walled dairy pots, pails and buckets are injectionmoulded. HDPE is also used for injection-mouldedcaps and closures.

HDPE is a low cost material with an excellent balancebetween stiffness and toughness, over a widetemperature range. In its natural state it is a translucent,milky white material. This can be a drawback inapplications where see-through clarity is important. Itis easily pigmented and thus is available in a wide rangeof colours.

HDPE is an excellent moisture barrier and is well suitedto packaging moisture sensitive products. It has poorgas barrier properties and is not suitable, in monolayercontainers, for oxygen sensitive products. It has goodchemical resistance, resists strong acids and alkalis butmay swell in hydrocarbon solvents. HDPE containersused for these solvents will gradually lose their contentsthrough permeation. This may cause a partial vacuumto form in the containers, resulting in panelling, ordistortion of the container side-walls.

Environmental stress cracking of HDPE can occur incontact with some polar compounds, includingdetergents. When packaging these products in HDPEa stress-crack resistant grade must be specified and caretaken to ensure the container or component is of astress-free design.

3.1.2 Low Density and Linear Low DensityPolyethylene (LDPE and LLDPE)

LDPE and LLDPE are not widely used in rigidpackaging. They are more flexible than HDPE and findsome application in squeeze bottles. They are also usedin flexible snap-on closures and as plugs and insertsfor bottles.

The low density polyethylene family of polymers hasbeen extended to include very low density and ultralow density polymers (VLDPE and ULDPE). The useof metallocene and other advanced polymerisationcatalysts has resulted in soft, flexible and elasticpolyethylene based materials. Potential applications forthese materials in rigid packaging include closure linersand soft-touch surface applications. They are also beingevaluated as impact modifiers for polypropylene.


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3.2 Polypropylene (PP)

Generally, PP has similar chemical resistance and gasand moisture vapour barrier properties to HDPE.Physical properties can be varied widely throughcopolymerisation.

3.2.1 PP Homopolymer

PP homopolymer is a rigid, hard material with relativelypoor impact strength. It is fairly clear with a goodsurface gloss and resists boiling water. It is used forboth injection moulded and thermoformed thin-walledpots and tubs. It has good hinge strength and is thereforewidely used for flip-top screw caps and hingedcontainer lids. Another common application is ininjection moulded tablet containers.

3.2.2 PP Block Copolymer

PP block copolymer is considerably tougher thanhomopolymer. It commonly contains ethylene as co-monomer. The higher the ethylene content the tougherthe polymer. It finds similar applications to thehomopolymer but with greater toughness. This makesit suitable for containers for refrigerated or frozenproducts. PP block copolymers are sometimes alsoreferred to as impact copolymers or heterophasiccopolymers.

3.2.3 Random Copolymers

Random copolymers, usually with ethylene, are beingused increasingly in rigid plastics packagingapplications. They have better impact strength than PPhomopolymer but are still brittle below 10 °C.Developments in clarifying or nucleating agents forPP have resulted in random copolymers withexceptional clarity. This has led to them being used inclear injection moulded pots, tubs and buckets. Thereis growing use of these materials to produce clear tubsand punnets by thermoforming. Environmentalpressures on PVC have resulted in a need for analternative material for clear bottles. PET has met muchof this need, but PET cannot be used for bottles withan integral handle. There is thus growing interest inextrusion-blow moulded clarified PP copolymer forPVC bottle replacement. In some instances this mayrequire co-extrusion to match the barrier properties ofPVC. A big plus for PP is that it can be hot filled. IndeedPP random copolymers have been used in multilayer,

coextrusion-blow moulded ketchup bottles for manyyears.

Developments in catalyst and polymerisationtechnology are also broadening the range ofpolypropylenes available and improving efficiencies.We can look forward to improved processability as wellas a range of new copolymers with unique properties.

3.3 Polyesters

3.3.1 Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET)

PET is best known in the form of stretch-blow mouldedcarbonated soft drinks bottles. PET bottles and jars arealso used for cosmetics, toiletries, mineral water,refrigerated fruit juices and foods such as edible oils,peanut butter and condiments. Thermoformed PET isused in clear trays and heat resistant food containers.Compared to other commodity plastics, PET has goodgas barrier properties but is not considered a high gasbarrier polymer. For packaging products that are verysensitive to oxidation, the use of multilayer structuresor barrier coating is required.

PET has the unusual ability to exist in a completelyamorphous, glassy state, or in a highly crystalline state.When cooled rapidly from molten, it solidifies into aclear amorphous material. If allowed to cool slowly,the polymer molecules form into an ordered crystallinestate. The amorphous material is virtually glass clearwith a glass transition point of about 80 °C (dependingon the grade). When heated above this temperature, itbecomes soft and pliable. As it is further heated, itreaches its crystallisation temperature. As it crystallises,it becomes hard and opaque white. Crystalline PETmelts at about 255 °C.

The rate and temperature at which PET crystallises canbe modified. Crystallisation can be retarded bycopolymerisation or enhanced by the addition of tracesof a nucleating agent.

3.3.1.1 Oriented PET

When amorphous PET is stretched on heating to aboveits glass transition but below the crystallisationtemperature, the tangled amorphous molecules becomeorientated in the direction of stretching. Thisdramatically increases the strength in the direction ofstretch. In the stretch-blow moulding process the


15

amorphous preform is stretched in both the length andthe width. This results in longitudinal and hooporientation. We refer to this as biaxial orientation. It isthe ability to be formed into a biaxially orientedstructure that gives stretch-blow moulded PET bottlestheir exceptional strength and resistance to creep andthat makes PET suitable for its main rigid packaginguse, the carbonated soft drink bottle. The highlystretched state of the PET molecules resists furtherstretching under the pressure of carbonation.

If the biaxially oriented PET is held in its oriented stateand further heated to its crystallisation temperature,small crystallites form between the oriented PETmolecules, tying them together. The crystallites formedin orientation crystallisation are small enough not tointerfere with the clarity of the PET. This is the basisof the heat-setting process that increases the heatresistance of the moulded article.

Since the successful introduction of the carbonated softdrink bottle the use of oriented PET in packagingapplications has grown rapidly. Its sparkling clarity,good gas barrier properties and excellent impactstrength make it a very useful packaging material. Formany years the drinks market consumed most of thePET polymer capacity and development activity,inhibiting the use of PET bottles for other applications.Today it is seen in many clear bottle applications andhas replaced many PVC bottle applications. Cookingoils, mineral waters, household detergents and beautyproducts have all been packaged in PET containers.PET is now challenging traditional HDPE applicationslike dairy bottles.

3.3.1.2 Amorphous PET (APET)

Although standard bottle grades of PET are used tothermoform amorphous containers (withoutorientation), crystallinity can occur with thick materialor where cooling is slow for other reasons.Crystallisation affects the clarity, strength anddimensions of the moulding. In these cases, a slowcrystallising grade of PET may be used. This is usuallya PET copolymer where the co-monomer inhibitscrystallisation. It remains glass clear but the gas barrierproperties are somewhat compromised by including theco-monomer. APET competes with PVC and orientedpolystyrene in thermoformed trays and punnets. It isnot suitable for hot filling and cannot be heat set.Voridian’s glycol modified PET, referred to as PETG,is also used in extrusion-blow moulding.

3.3.1.3 Crystalline PET (CPET)

CPET contains additives that accelerate crystallisation.The main application is for thermoformed ‘dual-ovenable’ food trays. The crystallisation results in arigid, opaque tray that retains its shape when heatedup to 220 °C. these trays are thus suitable for reheatingfood in both microwave and conventional ovens.

3.3.2 Polyethylene Naphthalate (PEN) and PET-Naphthalate Copolymers (421, 439)

PEN is not considered one of the main plasticspackaging materials since its relatively high cost hasprevented its widespread use in rigid packaging.However, it is a close relation of PET so is included inthis section. The gas barrier properties of PEN are 4 to5 times better than PET. It also has better heat resistanceand creep resistance.

PEN was initially seen as the route to the plastic beerbottle. In addition to its low oxygen permeability andheat resistance, it is also a good barrier to UV light,offering critical protection for beer. Unfortunately thehigh cost of PEN has limited its use to a few returnable,refillable beer bottles. Current commercial packs arethe 380 ml Carlsberg and Tuborg refillables in Europewith a 6-month shelf life, and the 1.25 litre NorwegianMagnum beer bottle.

Much development work has been done onPET/naphthalate copolymers in an attempt to find acompromise material. It has been shown that PET canbe copolymerised with up to 10 mole % naphthalateand PEN can be copolymerised with up to 10 mole %terephthalate. Low naphthalate PET copolymers arereferred to as PETN and high naphthalate copolymersas PENT. Blends of PENT and PETN can giveintermediate properties, however the blendingtechnology is complex and is yet to find significantcommercial application.

PETN copolymers have found some usefulapplications. Copolymers with less than 1% naphthalateretain the excellent UV light blocking property of PENand are being offered commercially as UV screeninggrades of PET. New grades of PET appearing on themarket, offering improved heat resistance and heat-setting properties are based on PETN copolymertechnology.


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3.4 Styrenic Polymers

3.4.1 Polystyrene

Polystyrene is one of the original rigid plastics. In itsunmodified form it is hard and very brittle. It is alsoglass-clear and commonly (but incorrectly) referred toas crystal polystyrene. Since it is actually an amorphouspolymer, it is better to refer to it as general purposepolystyrene (GPPS). Rigid packaging applications aregenerally confined to thick, high gloss injectionmoulded components for cosmetic applications. Jarclosures, lip-stick applicator covers and decorativescrew caps are applications that come to mind.

Rubbery impact modifiers added to polystyrene cangreatly increase the toughness. This also turns it milkyand reduces gloss. These grades are sometimes referredto as TPS (toughened polystyrene) or HIPS (highimpact polystyrene). Their high rigidity and ease ofprocessing resulted in wide use of toughened PS in rigidpackaging. The most common uses are inthermoformed and injection moulded dairy pots andtubs. Grades with very high levels of modifier havefound use as ice cream containers. Polystyrene issusceptible to stress-cracking in the presence of fatsand oils and this has prevented its use in tubs for yellowfats such as margarine. Relatively poor gas barrierproperties are also a limitation.

Polystyrene has seen increased competition frompolypropylene in many applications. This has comeabout as the relative cost of PP has reduced and as theprocessability of PP has improved, through thedevelopment of thermoforming and thin-wall injectionmoulding techniques specifically for PP.

3.4.2 Butadiene-Styrene Copolymers (BDS)

Clear, tough materials can be produced bycopolymerising styrene with butadiene. Increasedlevels of butadiene increase toughness. These materialsare better known by the trade names K-Resin (fromPhillip’s Petroleum) and Styrolux (from BASF) (15,29). Essentially they are a clear HIPS-like material. Toreduce cost, BDS is often blended with GPPS. Injectionmoulding, extrusion-blow moulding andthermoforming grades are available.

3.4.3 Other Styrenic Copolymers

Styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN) and acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) are usually considered asengineering materials but have found limited applicationas rigid packaging. SAN may be used for high gloss,high clarity injection mouldings, mainly for cosmeticapplications. ABS thermoforms as easily as HIPS buthas better resistance to oils. This has led to special gradesof ABS being used for thermoformed margarine tubs.It has been replaced to a large extent by thermoformedand injection moulded polypropylene tubs.

3.5 Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)

PVC is a very versatile material. Its properties can bealtered by the addition of plasticisers and impactmodifiers. In its rigid form it contains no plasticisersbut impact strength can be tailored to requirements bythe addition of impact modifiers. It has moderatelygood gas barrier properties and has found manypackaging applications. Edible oils, mineral water,toiletries, cosmetics, shampoos and householddetergents have been packed in PVC bottles.Thermoformed rigid PVC has also been widely usedin clear punnets and trays.

Recent environmental pressures against the use of PVChave resulted in it being replaced in many packagingapplications by alternative materials. PET is a naturalalternative because of its high clarity. Where no oxygenbarrier is needed, clarified polypropylene copolymerscan be a substitute, sacrificing some sparkle and clarity.

3.6 Polyacrylonitrile (PAN) (107, 305)

Blow moulding grades of PAN were developed in the1970s in an attempt to find a polymer with low gaspermeability and the physical properties required topackage carbonated soft drinks. PAN succeeded in thegas barrier requirements but was overtaken in the raceby the development of stretch-blow moulded PET. BPChemicals’ Barex PAN copolymer is today used insome niche applications as a result of its good gasbarrier properties and excellent chemical resistance.Some fruit juice bottles have appeared on the shelvesand Barex has been used for products like correctingfluid, which contain difficult to pack solvents.


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3.7 Identification of Polymers for Recycling

To assist in sorting plastic containers for recycling,manufacturers often emboss a polymer identificationsymbol under the base of the container. These symbolswere first recommended by the Society of the PlasticsIndustry Inc. (SPI) in the USA, but have been adoptedwidely throughout the world. The use of the symbolsis voluntary and it must be stressed that the purpose isto identify the polymer used. They are not a claim forrecyclability. Whether a particular container or materialcan be effectively recycled or not, depends on localconditions.

Figure 7 illustrates the identification symbols usedalmost universally. ‘1. PET’ is the most commonsymbol used for polyester bottles, however in the USAthe abbreviation ‘PETE’ is used to avoid a trademarkinfringement. ‘7. Other’ is often used on multilayercontainers. Where it has been demonstrated that theminor components in a multilayer container have noadverse effect when the containers are recycled togetherwith monolayer containers made from the same mainpolymer, the symbol for the main polymer is used.

The increasing use of automatic identification systemsin plastic container recovery plants is likely to reducethe need for these symbols.

properties to enable them to be used as single materialrigid containers, or they are too costly to be used ontheir own. They are used as thin layers in multilayercontainers. These may be thermoformed, extrusion-blow moulded or coinjection-stretch-blown containers.Their main function is to reduce the oxygenpermeability of the containers for oxygen sensitiveproducts. Some of the barrier materials also have goodchemical resistance and may be used as solvent barriersand barriers to the loss of flavour ingredients in foods.

Table 3 is a compilation of oxygen permeability andmoisture vapour transmission data for plastics that areused in rigid packaging applications. It has beencompiled from material data sheets and various othersources. Permeability figures for the same polymer mayvary from grade to grade. Different sources also quotesomewhat different figures for the same material. Thefigures in the table are considered to be typical andprovide a useful comparison between materials. A rangeis quoted where the grade of material, or themanufacturing process (e.g., molecular orientation)may affect permeability. Impact modifiers,copolymerisation, the degree of crystallisation anddensity are all factors that affect the permeability of aparticular polymer.

4.1 Polyamide Barrier Polymers (61)

Although nylon 6 and nylon 66 are widely used as agas barrier layer in flexible packaging applications, theyare not the most effective high barrier polymers. Thegas permeability of these nylons also increases at highhumidity. They are not often used as a gas barrier layerin rigid applications. The good chemical resistancemakes nylons suitable as a solvent barrier layer. Bothnylon 6 and nylon 66 are used in multilayer HDPEbottles for agricultural chemicals and other solventbased products. The nylon layer is then used in directcontact with the packed contents.

MXD6 nylon is a close relation to nylon 6, but throughthe use of different monomers, the polymer chain ismodified to reduce the tendency to crystallise. MXD6is classed as a semi-crystalline nylon. It has excellentgas barrier properties and is not as sensitive to humidityas nylon 6. It has found application as a gas barrierlayer in multilayer PET bottles. It has better adhesionto PET than EVOH and is reported to be more resistantto delamination.

Amorphous nylon, as its name suggests, does notcrystallise. It has good gas barrier properties. In contrastto nylon 6, the barrier improves with increasing relative

Figure 7

Polymer identification symbols recommended foruse on rigid packaging

4 High Barrier Polymers forMultilayer Containers

The polymers discussed here are materials with verylow gas permeability, compared to the majority ofcommodity polymers. They do not have the physical


18

humidity. It has found application in multilayer bottleswhere an improved oxygen barrier is needed. Whenused in direct contact with fruit juices packed in aHDPE/adhesive/nylon bottle container it is reported toprevent flavour scalping, or the preferential absorptionof flavour components by the polyethylene.

4.2 Ethylene-Vinyl Alcohol Copolymer (EVOH)(44)

Pure polyvinyl alcohol has very low oxygenpermeability but has no practical application in rigidpackaging because it dissolves in water and is difficult

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19

to process. By forming vinyl alcohol copolymers withethylene the processability and the resistance tomoisture improves. The gas permeability also increaseswith increasing ethylene content. Fortunately EVOHcopolymers with between 30% and 50% ethylene havebeen found to offer good processability while retaininglow gas permeability.

The oxygen barrier properties of EVOH are adverselyaffected by moisture. The higher the ethylene contentthe less susceptible it is to moisture. Thus, forapplications near 100% relative humidity, it is betterto use a higher ethylene content copolymer. This isillustrated in Table 3 for two typical commercial gradesof EVOH, containing 32-mole % and 44-mole %ethylene.

Because of this effect of moisture on permeability,EVOH is most frequently used in multilayer structures,between layers of high moisture barrier resins likepolyethylene or polypropylene. When designing barriercontainers with EVOH, consideration must be givento the conditions to which the containers will besubjected, including storage, filling, processing anddistribution. This is particularly important for retortprocessed packs (296).

Figure 8 illustrates the effect of humidity on the oxygenpermeability of EVOH. The graph, compiled by

Kuraray, refers to the EVOH grades by their trade nameEVAL. For comparison, other polymers included in thegraph are LDPE, PP in the form of biaxially orientedfilm (BOPP), oriented PET (OPET) and nylon 6 films(OPA-6), MXD6 nylon, rigid or unplasticised PVC(UPVC), polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC) andpolyacrylonitrile (PAN). Permeability is shown as theoxygen gas transmission rate (O2GTR) through20 micron thick films.

EVOH is also used in multilayer structures as a solventbarrier. In these applications it is preferable to havethe EVOH on the inner layer, in direct contact with thesolvent.

In coinjection moulding PET preforms with a PET barrierlayer, no adhesive or tie layer is used. Delamination ofthe barrier layer after bottle blowing can be a problemwith EVOH and new grades are under development toenhance the adhesion of EVOH to PET (229).

4.3 Thermoplastic Epoxies

Dow Plastics have recently introduced a new familyof thermoplastic epoxy resins, under the trade name of‘Blox’ (186). They are melt processible by all thecommon plastic conversion methods. They are intended

Figure 8

Oxygen permeability versus humidityReproduced with permission from EVAL Europe NV (Kuraray Group)


20

for use in multilayer structures as a gas barrier and arereported to have good adhesion to polar polymers likenylon and polyester.

4.4 Further Development of Barrier Polymers(260)

The wide range of barrier polymers discussed have beenable to satisfy all but the most demanding packagingchallenges. A cost-effective solution is still needed toallow foods and beverages that are very sensitive tooxygen to be packed in plastic containers. Thechallenge of the plastic beer bottle (192) has drivendevelopments aimed at reducing the cost and improvingthe efficiency of barrier resins used in multilayer plasticcontainers. Tremendous effort is focussed on PETcontainers, but some of the advancing technologies areapplicable to other forms of multilayer rigid plasticspackaging.

4.4.1 Nanocomposites (61, 62, 230)

Minute clay filler particles called nanoparticles arebeing investigated for their potential to reduce gaspermeability when incorporated into plastic materials.Due to the very high aspect ratio (surface area-to-widthratio) of these clay platelets, gas molecules permeatingthrough the plastic are forced to follow a tortuous path,thus reducing the rate of permeation. Only a smallamount of filler is needed. Since the particles are sosmall, there is little adverse effect on the colour of thepolymer.

Much of the work on nanocomposites has been withpolypropylene, aimed at improved structural properties.This is unlikely to result in barrier grades of PP sincePP is inherently a poor gas barrier. Nanoocompositesbased on nylons appear to have had the most successas barrier resins. Honeywell (formerly Allied-Signal)have introduced nano-nylon grades commercially.Work is being undertaken on EVOH nanocomposites,with reduced sensitivity to moisture. PETnanocomposites are also under investigation.

4.4.2 Oxygen Scavengers (247)

Oxygen scavengers are compounds that reactpreferentially with oxygen, preventing it from oxidisingsensitive food products. Most commercial applicationof these scavengers or oxygen absorbers has been aimedat reducing or eliminating oxygen from the container

headspace after filling. Sachets filled with absorberssuch as Mitsubishi’s Ageless have been used insidepackages in Japan and other eastern countries for anumber of years. Oxygen scavengers have beenblended into closure lining compounds to removeheadspace oxygen from glass beer bottles. While theyhave been very effective, they do not have the capacityto absorb oxygen permeating through the walls of aplastic container.

To improve the performance of plastic barriercontainers, oxygen scavenging compounds are nowbeing incorporated into the bottle walls. There are manydifferent approaches under investigation. Much of thework is proprietary or covered by patent. Details ofthe various approaches will not be discussed here. Thereare some factors that need to borne in mind whendiscussing oxygen-scavenging containers.

Oxygen scavengers do not improve the gaspermeability of the material. They reduce oxygeningress into the container simply by removing theoxygen as it passes through the container wall. Theywill also react with and remove oxygen from the sealedcontainer headspace. They will not affect thepermeation of gasses other than oxygen. The use of ascavenging compound will not, for example, reducecarbonation loss from beverage or beer bottles.

Oxygen scavengers have a finite capacity for oxygen.The container must be designed to contain sufficientscavenger to remain effective beyond the expected shelflife of the product. Some scavengers will be activeimmediately after moulding and will have a limitedlife, even when the containers are stored empty. Forthis reason the most effective scavenger systemsincorporate the scavenger within a barrier layer, in amultilayer structure. Other scavengers require a triggerto activate the scavenging process. An ultraviolet lightsource on the filling line is used as a trigger in at leastone system. Other systems require moisture to initiatethe scavenging process. In most cases multilayerstructures are also required as the scavenger systemshave not all been approved for direct contact with foods.These materials require a food contact material as afunctional barrier layer between the scavenger and thefoodstuff.

Most of the activity relating to oxygen scavengers inrigid packaging has been aimed at PET bottles.Continental PET Technologies (now O-I Plastics) andCrown Constar both have their own scavenging systemsfor multilayer PET bottles based on MXD6 nylon, witha catalyst added to initiate oxidation. BP Amoco’sAmosorb DFC is a polyester based scavenger that is


21

FDA approved for direct food contact. It thus has theadvantage that it can be used as a blend in monolayerPET containers. Further barrier coating is required ifcarbon dioxide impermeability is required. Darex,working with Kurary, developed EVOH materials withan internal scavenger, under the trade name, Dareval.Honeywell have nylon-based oxygen scavengingcompounds which they claim to tailor to the end-userequirements. They have also extended the use ofoxygen scavengers to their nylon nanocompositematerials. Most of the activity with these materialsappears to be directed towards multilayer PET, howeverthey may well find application in other rigid andflexible plastic applications (99, 215, 340).

Other scavenging systems initially developed forflexible packaging applications may find applicationin rigid containers such as multilayer PP or HDPEbottles. These include Chevron Chemicals OSP(oxygen scavenging polymer) (209) and Ciba’sShelfplus O2 (39).

A number of commercial or semi-commercial productshave been mentioned. This is a very active field ofdevelopment. One can be certain that new materialsand technologies will appear, some replacing thecurrent favourites.

5 Other Barrier EnhancementProcesses

5.1 Organic Coatings (184)

External organic coatings have not been usedextensively for reducing the permeability of plasticcontainers. In the mid-1980s to early 1990spolyvinylidene chloride (PVDC) flow coatings wereapplied to 2 litre PET beer bottles in the UnitedKingdom. Although initially they were successful, theyappear to have disappeared from the market place. Thecoating halved the gas permeability, which was goodenough for these large containers with a controlled shelflife. It was not adequate for smaller, single serve bottles.

Organic coatings have also joined in the race for thesingle-serve PET beer bottle. Both PPG and DuPonthave developed PET bottle coating systems.

DuPont offer a 2-coat electrostatic spray process. Thefirst coat is a water soluble, high gas barrier layer. Awater-resistant protective coating is then sprayed over

this. The solubility of the coating is said to assist inrecycling. As yet there have been no prominentcommercial applications of this technology (184).

PPG’s Bairocade gas barrier coatings are epoxy-aminematerials, applied by electrostatic spray. The highbarrier grade has been used in the developing PET beerbottle market. Bairocade coatings have also foundcommercial application in coating small PET bottlesfor carbonated soft drinks in hot countries wherecarbonation loss limits shelf life. Graham Container inthe USA applies Bairocade as oxygen barrier coatingson PET fruit juice bottles (66, 137, 138, 153, 225).

5.2 Inorganic Vapour Deposited Coatings

Silicon oxide coatings have proved themselves as glass-like barrier coatings for PET film. When the challengeof improving the barrier properties of PET for the beercontainer arose, silicon oxide treatment seemed to bea natural candidate. In recent years a number ofprocesses have been developed to apply silicon oxidesor amorphous carbon barrier coatings to PET bottles.The silicon oxide (SiOx) coatings appear to be virtuallyglass clear while amorphous carbon coatings have abrownish-yellow tint. They all rely on some form ofplasma coating process (250).

Sidel’s Actis process has received much publicity (111,163, 165, 190, 196, 201, 255). This is a continuousprocess, applying an amorphous carbon coating to theinside of the bottle. Coating speeds of 10,000 bottles/hourare claimed. It uses acetylene as carbon source. As thecoating is inside the bottle it is protected from scuffingand scratching. Although Sidel promoted Actis stronglyas a beer bottle coating, they now appear to haverealised that it may find other less demandingpackaging applications. They now promote a lowerlevel of coating as ‘Actis Lite.’ This may be suitablefor products such as fruit juices, and adds less of a tintto the bottle.

The Mitsubishi DLC (diamond-like carbon) (371)coating, developed in conjunction with Kirin Breweryin Japan is an amorphous carbon coating, very similarto Actis. It is also an internal plasma coating process,but uses a hydrocarbon as the source of carbon. A2000 bottle/hour pilot coater has been demonstratedand a high-speed commercial machine is underdevelopment.

The Bestpet silicon oxide coating process was a jointdevelopment between the Coca-Cola Company, Kronesand Leybold (118). It was initially developed to produce


22

small carbonated beverage bottles with improvedcarbonation retention and is in commercial use in thisapplication. Coating speeds are reported to be 20,000bottles/hour. The barrier properties have been enhancedto bring it into the beer bottle league. It is a continuousprocess, applying the silicon oxide to the outside ofthe container. Recent developments have included theapplication of an organic spray coating over the siliconoxide to protect it against scuffing and to enhance thebarrier properties (2).

Tetrapak’s Glaskin (56) is an internal silicon oxidecoating. It is applied in a batch process, using puresilicon as the source of the oxide. Coating speeds arebelieved to be 18,000 per hour.

All of these processes rely on sophisticated machinery,operating at high vacuum, at high speed. This makesthem very expensive. In their favour is that the coatingsare extremely thin and raw material costs are low. Untilthe cost of high gas barrier PET bottles is reduced theiruse will be limited. Atmospheric plasma coatingprocesses are under development. These do not requirehigh vacuum and may result in lower cost coaters. Atpresent the coating dwell times are very long. This is amajor hurdle that will have to be overcome before acommercial atmospheric plasma bottle coater becomesa reality.

5.3 Fluorination of HDPE for Solvent Barrier(84)

High density polyethylene has proved to be a veryversatile packaging material but is permeable tohydrocarbon solvents. Co-extrusion with nylon orEVOH to overcome this limitation has been discussed.An alternative solution is to fluorinate the HDPEcontainer.

When an HDPE container is exposed to fluorine in amixture with an inert gas such as nitrogen, the fluorinereacts with the polyethylene surface, replacing thehydrogen atoms in the polymer chain. This effectivelyforms a fluoropolymer layer on the surface of thecontainer. It becomes a very effective barrier againstthe permeation of solvents, particularly hydrocarbons.The layer is really only atoms thick so it has no effecton the physical properties of the container. The materialcan also be reprocessed or recycled as pure HDPE.

Fluorination can be carried out as a post-mouldingsecondary batch process, or it can be integrated into theblow moulding process by using the appropriate blend

of fluorine and nitrogen to blow the containers. Asfluorine is a very reactive and dangerous gas,fluorination is a process that is left to experts in the field.

Batch fluorination is carried out by a specialisedservice-provider. The mouldings, or containers arestacked in a vacuum chamber. All the air is evacuatedand replaced by the fluorine mixture. After a given time,the chamber is again evacuated and flushed to removeall traces of fluorine. The fully fluorinated containersare then removed. Both the inner and outer surfacesare fluorinated.

To fluorinate on-line during the blow mouldingoperation, the moulder has to have sophisticated gasmixing and handling equipment installed. No gasleakage can be tolerated The blow moulder is modifiedto handle the reactive blowing gas mixture. Afterblowing, the vent gasses must be extracted and passedthrough a scrubber to remove any traces of unreactedfluorine.

Although it adds significantly to the container cost,fluorinated HDPE containers are quite widely used,particularly with high value products such asconcentrated agricultural chemicals.

6 Rigid Plastics in SecondaryPackaging

The use of rigid plastics in secondary packagingapplications, such as crates and shipping pallets isgrowing rapidly (235). Timber pallets still dominatetheir market, but plastics are gradually making inroads.Plastic pallets are more expensive than their woodencounterparts, but are gaining acceptance because oftheir durability, reusability and their ability to be easilycleaned and sterilised (105). The zero moisture contentof plastic pallets is also a significant advantage in manyapplications. Plastic pallets can be injection mouldedor made from thermoformed components. Structuralfoam moulding techniques have proved successful.Recycled plastics are finding application in palletmoulding. Even mixed PET scrap, blended withproprietary modifiers has been used for mouldingpallets (97). Pallet design and material selection iscritical, as pallets need to withstand long-term creep.

There is ongoing debate as to whether to use returnablecrates to replace shrink-wrap and corrugated cartonsin transit packaging (114, 162). There is no singleanswer, but plastic crates have made significant inroads


23

into these applications. HDPE is widely used as areturnable crate material but faces a challenge fromnew grades of polypropylene block copolymer (100).The materials used for reusable crates need to beadequately stabilised to withstand the rigors of multiplewashings and repeated use. Light stability is also criticalto ensure that the crate does not fail during its lifeexpectancy. This may be as long as 10 years. Studieshave shown that at the end of their useful life, cratesand pallets may be reground and recycled, providingthat the material is properly restabilised (86, 154, 240).

7 Rigid Plastics Packaging for Non-Food Applications

The non-food sector covers household chemicals,automotive products, agricultural and industrialchemicals as well as health and beauty products andpharmaceuticals. The use of rigid plastic containers iswell established in this sector. Polyethylene andpolypropylene bottles, tubs and pails are used in mostof these areas. In household chemicals and automotiveproducts, PVC bottles are being replaced by PET andin some instances, by clarified polypropylene. Co-extruded HDPE and fluorinated HDPE containers canmeet the needs of all but the most aggressiveagricultural and industrial chemicals. HDPE drums areused for a wide range of industrial chemicals (286).

Plastic containers are widely accepted in the health andbeauty market, where container appearance becomesmore important than cost. The mouldability and theflexibility of design offered by plastics makes themattractive. Factors such as gloss and clarity areimportant in material selection. Newer mouldingtechniques such as coinjection moulding are used toovermould rigid plastic items with soft, rubberypolymers to produce containers, closures andcomponents with a soft-touch feel in hand grip areas.

Pharmaceutical and medical packaging provides aparticular challenge to any new materials. The long-term stability testing required for the approval of anymaterial to be used for packaging pharmaceuticalsinhibits rapid change. Nevertheless, the high purity andlow levels of low molecular mass extractablecompounds in modern polymers made withmetallocene and other modern catalysts must makethem attractive materials in this critical field ofapplication. The leading pharmaceutical suppliers havestringent hygiene requirements. Plastics mouldingmachine suppliers are working to ensure that their

machines can be run successfully in clean roomproduction systems (38, 45, 78).

8 Rigid Plastics Packaging for Foods

Food packaging can be very demanding, depending onthe susceptibility of the food to spoilage throughmicrobiological activity or oxidation. Naturally theplastics packaging material must be approved for usein contact with foods. Today most plastics likely to beconsidered for food containers will meet therequirements of the United States Food and DrugAdministration (FDA), or conform to the requirementsof European legislation on food contact materials.

8.1 Fresh and Near-Fresh Foods

Packaging of truly fresh foods places very little demandon the container, but stringent demands on hygiene,storage and distribution systems. Typical fresh foodshave a short shelf life and are handled through chilleddistribution channels. In many cases, the food may beprepared, packed and sold under one roof. Typicalproducts range from fresh sandwiches to preparedsalads or heat-and-eat meals. The modern consumer’sdesire for freshness and convenience has led to rapidgrowth in this area. Foamed polystyrene and clear, solidwall trays and tubs thermoformed or injection mouldedfrom styrenic materials, PVC, PET and polypropylenecan be seen in the chill cabinets of our shops andsupermarkets.

The recent surge in popularity of ‘organic foods’ hasresulted in an interest in trays made from biodegradableor compostable plastics for fresh produce (3, 34).Modified starch based materials are being used.Thermoplastic biopolymers are also becomingavailable (87) for this application. These are materialssynthesised from renewable resources and includeCargill-Dow’s polylactic acid (PLA) and degradablepolyesters from DuPont and Eastman (51).

One step away from fresh foods are ‘near-fresh’ foods.These are foods that appear to be fresh and are as goodas fresh. They rely on controlled or modifiedatmosphere packaging systems (CAP or MAP) to givethem an extended shelf life. They are packed with avery specific gas mixture in the container, to retardripening or to prevent microbiological deterioration andoxidation. The gas mixture is very specific to theproduct being packed. Many of these products require


24

high gas barrier containers such as multilayerthermoformed trays with barrier lidding systems. Form-fill-seal tray and lidding systems are often used,blurring the line between rigid and flexible packaging.Some CAP products such as cut vegetables continueto respire after packing. In contrast to barrier properties,these packs need to have controlled high gas permeationrates. Microperforated lidding or lidding systems witha small patch label with controlled permeability maybe used to achieve this.

8.2 Frozen Foods

Frozen foods rely on the low temperatures of the deepfreeze to prevent spoilage or oxidation of the food. Highbarrier co-extrusions are not needed. The main functionof the plastic container is to provide physical protectionfor the packed product. Low temperature impactstrength is obviously an important requirement. Rigidplastics found in deep freeze packaging include highimpact polystyrene, high density and low densitypolyethylenes and high impact polypropylene blockcopolymers.

An interesting product category in frozen foods is thefrozen ready-meal. For convenience, the meal needsto be heated to serving temperature in the package.Polypropylene trays are suitable for heating foods in amicrowave oven. Crystalline polyester, or CPET traysclaim to be ‘dual-ovenable.’ They can be used forheating in the microwave or in a conventional oven.

8.3 Shelf-Stable Foods

Shelf-stable foods do not need refrigeration or heatsterilisation to prevent microbiological spoilage. Theyare self-preserving by way of their formulation. Theyinclude dry products, foods with high oil, salt, acid orsugar content and foods with added preservatives. Theyare normally filled at ambient temperature, so thechoice of plastic material for the container is wide. Thenature of the product needs to be considered whenselecting the best material. Dry products or productswith a high salt content may need a good moisturebarrier such as HDPE or PP. Some products such ascooking oils may be moderately oxygen sensitive,requiring a plastic material such as PVC or PET, withrelatively low oxygen permeability. Not many productsin this category are very susceptible to oxidation, butif necessary PP/EVOH/PP multilayer bottles or jars canbe used.

8.4 Processed Foods

The packaging of processed foods probably providesrigid plastic with its greatest challenge. Heat resistanceneeds to be combined, in many cases, with good oxygenbarrier properties. The term ‘processed’ refers to foodsthat require heat-treatment to ensure that the productis microbiologically stable (223). The amount of heatrequired depends on the type of food. Some foods needto be hot-filled or filled at ambient temperature andpasteurised in the container. Other products need fullretort sterilisation.

Hot filling requires the food product to be heated andthen packed and sealed hot. After sealing, the pack iscooled. The heat of the food sterilises the inner surfacesof the package. Depending on the nature of the product,hot-fill temperatures may range from 60 °C to 95 °C.The plastic container and closure must be able towithstand the high temperature during filling andsealing. On cooling, the product inside the containershrinks resulting in a partial vacuum in the sealed pack.The package must either be sufficiently rigid to resistpanelling due to this vacuum, or it must be designed topanel in a controllable manner, without distortion.Container design is therefore critical. Polypropylenecontainers, both mono- and multilayer are the mostsuitable for hot filling. Heat-set PET may also be used,however PET containers are more prevalent in hot-filled beverage applications (see Section 9.2) than infood products.

Pasteurisation involves filling and sealing the containerat ambient or slightly elevated temperature. The entiresealed pack is then heated to the temperature requiredfor sterilisation and held at that temperature for a time.It is then cooled. The temperature and time requireddepend on the product packed. A typical pasteurisationprocess would take 15 minutes at 70 °C. Pasteurisationplaces fewer physical demands on the package thanhot filling, since it does not have to cope with panellingon cooling. The container and closure system mustobviously withstand the internal pressures that developwithin the container during pasteurisation. HDPE andPP containers are used for pasteurised products. Oneexample of a pasteurised rigid plastic container is themultilayer PP sauce bottle. More recent developmentswith heat resistant and heat-set PET seem set to ensurewider use of PET for pasteurised food containers.

The latter part of the 1980s saw a frenzy ofdevelopments in retort processable plastic foodcontainers. This was driven by rapid growth in the useof microwave ovens, the quest for convenience and


25

on-the-go meals. Shelf-stable (non-refrigerated) readymeals appeared in thermoformed, multilayer PP/EVOH/PP trays with heat-sealed aluminium foil lids.Coinjection moulding was developed to produce PP/EVOH/PP cans such as the ‘Lunch-Bucket’ for mealsaway from home (441). Heat-set PET also made itsmark in retort trays although gas barrier properties werea limitation. Many of these products soon faded fromthe market place. Perhaps they were introduced beforetheir time, as there now seems to be a renewal of interestin the ‘home meal replacement’ market (41).

Even though the retortable ‘plastic can’ has not yet beena resounding success in the market place, all thisdevelopment has demonstrated that rigid plastics canmeet the most demanding packaging challenges. Retortprocessing involves cooking the food in the sealedcontainer. A typical retort temperature is 121 °C.Heating time depends on the nature of the food productand on the shape of the container. Complete sterilisationmust be achieved. Underprocessing and inadequateseals can have serious health implications. Rigid plasticcontainers have shown that they can withstand the hightemperature processing while maintaining safe,convenient seals and at the same time, protecting thefood from oxidation.

9 Rigid Plastics Packaging forBeverages

The beverage market is very dynamic. New productsare challenging the traditional. Established drinks asplain as milk are trying to reposition themselves andfind new markets. Packaging has a role to play as new,distinctive packaging is needed to capture the attentionof the consumer. There is much competition betweenmetal, glass and plastic packaging. Rigid plasticscompete against flexible packaging. PET, PP and HDPEvie with each other for new positions. As far ascontainer types are concerned, bottles, with or withouthandles are the only real rigid plastics contender in thismarket.

9.1 Carbonated Soft Drinks Bottles

Carbonated beverage packaging in plastic containersis the sole domain of PET. A container for carbonatedsoft drinks must be able to withstand the high pressuresresulting from the carbonation and must retain the

carbonation in the drink. It must do this at minimumcost. Injection-stretch blow moulded PET providessufficient gas barrier to minimise carbonation lossthrough permeation. The stretch-blow process ensuresthat the container has the necessary creep resistance.

The PET beverage bottle’s initial success was in 1.5litre and larger bottles. Carbonation loss prevented theuse of smaller PET containers. As preform designimproved, ISBM moulding technology advanced andPET grades were refined, bottle properties improvedsufficiently to permit the use of smaller containers inmild climates (302). Permeation loss remains a problemin tropical areas. Multilayer PET technology and siliconoxide coatings are being used to overcome these losses.

9.2 Beer Bottles

In recent years, the plastic beer bottle has dominateddevelopment activity in the plastics packaging arena.Beer is extremely sensitive to oxygen. It is also affectedby light. Many beers are pasteurised in the bottle.Pasteurisation temperatures are moderate, below 70 °C,but the combination of temperature and carbonationpressure places enormous demands on a plasticmaterial.

The oxygen sensitivity has been addressed bydevelopments in coinjection moulding (see Section2.3.2.1) combined with many barrier material andoxygen scavenger options (Section 4), as well as otherexternal and internal barrier coating options. Lightprotection is available from suitable pigments,combined with UV absorbing polymers or additives.A number of companies claim to have overcome thepasteurisation hurdle using proprietary processes.These presumably involve the newer heat-resistant lownaphthalate PET copolymers and heat-settingtechniques (158).

The vision of a plastic beer bottle has spawned so manyPET bottle developments and barrier options that it hasled to some confusion in the market place. Manypotential users of PET barrier bottles appear to bestanding back, afraid to choose the wrong technology.Time will tell which barrier technologies becomecommercial successes. These developments haveopened many opportunities to pack other oxygensensitive or pasteurised products in PET containers.


26

9.3 Still or Non-Carbonated Beverages

Many of the non-carbonated drinks should really beclassed as liquid foods. As with foods, (discussed inSection 8), depending on the nature of the product, theymay require refrigerated storage and distribution. Theymay be shelf stable or may require heat processing toensure stability. Aseptic packaging is an alternative tohot filling of some beverages. The liquid is sterilisedbefore filling. It is then filled into pre-sterilised containersand sealed, all under controlled sterile conditions (223).

Fresh milk, drinking yoghurts and fruit juices are coldfilled and distributed under refrigeration. Shelf life isshort. Traditionally, HDPE has been used. PET is nowchallenging HDPE (217), particularly in fruit juices anddairy products with a premium image. PP is also acandidate, although its poorer impact strength at lowtemperatures is a disadvantage. Container decoration isplaying a role in improving the shelf-presence.Colourfully printed, full height, contour-hugging shrinksleeves are being widely used.

Water, fruit squashes, concentrates and some sportsdrinks containing preservatives are cold filled. Providingthat good hygiene is practised during filling, theseproducts are shelf stable. PVC and PET bottles are widelyused for clarity and sparkle. HDPE and PP bottles arealso found in applications that do not need oxygenbarrier. Extrusion-blown HDPE containers with integralhandles are widely used for larger water bottles.

Fruit juices and sports drinks without any preservativesneed to be hot filled to provide a shelf stable pack. Theseproducts are currently packed in heat-set PET bottles.Vacuum relief panels are characteristic of these hot filledbottles. Normally hidden below the label, theycompensate for the product shrinkage on cooling, afterhot filling, avoiding panelling and distortion of the bottle.Many fruit juices, particularly in single-serve size bottles,require protection from oxidation. This has limited theopportunities for plastic packaging. However single-serve fruit juices are available in epoxy-amine coatedPET bottles (199, 206). Other PET barrier options suchas multilayer bottles and plasma coated bottles are alsopossibilities.

Long-life milk is most commonly packed in foil-linedpaperboard cartons. The milk is UHT sterilised andaseptically packed. However, UHT milk is alsoaseptically filled into HDPE bottles. These bottles maybe moulded on a purpose-built sterile blow-moulder thatblows the bottles with sterile air and immediately sealsthem. On entering the sterile filler, the external surfaceof the sealed bottle is then chemically sterilised, the bottle

trimmed, filled and sealed. Alternatively bottles may beblown on a conventional blow moulder, but the bottlethen needs to be fully sterilised chemically prior to filling.As milk can develop off-tastes as a result of long-termexposure to visible light, HDPE bottles for long-life milkare usually multilayer co-extrusions. They consist of avirgin HDPE white outer skin, a layer of mixed regrind,a black pigmented HDPE light barrier layer and a whitevirgin HDPE layer in contact with the milk.

As an alternative to aseptic filling, milk, and particularlyflavoured milk drinks are sometimes conventionallyfilled and sealed in HDPE containers. The sealedcontainers are then heat-processed at between 115 °Cand 120 °C, in a retort or hydrostatic tower to sterilisethe pack.

10 Food and Beverage PackagingDevelopments

Recent trends in food and beverage packaging areinfluencing the way in which rigid plastic packs aremanufactured and used. This is likely to be ongoing asfood processing technology continues to evolve. Newmethods of food processing are likely to bring moreopportunities for plastics.

10.1 Integration of Blowing and FillingOperations

In recent years there has been a movement to bringcontainer manufacturing and filling closer together. Theso-called hole-in-the-wall dairy bottle operations are agood example (89). Two-stage PET stretch-blowmoulding has de-skilled the bottle blowing part of thisoperation making it very attractive for the filler to buyPET preforms and to blow his own bottles on-site. Thishas been taken a step further as the manufacturers of theblowing machines have become involved in themanufacture of filling equipment and vice versa. Theresult is that bottle moulders can now be directly linkedas an integrated blow/fill/seal line (218, 224). This islikely to improve bottle hygiene and will be particularlyimportant in the advancement of aseptic processing.

10.2 Aseptic Processing versus Hot-Fill

The move to plastics packaging from other materialshas resulted in an increase in the number of aseptic and


27

hot-filling operations. In some cases, the nature of theproduct determines which process should be used.Aseptic processing is preferred if a product’s taste islikely to be affected by heat, while products containingsolid particles are probably better hot filled. There aremany products that can be either aseptically or hotfilled. To decide on the best option for these products,the total packaging cost needs to be considered.

Hot filling does not require sterile, clean roomconditions. Bottles do not have to be sterilised ormoulded under sterile conditions. Hot fill bottles haveto withstand the high fill temperatures and resistpanelling on cooling. As a result, they are usually heavyand there are many design constraints. Heat-set blowingcycles are long, resulting in a 20 to 40% loss of outputon the blow moulder.

Aseptic bottles can be blown at standard machinespeeds and are lighter. There are fewer constraints onbottle design. The need for bottle sterilisers andspecialised aseptic filling machines adds significantcosts to the aseptic filling operation. It is anticipatedthat developments in clean-blowing and more efficientaseptic fillers will see the advance of aseptic filling ofplastic bottles.

10.3 Alternative Processing Techniques

Non-thermal food pasteurisation techniques underdevelopment may have a significant effect on theoptions available for packaging foods in plasticcontainers. These favour cold fill options, eliminatingthe need for heat setting. Full discussion of thesetechniques is really in the field of the food scientist.The new technologies include pulsed-light sterilisation,ultra high pressure processing and microfiltration (223).

11 Future Trends

Technology is already in place for rigid plastics to meetthe most demanding packaging challenges. There ispotential for greater penetration into packagingapplications presently dominated by metal cans andglass. To achieve this, two areas need to be addressed.The marketers need to raise the profile of sophisticatedplastic containers to ensure greater public acceptance.The polymer manufacturers, machine builders andplastics converters need to work to improve theefficiency of high performance containermanufacturing systems.

High oxygen barrier systems need to become more cost-effective. As demand increases, the cost of barrierpolymers should decline. Improvements in barriereffectiveness of the materials may also assist inreducing material costs. Multilayer co-extrusionprocesses have resulted in efficient manufacturingsystems for thermoformed, high barrier containers, butthe cost-effectiveness of coinjection systems needs tobe improved to see wider use of high barrier PET bottlesand jars. PET containers will benefit fromimprovements in heat-setting technology.

Environmental issues will continue to be of importancein packaging development. New high performancepackages will have to demonstrate their environmentalacceptability before being widely introduced.Recyclability and the effect on existing collectionrecycling schemes will have to be considered.

Biopolymers will gradually start to make their presencefelt. Production of biopolymers is being scaled up frompilot plants to commercial production units. Therelatively high cost and limited availability of thesematerials will restrict their use to specialisedapplications. Their use will only make environmentalsense where composting facilities are available fordisposal.


28

ABS acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene

APET amorphous PET

BDS butadiene-styrene copolymer

BOPP biaxially oriented polypropylene

CAP controlled atmosphere packaging

CPET crystallisable grades of PET

E ethylene

EBM extrusion blow moulding

EVOH ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer

FDA Food and Drug Administration (US)

GPPS general purpose polystyrene

GTR gas transmission rate

HDPE high density polyethylene

HIPS high impact polystyrene

IBM injection blow moulding

IM injection moulding

IML in-mould labelling

ISBM injection-stretch blow moulding

LDPE low density polyethylene

LLDPE linear low density polyethylene

MAP modified atmosphere packaging

MVTR moisture vapour transmission rate

OPA-6 oriented nylon 6

OPET oriented polyethylene terephthalate

OSP oxygen scavenging polymer

PAN polyacrylonitrile

PEN polyethylene naphthalate

PENT high naphthalate PET copolymers

PET polyethylene terephthalate

PETG glycol modified PET

PETN low naphthalate PET copolymers

PLA polylactic acid

PP polypropylene

PS polystyrene

PVC polyvinyl chloride

PVDC polyvinylidene chloride

RH relative humidity

SAN styrene-acrylonitrile copolymer

SPI Society of the Plastics Industry Inc.

TF thermoforming

TPS toughened polystyrene

UHT ultra heat treated

ULDPE ultra low density polyethylene

UPVC unplasticised polyvinyl chloride

UV ultraviolet

VLDPE very low density polyethylene

Abbreviations and Acronyms

References and Abstracts

© Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited 29

Abstracts from the Polymer Library Database

Item 1

Modern Plastics International

32, No.8, Aug.2002, p.49

NEW OPTIONS TRANSFORM HEAT-SETCONTAINERSDefosse M

Heat-set PETP bottles typically weigh 5-10% more thanother bottles due to extra material used for vacuum panelsthat are located on the sides of bottles. These panelsprevent bottles from warping or crumpling from thevacuum created by hot-fill contents. Snapple Beveragehas announced it will replace the glass packaging it usesfor its iced teas and juice drinks with 20-oz hot-fillable,stretch blow moulded PETP bottles from GrahamPackaging. The bottles have a bell-shaped upper profileand feature Graham’s Active Cage vacuum paneltechnology. An Active Cage panel can be smaller in sizeand thinner, and allows the frame of the bottle to move orflex while absorbing the hot-fill vacuum. Water bottlerTy Nant of Wales enlisted industrial designer RossLovegrove to create what are believed to be the firstasymmetric PETP bottles. The bottles have ripple effectsand an organic shape.WORLD

Accession no.862653

Item 2


32, No.8, Aug.2002, p.39

MULTILAYER-BOTTLE CONCERNS BOOSTBARRIER COATING PROSPECTSDefosse M

Feedback from potential end-users indicates there is still asubstantial market for bottles with some form of barrier toprotect beverages from microorganisms, oxygen ingressand carbon dioxide ingress, but fading interest in multilayerbottles. Sipa is developing an organic external-coatingtechnique which should eliminate scuffing and scratching,problems associated with external coatings. SIG Corpoplastis understood to be working with Schott HiCotec on aplasma coating solution. Meanwhile, stretch blow mouldingmachine manufacturer Krones says it has, through itsTopcoat system, solved the problems (such as pinholes)that appeared with its Bestpet plasma coating lines.WORLD

Accession no.862648

Item 3

ENDS Report

No.330, July 2002, p.36

TESCO FOLLOWS SAINSBURY’S WITHBIODEGRADABLE PACKAGING

One year after Sainsbury’s introduced biodegradablepackaging for its organic range of fresh produce, rivalTesco has followed suit and may extend its use to all freshproduce if it proves successful. The market could growsignificantly if the cost of composting in-store food wastefalls below that of landfill. Biodegradable packaging andrefuse sacks have the advantage of being compostablealong with organic household waste or food waste. Tesco’sbiodegradable packaging is made from GM-free corn andpolylactic acids by Sharp Interpack. Sainsbury’s productis made from potato starch and cellulose fibres and issupplied by Apack and Potatopack.

TESCO STORES LTD.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.862635

Item 4

Plastics News International

July 2002, p.13

BREAKTHROUGH IN PET RECYCLINGTECHNOLOGY

In co-operation with the Buhler Technology Group,Schmalbach-Lubeca has developed an improved recyclingsystem for the production of new beverage bottles frompost-consumer PETP containers. Schmalbach-Lubeca willmore than treble the production volume of its recyclingplant in Beaune, France from 6,000 to around 20,000 tonsannually (about 600 million PETP bottles per year) whilesignificantly reducing production costs. The newrecycling system from Buhler, said to be the first of itskind in the world, will be commissioned in Beaune latethis year. Details are given.

SCHMALBACH-LUBECA AG; BUHLERTECHNOLOGY GROUPEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;

GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.860916

Item 5

European Plastics News

29, No.7, July-Aug. 2002, p.28-9

HOT AND COLDVink D

A description is given of how the thermoformingcompany, Manifattura Plastica, replaced a steel ice creamcontainer without changing its appearance. The containeris a multilayer construction of PS and steel film and is isproduced by vacuum forming. The company’s plans forexpansion are also detailed and some information is givenon its other products.

MANIFATTURA PLASTICA


30 © Copyright 2002 Rapra Technology Limited

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.860330

Item 6


32, No.6, June 2002, p.42-3

NEW HIGH-FLOW GRADES STACK UP INPERFORMANCEColvin R

Several new impact block copolymer grades of PP, whichoffer a balance of impact strength, flow and stiffness andare suitable for the manufacture of injection mouldedstackable containers, such as pails, buckets and crates,are briefly described. They include Stamylan P612MK10from DSM, BG373MO from Borealis, Clyrell EC440Pfrom Basell, Eltex PRW265 from BP and PPC10642 fromAtofina.

DSM; BOREALIS; BASELL; BP; ATOFINAUSA

Accession no.860238

Item 7

Injection Molding

10, No.7, June 2002, p.2A/4A

GOOD-BYE WOOD, HELLO PLASTICGoldsberry C

The impact of new regulations, which will affect theimport and export of wood containers and pallets, on theindustrial pallet and container moulding industry isconsidered and the trend away from cardboard and woodcontainers towards reusable plastics pallets and shippingcontainers is discussed.USA

Accession no.859195

Item 8

Polyolefins 2002. Proceedings of a conference held

Houston, Tx., 24th-27th Feb. 2002.

Brookfield, Ct., SPE, Paper 32, p.247-55, 27cm., 012

EXTRUSION BLOW MOLDING OF CLARIFIEDPOLYPROPYLENE RIGID CONTAINERSMiller T M; Yu T CExxonMobil Chemical Co.

(SPE,South Texas Section; SPE,ThermoplasticMaterials & Foams Div.; SPE,Polymer Modifiers &Additives Div.; Society of Plastics Engineers)

The results are reported of a study of the effect of

commercially available (EXACT) plastomers

(metallocene catalysed ethylene/alpha-olefin copolymers)

on the drop impact resistance of extrusion blow moulded

PP bottles. A comparison is made of the processing

conditions of the plastomer/PP blend with those of neat

clarified PP and HDPE and the clarity, gloss, top load

and drop impact resistance of the bottles are discussed.

5 refs.

USA

Accession no.859173

Item 9

Macplas

26, No.231, Sept.2001, p.78-9

Italian

PLASTICS PACKAGING FOR FRUIT ANDVEGETABLES: REUSABLE AND RECYCLABLE

The advantages of reusable and recyclable plasticscontainers in the packaging of fruit and vegetables arediscussed on the basis of a paper presented at a conferenceheld in Italy by SG Consulting Marketing Agroalimentareand Corriere Ortifrutticolo on 4th May 2001.

CORRIERE ORTOFRUTTICOLO; SG CONSULTINGMARKETING AGROALIMENTARE; TREVISOMERCATIEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.858842

Item 10

Engineering Design

No.2, 2002, p.4-5

NEW PEBBLE DISPENSER HAS SPRING UNITOF DELRINMcPherson S; Viehoff DDuPont Engineering Polymers; Resin Express

A new type of all-in-one packaging/dispenser unit,conceived by Invicta Plastics Ltd. of Leicester (UK) forCadbury Trebor Bassett’s well-loved ‘Trebor mints’ candybrand, is delighting young consumers with itsattractiveness and ease of use. The user-friendly designof the new unit is based around a small door and integratedspring made of Delrin acetal resin. The packaging/dispenser unit, nicknamed the ‘pebble’ as its rounded formresembles a small, brightly coloured stone, was launchedin mid-2001. It provides hygienic, easy and consistentdispensing of the small ‘Trebor Mini Soft Mints’ that itcontains, due to the door and integrated spring of Delrin,which is injection moulded in one part. ‘Trebor Mini SoftMints’ is a new range for Cadbury Trebor Bassett,specifically targeted at young children. Delrin wasselected for the door and integrated spring because of itsexcellent stiffness, flex and low friction properties andbecause the acetal resin is food approved. The ‘pebble’was developed by Invicta, a designer and manufacturerof plastic point of sale and promotional products; thecompany holds a patent on the product. Details are given.

INVICTA PLASTICS LTD.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.858780



Item 11

Shawbury, Rapra Technology Ltd., 2002, pp.122, 30

cm, 1/6/02. Rapra Review Report 146, Vol. 13, No.2,

2002. NALOAN

IN-MOULD DECORATION OF PLASTICSLove J C; Goodship VWarwick,University

Edited by: Ward S

(Rapra Technology Ltd.)Rapra Review Report No. 146

Variations of in-mould decorating are reviewed, for theproduction of fully or partially decorated componentsstraight from a variety of moulding processes. Suchtechniques can produce primers, labelling, graphics,natural patterns and automotive-style paint finishes, andare widely used in many packaging and automotiveapplications. Chosen techniques can involve the use of afilm, powder, granules or liquid paint, and the lack ofreliance on traditional paint shops is claimed to provide aselection of cost, space, processing time andenvironmental benefits. In-mould film technologies,injection in-mould paint, on-mould painting, and in-mouldprimer technologies are reviewed. 480 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.858076

Item 12

Shawbury, Rapra Technology Ltd., 2002, pp.116, 30

cm, 1/6/02. Rapra Review Report 145, Vol. 13, No.1,

2002. NALOAN

MULTI-MATERIAL INJECTION MOULDINGGoodship V; Love J CWarwick,University

Edited by: Ward S

(Rapra Technology Ltd.)Rapra Review Report No. 145

A review is presented of multi-material injection mouldingprocesses. Coinjection, bi-injection, and interval injectionmoulding techniques are discussed, followed by sectionson multi-shot moulding(B1) and overmoulding. Theselection of materials is discussed, with reference tomaterial bonding properties and general materialproperties. 387 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.858075

Item 13

Italia Imballaggio

No.4, April 2002, p.229-31

PLANS AND ENVIRONMENTAL SUBJECTSGuidotti L

Nordcontenitori is asserting its role as a supplier oflogistics systems and, together with Whirlpool, is

approaching environmental problems with concrete plans.The partnership has developed the Leonardo, a minimalstructure made up of 12 profiles of R-PETP, with L-shapedand square sections, which is encased in four cornersections of injection-moulded PP, completed by two sheetsof PS and four angled lengths in the same material. Thesolution allows the packaging to be produced at the sameconstruction stage as the appliance itself.

NORDCONTENITORIEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.857689

Item 14

International Bottler & Packer

76, No.6, 2002, p.35/40

FOCUS ON MILK AND DAIRY PACKAGING

Plysu and BlowMocan are both companies whose nameshave been strongly associated over the past 20 years withquality and consistent names supply to the UK dairymarket. As with many of its dairy customers, i.e. DairyCrest, Arla Foods, Express and the Co-ops, size mattersand through Nampak’s acquisition of Plysu in late 1999the two companies have now been integrated and renamedNampak, to create a credible European market leadershipposition as a supplier of plastic containers. Nampak’sLiquid Foods Division which serves the UK dairy marketcurrently has four satellite (mother) plants and three in-plants with a fourth under construction, due to be up andrunning by the end of spring 2003. In total over 4.5 millionbottles are produced from these sites each and every dayof the year with a complete range of imperial and metricsizes and a variety of neck finishes. Details are also givenof recent developments in milk and dairy packaging fromViscose Closures, ITW Autosleeve, Dawson, Tetra Pak,Owens-Illinois Plastics, Rapak and Elopak.

PLYSU; BLOWMOCAN; NAMPAK; VISCOSECLOSURES LTD.; ITW AUTOSLEEVE; DAWSON;TETRA PAK; OWENS-ILLINOIS PLASTICS LTD.;RAPAK; ELOPAK LTD.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.857530

Item 15

Plastics Technology

48, No.4, April 2002, p.48-51

SBC’S ARE BACK WITH MORE CAPACITY ANDNEW GRADESLeaversuch R

It is explained here that, in March 2000, an explosionand fire at the K-Resin styrene butadiene block copolymer(SBC) plant in Texas, operated by Chevron Phillips,caused a supply crisis in the market. Many customers wereforced to switch to other materials. Today, SBC producers



hope to lure back processors with a surge of new resincapacity, new domestic suppliers, and new grades andapplications. This article reports fully on thedevelopments.

KRATON POLYMERS; NOVA CHEMICALS;CHEVRON PHILLIPS CHEMICAL CO.LP; BASFCORP.; ATOFINA PETROCHEMICALS; CHEMICALMARKET RESOURCES; SHELL CHEMICAL; ASAHIASIA; BELGIUM; EUROPE-GENERAL; EUROPEAN

COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY; MEXICO;

NORTH AMERICA; SOUTH KOREA; WESTERN EUROPE;

WORLD

Accession no.855924

Item 16

Macplas International

Feb.2002, p.32-5

BLOW MOULDING MACHINERY FOR FOODCONTAINERS

This detailed article highlights technologicaldevelopments and innovative applications in the field ofblow moulding machines used for the manufacture of foodpackaging containers. Amongst the new machines drawnto our attention are the new PB4000/D line of extrusionblow moulding machines from Plastimac, the FV 2500and the FV 5000 from Magic MP, and new solutionsdevised by Automa for blow moulding food and beveragecontainers.

PLASTIMAC; MAGIC MP; AUTOMA; SIPA;UNILOY MILACRON; PLASTIBLOW; DRINK CUP;MULTIPACK GROUP; SIAPI SRLEASTERN EUROPE; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN

UNION; FRANCE; ITALY; POLAND; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.855900

Item 17


32, No.5, May 2002, p.34

BIMODAL BOTTLE GRADES OFFER LIGHTWEIGHT, HIGHER STRENGTHDefosse M

Compared to standard HDPE, bottles moulded withbimodal PE can be lightweighted with no loss of strength,or feature improved properties at the same weight. Recentcatalyst and reactor technology developments haveenabled bimodal grade production with improvedeconomics. Polimeri Europa found that its new bimodalgrade could yield, from a 40g parison, a 1L bottle with atopload strength of 251 N, greater than that of oneproduced by unimodal HDPE, and ESCR of the bimodalgrade was above 100 h, three times that of some unimodalgrades. Equistar officials note that with its bimodal grade,processors can increase the amount of post-consumerrecyclate in each bottle by up to 25% with virtually noproperty loss.

WORLD

Accession no.855045

Item 18


32, No.5, May 2002, p.28-9

ASEPTIC AND HOT-FILLING GAIN WITHPACKAGING MARKET SHIFTDefosse M

Global demand for aseptic and hot-fill plastics packaginghas more than doubled in the last three years, accordingto SIG Corpoplast. Schonwald Consulting says thenumber of aseptic-fill bottles in Europe should leap from6.8 billion to over 16 billion by 2006. Almost two-thirdsof these are PETP, followed by HDPE and small numbersof PP and PVC. The North American hot-fill containermarket is about 13 billion units/year. Most packagingconsultants contend that hot-filling has higher totalpackaging cost than aseptic. The disadvantages of asepticbottling include the need for cleanroom conditions andbetter-trained employees. Manufacturers of single- andtwo-stage stretch blow moulding machinery are activelypursuing the heat-set bottle market. Extrusion blowmoulding is also being used to make bottles for asepticand hot-filling.WORLD

Accession no.855041

Item 19

Plastics News(USA)

14, No.13, 27th May 2002, p.1/23

PACTIV PAYING 72.5M US DOLLARS FORWINKLERPryweller J

Pactiv plans to buy Winkler Forming, expanding into foodcontainers made from a hotly competitive specialtymaterial. Winkler thermoforms and extrudes plastic sheetfrom amorphous PETP, a temperature-resistant, clearmaterial suited to maintain its toughness and flexibilityover long distances. Pactiv already makes a variety offood-packaging containers, but none from APETP. Salesof APETP containers are growing at a compounded annualrate of 6%, faster than the rate for PS containers and someother materials. Winkler has enough manufacturingcapacity to boost its production by 40%, and Pactiv hopesto capitalise on that potential with an aggresive sales forceand distribution system. Winkler generated sales of about50m US dollars for the 12-month period ended March31. Pactiv recorded sales of 2.81bn US dollars in 2001.

PACTIV CORP.; WINKLER FORMING INC.USA

Accession no.855021



Item 20

British Plastics and Rubber

April 2002, p.30

SPECIALITY MACHINE FROM SIG FORPOLYCARBONATE WATER COOLER BOTTLES

SIG Blowtec has introduced a new machine to make 20Lpolycarbonate water cooler bottles as an alternative toblowing them on the BlowTec 2-20 machine.Development of the new machine, the BlowPac 2-10PC,was aided by the work already done to provide thepolycarbonate processing capacity for its predecessor,with a special screw and special feed zone geometry. Tocut costs, the clamp force has been reduced from 30 to 20tonnes and a modular design was developed for themachine frame and other load bearing elements whichsaves money during assembly and transport. Output is140 bottles/hour.

SIG BLOWTECEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.853181

Item 21

Packaging Technology & Science

14, No.6, Nov./Dec.2001, p.267-74

INFLUENCE OF ACTIVE PACKAGING ON THESHELF LIFE OF MINIMALLY PROCESSEDFISH PRODUCTS IN A MODIFIEDATMOSPHEREFranzetti L; Martinoli S; Piergiovanni L; Galli AMilan,University degli Studi

The effectiveness of an innovative foam plastic tray,provided with absorbers for volatile amines and liquids,on the shelf life of different fish products packed under amodified atmosphere (40% CO2:60% N2), is evaluatedin comparison with a standard tray. Fillets of sole (Soleasolea), steaks of cod (Merluccius merluccius) and wholecuttlefish (Sepia fillouxi), placed in the two different kindsof trays, are kept at 3 deg.C. Microbiological (TBC-,Gram-negative-, H2 S-producing bacteria and lactic acidbacteria) and chemical (surface pH, TMA headspace)analyses are carried out after 3, 7 and 10 days of storage.The new packaging, associated with a rigorous controlof storage temperature, increases shelf life up to ten days.In fact, the innovative tray sequestrates the greater partof trimethylamine from the headspace and leads to delayedmicrobial growth, especially of Gram-negative and H2S-producing bacteria, and in addition it favours the growthof bacterial strains such as Moraxella phenylpiruvica,which are not involved in off-flavouring production(especially H2S), because of their lypolytic activity.21 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.852910

Item 22

Recycling PET Review

3, No.2, July 2001, p.3

GUIDELINES FOR THE INTRODUCTION OFNEW PET BARRIER BOTTLES

PETP bottle recycling in Europe is reported to havereached a volume of more than 250 Ktpa in the year 2000and is still expanding. This result greatly contributes tothe public and legal acceptance for PETP bottles in Europeand is also beneficial for the entire plastic packagingindustry. The PETP bottle industry is facing a crucialperiod with the introduction of new PETP-based bottlescombined with barrier materials, showing exceptionalproperties. These new bottles will be introduced, allowingto broaden the market access to unprecedented levels. Atthe same time these new bottles will affect the recyclingindustry, challenging existing recovery schemes due tothe incorporation of new materials mixed with polyester.There is a fundamental interdependence between the newbottle introduction and the recovery challenge. Shouldthe industry fail to demonstrate economically feasible andreliable recovery techniques, the authorities could restrictthe market access by legal barriers or economicinstruments. Supported by the PETP industry, PETCOREhas established guidelines in collaboration with theEuropean national plastic packaging recoveryorganisations. Details are given.EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.852845

Item 23


April 2002, p.20

SYSTEM MONITORS PET BOTTLE QUALITY

The features of an innovative on-line wall thicknessmeasurement system, called the Agr TopWave PETWallsystem, installed by Southeastern Container Inc. to ensurethat every bottle produced meets Coca-Colaspecifications. The system monitors the wall thicknessand material distribution of every container and helpsSoutheastern Container to achieve consistent bottle qualityby detecting shifts or process problems as they occur.

SOUTHEASTERN CONTAINER INC.; COCA-COLAUSA

Accession no.852285

Item 24

Plast’ 21

No.106, Nov.2001, p.72-3

Spanish

PETP AND BOTTLE BLOW MOULDING: AMARRIAGE OF CONVENIENCE

The use of PETP in blow moulded beverage bottles isdiscussed with reference to developments aimed at



improving barrier properties, light stability and resistanceto high temperatures experienced in hot filling andpasteurisation. The recyclability of PETP bottles is alsoexamined.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.851782

Item 25

Macromolecular Materials and Engineering

Vol.287, No.1, 31st Jan.2002, p.23-30

PAINT SOLVENT PERMEATION RESISTANCEOF POLYETHYLENE, POLYETHYLENE/POLYAMIDE AND POLYETHYLENE/MODIFIEDPOLYAMIDE BOTTLESYeh J-T; Shih W-H; Huang S-STaiwan,National University of Science & Technology

Permeation rates for mixed paint solvents and for theindividual constituents of paint solvents throughpolyethylene (PE) and PE blends with nylon 6 (PA) andnylon 6 blended with ethylene-acrylic acid copolymer(MPA) were determined by weight loss measurements onsolvent filled blow moulded bottles. It was found thatPE/MPA bottles were by far the most resistant topermeation by white spirits with PE being quite poor.Polar solvents such as alcohols, ethers and ketonespermeate almost as slowly through PE as through PE/PAand PE/MPA blends. It was found that permeation ratesof mixed solvents through PE could be estimated using asimple mixing rule with regard to summation of thepermeation rates of the constituents, but this did not applyto PE/MPA blends where permeation rates of mixedsolvents was higher than anticipated from the constituents.From morphological studies of the structure of the blends,the permeation rates appear to be related to structure whereelongated and defined laminae are seen in the PE/MPAblend, but less so in the PE/PA blends. 22 refs.TAIWAN

Accession no.851062

Item 26

Plastics News(USA)

14, No.9, 29th April 2002, p.13

APR URGES AGAINST THE USE OF OPAQUEWHITE PETPToloken S

The Association for Postconsumer Plastic Recyclers isadvising the packaging industry not to use opaque whitePETP bottles because they are difficult to separate fromother bottles and can contaminate clear PETP.

US,ASSOCIATION OF POSTCONSUMER PLASTICRECYCLERSUSA

Accession no.850971

Item 27

Journal of Testing & Evaluation

30, No.1, Jan.2002, p.55-63

EFFECT OF AGING OF THE ‘PRODUCT/PACKAGE’ SYSTEM ON THE MECHANICALPROPERTIES OF PLASTIC PACKAGINGAyad R; Safa L; Bureau G; Marull SReims,University; Laboratoire de Biologie Vegetale

The effect of ageing of four cosmetic formulations on themechanical properties of plastics packaging was studied.Four thermoplastic materials in the form of bottles wereused, i.e. PE, PP, PETP and polyethylene terephthalateglycol copolymer. Bottles were filled with cosmeticformulations and placed in a steam room at 42C for 15days, 1 month, 2 months or 3 months. The bottles wereperiodically emptied and the mechanical properties andperformance (tensile tests, compression and under-pressure tests) were studied, as well as the wall thickness,Tg, crystallinity and kinetic sorption by FTIRspectrometry. A significant change of mechanicalproperties was observed after the sorption of cosmeticcomponents into the materials, the change depending onthe type of material (especially for PE and PP) and on thecosmetic formulation. 21 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.850244

Item 28


29, No.4, April 2002, p.39-40

CLEARING THE WAY FOR PPVink D

Sauer Polymertechnik has the ability to make extrusionblow moulded bottles with angled necks and both ovaland round cross-sections in the same bottle by control ofthe material distribution in the parison. Although thecompany’s production is limited to extrusion blowmoulding, it has already prepared to start one-stageinjection stretch blow moulding with a machine fromMagic. Sauer claims that transparent PP containingMilliken’s Millad 3988 clarifying agent has comparablecycle times with PETP. The company processes 15,000 t/y of plastics made up of around 11,500 tonnes PE, 4,500tonnes PP and 1000 tonnes PETP. Sauer group turnoverreached Euro47.5m in 2001.

SAUER POLYMERTECHNIKEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.849660

Item 29


March 2002, p.34

WITH NEW SBS, LESS IS MORE



BASF’s recently released third generation SBS offers anincrease in toughness that allows less of it to be used inblends with general purpose PS for thermoformed foodpackaging. With the new Styrolux 3G 55, the amount ofSBS used in SBS-rich extrusion blends can be reducedby up to 20% without any adverse effect on the toughnessof the blend, it is briefly reported.

BASF AGEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.849565

Item 30

Plastiques & Elastomeres Magazine

53, No.7, Oct.2001, p.68-9

French

EVAL BACKS EVOHTopuz B

An examination is made of the barrier properties andbarrier packaging applications of Exceval AQ and otherEVOH grades produced by Eval, a Kuraray subsidiary,with particular reference to PETP beer bottles developedby Darex Container Products using a thin layer of DarEvalEVOH to act as a barrier to oxygen and carbon dioxide.The use by Linpac of Eval’s EVOH as a gas and watervapour barrier in trays for the modified atmospherepackaging of meat, fish and fresh foods is also described.Production capacities are presented for Eval’s operationsin Belgium, Japan and the USA, and some plannedcapacity expansions are reported.

KURARAY; EVAL CO.; EVAL EUROPE; LINPAC;DAREX CONTAINER PRODUCTSBELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;

JAPAN; UK; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.849065

Item 31


29, No.3, March 2002, p.28

GLASS OUT, PLASTICS INVink D

Plastiques Gosselin was founded in 1965 with the aim ofreplacing glass laboratory products with plastics. Thecompany makes plastics parts in two ways: by asepticproduction, with packing of the parts taking place besidethe moulding machine; and by dedicated cleanroomproduction, covering both plastics processing andpackaging for petri dishes. The company makes 200million petri dishes/year in tools up to 16 cavities. Netstalmachines are used exclusively for petri dish production.Hesta Graham blow moulding machines are used toproduce 100-2,500ml PP and PETP bottles. The latestGosselin product is the Cut Box, a 0.45L, 360g PP boxwhich incorporates a slider which cuts off the needlesfrom glass and plastic syringes, or opens a recess to storeremovable needles.

PLASTIQUES GOSSELINEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.847742

Item 32

Medical Device & Diagnostic Industry

24, No.1, Jan.2002, p.80/8

FLEXIBILITY AND CUSTOMIZATION EXPANDPACKAGING OPTIONSCaraballo WMultivac Inc.

This article focuses on thermoform-fill-seal technology,which incorporates a wide range of variables that offermanufacturers flexibility in the design and modificationof every area in the packaging process. Section headingsinclude: customisation, the process (film unwind and feed,heating and forming, filling, sealing, separation, printingand labelling, and control systems), options(customisation, package shapes, film choices, flexibility,modular designs, variable machine speed, microprocessorcontrols, space savings, and information processing),limitations, cost, and finally, conclusions.

DONBAR INDUSTRIES; BECTON DICKINSON;MEDRAD; SAFETY 1ST INC.; ASPEN SURGICALPRODUCTS INC.USA

Accession no.845682

Item 33

Plastics and Rubber Weekly

26th Jan.2001, p.11

PETP TAKES OVER PVC’S SWEET TASTINGSUCCESS

Britvic soft drinks’ leading dilutables brand Robinson isunderlining PETP’s ongoing penetration of the beveragebottle sector by completing the switch from PVCpackaging for its market leading one-litre concentrates.With PETP also in use for the company’s fast growingline-up of youth market drinks, the PETP policy is welladvanced. The changeover is necessitating majorinvestment at local blow moulder Alcan Fibrenyle, whichis a long-standing key supplier to Robinsons. New NisseiASB machines will shortly be installed at Fibrenyle’sBeccles plant. The new machines will be larger versionsof the Nissei ASB PB85/110 - 16/4MS installed recently.With 32 cavity preform capacity and eight blowingstations, the new units will provide double the capacityand will be suited to the high volume production requiredto meet demand for the Robinsons range.

ALCAN FIBRENYLEEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.844259



Item 34


32, No.1, Jan.2002, p.11

WILL CONSUMERS EMBRACE BIOPOLYMERS?Rosenzweig M

Cargill Dow has started a full scale plant to produce up to140,000 t/y of its NatureWorks polylactic acid polymers.Novamont recently more than doubled capacity for itsstarch-based Mater-Bi polyester copolymer to 20,000 t/y. Last year, NatureWorks debuted on a small scalepackaging and candy twistwrap films in Japan andthermoformed food containers in Europe. Mater-Bi trashand shopping bags have been out for a couple of years inEurope. The key attraction of biopolymers, and the driverfor their current use, is their inherent biodegradability.Packaging is a key potential market. A test funded byGermany’s Federal Ministry of Agriculture aims to assesshow the 200,000 people of Kassel, Germany, valuebiopolymers-based packaging and if they are willing andable to sort them out for composting.WORLD

Accession no.844206

Item 35


14, No.5, Sept./Oct.2001, p.203-8

INFLUENCE OF PETP BOTTLE WEIGHT,CLOSURE PERFORMANCE AND FILLINGTECHNIQUE ON THE OXYGEN CONTENT OFSOYA COOKING OILDe Oliveira L M; Sarantopoulos C; Bordin M;Nakandakari YBrazil,Institute of Food Technology

The use of PETP bottles for edible oil in Brazil isincreasing but there is a trend to reduce bottle weight foreconomic reasons, which decreases the oxygen barrier ofthe package. The barrier performance of a 20g PETP bottlefor 900 ml soya oil, submitted to gas flushing with gaseousN2 and pressurisation with liquid N2, is compared with a27g PETP conventional bottle. During eight months’storage at 25 deg.C the internal pressure, dissolved oxygenand oxygen in the headspace are evaluated and do notchange significantly. Liquid N2 pressurisation does notimprove the efficiency of reducing O2 in the headspacecompared to N2 gas flushing. 9 refs.BRAZIL

Accession no.843450

Item 36

Revista de Plasticos Modernos

81, No.538, April 2001, p.428/39

Spanish

EVOLUTION OF PREMAXSchmitz R; Hartkamper T

Details are given of the Premax injection mouldingmachines developed by Sig Corpoplast in collaboration

with Engel for the production of PETP preforms for blowmoulded bottles. Industrial robots, control systems andancillary equipment used in preform production with thesemachines are also examined.

SIG CORPOPLAST; ENGELAUSTRIA; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;


Accession no.842568

Item 37


31, No.11, Nov.2001, p.34-5

OXYGEN SCAVENGERS GAIN A WIDER ROLEIN BEVERAGE BOTTLESRosenzweig M

PETP beverage bottles have faced price and performanceissues versus glass. Their impact resistance and lightweight can offset the cost penalty to some extent, butPETP bottles must also provide a shelf life comparableto glass bottles, which is typically four months for beerand six months or more for juice. This means holdingoxygen level to 1 ppm for beer, and 15 ppm or less forjuices. Carbon dioxide retention is also an issue for beerpackaging. New gas-barrier systems incorporating oxygenscavengers that deliver glass-like performance areattempting to tilt the market towards PETP. As a result,North American use of O2 scavengers in PETP bottlesfor beer and juice should increase strongly. Details aregiven.

BRG TOWNSEND; SCHROEDERG.O.,ASSOCIATES; BALL CORP.; HONEYWELL;USA

Accession no.840717

Item 38

Plast’ 21

No.103, June/July 2001, p.67-8

Spanish

WHEN DUST IS THE ENEMY

The importance of dust control in the injection mouldingof plastics medical components and food and drugpackaging containers is discussed, and developments byArburg and Demag Ergotech in clean room productionsystems are examined.

ARBURG; DEMAG ERGOTECHEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;

USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.839051

Item 39


31, No.12, Dec.2001, p.40-1

OXYGEN ABSORBERSRosenweig M

The subject of this article is oxygen absorbers (also calledoxygen scavengers), which are used in packaging to



protect food from oxygen and thus extend its shelf-life,maintaining the taste, flavour and nutritional value of thefoodstuff. Highlighted here are new developments in thefield, such as a film with a built-in scavenger fromCryovac Inc. of the USA, “Shelfplus” products from CibaSpecialty Chemicals, and “Oxyguard” from Toyo SeikanKaisha of Japan.

BRG TOWNSEND; CRYOVAC INC.; CHEVRONPHILLIPS CHEMICAL CO.; US,FOOD & DRUGADMINISTRATION; CIBA SPECIALTYCHEMICALS; TOYO SEIKAN KAISHA; BPAMOCOEUROPE-GENERAL; JAPAN; NORTH AMERICA;

SWITZERLAND; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.838579

Item 40


Dec. 2001, p.20

PP/TPE OVERMOULDED CD STORAGE CASEACHIEVES DISTINCTIVE APPEARANCE

Allsop Inc. and GLS, a compounder of thermoplasticelastomers, have created a CD storage case, the CD Sport10, with a unique appearance and tactile feel, whichcomplements the design and function of the case. Thedisks are protected from exterior impact by a PP shellonto which a clear thermoplastic elastomer (Versaflex CL-40) is overmoulded in a multi-shot moulding process.

ALLSOP INC.; GLS CORP.USA

Accession no.837205

Item 41

Canadian Plastics

59, No.11, Nov.2001, p.13-4

PACKAGING UPDATE - THE CONTENDERSde Fonseka C; Macdonald C

Today, PETP is in high demand for packaging “home mealreplacements” and also for hot-fill containers for teas,juices, sauces, etc. This detailed article investigates newdevelopments in resins and technologies which aresparring for a market share in these young and vigorouspackaging categories.

SCHMALBACH-LUBECA PLASTIC CONTAINERSUSA INC.; GRAHAM PACKAGING CO.; AMCORPET TECHNOLOGIES; SIDEL; PPG; KRONES AG;BP AMOCO; ZHONG FU INDUSTRIAL GROUP;KORTEC INC.; EASTMAN CHEMICAL CO.; KOSA;BATTENFELD GLOUCESTER; HANSENBEVERAGE CO.; US,FOOD MARKETINGINSTITUTE; CHANTLER PACKAGING; PHILLIPSCANADA; CHINA; USA

Accession no.836828

Item 42

Revue Generale des Caoutchoucs et Plastiques

78, No.794, April 2001, p.29-30

French

PLASTICS IN THE SERVICE OF WATERQUALITYTaverdet J LMonnet J.,University

Processes developed by Universite Jean Monnet for theprevention of water contamination are described. Theseinclude the microencapsulation of pesticides and fertilisersin polymer membranes for controlled release andprotection against rainwater, and surface treatments forPVC bottles designed to limit the migration of plasticisersand other additives into mineral water.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.835458

Item 43


81, No.536, Feb.2001, p.236-43

Spanish

ETHYLENE-VINYL ALCOHOL COPOLYMERSAND THEIR APPLICATIONS IN FOODPACKAGINGCerrada M LInstituto de Ciencia y Tecnologia de Polimeros

The gas barrier properties of ethylene-vinyl alcoholcopolymers are examined as a function of ethylene andvinyl alcohol content, and their use in combination withother plastics in films, bottles and other containers forfood packaging is discussed. Results are presented of astudy of the crystal structure of three copolymers havingdifferent compositions. 11 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.835448

Item 44


81, No.536, Feb.2001, p.221-8

Spanish

HIGH BARRIER POLYMERIC MATERIALSAND STRUCTURES FOR THE PACKAGING OFPERISHABLE FOODSGavara R; Catala RInstituto de Ciencia y Tecnologia de Alimentos

The barrier properties of plastics used in flexible, rigidand semi-rigid food packages are examined and methodsused to improve these properties are discussed. Theseinclude the use of barrier resins such as PVDC, EVOHand polyamides in laminated structures and the treatmentof plastics films with metals or metal oxides. 31 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.835446



Item 45


81, No.536, Feb.2001, p.164/70

Spanish

CLEAN PRODUCTION WITH INJECTIONBLOW MOULDING MACHINESJomar Corp.

The clean room production of plastics bottles for thepharmaceutical industry is discussed with reference tothe use of machines produced by Jomar. Procedures forthe sterilisation and packaging of bottles and aspects ofbottle design are examined.USA

Accession no.835439

Item 46


2nd Nov.2001, p.10

144-CAVITY PREFORMS WITH A LOT OFBOTTLE

Both Netstal and Husky exhibited 144-cavity preformmoulds on their stands at K. In both cases, the moulds aredesigned to run in existing 600-tonne preform mouldingmachines. Both systems are able to make preforms witha maximum neck diameter of 28mm and a weight of upto around 30g. The Netstal moulding system is equippedwith a modified handling system allowing an additionalcooling cycle to be carried out on the machine. Themachine was demonstrated producing a 20.8g preformfor a 500ml soft drinks bottle on a 9.8 second cycle time,giving it a 52,000 preform an hour production capability.

NETSTAL AG; HUSKY INJECTION MOLDINGSYSTEMS LTD.CANADA; SWITZERLAND; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.834646

Item 47


16th Nov.2001, p.12

WISEMAN’S QUICK FIXWhitehead J

Polybottles produced at Wiseman Dairies’ newly openedplant in Droitwich are decorated with stretch sleeve labelsand not the paper labels employed elsewhere in the chain.The glue-free PE labels have been supplied by ITWAutoSleeve on equipment from PCD of France. Droitwichis the fastest milk installation on which PCD has worked,with typical throughputs of 300 bottles a minute. Threemachines have been installed. Droitwich’s hole-through-the-wall HDPE bottle facility supplied by Alpla of Austriais almost halfway to completion, with three of the sevenplanned units now in place. Present output is 250,000polybottles a day in five sizes.

WISEMAN R.,DAIRIES

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.834631

Item 48


26th Oct.2001, p.27

LESS IS MORE WITH STYROLUX

The use of BASF’s Styrolux styrene butadiene blockcopolymer (SBS) as a component with crystal PS in atougher, stiffer packaging medium is well established.Now the company has introduced the third generation ofStyrolux, which gives a better performance from a lowerproportion of Styrolux. BASF points to an improvementof more than 50% in elongation at break for the Styrolux3G55 extrusion grade. Efficient use of the rubber meansblends actually have higher stiffness than conventionalblends at a comparable level of toughness, it is claimed.

BASF AGEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.834573

Item 49

Plastics News(USA)

13, No.36, 5th Nov.2001, p.26/34

SPRECKELSEN MCGEOUGH STICKS ITSBOTTLE NECK OUTPryweller J

Working to solve the problem of leaking plastic bottles, aBritish development company has launched a uniqueprocess to weld injection moulded necks to blow mouldedcontainers. Spreckelsen McGeough has launched amanufacturing joint venture with a large Australian bottlemaker and a technology agreement to work with aEuropean producer. The patented turnkey technology iscalled Bonded Aluminium Plastic or BAP. At issue is afundamental mismatch between the extrusion blowmoulded container and the injection moulded cap andclosure. In the BAP system, aluminium foil is pre-weldedto the inside of an injection moulded bottle spout usinginduction heating. After the blow moulded container isfilled, the snap-on neck again is heated and attached tothe bottle. A pull ring is placed at the centre of the foil foreasy opening and tamper resistance.

SPRECKELSEN MCGEOUGH LTD.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.834535

Item 50

Plastics News(USA)

13, No.36, 5th Nov.2001, p.1/33

AMBER, BARRIER BOTTLES MIGHT DISRUPTRECYCLINGToloken S



The advances that are letting PETP crack new marketslike beer, fruit juices and smaller soft drink bottles, couldspell significant trouble for recyclers, according to a newEnvironmental Protection Agency-funded report. It callson industry to develop guidelines for testing new productsand renews calls for product designers to give more weightto recycling. The report claims that barrier layers and morewidespread use of amber bottles will result in significantcosts for recyclers. Problems will develop when barrierbottles get to be about 15% of the bottle stream and amberbottles surpass 10%. Barrier layers cause hazing,yellowing or black specks in streams of clear PETP.

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCYUSA

Accession no.834531

Item 51


28, No.5, May 2001, p.49-50

GREEN PROGRESSWarmington A

Suppliers of biodegradable plastics continue to reportprogress in 2001. Novamont believes that the market willgrow from 24,000 tonnes in 1999 to 120,000 in 2003,mainly in packaging, compost bags, hygiene goods,disposable food service ware and agriculture. Novamontis doubling its capacity for Mater-Bi starch-basedmaterials to 20,000 t/y this summer. Cargill Dow willbring on 140,000 tonnes of polylactic acid capacity inthe US in late 2001. National Starch claims perceivedconsumer preference is the main reason why renewablematerials, like starch and PLA, are expected to remaindominant in the biodegradable plastics market. Polyvinylalcohol is a material of growing interest in thebiodegradable sector because of its solubility in water,which makes it ideal for applications like single-usepackaging in certain applications and laundry bags.WORLD

Accession no.831400

Item 52

Plastiques Flash

No.316, Feb./March 2001, p.88-90

French

COMPLEMENTARITY OF WELEX AND ITS

Details are given of extrusion/thermoforming linessupplied by Extrudex of France for use in the productionof plastics food packaging containers, and which consistof extruders manufactured by Welex and rotarythermoforming machines from ITS. Developments byWelex in its Mark III series of extruders are also reviewed.

EXTRUDEX; ITS; WELEX INC.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;

USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.831300

Item 53


31, No.9, Sept.2001, p.47

ROTATING NOZZLES GIVE TUBS AND PAILSADDED STRENGTHMapleston P; Moore S

Wall thicknesses of circular tubs and pails can be cut by20-30%, reportedly without loss of mechanical properties,thanks to a process co-developed by Demag Ergotech andan Australian mould engineer working for Poranunt inBangkok. The Orbital Turbulent Injection Process relieson high-speed injection via a special rotating head withmultiple slot-type nozzles arranged in two concentriccircles. It is claimed flow lengths over 500mm at wallthicknesses of under 1.2mm with a 3 MFI PE can beobtained. Use of multiple nozzles allows lower injectionpressures, so parts can be moulded on smaller machines.

DEMAG ERGOTECH GMBHEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.829709

Item 54

Antec 2001.Conference proceedings.

Dallas, Texas, 6th-10th May, 2001, paper 579

STUDY ON THE BOTTOM DESIGN OFPETALOID CARBONATED PET BOTTLE TOPREVENT BOTTOM CRACKMin-Young Lyu; Hak Cheol Kim; Hee Cheol Shin; JaeSik Lee; Sung-Taek Joo; Yong Hwan KimSamyang Central Research Institute; Akron,University;

Chungnam,National University

(SPE)

Cracking in the petaloid-shaped bases of poly(ethyleneterephthalate) (PETP) carbonated drink bottles wasinvestigated. The tensile properties of injection mouldedPETP samples of different molecular weights weredetermined, and bottles blown using injection mouldedpreforms. Cracking was studied by pressurising the bottlesand immersing the base in 0.2 wt% NaOH solution.Cracking in commercial bottles of different petaloidshapes was also studied. Stresses in the base were studiedby computer simulation using commercial software.Cracking was attributed to material which had not beenstretched to the strain hardening point, and occurred incircumferential “valleys”. The maximum stress wasreduced by modifying the shape of the base, which alsorelocated the maximum stress area to the sidewall, whichwas a safer region. 17 refs.KOREA; USA

Accession no.829416

Item 55

Plast’ 21

No.100, March 2001, p.69-70

Spanish



BLOW MOULDING: THE COMINGREVOLUTION

Types of plastics used in blow moulded bottles and othercontainers are reviewed, and trends in electrical andelectromechanical blow moulding machines areexamined.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; JAPAN;

SPAIN; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.828674

Item 56


75, No.9, 2001, p.17

PETP CONTAINERS AND BLOW MOULDINGMACHINERY

Tetra Pak has announced it is seeking a buyer for its PETPreform and Stretch Blow Moulding machine businesses.This decision is part of the company’s ongoing revisionof its plastics strategy. Tetra Pak has also taken thedecision to focus its efforts within barrier solutions onGlaskin coated barrier PETP bottles and cease its Sealicapreform barrier solution. Tetra Pak has a total annualproduction of 1.9 billion preforms. However, thoughsuccessful, PET Preforms is a commodity business andno longer fits within the strategic plans of the company.Similarly, on the SBM side, Tetra Pak remains a smallplayer in this field, focusing on low speed, linearmachines.

TETRA PAK LTD.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.828499

Item 57

Asian Plastics News

Sept.2001, p.15-6

BREAKING THE BEER BARRIERWong S

Zhuhai Zhongfu Industrial Group looks set to becomethe first beverage packaging producer in China to producePETP bottles for beer. The company has placed an orderfor four sets of injection moulding machines for PETPpreforms from Husky and blow moulding machines forPETP bottles from Sidel. Production will start in earlyNovember of this year and annual output of PETP beerbottles is expected to reach 180 million by the end of2002. Zhongfu claims to be China’s first beveragepackaging producer of PETP bottles, starting productionin 1985. The company’s bottles can be used for a varietyof applications such as carbonated soft drinks, mineraland distilled water, and hot-filled drinks.

ZHUHAI ZHONGFU INDUSTRIAL GROUPCHINA

Accession no.828495

Item 58

Plastics and Rubber Asia

16, No.105, Sept. 2001, p.15

BETTER AND PETER

The Contiform stretch blow moulding machines fromKrones are described. The Contiform processes preformsfor non-returnable bottles with absolute mould-matchingfor the finished containers, plus multilayer preforms. Thecompany offers three models which cover outputs from7,200 - 30,000 bph. The design of the machines isdescribed, including recent enhancements such as alightweight mould carrier and blow nozzle. WithBESTPET Plus, the barrier-enhanced silica-treated PETP,Krones can now produce an affordable PETP bottle, whichcan be used for beer. The company’s URRC process canbe used to recycled the containers, brief details of whichare given.

KRONESEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.827671

Item 59

Packaging Communique

Aug.2001, p.3

PET MATERIAL OF CHOICE FOR BEERBRANDSAssociation of Plastics Mfrs.in Europe

The use of PETP in the European beer packaging marketis briefly discussed. The advantages of PETP beer bottlesover conventional packaging are mentioned and therecyclability of the bottles is considered.EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.827276

Item 60



BLENDS OF STARCH WITH POLY(VINYLALCOHOL)/ETHYLENE COPOLYMERS FORUSE IN FOAM CONTAINERSNobes G A R; Orts W J; Glenn G M; Gray G M;Harper M VUS,Dept.of Agriculture,Agricultural Res.Service

(SPE)

Foamed blends of starch with poly(vinyl alcohol-co-ethylene) (PVOH) were evaluated as an alternative tofoamed polystyrene for disposable packagingapplications. Wheat starch, PVOH, deionised water andplasticiser were mixed and conditioned prior to extrusionusing a twin-screw extruder. The prepared blends werecharacterised by modulated differential scanningcalorimetry, X-ray diffraction, and measurement of tensilestrength, tensile modulus and elongation at breakfollowing ageing for time periods ranging from several



days to several months. The optimum blend composition,based on miscibility, strength, and ageing characteristicswas 60-65% starch, 25-30% PVOH, and 5-10%plasticiser. 7 refs.USA

Accession no.827207

Item 61



NEW HIGH BARRIER, OXYGEN SCAVENGINGPOLYAMIDES FOR PACKAGINGAPPLICATIONSSocci E P; Akkapeddi M K; Worley D CHoneywell International Inc.

(SPE)

Polyamides based on polyamide-6 (PA-6) and blends ofPA-6 with amorphous polyamides for high oxygen barrierfood packaging applications are described. The oxygenbarrier properties are also enhanced by the addition of aproprietary oxygen scavenging moiety and/or nanoclays.The nanoclay is introduced during polymerisation ratherthan melt compounding, so giving better barrier propertiesand lower haze levels. The polyamides are suitable forcast and blown film, and as barrier layers in coextrusionblow moulded bottles and co-injection stretch blowmoulded poly(ethylene terephthalate) bottles.USA

Accession no.827185

Item 62



STRUCTURE-PROPERTY RELATIONSHIPS INPOLYAMIDE BASED NANOCOMPOSITESBagrodia S; Germinario L T; Gilmer J W; Tant M REastman Chemical Co.

(SPE)

Nanocomposites were prepared by the addition of smallquantities of organo-montmorillonite clay to polyamide,and co-injected with poly(ethylene terephthalate) to formthe middle layer in trilayer preforms, which were used toform 500 ml bottles by stretch blow moulding. Thenanocomposite middle layer was peeled from the bottlesand characterised by wide-angle X-ray diffraction, atomicforce microscopy, and transmission and scanning electronmicroscopy. Whole bottle oxygen transmission rates andsidewall permeabilities were determined. The clayparticles exhibited extensive exfoliation and the plateletsaligned themselves parallel to the film surface during blowmoulding. The clay particles provided a more tortuouspath for oxygen diffusion, resulting in a 6-fold increasein barrier properties. 9 refs.USA

Accession no.827037

Item 63

Journal of Applied Polymer Science

81, No. 12, 19th Sept.2001, p.2827-37

GASOLINE PERMEATION RESISTANCE OFTHE AS-BLOW-MOLDED ANNEALEDPOLYETHYLENE, POLYETHYLENE/POLYAMIDE, AND POLYETHYLENE/MODIFIED POLYAMIDE BOTTLESJen-Taut Yen; Chin-Her Chen; Wei-De ShyuTaiwan,National University of Science & Technology

A study of the gasoline permeation resistance (GPR) ofthe as-blow molded and annealed polyethylene (PE), PE/polyamide (PA), and PE/modified polyamide (MPA) bottlesshowed that the GPR improves dramatically following theblending of PA and MPA barrier resins in PE matricesduring blow moulding, and that the barrier improvementorder corresponds to that of the barrier resins added in thePE. Surprisingly, the GPR of the annealed PE and/or PE/PA bottles annealed at 90 deg.C or higher temperaturesincrease significantly as the annealing temperature and thetime are increased. On the other hand, the GPR values ofPE/MPA bottles annealed at 120 deg.C over 32 hours wereabout 190- and 240-fold slower than those of thecorresponding as-blow-moulded and annealed PE bottlesrespectively. Morphological analysis revealed a numberof elongated and clearly defined MPA laminates in the as-blow-moulded PE/MPA bottles, whereas broken and lesswell defined PA laminae were observed on the fracturesurfaces of the as-blow-molded PE/PA bottles. 23 refs.TAIWAN

Accession no.826888

Item 64

Plastics News(USA)

13, No.25, 20th Aug. 2001, p.4

FIRMS TOUT PASTEURISABLE PETP BEERBOTTLESDoba J

A beer bottle having improved barrier properties andoxygen-scavenging material capable of withstanding in-bottle heat pasteurisation has been developed by a US-Chinese partnership between Kortec Inc. and Zhong FuIndustries. The recyclable bottle includes an ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer in its manufacture and thebarrier-scavenger layer, which provides oxygen protectionand CO2 retention, is a polyamide blend.

KORTEC INC.; ZHONG FU INDUSTRIAL GROUPUSA

Accession no.826386

Item 65


31, No.8, Aug.2001, p.53

CLARIFIERS SEE THEIR WAY TO BROADPROCESSING SUCCESSDefosse M



Clarifiers, with demand growing between 7% and 10%/year, are successfully riding the wave of processor demandfor transparent packaging in food and beverage containers.Much of that success has been derived from increasingdemand for PP, as clarified PP accounts for over 90% ofclarifier use. Milliken says clarified PP demand in blowmoulding and thermoforming is soaring. Clarified PP isrelatively inexpensive, matching HDPE in cost, butoffering clarity competitive to that of more expensivePETP, PS or polycarbonate, and hot-filling stability to100C, beyond that of PETP and HDPE.WORLD

Accession no.825560

Item 66

Materie Plastiche ed Elastomeri

65, Nos.11/12, Nov./Dec.2000, p.826-7

Italian

SINGLE-STAGE BLOW MOULDING PROCESSIDEAL FOR BEERComini A

Results are presented of a study by Sipa and Universitadi Bologna of the amount of oxygen present in the wallsof PETP bottles, and details are given of a processdeveloped by Sipa for the production of PETP bottles withimproved oxygen barrier properties for beer and otheroxygen sensitive products. The bottles are produced by asingle-stage blow moulding process and immediatelytreated with an external plastics barrier coating.

SIPA; BOLOGNA,UNIVERSITAEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.825335

Item 67

Plast’ 21

No.99, Jan./Feb.2001, p.24-6

Spanish

PACKAGING IN THE FOOD SECTOR: ANOURISHING SUCCESS

Applications of plastics in food packaging are examinedwith particular reference to films and bottles in whichbarrier properties are of primary importance. Materialsdevelopments by a number of companies are reviewed.

SEMO; BAYER AG; GE PLASTICS; MOBILPLASTICS EUROPE; DU PONT DE NEMOURSE.I.,& CO.INC.; ATOFINA; TETRA PAK; DOWPLASTICS; TICONAEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;

GERMANY; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.825317

Item 68


80, No.533, Nov.2000, p.488-9

Spanish

BOTTLE WITH HIGH TRANSPARENCY ANDIMPACT RESISTANCE

Details are given of a propylene copolymer bottle,developed by Dex-Plastomers in collaboration withHenkel and Sauer, in which Exact plastomers are used toimprove impact strength without adversely affectingtransparency. Technology developed by Dex-Plastomersand DSM Polyethylenes for the production of soft-touchbottles using Exact 8201 plastomer in combination withPE or PP is also examined.

DEX-PLASTOMERS; HENKEL KGAA; SAUERGMBH; EXXON MOBIL CORP.; DSMPOLYETHYLENES BVEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;

NETHERLANDS; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.825296

Item 69


31, No.7, July 2001, p.34

HIGHER OUTPUT, BETTER PARTS LEADDEVELOPMENTS IN EXTRUSION BLOWMOLDINGDefosse M

Machinery developments for the extrusion blow mouldingof packaging are described. A shift in demand for PETPstretch blow moulded packaging has meant extrusion blowmoulders are often competing for share at the commodityend of the market, it is reported. Ways to improveeconomic performance in this segment is to increaseoutput while keeping material use per container to aminimum. Recent extrusion blow moulding machinerydevelopments are claimed to have focussed on helpingprocessors achieved these aims. Trends in machine designare described, and include wheel machines in both verticaland horizontal formats, shuttle machines and electricdrives.USA

Accession no.824373

Item 70


14, No.3, May/June 2001, p.119-27

PACKAGING MATERIALS FOR FERMENTEDMILK: EFFECTS OF MATERIALCRYSTALLINITY AND POLARITY ON FOODQUALITYJansson S E A; Edsman C J; Gedde U W;Hedenqvist M SSwedish Packaging Research Institute; Arla Foods

Innovation; Sweden,Royal Institute of Technology

The results are reported of an investigation into the effectsof material crystallinity and polarity on the quality offermented milk in pouches. Materials tested includedLDPE, HDPE and a laminate of aluminium, PE andoriented PETP. Polarity was evaluated by comparing an



aliphatic polyketone with PE having a similar crystallinity.Measurements were made of whey syneresis, viscosity,Bifidobacteria content, undesired yeast and mould todetermine food quality and the carbon dioxide and oxygencontents in the pouches were determined by headspaceanalysis. 14 refs.EUROPEAN UNION; SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; WESTERN

EUROPE

Accession no.824075

Item 71

Molecular Crystals & Liquid Crystals

Vol.354, 2001, p.303-7

MULTILAYER COATINGS PREVENTINGSTORAGE TANKS FROM LEAKINGPETROLEUM PRODUCTS TO THEENVIRONMENTSawicki IPoznan,S.Czarniecki Military College

Details are given of the use of glass fibre-reinforcedsaturated polyester to prevent leakage from petrol storagetanks. An additional wall was used in the tank consistingof a two-layer coating made of a double fleece materialthat is stiffened by the resin and an outer laminate layermade of the GRP. Leakage monitoring was undertakenusing a permanent monitor and leakage signallinginstallation by both wet and dry systems. 3 refs.EASTERN EUROPE; POLAND

Accession no.823849

Item 72

Plastics Technology

47, No.8, Aug.2001, p.45/8

SEE-THROUGH PLASTIC CANS ENLIVENPAINT PACKAGINGLeaversuch R

The most striking example of the shift to transparent paintcans in the UK is a 750cc, 55g PETP can being injectionstretch blow moulded by RPC Containers in Blackburn,Lancashire. RPC uses technology licensed from PCCGroup. The PETP can is being used to package threespecial-effect, metallic colours launched by KalonDecorative Products. PCC’s technology enables RPC toblow mould a PETP container with a box rim and dripgrooves, all made in a single machine in one step. Thebreakthrough by PCC and RPC is the incorporation of alever lid in a PETP can. Meanwhile, RPC is pioneering asecond approach to see-through paint cans. The companyhas long used its own patented technology to injectionmould 2.5L and 5L opaque PP cans, which have widelyreplaced steel ones for water-based paints in the UK.

RPC CONTAINERS LTD.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.823334

Item 73

Plastics Technology

47, No.8, Aug.2001, p.19

WATER-BOTTLE COMPETITION PROMPTSMACHINERY ADVANCES

Demand for returnable 3- to 6-gal polycarbonate waterbottles is growing 10%/year in the US and 20%/year inEurope. Three suppliers of extrusion blow mouldingmachinery for PC bottles are upgrading equipment toimprove neck quality. Graham Machinery Group willunveil the model C-30, an upgrade of its B-30reciprocating-screw system for 1- to 5-gal PC bottles. TheC-30 is said to yield PC bottles with scar-free necks thathave improved precision and surface flatness. UniloyMilacron has introduced the RSI3500 P/C, a variant ofits basic RS3500 reciprocating-screw machine that hasbeen optimised for moulding 3- to 6-gal PC water bottles.SIG Plastics Technologies’ Blow Pac 2-10 PC and 2-20PC accumulator-head systems are claimed to hold bottle-weight variance to +/-2-3g vs. +/-10-15g forreciprocating-screw units.

GRAHAM MACHINERY; UNILOY MILACRON;SIG PLASTICS TECHNOLOGIESUSA

Accession no.823308

Item 74


52, No.9, Dec.2000, p.27/30

French

LUXURY AND PLASTICS: THE MARRIAGE ISAFFIRMEDGouin F

A review is presented of developments in plasticspackaging for cosmetics and perfumes featured at theLuxe Pack exhibition, held in Monaco in October 2000.

FUTURA PLASTICS; TECHPACK; MBFPLASTIQUES; DU PONT DE NEMOURS E.I.,&CO.INC.; NIOB-PLASTIQUE; EASTMANCHEMICAL CO.; AUGROS; AURIPLAST; ARMEP;RAFFIPACK; REXAM; REBOUL; VPI; MTPACKAGINGEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;

MONACO; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.821972

Item 75


14, No.2, March/April 2001, p.79-86

STABILITY OF FRUIT JUICE DRINKS INASEPTIC PACKAGESAlves R M V; Sarantopoulos C I G L; Saran E S;Bordin M RBrazil,Institute of Food Technology



Cashew and passion fruit juice drinks were asepticallyfilled in cartons and in three types of plastic packages(oxygen transmission rates 1.40, 2.96 and 13.74 cc(STP)/sq m/day at 25C, 75% RH and 1 atm), with nitrogen gasflushing. The carton packs were of LDPE/double layercarton/LDPE/Al foil/LDPE and the plastic films were ofLLDPE/ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer or LLDPE/PVDC. No adverse effect on product sterility was found,nor were any significant changes in pH and aciditydetected during storage at 23 to 27C. A decrease of theoxygen concentration in the headspace of the cashew juicedrink plastic packs was observed, which appeared to becaused by consumption of that gas in oxidation reactions.Passion fruit juice drink proved to be less sensitive tooxygen than cashew, as an increase in oxygenconcentration was detected in the headspace of the threeplastic packs. 15 refs.BRAZIL

Accession no.821758

Item 76

Journal of Materials Science

36, No.8, 15th April 2001, p.1891-900

INFLUENCE OF COMPOSITIONS OFMODIFIED BLENDS OF POLYAMIDE/POLYVINYL ALCOHOL ON THE METHANOL/GASOLINE FUEL BARRIER PROPERTIES OFPOLYETHYLENE/MODIFIED BLENDS OFPOLYAMIDE/POLYVINYL ALCOHOL BOTTLESYeh J-T; Wang L-H; Chen K-N; Jou W-STaiwan,National University of Science & Technology

Details are given of the modification of polyamide, PVALand their blends through reactive extrusion. Methanol/gasoline fuel permeation resistance of bottles of themodified resins were compared with pure PE. Phenomenawere investigated in terms of the melt shear viscosities,chemical structure and morphology of the barrier resins.21 refs.CHINA

Accession no.819903

Item 77


June 2001, p.4-6

BLOW MOULDING MACHINES ARE ASIGNIFICANT PART OF SINGLE SOURCESUPPLY IN PACKAGING

SIG Group set up its Plastics division last year with thepurchase of Thyssen Krupp Kunststofftechnik, comprisingthe Kautex, Fischer-Muller and Corpoplast brands ofextrusion and injection stretch blow machines. SIG alsobought German filling machine manufacturer Hambra andhas opened a mould making division, with the emphasison PETP bottle moulds. Earlier this year, SIG bought thewet filling part of Italian manufacturer Sasib which makesmachines for filling, labelling, palletising and transporting

bottles. The R&D focus for the next few years will be onthe adoption of electric drive, either as the sole motivepower or in combination with hydraulics in largermachines. For PETP injection stretch blow moulding, SIGhas two clearly differentiated machine ranges. Corpoplastbuilds two-stage machines, while the PETtec range aresingle stage machines.

SIG GROUP; THYSSEN-KRUPPKUNSTSTOFFTECHNIKEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;

SWITZERLAND; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.819146

Item 78

Packaging Digest

38, No.6, June 2001, p.78/80

LOWERING PARTICULATE CONTENT INHDPE BOTTLESAbrams B

Captive Plastics needs to produce HDPE bottles forleading drug suppliers that meet stringent cleanlinessrequirements. The company claims assurance of thelowest bio-burden now possible under Current GoodManufacturing Practices as dictated by Federalrequirements is improved by producing injection blow-moulded bottles in a specially designed Class 10,000equivalent production area. In the totally enclosed areaare three 75- and one 50-ton injection/blow moulders.

CAPTIVE PLASTICS INC.USA

Accession no.819091

Item 79

Packaging Digest

38, No.6, June 2001, p.76

PETP PUSHES POTENT PAIRINGAbrams B

Colgate-Palmolive has introduced its Colgate 2in1toothpaste/mouthwash combination in a unique PETP 4.6-oz bottle. The injection blow moulded PETP bottleincorporates a tamper-evident touch for its hinged closure,injection moulded in PP. The pressure-sensitive label isprinted on a PE film.

COLGATE-PALMOLIVE CO.; DUPONT CO.USA

Accession no.819090

Item 80

Retail Packaging

4, No.3, May/June 2001, p.8

PET TECHNOLOGIES MAKES IT HAPPEN

Brief details are given on some new containers made byPET Technologies from PETP. These containers are a pilljar for a new range of Chinese and ayurvedic herbalsupplements, a 125 ml juice and water container for the



airline industry, a squeezable container for washing-upliquid and a square container for fruit juices, whichreplaces an HDPE bottle.

PET TECHNOLOGIES LTD.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.818725

Item 81

Packaging Digest

38, No.5, May 2001, p.47/50

PHARMACEUTICAL BLISTER-PACKS INJECTSAVINGSHartman L R

Sky Pharmaceuticals’ success with its unusually large,easy-to-dispense-from blister packaging is highlighted.The company thermoforms, fills and seals its large-formatpackaging using Pentapharm rigid PVC blister films fromKloeckner Pentaplast of America and horizontalthermoform/fill/seal equipment from Kloeckner Medipak.The packaging, which is suitable for various unit-dosegeneric drugs, vitamins and supplements, is designed toease customer labour by as much as 75% and save thecompany as much as 20% in production costs.

SKY PHARMACEUTICALS; KLOCKNERPENTAPLAST; KLOCKNER MEDIPAKUSA

Accession no.818719

Item 82


52, No.8, Nov.2000, p.8-12

French

RIGID FOOD PACKAGING: EVOLUTIONWITHOUT REVOLUTIONGouin F

Applications of plastics in food packaging containers areexamined, and reference is made to developments by anumber of packaging manufacturers and materialssuppliers.WORLD

Accession no.818379

Item 83

Packaging Review South Africa

27, No.3, March 2001, p.37

WORLDS FIRST SINGLE-PIECE PETP LEVER-LID PAINT CAN

RPC Containers’ revolutionary one-piece PETP lever-lidpaint container has been selected by Kalon DecorativeProducts for three special effects paints, part of a majornew range exclusively developed for independent paintretailers. Kalon is launching the range under its newJohnstone’s No Ordinary Paint brand, marking the firstmove of this famous trade brand into the retail sector. As

part of its one-stop packaging service, RPC is alsosupplying 2.5-litre and five-litre clear PP containers and75ml Snap Secure containers (for tester pots). Details aregiven.

RPC CONTAINERS; CONSOL PLASTICSEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.818097

Item 84


27, No.3, March 2001, p.31-2

FLUORINATION-ULTIMATE BARRIER LAYER

One of the three companies making up the Rigid Plasticsdivision of Nampak, Megapak has completed the firstphase of a planned R15-million investment programme.This first stage, representing a R5-million investment, hasseen the installation of a continuous extrusion blowmoulder alongside Fluoro Pack’s plant in Pelindaba. Asa result, claims Megapak, where product integrity,extended shelf life and cost-efficient distribution areprerequisites to securing a competitive edge in the market,fluorinated HDPE blow moulded containers offer acommercial and functional alternative to their heaviercounterparts, particularly glass and metal containers.Some company information is presented.

MEGAPAK; FLUORO PACKSOUTH AFRICA

Accession no.818096

Item 85

International Polymer Processing

16, No.1, March 2001, p.72-8

CAUSES OF CRACKS IN PETALOID BOTTOMOF CARBONATED PETP BOTTLESLyu M Y; Kim H C; Lee J S; Shin H C; Pae YSamyang Central Research Institute;

Hannam,University

Petaloid designs in the bottoms of PETP carbonatedbeverage bottles is widespread. Crack problems exist inthe bottoms of the bottles. The causes of such cracking isinvestigated. The physical properties of material and tensileyield stress variations according to the stretch ratio of PETPare examined. Stretch ratio and strength in the bottoms ofblown bottles analysed are analysed. Crack tests to observecrack phenomena are performed. Distributions of effectivestress and maximum principal stress are examined bycomputer simulation to seek the influence of bottle designon cracking. It is concluded that cracking occurs not onlydue to insufficient strength of PETP but also due to thepetaloid design. The stretch ratio in bottle blowing shouldbe higher than strain hardening point of PETP for enhancedmechanical strength. Cracking of PETP bottles occurs dueto crazing. 25 refs.KOREA

Accession no.818037



Item 86

Polymer Engineering and Science

41, No.5, May 2001, p.771-81

RECYCLED AND RESTABILIZED HDPEBOTTLE CRATES: RETENTION OF CRITICALPROPERTIES AFTER HEAT AGINGKartalis C N; Papaspyrides C D; Pfaendner R;Hoffmann K; Herbst HAthens,National Technical University; Ciba

Spezialitatenchemie Lampertheim GmbH

Oven ageing was applied for about 8800 hours in orderto evaluate the long-term thermal stability of post-usedHDPE material recycled from bottle crates. For recycling,the remelting-restabilisation technique was applied.Crystallinity and melt flow rate were monitored duringheat ageing to study the effect of restabilisation. TS andtensile impact strength were followed, together with thetime until embrittlement. These data were enriched withmicrophotographs of the surfaces of the specimens.Repigmentation was used to evaluate the role of newpigments in the final performance of the recycled material.The results obtained showed that restabilisation wasessential for improving the long-term thermal stability ofthe post-cure crate material, allowing its reuse in theoriginal application. 22 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GREECE;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.817912

Item 87

Italia Imballaggio

No. 5, May 2001, p.124-5

Italian; English

HEATFORMED BIOPLASTICS, OR RATHERNATURPAKS

Biodegradable thermoformed rigid transparent packagingtrays and containers for food have been produced byTermoplast. Called NaturPaks, the containers are madefrom an innovative, plant-derived polylactide which iscompostable according to ISO, CEN ASTM, and DINdraft regulations. They can be disposed of together withfood for compost waste collection.

TERMOPLASTEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.817516

Item 88


27, No.4, April 2001, p.37

IML: ADVANTAGES OUTWEIGH COSTS

The advantages of in-mould labelling plastic packagingcontainers are discussed. For injection moulded products,the biggest advantages is said to be design, with the in-mould label becoming an integral part of the container,

and adding extra levels of consumer security and productprotection. Most PP containers are labelled with biaxiallyoriented PP film, which increases container durability,and provides a stronger structure with higher impactstrength and puncture resistance. Since the label addsstrength, it is also possible to reduce the wall thicknessof the container. The process is briefly outlined.

TRESPAPHAN SASOUTH AFRICA

Accession no.817049

Item 89


1st June 2001, p.14

“HOLE THROUGH THE WALL” OPENS UPCOMPETITIONWhitehead J

This spring has seen a surge of activity in the “holethrough the wall” concept for on-site blow moulding ofHDPE bottles for the dairy industry. The HTW approachis a key feature of Robert Wiseman Dairies’ 35m poundssterling facility at Droitwich and is being used at ArlaFoods’ dairy in London. There is now major competitionbetween the big blow moulders supplying this sector, forexample Nampak and TetraPak.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.816828

Item 90


1st June 2001, p.10

CORALFOAM FINALLY FITS THE BILLSmith C

Coralfoam founder Peter Clarke will receive the firstroyalty payments for parts produced using his Coralfoamfoam injection moulding technology during Q2 this year,almost six years after launching the process to the plasticsindustry. Two products are now in commercial productionusing Clarke’s original CFT1 process, which employschemical blowing agents and careful control of coolingrates in the moulded part to create selectively foamed areasas the mould opens. Huhtamaki Van Leer is making afoamed lip PP soup cup for New Covent Garden SoupCompany. In the US, Coralfoam is being used by a largedisposable cutlery manufacturer to produce a spork (aspoon with prongs) for California’s school meals services.

CORALFOAM LTD.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.816825

Item 91

Packaging Magazine

4, No.12, 14th June 2001, p.24



PETP BOOST FOR ASEPTIC FILLINGPidgeon R

New beverage products and innovative packagingconcepts mean that filling technology must combine highefficiency and maximum microbiological safety. Veryoften the solution is aseptic filling. PETP is giving furtherimpetus to the aseptic filling sector because it can copewith carbonated drinks. However, to achieve successfulaseptic PETP filling, specific conditions and requirementshave to be fulfilled by machine and process technology:germ free processing of the bottles, caps and the productitself.

MESSE MUENCHENEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.816762

Item 92

Asian Plastics News

June 2001, p.15

TRANSPORTING WAFERSWong S

Yasojima Proceed specialises in using high-performanceengineering plastics to manufacture products that aredesigned to protect and transport critical materials usedto manufacture microchips and electronics. Products madefrom PEEK now account for 25% of the company’s salesrevenue. PEEK is mainly used to create wafer carriers,which are designed for the storage and transport ofsemiconductors during production. Each wafer carrier ismade up of eight parts that are welded and bondedtogether. Yasojima has recently introduced retainer rings,made from PEEK or PPS, which are mounting tools forlapping and polishing wafers.

YASOJIMA PROCEED CO.LTD.JAPAN

Accession no.816675

Item 93

Canadian Plastics

59, No.2, Feb.2001, p.19/21

INNOVATIONS ENHANCE BOTTLE OUTPUT,QUALITYLeGault M

This article reviews the latest innovations in bottleproduction, highlighting a quick mould changetechnology, services aimed at reducing design andprototyping time for preforms, a preform programme, anew line of colourable PETP resins, and bottles for hot-filling applications.

SEMOPAC; UNILOY MILACRON; SCHMALBACH-LUBECA PLASTIC CONTAINERS USA; NOVAPAKCORP.; EASTMAN CHEMICAL CO.; FREEDONIAGROUP; HORMEL FOODSCANADA

Accession no.815746

Item 94

Plastics Additives & Compounding

3, No.3, March 2001, p.30-4

CLARIFYING AGENTS EXTEND SCOPE FORPOLYPROPYLENE IN PACKAGING

Milliken Chemical has developed Millad 3988 clarifyingagent, which is claimed to overcome some of the problemsrelating to the use of PP in packaging applications, inparticular, its inherent haziness. The use of clarifyingagents in PP result in finished parts with enhancedtransparency, clarity and surface gloss, and in addition,faster process cycles and improved physical propertiescan also be achieved. Millad 3988 is claimed to overcomethe limitations of heat stability, and can be processed upto 285 degrees C without plate-out. It is reported to haveno organoleptic deficiencies and provides good clarity.Processing considerations are examined with referenceto thin wall injection moulding and thermoforming.

MILLIKEN CHEMICALEUROPE-GENERAL; USA

Accession no.815472

Item 95

Plast’ 21

No.96, Oct.2000, p.79-80

Spanish

ASEPTIC BOTTLING LINES: CONTROLLEDCONTAMINATIONNervo GProcomac SpA

Machinery developed by Procomac for the sterilisationand aseptic filling of plastics beverage bottles is described.Microbial contamination is prevented by covering thesterilisation and filling zones with PVC film or sheet. Theadvantages of this form of contamination control overthe use of clean rooms are discussed.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.814811

Item 96


31, No.5, May 2001, p.112

ROLL OUT THE COMPOSITE BEER BARRELSDefosse M

EML Produktie believes plastics can replace steel kegsfor shipping beer from vat to tap. The BB/30 compositebarrels developed and manufactured by the company aremarketed to brewers for use in export markets. Cost ofthe barrels is comparable to metal ones and shelf life ofbeer in the containers is up to six months. Transport costscan be reduced as no return freight must be paid. Thereare no maintenance and cleaning costs as the BB/30s aredesigned to be torn apart for recycling or landfilling afteruse. The bags used to hold the beer are an aluminium-



lined flexible plastic. These bags are encased in extrusionblow moulded HPDE spheres, which are then filamentwound with continuous glass fibre.

EML PRODUKTIEEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;

NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.814629

Item 97


31, No.4, April 2001, p.44

PETP, HDPE CHALLENGE WOOD IN PALLETSColvin R

Developments in the use of recyclate are starting tochallenge the commanding position of wood in pallets.One such development involves mixed PETP scrapmodified with a proprietary additives recipe developedby Remaplan Anlagenbau. When used in a transfermoulding machine designed by the company, pallets canbe produced more than twice as fast as most injectionmoulded HDPE or PP transport pallets, 30 sec vs. 85 sec.Transfer moulding can also save 25% in production costs,the company claims. APME has financed developmentof two pallet types to meet the polymer industry’s needs.Pallets made from recycled bottle-grade HDPE with asmall PP fraction went into production last year.

REMAPLAN ANLAGENBAU GMBHEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.814463

Item 98

Plastics Network

No.14, 2001, p.25-8

PEELING AWAY THE LAYERSCornell DCornell D.D.,Associates LLC

The use of PETP bottles for beer is discussed withreference to the problems of thermal stability, UV andvisible light stability, and gas barrier properties. Twomethods for improving the barrier properties aredescribed, i.e. addition of layers with better gas-blockingcapability than PETP alone and use of oxygen scavengersin one of the layers. Recycling of the bottles is considered.USA

Accession no.813800

Item 99


3, No.1, April 2001, p.1/4

AMOSORB COPOLYESTER, BEST PACKAGINGBY BP

It is reported that PETP can continue to grow and replacemore glass, aluminium and steel in the packaging industryby achieving higher performances; the best way is to getthere with PET only, without adding other materials. This

was the challenge facing Amoco, now BP, when itcommenced development of its new Amosorb productfamily. Market studies show that a special PETP gradethat blocks oxygen could be used for packaging oxygensensitive beverages or food - and would open new marketsfor PETP: food, beer, juices, etc. Details are given.

AMOCO; BP AMOCO CHEMICALSEUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.812848

Item 100

Macplas

25, No.221, Sept.2000, p.88-90

Italian

DEVELOPMENTS IN POLYPROPYLENE FORTRANSPORT PACKAGINGLehtinen JBorealis

The use of plastics in returnable transport containers andthe advantages of high-impact heterophasic propylenecopolymers in this application are discussed. Theproperties and injection moulding characteristics of PPgrades developed by Borealis are examined and comparedwith those of HDPE.EUROPEAN UNION; FINLAND; NORWAY; SCANDINAVIA;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.812758

Item 101

Macplas

25, No.221, Sept.2000, p.58/66

Italian

PRODUCTION OF PETP BOTTLES BYINJECTION STRETCH BLOW MOULDINGCanali GCesap

An account is given of the different stages involved inthe manufacture of injection stretch blow moulded PETPbottles, including the drying of granules, the injectionmoulding of preforms, and the stretch blow mouldingprocess itself. Polymer behaviour during each stage isexamined, and the influence of processing variables onthe quality of bottles produced is discussed.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.812756

Item 102

Packaging Digest

38, No.3, March 2001, p.50/5

DAIRY FILLING/CASING REACHES NEWHEIGHTSMans J

Santee Dairies’ new 100m US dollars plant runs 34,000gallons per hour of milk, juice and soy products on 10



filling lines. HDPE gallon and half-gallon bottles are blowmoulded by Reid Plastics in a separate building built bySantee on its plant site and are conveyed to the upperlevel of the dairy building on overhead cable conveyors.Eight and 16-oz HDPE bottles are made at another ReidPlastics facility and delivered to the dairy by truck. Adetailed description of the plant operations is given.

SANTEE DAIRIES; REID PLASTICS INC.USA

Accession no.810121

Item 103

Packaging Magazine

4, No.7, 5th April 2001, p.27-8

LIQUID REFRESHMENTKaleido L

Developments in Drinks Packaging was held recently atthe Institute of Directors. Despite the recent talk aboutdrinks moving over to PETP packaging, this was notpossible for energy drinks, since many need to be hot-filled, claimed Ashley-Carter Design Consultants.However, for other drinks, including beer as well as softdrinks, the future for PETP looks very bright.Developments in closures include Bericap’s TAPSIDBO2S closure for beer and oxygen-sensitive beverages.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.810087

Item 104

Plastic Solutions International

2000, p.56/8

PLASTIC BEER BOTTLES ON TRIAL

Some of the world’s leading brewers are reported to beexperimenting with plastic beer bottles in a bid to reducecosts and extend the shelf life of their products. Tests haveso far proved that so long as the packaging does not affectthe taste of the beer, people are prepared to drink frombottles made from almost any material. A problem,however, is whether it is technically and economicallyfeasible to recycle plastic bottles incorporating barriermaterials used in the manufacturing process. Plastic beerbottles developed so far have all been based on PETP, apermeable material that admits oxygen and releasescarbon dioxide. This ultimately affects the flavour andfizz of the beer. Recent developments are outlined.

PETCORE; AMCO PET TECHNOLOGIES NORTHAMERICAWORLD

Accession no.809603

Item 105

Plastics News(USA)

12, No.50, 12th Feb.2001, p.1/35

TINY MARKET NICHE STILL GROWINGDoba J

The pallet-producing sector of the timber industry haslong benefited from its market domination, but plasticpallets are slowly are chipping away at wood’s heftymarket share. Plastic now accounts for 1.3% of the USpallet market, with 6 million produced annually, comparedwith more than 450 million wood pallets, according to arecent study by Plastics Custom Research Services. Plasticpallets are more expensive than their wood counterpartsbut are gaining acceptance because of their durability,reusability and easy sterilisable surfaces. Plastic palletsare made using a variety of processes, with structural foammoulding leading the way. Details are given.

PLASTICS CUSTOM RESEARCH SERVICES;TRIENDA CORP.USA

Accession no.809498

Item 106

Packaging Digest

38, No.2, Feb. 2001, p.68-9

SCALES SHOULDER THE WEIGHT OFHAIRCOLOR BOTTLES

Captive Plastics, a supplier of plastic packaging forpersonal care products, including hair care products, hasrecently upgraded its facilities to improve reliability andquality concerns. L’Oreal, one of its customers, has foundthat the installation of eight Champ II bench scales fromObhaus Corp in Captive’s Phillipsburg plant has addressedthe problem of denting of its hair colour developer bottlesduring shipping and storage. The two companies workedtogether to develop a 6 oz. HDPE developer bottle. Thenew digital bench scale allows Captive to fill bags forL’Oreal with exact bottle counts, eliminating crushed anddeformed bottles resulting from overloaded bags.Production of the developer bottle is described.

CAPTIVE PLASTICS; L’OREAL USA INC.;OBHAUS CORP.USA

Accession no.808328

Item 107

2000 TAPPI Polymers, Laminations & Coatings

Conference: Volume 3. Conference proceedings.

Chicago, Il, 27th-31st Aug.2000, p.1237-47

HIGH NITRILE RESINS FOR FRUIT JUICEPACKAGINGSentman R C; Lund P R(TAPPI)

The use of high nitrile-containing resins for fruit juicepackaging is described, with emphasis on the definitionof high nitrile resins (HNR), fruit juice packaging criteria,HNR benefits and a Pampryl case study.USA

Accession no.807630



Item 108


65, Nos.7/8, July/Aug.2000, p.548/54

Italian

BREATH OF INNOVATIONVersaci A

A survey is made of developments by a number ofcompanies in machinery for the injection stretch blowmoulding and extrusion blow moulding of plastics bottlesand other containers.WORLD

Accession no.807123

Item 109


79, No.527, May 2000, p.539/41

Spanish

TWO NEW HIGH BARRIER PETP SYSTEMSTetra Pak Espana

Developments by Tetra Pak in techniques for improvingthe barrier properties of PETP bottles for beer, fruit juiceand carbonated beverages are described. In the Glaskinprocess a thin layer of silicon oxide is deposited on theinside of the bottle, and in the Sealica process the PETPpreform is coated with Dow Chemical’s Bloxthermoplastic epoxy resin.

TETRA PAK; DOW CHEMICAL CO.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;

SCANDINAVIA; SPAIN; SWEDEN; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.807110

Item 110


79, No.527, May 2000, p.514/9

Spanish

SPECIAL APPLICATIONS OF PETPPACKAGINGSidel SA

Developments by Sidel in its SBO Series 2 machines forthe blow moulding of PETP bottles are examined. Theseinclude machines for the manufacture of hot fillable andpasteurisable, wide-mouthed, small-sized, flat andcomplex shaped bottles.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.807107

Item 111


79, No.527, May 2000, p.506/8

Spanish

PLASMA TECHNOLOGY GIVES BARRIERPROPERTIES TO PETP PACKAGINGSidel SA

A process developed by Sidel for the plasma treatment ofPETP bottles to improve their barrier properties isdescribed. The process, which uses an acetylene plasmato deposit a carbon layer on the inside of the bottle, iscarried out in Sidel’s Actis 20 machine which operatesin-line with the Company’s blow moulding machines.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.807106

Item 112

Chimica e l’Industria

82, No.3, April 2000, p.313-8

Italian

COEXTRUDED POLYPROPYLENE FOAMSHEETSDelben F; Forabosco A; Casasola MTrieste,University; AMB Srl

Multi-layer sheets for use in the manufacture of foodpackaging containers were produced by the coextrusionof PP foam in combination with PE, an EVOH barrierlayer and tie layers. Results are presented of studies ofthe mechanical and morphological properties, density andcell structure of foam layers based on different types ofPP. 8 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.807089

Item 113

Plastics News(USA)

12, No.51, 19th Feb.2001, p.9

COST COULD CAP U.S. USE OF ASEPTIC PETPDoba J

As rumours float of Coca-Cola’s and PepsiCo’s interestin aseptic PETP bottles for milk-based and low-acidbeverages, packaging experts wonder if PETP can deliverat an acceptable cost in the US. It is claimed that asepticPETP could match the shelf life of cartons, depending onseveral factors including the contents and the sufficiencyof the bottle’s light and oxygen barrier. An aseptic PETPfilling line can cost 40-50% more than a traditional hot-fill line.USA

Accession no.807016

Item 114

Packaging Magazine

4, No.5, 8th March 2001, p.16-7

SINGLE OR RETURN?Prebble J

The decision as to whether to use returnable cases toreplace shrinkwrap and corrugated distribution packagingin the retail supply chain is examined. It is argued thatthere is no distinct answer to the single trip versus multi



trip debate, but that there are significant factors to beconsidered as to the most appropriate transit packagingsolution for each individual situation. These include thenature of distribution in terms of the feasibility ofreturning crates, the need for product identification,product turnover, filling/packing speeds, product/packsize and shape, type and amount of potential productdamage arising from distribution, brand and marketingdecisions, and cost of investment.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.806572

Item 115


2nd March 2001, p.15

FULL ROUND OF ORDERSWhitehead J

The Institute of Packaging held its conference on beercontainers at Burton-on-Trent in February. Recentdevelopments in PETP beer bottles using Sidel’s Actisplasma coating system were outlined. Benefits of theprocess include a seven-fold increase in carbon dioxidebarrier, 30-fold in oxygen and three-fold in H2O.Bericap’s offering for the beer closure focuses on itsTapsid BO2S, a two-piece closure constructed from a shellwith a patented tamper-evident brand and injectionmoulded in PP. The closure includes a patented coextrudedmultilayer disc made of up to eight layers of varyingpolymers. Decorative Sleeves, part of the ITW group,described the merits of shrink sleeving.

INSTITUTE OF PACKAGINGEUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.803761

Item 116

Packaging Digest

38, No.1, Jan.2001, p.70-1

CALIENTE CARRY-OUTHartman L R

Chevy’s Fresh Mex Mexican-style restaurants recentlylaunched a full-scale take-out programme for entrees,called Express Mex. The company has developed agenerously proportioned custom carry-out platter, sizedand shaped like a large oval serving plate. The black baseis made of a blend of GE Plastics’ Noryl PKN 4765 PS-based resin and high-impact PS, black colourant and acrystal PS cap layer. This is topped with a glass-clear,snap-fitting domed and divided PETP lid. Both customcomponents are thermoformed by Waddington NorthAmerica. Noryl PKN 4765 delivers several notablecharacteristics that make it advantageous formicrowaveable packaging.

CHEVY’S INC.; WADDINGTON NORTH AMERICAUSA

Accession no.803706

Item 117

Polyolefins 2000. Conference proceedings.

Houston, Tx., 27th Feb.-1st March 2000, p.215-27

NEW HIGH MELT FLOW RATEPOLYPROPYLENE HETEROPHASICCOPOLYMER RESINS: IMPROVEMENTS INDESIGN FLEXIBILITY AND PARTPERFORMANCE FOR THIN WALL INJECTIONMOULDINGGoldthorp J; Squire MMontell USA Inc.

(SPE,South Texas Section; SPE,ThermoplasticMaterials & Foams Div.; SPE,Polymer Modifiers &Additives Div.)

Montell has developed a new family of high melt flowrate PP heterophasic copolymer resins specificallydesigned for thin-walled injection moulded containerapplications. These revolutionary grades have been shownto provide improvements in overall processability andincreased part design flexibility, while maintaining anexceptional balance of container stiffness and impactperformance properties versus existing commercial PPTWIM grades.USA

Accession no.803458

Item 118

Plastics Technology

47, No.1, Jan.2001, p.17

COATING GIVES PETP BOTTLES FIVE TIMESMORE BARRIER

It is briefly reported that an oxygen-barrier coatingtechnology for PETP bottles has been improved to providemore than five times the barrier of an untreated bottle.The Barrier-Enhanced Silica-Treated PET (BESTPET)process was developed by Coca-Cola together with theUniversity of Essen. The process uses vacuum coatingtechnology from Balzers Process Systems and a bottlehandling system from Krones. The coating process canhandle 0.5L bottles at rates up to 20,000/hr. Coated bottlesare said to be 100% recyclable.

COCA-COLA CO.; ESSEN,UNIVERSITYEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;

USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.802149

Item 119

Asia Pacific Coatings Journal

13, No.6, Dec.2000, p.60-2

MULTI-PURPOSE TOOLS - RESINS FOR ALLOCCASIONSWinkler MDow Chemical Co.

Traditionally, powder coating formulators have had tochoose between the flexibility of thermoplastics and the



adhesion of thermosets, such as epoxies, when selectingresins for coating applications. However, a newthermoplastic resin, which employs epoxy resins anddiamines in its synthesis, offers formulators many of thebenefits of both thermoplastic and thermosetting systems.The adhesive nature of Blox resins, which can beclassified as an epoxy thermoplastic polymer, has founduse in coatings, binders for cellulosics and tie layers forpolar polymers such as nylons and PETP. One of thenewest applications for Blox resins are for use in themultilayer rigid packaging of oxygen-sensitive andcarbonated beverages. Property data are presented.USA

Accession no.801815

Item 120

Packaging Digest

37, No.13, Dec. 2000, p.60-3

ARMY WARMS TO HOT NEW CANMohan A M

The development is described of a self-heating containerby Ontro Inc. for the US Army for rations feeding to soldiersin the field. The design of the container is discussed, whichconsists of a one-piece, two-compartment body, blowmoulded from one parison. Heat is generated inside thecontainer’s inner structure through an exothermic reactionbetween water and calcium oxide. When a button, installedin the bottom of the container is depressed, a seal separatingthe two elements breaks, allowing them to mix together inthe cone. The resulting heat is transferred through the coneto the beverage that surrounds it. Heat-sensitive inks onthe label indicate the correct temperature has been reached.The container walls are comprised of six layers of plastic:the outer one is PP, the second is a regrind mixture of theground spin domes cut from the container body and mixedwith a small percentage of virgin PP, the third is a tie layerwhich adheres the regrind layer with an EVOH oxygenbarrier, followed by another tie layer which adheres theEVOH layer with virgin PP on the innermost layer. The tielayer is Bynel coextrudable adhesive. Blow moulding ofthe container, and the choice of blow moulding machine isdescribed.

US,ARMY; ONTRO INC.USA

Accession no.801412

Item 121


13, No.5, Sept.-Oct. 2000, p.205-10

EFFECT OF REPEATED MICROWAVEHEATING, FILL LEVEL AND TEMPERATUREON THE IMPACT RESISTANCE OF APOLYPROPYLENE SYRUP BOTTLESiripatrawan U; Burgess G; Harte B RMichigan,State University

The effects of repeated microwave heating, storagetemperature and syrup fill level on the impact resistance

of PP bottles were investigated using a free fall drop tester.Changes in the crystallinity of the bottle resulting fromrepeated microwave heating were evaluated usingmodulated DSC and the impact resistance of themicrowave heated bottles compared with that of non-microwave heated bottles. The effect of wall thicknesson the impact resistance of the bottles and thesusceptibility of bottles dropped onto their handles, face,bottom and corners to failure were also examined. 12 refs.USA

Accession no.800179

Item 122


2, No.3, Dec.2000, p.1-2

PETP PALLET OFFERS NEW POSSIBILITIESFOR RPETP MARKET

Using its injection compression moulding technology,Remaplan has developed an additive for recycled PETPwhich makes it possible to manufacture Europallets withhigh tensile strength. The company has developed a blendbased on 80% recycled PETP. The injection compressionmoulding technique, combined with the excellentprocessing characteristics of RPETP, means the companycan produce pallets at a highly competitive price. It ispossible to produce around 340,000 pallets per year withthe smallest machine, which amounts to 5,700 tons ofprocessed RPETP.

REMAPLAN ANLAGENBAU GMBHEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.799196

Item 123


26, No.11, Nov.2000, p.25

TWO BREWERS LAUNCH BEER IN GLASKINPETP BOTTLES

Spendrups and Bitburger, leading brewers in Sweden andGermany respectively, have launched beer in 500ml PETPbottles using Tetra Pak’s Glaskin high-barrier layer.Glaskin is a proprietary technology that coats the insideof blown PETP bottles with a crystal-clear glass-like layerof silicon oxide, said to provide superior gas-barriercharacteristics and excellent flavour retentionperformance.

TETRA PAKEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;

SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.797187

Item 124


26, No.11, Nov.2000, p.25

EASTERN EUROPEANS LIKE BEER IN PETP



Over a billion PETP beer bottles are consumed in Russia,Latvia and the Ukraine each year, and two-thirds of themare manufactured on Corpoplast blow moulding machines.In Eastern Europe, consumers tend to drink beer within afew days of purchase, so the question of six-months’ shelflife requires scant consideration. The PETP bottle waslaunched on the Russian market in 1966 by theMoskvoretzki Brewery in Moscow. With the supply of ablow moulding machine to the brewery, Corpoplast wasactively involved in this development right from the start.

SIG CORPOPLASTEASTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.797186

Item 125

Italia Imballaggio

Nos.11-12, Nov./Dec.2000, p.86-9

Italian; English

PRODUCE, PROMOTE, COMMUNICATEPiccinelli E

Plastohm is a multinational based in France, active in thefield of plastic material conversion. The packagingdivision, which accounts for about half of the group’sturnover, produces in France and in Italy. Its rangeincludes standard lines of jars, bottles and complementsfor cosmetics and pharmaceuticals. It has recently beenintegrated with PETP bottles and coextruded PE tubesfrom its two partners, EDP in Spain and Tu-Plast inHungary, that Plastohm trades exclusively throughoutEurope.

PLASTOHMEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;

ITALY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.797118

Item 126

Packaging Digest

37, No.12, Nov.2000, p.88/90

INSULATED CASE PROBES NEW SENSITIVITYLEVELAbrams B

Bayer’s new custom, insulated container not only protectsfrozen pharmaceutical medium from heat well in excessof the 72 hours it takes to ship products between twooperations at opposite ends of the country, but it alsoshields them from damage. Using as refrigerant slabs ofdry ice, the new system has as its primary container acustom two-piece container that Envirocooler makes ofwater-based PU foam, injection-moulded with SealedAir’s Instapak materials, covering the components witha skin-like PE film. Up to 15 of the thin frozen bags ofproduct can be accommodated. The bags are producedby Stedium of EVA.

BAYER CORP.USA

Accession no.797061

Item 127


13, No.4, July-Aug.2000, p.169-76

EFFECTS OF WEIGHT REDUCTION OFPACKAGING MATERIAL ON THEMECHANICAL PERFORMANCE OF PETPBOTTLES FOR COOKING OILde Oliveira L M; Sarantopoulos C; Bordin M;Nakandakari YBrazil,Institute of Food Technology

This study compares and evaluates the mechanicalperformance of two types of PETP bottle of differentnominal weights, but identical design, and filled with900ml of vegetable cooking oil. Two different closures,with an internal or external tamper-evident feature, wereused on the 20g bottles. The 27g bottle was closedexclusively with the closure fitted with an external seal.Corrugated fibreboard cases containing 20 bottles eachwere submitted to a vibration test and all the componentsof the packaging system were subsequently evaluated withrespect to important mechanical properties, such asstacking strength, drop impact strength and packageintegrity. 8 refs.BRAZIL

Accession no.797052

Item 128


Orlando, Fl., 7th-11th May, 2000, paper 185

BLOW AND INJECTION MOLDING PROCESSSET-UPS PLAY A KEY ROLE IN STRESS CRACKRESISTANCE FOR PET BOTTLES FORCARBONATED BEVERAGESZagarola S WTerra Firma International Ltd.

(SPE)

Two case studies of bottles blow moulded from injectionmoulded preforms are used to illustrate strategies tomaximise the resistance of poly(ethylene terephthalate)carbonated beverage bottles to stress crack failure. It wasconcluded that optimisation of the processing coulddouble or triple the stress crack resistance as determinedby the time to failure in an alkali solution, and that set-ups were best optimised using statistically designedexperiments. All processes in the manufacturing sequencerequire control to achieve consistent stress crackresistance. It is shown that a change in the average weightof the preform of only 0.3 g can dramatically change thestress crack resistance if the blow moulding process isnot adjusted to accommodate the change. Over-packingthe injection cavity reduces the scope to improve stresscrack resistance. The base clearance and the thickness ofthe bottles were good indicators of process change, butcould not be used to predict stress crack resistance withoutknowledge of the process parameters.USA

Accession no.796504



Item 129


Orlando, Fl., 7th-11th May, 2000, paper 184

EFFECT OF PREFORM AND BOTTLE DESIGNCHARACTERISTICS ON THE PERFORMANCEOF PET WATER BOTTLESMartin L; Khalighi A; Dravetz RHusky Injection Molding Systems

(SPE)

A two-level, four-factor, factorial design of experimentswas used to determine the influence of preform and bottlecharacteristics on the mechanical properties of a 500 mlpoly(ethylene terephthalate) (PETP) blow moulded bottle,the results being analysed statistically. The average wallthickness, the variation in wall thickness, the empty andfilled top load strength, and the side compression loadstrength were determined, for two grades of PETP. It wasconcluded that bottle design requires a compromisebetween design aesthetics, preform cycle time, stretchratios, polymer grade, and mechanical properties.CANADA

Accession no.796503

Item 130


2, No.2, 2000, p.1-2

NEW PET BOTTLE FOR A NEW BEER

This article first introduces Interbrew, one of the world’sleading brewery groups, whose headquarters is inBelgium. It then discusses the recent launch of a new beerby the company, and explains the packaging developmentprocess that resulted in a PETP bottle and a barrier layerapplied with unique technology, produced by SchmalbachLubeca.

INTERBREW; SCHMALBACH LUBECA; FOSTPLUSASIA; BELGIUM; EASTERN EUROPE-GENERAL; EUROPEAN

COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; NORTH AMERICA;

SOUTH AMERICA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.795817

Item 131


30, No.10, Oct.2000, p.114-6

NOVEL MILK BOTTLE DESIGNS KEEP BLOWMOLDERS ON TOPDefosse M

We are informed that, in the milk packaging commoditysegment, processors are delivering enhanced aestheticsand reduced cost, with the latest tailored machinery. Thisarticle explores developments, under the headings:innovative designs lift sales for dairies, microcellularprocess slashes material use, and PETP grabs its share ofthe milk market.

PLYSU; UNILOY MILACRON; BEKUM; TETRAPAK; EASTMAN CHEMICAL CO.; SIDEL; KRUPPCORPOPLAST; SIG; SCHMALBACH-LUBECA;TECHNE; EXTRUSION BLOW MOLDINGMACHINES; TREXELARGENTINA; AUSTRALIA; BELGIUM; CANADA; EUROPE-

GENERAL; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;

FRANCE; GERMANY; ITALY; NEW ZEALAND;

SWITZERLAND; UK; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.795344

Item 132


17th Nov.2000, p.13

PETP LEADS THE PACK

PETP continues to set a challenging pace across thepackaging sector. The product has been showing its abilityto win applications from other plastics, notably throughits choice for the new Fairy Liquid bottle. Key packagingplayer RPC points to the product’s widening use with itsselection for jars to pack Cadbury’s High Lights, replacingglass in a distinctive waisted jar design. Tetra Pak UK’sPETP division says its sales for 2000 are currently 50%higher than the same time last year. The company’s latestmachine, the TetraPlast LX-6, boasts a blow rate of 7,200bottles/hour.WORLD

Accession no.795109

Item 133

Plastiques Flash

No.315, Dec.1999/Jan.2000, p.48-54

French

BARRIER PETP: AN OBSTACLE COURSE

Some problems associated with the use of PETP in beerbottles are discussed, with particular reference to thedifficulties in achieving the level of barrier propertiesrequired in this application. Solutions examined includethe substitution of PETP with polyethylene naphthalate(PEN), the use of ethylene terephthalate copolymers orPETP blends with PEN or polyamides, the blow mouldingof multi-layer preforms, and different techniques used totreat the internal or external surfaces of bottles.Developments by a number of companies are reviewed.

AKZO BV; BARMAG AG; KRUPP; MITSUI; SHELLCHEMICALS; M & G FINANZIARIA; BP AMOCO;SIDEL SA; KRUPP CORPOPLAST; JOHNSONCONTROLS; SCHMALBACH-LUBECA; KRONES;WELLMAN INC.; LEYBOLD SYSTEMS GMBH;TETRA PAK; DOW CHEMICAL CO.; SIG FINANZAGEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;

GERMANY; ITALY; JAPAN; NETHERLANDS; SCANDINAVIA;

SWEDEN; SWITZERLAND; UK; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.795035



Item 134

Popular Plastics and Packaging

45, No.11, Nov.2000, p.84-8

THERMOFORMING OF PP SHEETAthalye A STechnology Transfer Pvt.Ltd.

The trend towards the thermoforming of PP sheets forthe manufacture of food packaging, such as blisterpackaging and disposable cups, is highlighted and variousaspects of the thermoforming process are discussed. Theseinclude the main processing factors, which influence theproperties and performance of the thermoformed parts,including sheet prestretching and mould type, problemsencountered in thermoforming, machine/mouldmaintenance, product trimming and computer aidedmanufacture using modern roll fed thermoformingmachines. 3 refs.INDIA

Accession no.794691

Item 135

158th. ACS Rubber Division Meeting - Fall 2000.

Conference preprints.

Cincinnati, Oh., 17th.-19th. Oct. 2000, paper 52

PACKAGING OPPORTUNITIESSinclair KFlexsys America LP

(ACS,Rubber Div.)

Bulk packaging solutions from Flexsys America arediscussed with reference to the advantages provided bythe use of flexible intermediate bulk containers, plasticreturnable pallets and plastic bulk bags. The design ofthese products is illustrated, and details are given of theFlexsys return process.USA

Accession no.794157

Item 136

Italia Imballaggio

No.10, Oct.2000, p.10-2

STANDARD, BUT ALSO LUXURY

Laffon has developed a new foundation stick for bothluxury cosmetics and mass market brands. The heart ofthe idea is the rationalised design stage, making it possibleto make some substantial economies of scale, producinga container that is “always the same”, yet can becustomised with surface treatment. The first version, fromwhich the later variations in diameter and height are allderived, consists of an 18mm cylindrical plastic stick withhermetic seal for foundation. The stick can be producedin either PP or ABS.

LAFFONEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.792715

Item 137

Plastics News(USA)

12, No.36, 6th Nov.2000, p.22

BIO-SAFE SOLVES PPG’S RECYCLING RIDDLEDoba J

Graham Packaging has adopted PPG Industries’Bairocade gas-barrier coating for its PETP fruit juicebottles. The exterior coating preserves the shelf life offruit juices, carbonated drinks and beer as much as threetimes longer than untreated bottles. The downside,however, was that the coated bottles could only be sentto a landfill, unless someone knew how to deal with suchcontainers in the waste stream. Bio-Safe came up with away to remove the gas-barrier coatings from PETP bottles.The company has formed an alliance with PPG, PETPrecycler St.Jude Polymer and Graham Packaging topromote the technology. The product is called Plasticlean,an alkali silicate-based solution that, with added activatorsand detergents, separates the coating from the bottleseither through a sink/float or air-separation technique.

PPG INDUSTRIES INC.; GRAHAM PACKAGINGCO.; BIO-SAFE SPECIALTY PRODUCTS CO.USA

Accession no.792650

Item 138

Materials World

8, No.8, Aug.2000, p.14-6

PLASTIC PROVES IT CAN HOLD ITS BEERBucklow I; Butler PCrown Cork & Seal Co.Inc.

It is explained here that new barrier coatings andmultilayer technologies are now enabling lightweight,unbreakable beer bottles to be made from PETP. Thisdetailed article examines these latest developments in full.

PPGEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.792053

Item 139

Polymer News

25, No.9, Sept.2000, p.314

AWARD-WINNING ISERNIO’S FRESH MEALSCAN NOW BE HEATED IN BOTH MICROWAVEAND CONVENTIONAL OVENSEastman Chemical Co.

Brief details are given of the use of Eastman Chemical’sVersaTray polyester to produce food containers formicrowave and conventional ovens.USA

Accession no.791714



Item 140


74, No.9, Sept.2000, p.20/2

FOCUS ON PET CONTAINERS AND BLOWMOULDING MACHINERY

This article highlights two new proprietary barrier coatingtechnologies from Tetra Pak Ltd. of the UK, as exhibitedat the recent BPC 2000 Exhibition. “Glaskin” technologycoats the inside of blown PETP bottles with silicon oxide,and “Sealica” uses a patented injection overlay system toinjection mould a high-barrier polymer onto the outsideof PETP preforms. Also highlighted in this article is anew stretch blow moulding machine from the company,the Tetra Plast LX-6.

TETRA PAK LTD.; BINSTED GROUP; BITBURGEREUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;

UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.791530

Item 141

Adhesives Age

43, No.9, Sept.2000, p.27-8

EFFECTIVE CUREPark M; Buehner RUCB Chemicals Corp.

Results are discussed of migration tests carried out onHDPE and PETP bottles to determine the propensity ofsix acrylated radiation curable monomers to migrate intowater with reference to the parameters of time andtemperature. The tests focused on uncured acrylatemonomers presented in a cured adhesive labelformulation. The adhesive can partially soak into the paperlabel substrate prior to curing and can be thus shieldedfrom the radiation source. 1 ref.USA

Accession no.790266

Item 142

Plastics, Rubber and Composites

28, No.8, 1999, p.393-400

INDUCED CRYSTALLINITY DURINGSTRETCH-BLOW MOULDING PROCESS ANDITS INFLUENCE ON MECHANICALSTRENGTH OF POLYETHYLENETEREPHTHALATE BOTTLESChevalier L; Linhone C; Regnier GCachan,Ecole Normale Superieure; Sidel SA; LTVP

ENSAM

Microstructural evolution in PETP during a stretch blowprocess has an important influence on the final mechanicalproperties. To obtain information other than thicknessdistributions from numerical simulations of the blowmoulding process, it is necessary to take into account theevolution of these characteristics (molecular orientation,crystallinity, etc). Numerical simulations of top loading

tests at ambient temperature are carried out on bottlesand compared with experimental results. Good agreementis obtained if appropriate anisotropic moduli are used.Theresults of tensile measurements made on stretch blowmoulded samples and experimental tensile tests on PETPspecimens are presented. The influence of draw ratio,temperature and elongational strain rate on the finalstrength of the bottle are analysed. A correlation betweenthe mechanical characteristics and the inducedcrystallinity is demonstrated and used to predictmechanical characteristics at different locations on thebottle. 6 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.789938

Item 143

Plastics, Rubber and Composites

28, No.8, 1999, p.379-84

BLOW MOULDING OF LONG GLASS FIBRECOMPOSITESBush S F; Dreiza M; Tonkin J DUMIST; Tenneco Packaging Ltd.

Precompounded discrete fibres have long been used asreinforcement in injection moulding, particularly with PPand nylon matrices. Usually the lengths or the fibres inthe finished article have been in the range 0.2-1.00 mmand, for convenience, labelled short glass fibres. The last15 years has seen the development of precompoundedlong glass fibres, having lengths in the finished article oftypically an order of magnitude longer than for short glassfibres. An experiment on the blow moulding of long glassfibre reinforced virgin and recycled polymers is described.The long glass fibre compounds are made using in housetechnology for which the matrix interface conditions areknown and can be varied. Bottles of 2l capacity withintegral handles are blown as the primary test pieces forevaluating blowability of these new materials and forinvestigating the reinforcing structures obtained in thebottle walls. Mechanical properties are evaluated at roomtemperature before and after recycling and at elevatedtemperatures up to 100 deg.C, which are particularlyrelevant to the blow moulding applications envisaged. 13refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.789936

Item 144


30, No.9, Sept.2000, p.82-6

THERMOFORMED PACKAGING CATERS TOLIFESTYLE CHANGESDefosse M

There is growing demand for fresh foods convenientlypacked and capable of being quickly cooked. Dual-



ovenable plastics packaging, for cooking in microwaveand conventional ovens, was first commercial in the mid-1980s in the US. This packaging is typically crystallisedPETP. Nippon Goshei has developed a new grade of itsSoanol EVOH specifically for barrier in rigid packaging.The material forms at lower temperatures than currentEVOH grades. For microwaveable packaging, DowPlastics has introduced a new PP grade which offers betterstiffness and clarity. Convenience Food Systems usesexpanded PP for its TiroFresh trays, citing benefits versusthe standard EPS. More flexible thermoformingmachinery is being introduced to handle the spate ofmaterial developments.USA

Accession no.789169

Item 145


27, No.9, Oct.2000, p.27

HOLSTEN’S PETP PROJECTVink D

Holsten has begun to bottle its main national HolstenPilsener beer brand in PETP bottles with a reclosableplastic screw cap at its brewery in Braunschweig.Schmalbach-Lubeca has developed PETP bottles at sixbreweries throughout Europe for nine beer brands. Barriertechnology can be grouped into passive methods, whichsimply restrict carbon dioxide, and active systems, whichcan bind oxygen. Schmalbach is now moving from thefirst generation passive systems to its Bind-Ox systemwith an active barrier to oxygen and a passive one forcarbon dioxide, taking shelf life beyond six months.

SCHAMLBACH-LUBECA AGEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.788043

Item 146

Packaging

No.5, Sept./Oct.2000, p.12-4

PACKAGING OF INJECTABLESGuise B

Various aspects of the packaging of injectable solutions,which are free of harmful bacteria, in ampoules, vials orpre-filled syringes are discussed. Consideration is givento the types of ampoules and vials available, machineryfor filling these ampoules and vials and methods ofsterilising the containers. Ampoule machinery, which canhandle either open or closed ampoules and fill and stoppervials and available from Rota Verpackungstechnik GmbHand the Finn-Aqua pharmaceutical GMP steam steriliserare illustrated.

ROTA VERPACKUNGSTECHNIK GMBH; FINNAQUAEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.787146

Item 147


30, No.8, Aug.2000, p.23-4

SUPPLIERS TOUT PROMISING BARRIEROPTIONS FOR PET BEER BOTTLESDefosse M

Developments in beer bottles, barrier coatings for beerbottles and blow moulding machinery for making beerbottles on display at NPE are highlighted. Thesedevelopments include Miller Brewing Co.’s 20 oz. PETPbeer bottle, Actis 20 plasma coating system for coatingabout 10,000 recyclable bottles/hour from Sidel, NisseiASB’s HBB-8 barrier coating machinery for treatingPETP bottles with a diamond-like carbon coating andAmberGuard polymer for UV light protection of bottlesfrom Eastman Chemical.

MILLER BREWING CO.; SIDEL; NISSEI ASB;EASTMAN CHEMICALUSA

Accession no.786363

Item 148

International Polymer Science and Technology

27, No.6, 2000, p.T/28-T/30. (Translation of

Plasticheskie Massy, No.10, 1999, p.18)

PREDICTING THE GUARANTEED STORAGETIMES OF INDUSTRIAL LIQUIDS INPOLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE BOTTLESRakova V G; Shchapenkova N M; Prudnikova E A;Sabsai O YPlastik Research & Production Association;

Prodvizhenie

Test methods are described for the lifetime prediction ofindustrial liquids in PETP bottles, with respect to thedurability of the container and the influence of its contentson storage stability. Accelerated ageing and natural ageingtests were carried out on PETP bottles filled with benzene,hexane, isopropyl alcohol, acetone, motor oil, gasoline,and distilled water. Kinetic curves of the ageing wereprocessed by means of a second-degree polynominal anda prediction was made of up to 5 years storage. The kineticcurves obtained were used to calculate the storage timesunder conditions of a heated store room without controlledhumidity. 4 refs.RUSSIA

Accession no.785601

Item 149

Packaging Magazine

3, No.18, 7th Sept.2000, p.30

SOLVING SOLVENT PACKS

HDPE is the traditional method for packaging liquid inks,but solvent vapour escapes from monolayer HDPEcontainers via permeation, creating a partial vacuumwhich sucks in the side walls. Plysu has developed acoextruded construction with an inner nylon layer which



minimises panelling of the side walls and reduces solventemissions.

PLYSU CONTAINERS LTD.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.785075

Item 150

Packaging Magazine

3, No.18, 7th Sept.2000, p.22-3

REXAM SEEKS NEW MARKETSKaleido L

Rexam Closures & Containers of Portsmouth is expandingfrom pharmaceuticals into new, consumer-orientedmarkets. The rise of blisterpacks and sachets has hit bottlesales. Rexam claims to make around 40% of the injectionblow moulded plastic amber bottles for the UKpharmaceuticals market. The company believes its qualitystandards and expertise in tamper-evident and child-resistant closures can be transposed effectively frompharmaceuticals into other markets, such as chemicals,toiletries, agriculture and the food and beverage sectors.The New Generation Push-Lok closures are moulded inPP in four sizes and can be supplied with a variety ofinduction heat seal and foam wadded liners. Also newfrom the company is its Softline range of jars for cosmeticsand toiletries, injection moulded in high grade PP.

REXAM CLOSURES & CONTAINERSEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.785074

Item 151

Plastics News(USA)

12, No.26, 26th Aug.2000, p.28

SWISS LIFTING PVC BOTTLE BANHiggs R

The Swiss government plans to lift a 10-year ban on theuse of PVC beverage bottles in the country. The decisionwas made because a ban can no longer be justified in theface of technological advances in recycling. Bottle wastesorting has changed with the installation of infrared andX-ray facilities to check the different plastics andadvanced incinerators effectively eliminate toxicemissions from waste PVC. The legislation requires PVCbottles to be sold with a mandatory deposit on eachcontainer based on a minimum of 30 Swiss cents.

BUWALSWITZERLAND; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.785006

Item 152

Plastics News(USA)

12, No.26, 26th Aug.2000, p.7

SELF-HEATING CAN ENTERS USDoba J

Ontro has patented technology for a fully contained self-heating can for foods and beverages. The six-layer, mostlyPP, container begins heating beverages, soups or babyformula when activated by removing an aluminium discat the bottom of the can. When water in a PP puck interactswith limestone in an internal heat generation cone withinthe can, heat is generated, instantly heating the productsurrounding the apparatus in the middle of the can.Recently, Ontro entered into its first US manufacturingagreement with blow moulder Consolidated Container.

ONTRO INC.USA

Accession no.785002

Item 153

Pigment & Resin Technology

29, No.3, 2000, p.176

BARRIER COATINGS FOR JUICE BOTTLES

A new generation of Bairocade gas barrier coatings forPETP containers is making its commercial debut onsingle-serve juice bottles manufactured by GrahamPackaging. Bairocade coatings, developed andmanufactured by PPG Industries, are said to be fullycompatible with existing recycling technology. Theepoxy-amine coatings are being applied to the exterior of16oz bottles for Northland Cranberries and Cliffstar, andon 20oz bottles for Old Orchard Brands. The bottles, blowmoulded and coated at a Graham facility in York, PA,mark the worldwide introduction of a coating specificallydesigned for juice bottles. Other Bairocade coatings byPPG have been applied to more than one billion bottlesin the past five years for carbonated soft drinks in theMiddle East and beer in Australia. Details are given.

PPG INDUSTRIES INC.; GRAHAM PACKAGINGUSA

Accession no.784101

Item 154


77, No.5, 1st Aug.2000, p.1118-27

MECHANICAL RECYCLING OF POST-USEDHDPE CRATES USING THE RESTABILISATIONTECHNIQUE. II: INFLUENCE OF ARTIFICIALWEATHERINGKartalis C N; Papaspyrides C D; Pfaendner R;Hoffmann K; Herbst HAthens,National Technical University; Ciba

Spezialititatenchemie Lampertheim GmbH

Artificial weathering is applied for about 8000 h toevaluate the light stability of post-consumer HDPEmaterials recycled from bottle crates. For recycling theremelting-restabilisation technique is applied. To studythe effect of the restabilisation, the tensile impact strengthis monitored during the artificial weathering exposure.The data are compared with microphotographs of thespecimens surface. Repigmentation is used to evaluate



the role of new pigments on the final performance of therecycled material. The repigmented grades are furtherstudied by clorimetric determinations of the colourdifference (detal E) during artificial weathering. Theresults illustrate that the restabilisation is mandatory forimproving the light stability of the post-consumer cratematerial, ensuring its re-use in the original application.23 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;

GREECE; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.783812

Item 155

Packaging Digest

37, No.6, June 2000, p.42/4

THERMOFORMS MAINTAIN A DELICATEBALANCEAbrams B

Universal Protective Packaging of the USA was called inby Viasystems Technology, a manufacturer of delicateelectronic components, to explore and create newprotective packaging in order to reduce damage to theirproducts and also to reduce packaging waste. The resultwas thermoformed trays - full details are given here.

VIASYSTEMS TECHNOLOGY; UNIVERSALPROTECTIVE PACKAGING; KLOECKNER-PENTAPLAST OF AMERICA; LUCENTTECHNOLOGIES; NORTHERN TELECOMUSA

Accession no.783705

Item 156

Packaging Digest

37, No.6, June 2000, p.29

MICROWAVABLE FEATS IN THREE MINUTES

Described in this article is a new shelf-stable pouchpackaging system for pasta and a sauce, and the “SmartCooker” microwave heating tray on which the two aremixed and cooked. Full details are provided of thepackaging, which took two-and-a-half years to develop.

BORDON FOODS; REXAM CONTAINERS;CURWOOD; SMURFIT-STONE; PACKAGINGPARTNERUSA

Accession no.783703

Item 157

Polymers, Laminations & Coatings Conference.Volume

1.Conference proceedings.

Atlanta, Ga., 22nd-26th Aug.1999, p.293-303

HIGH BARRIER PACKAGING: YESTERDAY,TODAY AND TOMORROWBrody A L; Strupinsky GRubbright-Brody Inc.

(TAPPI)

The developments of polymer packaging barrier materialsfor food applications is discussed. The packaging isrequired to minimise the passage of oxygen which mayadversely affect the food quality. The development ofhigh-performance polymers has been successful, aidedby changes in the food industry which have shortenedthe time between packing and usage. Promising materialsinclude amorphous polyamides, polyethylene naphthalate,polymer blends, liquid crystal polymers, and activepackaging which modifies its properties in response tochanges in either the surrounding environment or theinterior of the package. Active packaging may includeoxygen scavengers to react with either oxygen trappedwithin the packaging or with oxygen passing through fromthe outside.USA

Accession no.782696

Item 158

Packaging Magazine

3, No.16, 10th Aug.2000, p.3

PETP BEER BOTTLES CAN HANDLEPASTEURISATIONAyshford H

KoSa’s 2201 PETP resin is designed to provide beerpackagers with lightweight, thermally stable bottles thatcan withstand the stringent conditions of beerpasteurisation. The resin is noted for its dimensionalstability, which prevents shrinkage and expansion of thecontainer. The new polymer is suitable for pasteurisedbeer, juices, isotonic drinks and other hot-fill applications.The resin’s excellent melt and crystallisation propertiesalso offer easy processability in injection moulding,stretch blow moulding and heat setting.

KOSA CORP.USA

Accession no.782564

Item 159

Plast’ 21

Nos.88/9, Jan./Feb.2000, p.35-6

Spanish

INCREASING THE HEAT RESISTANCE OFPETP

Relationships between crystallinity and water absorptionand the heat resistance of PETP bottles are examined.The use of heat treatment processes to increase theresistance of PETP bottles to hot filling, washing andpasteurisation temperatures is discussed with referenceto developments by Sidel and Spa Monopole.

SIDEL SA; SPA MONOPOLEBELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;

FRANCE; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.780287



Item 160


27, No.7, July/Aug.2000, p.33-4

WINNING THE CUPVink D

Optipack, a major German producer of yoghurt cups,currently produces 2,000 million cups/year, working infour shifts, seven days a week. It aims to increaseproduction to 2,400 million cups/year in the sameproduction space, with the existing seven unique in-lineplants at its Aretsried headquarters. Optipack’sthermoformed buttermilk cups are thinner-walled thansimilar injection moulded cups. The PP and PS materialsused in yoghurt cups now have MFIs of 100 and havecontributed to the reduced thickness and weight.

OPTIPACKEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.780081

Item 161

Kunststoffe Plast Europe

90, No.6, June 2000, p.13-5

INJECTION-MOULDED PACKAGING.REQUIREMENTS AND THE SOLUTIONSPROVIDED BY NEW MACHINE TECHNOLOGYKudlik N

General trends occurring in packaging, notably lighterpackaging, consumer friendly packaging andglobalisation, are outlined and some ways in which thesetrends are being met by new injection mouldingtechniques and machine technology are demonstrated.Attention is paid to multi-daylight mould technology,which increases productivity, use of barrier screws toimprove plastifying performance, in-mould labelling andfoam moulding employing supercritical gases.(Kunststoffe, 90, No.6, 2000, p.46-51).SWITZERLAND; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.779770

Item 162


July 2000, p.32/4

REUSABLE TRANSPORT PACKAGING BRINGSCOST SAVINGKettle M

The economics and environmental advantages of the useof reusable transit packaging containers are discussed,with reference to a study by the Monash Centre forEnvironmental Management. Costs and benefits ofreusable versus single-use containers are influenced bysuch factors as the type and cost of container, the expectedlife of the reusable container, the float size required toensure a constant supply of recyclables at each point inthe logistical chain, turnaround times, handlinginfrastructure costs, the cost of freight return for reusables

and the waste disposal/recycling costs for single usecontainers. In addition, advantages/disadvantages ofalternative ownership arrangements are considered.

MONASH CENTRE FOR ENVIRONMENTALMANAGEMENTAUSTRALIA

Accession no.779571

Item 163


July 2000, p.14

PLASMA TECHNOLOGY EXPLAINED

The Actis process of plasma coating PETP bottles toprovide a gas barrier is described, with reference to theActis 20 machine. The Actis 20 machine, as used by Sidel,is placed between the blowing and filling machines, wherea PETP bottle can be placed inside a cavity for the plasmacycle to take place. The plasma cycle involves the creationof a vacuum in the cavity, and the injection of acetyleneinto the bottle where it is energised into a plasma state bythe introduction of electromagnetic waves.

ACTISAccession no.779567

Item 164


July 2000, p.6/8

CLARIANT SHOWS COSMETICS PACKAGERSHOW TO GET ‘ECONOMICAL ELEGANCE’

Clariant Masterbatches has recently bought its ownproduction blow moulding machine, a Uniloy MilacronBW 1000 EC single-station shuttle machine, to helpcustomers bring to market new-look, special effectcosmetics and personal care product bottles faster. Theequipment will enable the reliable production of bottlesconsistently and with minimal use of expensive colourantsand enhancers, and maximum use of recycled material.Looks already created by the company include the firstmultilayer PE bottle with an anodised-aluminium look,frosted-glass, and suede effects using both PP and PE.The in-house production blow moulding capabilities hashelped reduce package development time by 80%, andenabled the company to create samples of many new looksthat can be reproduced easily and consistently with aformula system. Details are given of the machine.

MCHENRY; CLARIANT MASTERBATCHESUSA

Accession no.779563

Item 165

Plastics News(USA)

12, No.20, 17th July 2000, p.24

SIDEL HOPES TO SMASH BARRIERS TO NEWPET BOTTLE APPLICATIONSDoba J



Groupe Sidel is reported to have demonstrated its Actis20 in-mould plasma coating technology at NPE. Thetechnology treats blow moulded bottles in line to apply abarrier coating on PETP bottles. The potential for themachine is discussed, with applications in beer bottlecoating, juice and soft drinks bottle coating, and otherapplications requiring superior barrier properties.

GROUPE SIDELEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.779527

Item 166


26, No.3, March 2000, p.43

NEW POLYMER FROM RENEWABLERESOURCE

The joint venture between Cargill and Dow Chemical,Cargill Dow Polymers, has developed a new packagingpolymer made from annually-renewable resources suchas corn and wheat. This article takes a detailed look atthe properties of the new material, known as NatureWorksPLA (polylactide).

CARGILL DOW POLYMERS; CARGILL; DOWCHEMICAL; BIMO; TETRA PAK; TRESPAPHANASIA; EUROPE-GENERAL; JAPAN; NORTH AMERICA; USA

Accession no.778854

Item 167


74, No.6, June 2000, p.40-4

WIDGET TECHNOLOGYBrowne JGuinness Packaging

The development of widget technology for canned andbottled draught beers is discussed, with particularreference to the activities of Guinness Packaging.Problems encountered prior to the successful developmentof the Enigma widget, the floating widget and the bottlewidget, are described. Other product developments in thebrewing industry are also described.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.778537

Item 168


74, No.6, June 2000, p.30

MILK PACKAGING DEVELOPMENTS

A new plastic milk bottling plant has recently beencommissioned by Tetra Pak for Robert Wiseman Dairiesin Bellshill, Glasgow. The plastic bottle making facilitiesare next door to the customer’s premises, eliminating theneed to transport empty bottles by road, and to enable theappropriate amount of bottles to be produced for the

dairy’s packaging needs at a required time. The plant atBellshill has four Graham Wheel extrusion blow mouldingmachines and two Techne shuttle-type extrusion blowmoulders which produce HDPE bottles in 2, 4, 6 pint,and 2 and 3 litre sizes. The operation is briefly described.

TETRA PAK; WISEMAN R.,DAIRIES; GRAHAMENGINEERING CORP.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.778536

Item 169

Packaging Digest

37, No.5, May 2000, p.90-1

CLEARLY COMPOUNDING COLOR FORVITAMINSAbrams B

The production of tinted PETP bottles for use in packagingpharmaceuticals and vitamins is described with referenceto the operations of Waddington Jaycare, a worldwideproducer of plastic packaging. The oil-based dye systemis from M. A. Hanna and is called Freeze Dri Compete-F.The colour additive system is used with a recently installeddedicated injection stretch blow moulding machine. It hassatisfied the FDA’s requirements for migration testing,and meets the moulder’s processing and light transmissionparameters. Cited for the colourants performance are itsUV resistance and ability to obscure contents whilepreserving the vibrant appearance of PETP.

WADDINGTON IP JAYCARE; HANNAM.A.,COLORUSA

Accession no.777818

Item 170

Packaging Digest

37, No.5, May 2000, p.38-41

L’ANZA KEEPS HAIRCARE BOTTLING INCONTROLHartman L R

The redesign of haircare product bottles from L’anzaResearch International is described. The redesignedvelvet-touch PP/HDPE bottles incorporate tall elongateddesigns in the long hair collection, and other products arepackaged in teardrop and soft-shouldered designs. FlaredPP dispensing caps in a variety of pearl and matte pastelsare colour-matched to the bodies. The success of the newdesigns has led to an increase in demand for the products,and the company has had to automate and expand itsbottling lines. Details are given of the packaging designand operation.

L’ANZA RESEARCH INTERNATIONALUSA

Accession no.777816



Item 171


27, No.4, July 1999, p.296-300

COMPARISON OF RETURNABLE PAPER ANDPLASTIC CORRUGATED PACKAGING TRAYSFOR THE UNITED STATES POSTAL SERVICESingh S P; Walker R; Close DMichigan,State University; US Postal Service

Paper and plastic corrugated materials used for packagingwere compared using the example of mail trays used bythe United States Postal Service. The test methodsconsisted of performing an accelerated test in a warehousefacility that closely simulated the everyday handlingcharacteristics encountered by these trays in postalfacilities. The results also compared differences inmaterial-recycled content and fabrication processes. Theresults showed that the reusable plastic corrugated traysperformed 2.5 to 3 times better than similar types ofreusable paper corrugated paper trays. 4 refs.USA

Accession no.776394

Item 172

Canadian Plastics

58, No.4, April 2000, p.24-6

MAKING BOTTLES BETTERAnderton J

Recent developments in blow moulding technology andmethods of optimising output by customising upstreamand downstream equipment to suit the product line andvolumes are discussed. Particular attention is paid tomould cooling, neck guided air conveyor systems andgood maintenance of set-up sheets and plant organisationfor minimising downtime and increasing efficiency.CANADA

Accession no.774067

Item 173

Chemical and Engineering News

78, No.21, 22nd May 2000, p.25-6

POLYMER MAKERS: NEW PLASTICPACKAGING MARKETS OPEN UPTullo A

Spring water bottled in PETP is competitive with othersoft drinks and sold at every convenience store and snackcounter. PETP makers are hoping for similar success inbeer. In March, Miller Brewing launched its polyester16oz and 20oz bottles for distribution across the US. Thebeer bottles are multilayered, with three PETP layers andtwo proprietary barrier layers. Anheuser Busch has donelimited marketing of a wholly PEN bottle. DuPontrecently introduced Edge Packaging Technologies, afamily of products aimed at beer and other beveragemarkets. Part of the technology is an external coating that

creates a barrier claimed to be 30 times better thanconventional PETP.USA

Accession no.773734

Item 174


30, No.4, April 2000, p.56/60

LARGE BLOW MOULDED CONTAINERS TAKEOFFDefosse M T

Annual demand for intermediate bulk containers is estimatedat about 5 million units/year. The compounded annualgrowth rate is about 15-20%. Roth Container Systemscapitalised on the growing IBC market last year by blowmoulding HDPE IBCs for customers in Europe. SST Corp.processes drums up to 67gal on its Davis-Standard blowmoulding machines for end users in the chemical, foodstuffand beverage industries. At Huhtamki Van Leer’s industrialpackaging division, two grades of HDPE are coextrusionblow moulded for its UniCUBE IBCs.WORLD

Accession no.772700

Item 175


30, No.4, April 2000, p.28/30

TOP PETP BOTTLE MANUFACTURERS SEEKSTRATEGIC PARTNERSHIPSLeaversuch R D

Sipa has established a US operation for the design andmanufacture of hot runners and preform moulds for PETPbottles. For preform tooling, the Thermodyne unit willoffer two-stage tools with cavitation in the 16- to 48-cavityrange. Resilux, a leader in monolayer preform mouldswith up to 96 cavities, is set to acquire Altoplast-Claropac,a major Swiss blow moulder. Altoplast-Claropac makesthree- and five-layer coinjected barrier bottle tools anddesigns preforms that incorporate recyclate in the bottle.Wentworth Technologies is acquiring Electra Form, adesigner and maker of preform moulds for PETP bottles.

SIPA SPA; RESILUX NV; ALTOPLAST-CLAROPAC;WENTWORTH TECHNOLOGIES; ELECTRA FORMINC.NORTH AMERICA; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.772692

Item 176


12, No.6, Nov./Dec.1999, p.251-4

DEVELOPMENTS IN PLASTICS PACKAGINGFOR THE TRANSPORT OF DANGEROUSGOODSSchilperoord TTNO Institute of Industrial Technology



Several interesting developments in plastics packages andintermediate bulk containers (IBCs) for the transport ofdangerous goods are of importance. Significantdevelopments include the application of new materialsand packaging concepts, the increasing re-use ofpackaging and the possibility of the application ofrecycled material. How these developments haveinfluenced or should influence the UN recommendationsand regulations on the transport of dangerous goods isdiscussed. The role of CEN and ISO standards, whichare under development, is indicated. In this context theEuropean project CHEMPACK funded by the EC withinthe framework of the Standards, Measurements andTesting programme, is outlined. This project is executedin cooperation with raw materials manufacturers,packaging/IBC manufacturers and research institutes, andis coordinated by TNO. The aim of the project is todevelop harmonised test methods and procedures for theassessment of the chemical compatibility of plasticspackages and IBCs. 4 refs.EUROPE-GENERAL; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN

UNION; NETHERLANDS; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.772297

Item 177


28, No.2, March 2000, p.103-8

PRODUCT/PACKAGE INTERACTION: EFFECTOF PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL AND CLIMATICENVIRONMENTSNewsham M D; Giacin J R; Singh S POcean Spray Cranberries Inc.; Michigan,State

University

Product/package interactions are evaluated for threeproduct/package systems: a bleach alternative laundryadditive, an anti-bacterial surface cleaner and a glasssurface cleaner. The package system is comprised ofHDPE bottles with induction sealed closures. The physicalenvironment is studied by comparing product/packagesystems that are exposed to simulated distribution testingwith those that are not. The storage environments areambient conditions at 73 deg. F, and higher temperaturesat 100, 120 and 140 deg.F. Damage caused by distributiontesting occurs in the bottle or in the closure componentof the package. Bottle defects resulting from distributiontesting are dents, abrasions and creases. Closure defectsinclude sheared-off closures, cracks in the closure bodyor nozzle cover damage. Product/package systemsexposed to the four storage environments are inspectedfor failure, defined as product leaking from the package,during the six-month study. Failures are due toenvironmental stress cracking. Dents in the shoulder andbottom region of the bottle are the only simulateddistribution defects that impact the storage stability ofthe product/package systems, which often result inreduced shelf life. The primary location of all other

failures is near the centre of the bottle bottom edge, whichis the thinnest region of the bottle. Bleach alternativelaundry additive is most aggressive product, while thetwo surface cleaners exhibit storage stability. Performancecriteria of the failed bottles are evaluated to study impactof package system properties on product/packageintegrity. Yield strength, modulus of elasticity anddynamic mechanical properties of failed sample-acquiredbottle side panels do not change significantly from thoseof the control samples. Colour changes are monitored bymeasuring interior and exterior surface yellowness indicesof bottle side panels. Although observedspectrophotometrically, these changes are not detectedvisually. 2 refs.USA

Accession no.772290

Item 178

Packaging Digest

37, No.3, March 2000, p.40/2

SHOWER POWER WITH SODA-BOTTLESTYLEHartman L R

This article provides a detailed description of thepackaging of Aware Products’ hair and skin-care productsaimed at young teenagers. Full details are given of thePETP long-necked soda-bottle type containers and theirexciting holographic labels, which are hot-stamped onclear film.

GRAFCO PET TECHNOLOGIES; BERLINPACKAGING; AWARE PRODUCTS; POLY-SEALINC.; EMSAR INC.; BEST LABEL CO.; FLEXCON;TCC ENTERPRISES; ASTOR UNIVERSALEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; USA;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.772028

Item 179

Plastics News(USA)

12, No.8, 24th April 2000, p.1/27

BREWERS KEEP HOPES UP FOR PETBOTTLESDoba J

Norman Nieder, of US brewers Anheuser-Busch Inc., wasa keynote speaker at the Packaging Strategies 2000conference held recently in Amelia Island, USA. Thisarticle reports in detail on his views on the use of PETPfor the manufacture of beer bottles.

ANHEUSER-BUSCH; CONSTAR INC.;CONTINENTAL PET TECHNOLOGIES INC.EUROPE-GENERAL; USA; WORLD

Accession no.771428



Item 180

Packaging Digest

37, No.2, Feb.2000, p.72/80

FROSTED PET BOTTLES WARMCOOPERATION FOR CANADIAN FACTORIESEnnen S

This long article fully details the production of frostedPETP bottles in which Russian Prince vodka is packagedfor the Canadian market. Preform specialist MassiplastInc. mixes PETP base resin from Eastman Chemical anda white colourant from Clariant Masterbatches, to achievethe frosted look.

CLARIANT MASTERBATCHES; MASSIPLASTINC.; EASTMAN CHEMICAL; GENERALPOLYMERS; HUSKY INJECTION MOLDINGSYSTEMS; PET-PAK CONTAINERS; MAG-PLASTIC(NORTH AMERICA)INC.; KRONES;CANADIAN HEALTH PROTECTION BOARDCANADA; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;


Accession no.771130

Item 181

Packaging Digest

37, No.2, Feb.2000, p.52

EPET TRAY CUTS THE MUSTARD FOR DELIMEATS, FRESH POULTRY

This article focuses on a new fresh meat and poultrypackaging tray made from an expanded PETP foamknown as Escofoam, from Wihuri Oy Wipak of Finland.The tray, which is produced on conventionalthermoforming machinery, contains a layer of EVOH forits barrier properties. Full details are provided.

WIHURI OY WIPAK; DUPONT; WIPAKGRYSPEERTEUROPE-GENERAL; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN

UNION; FINLAND; FRANCE; SCANDINAVIA;


Accession no.771128

Item 182

Packaging Digest

37, No.2, Feb.2000, p.49-50

COKE “PENS” ESL BOTTLE

This article highlights the new 350ml, single-serve minibottle being used by Coca-Cola to package Coke, whichis the first of its kind to be made from a new, modifiedPEN/PETP blend. “HiPertuf” PEN and “Cleartuf 8406”PETP, both from Shell, were used to develop the blend,which doubles the shelf life of the Coke compared tosimilarly-sized conventional bottles. Full details areprovided.

SHELL; ELECTRA FORM; SIDEL; COCA-COLAAUSTRALIA; USA

Accession no.771126

Item 183

Packaging Digest

37, No.2, Feb.2000, p.39/42

REFILLABLE COMPACT DISPENSES DAILYDOSEAbrams B

This article highlights the new “Ortho Dialpak” and“Ortho Personal Pak” oral contraceptive tablet dispensercompacts, from Ortho-McNeil, a US marketer ofprescription contraceptives. Full details are given of thesediscrete and feminine compacts, which are injectionmoulded from high-impact PS and then decorated. Thecompacts are refillable, and if women reuse the compactsfor a year rather than discarding them after each month,it is estimated that 1.46 million pounds of plastic will besaved.

ORTHO-MCNEIL; ABLE DESIGN; RAZORFISH;PERMANENT LABEL; COLORWORKS; TECHGROUPUSA

Accession no.771125

Item 184

Plastics Technology

46, No.4, April 2000, p.44/7

PETP PROCESSING ENHANCEMENTSHIGHLIGHT PACKAGING CONFERENCEKnights M

At the recent Nova-Pack Americas 2000 Conference, twodevelopmental exterior coatings that provide both barrierand bottle-decoration options were unveiled. In a two-stage coating process in development from DuPontPolyester, a PETP bottle is first coated on the outside witha proprietary water-releasable coating. Decorative andfunctional effects, such as gas barrier or UV protection,may be incorporated in the first or second coating layer.ICI Packaging Coatings is developing a new waterbornecoating that adds colour, gloss and special effects to PETPcontainers, without affecting recyclability. Otherhighlights of the meeting included a new nylonnanocomposite barrier material, a delamination-resistantEVOH, improved preform mould cooling and a newmultilayer PETP preform technology for smaller bottles.

NOVA-PACKUSA

Accession no.770441

Item 185


12, No.5, Sept./Oct.1999, p.241-8

MIGRATION OF TINUVIN P, A UV STABILISER,FROM PET BOTTLES INTO FATTY FOODSIMULANTSMonteiro M; Nerin C; Reyes F G RUNESP



Tinuvin P migration from PETP bottles is investigatedusing several fatty food simulants such as olive oil,soybean oil, n-heptane and iso-octane, at exposureconditions of 2-10 days at 40 deg.C (total immersion).The stability of several UV stabilisers (BHT, Cyasorb UV5411, Tinuvin P, Tinuvin 326 and Tinuvin 327) in n-heptane and iso-octane is also studied. After 10 days at40 deg.C, losses of 6% and 10% in iso-octane and n-heptane respectively, are verified for Tinuvin P. Other UVstabilisers at the same experimental conditions showhigher losses (up to 30% for Tinuvin 327). These resultsconfirm that, when carrying out specific migration studies,the stability of the substance of interest should beestablished in the food simulant to avoid under-estimatingthe real migration behaviour. In order to quantify UVstabiliser migration, n-heptane and iso-octane solutionsare concentrated and directly analysed by SIM mode GC-MS. For olive and soybean oils, Tinuvin P is isolated usingsize-exclusion chromatography and quantified by SIMmode GCMS. Iso-octane proves to be a more suitablefatty food simulant than n-heptane for the migration studyof Tinuvin P from PETP. Higher levels of Tinuvin Pmigrate to olive and soybean oils rather than to n-heptane.These results suggest that the MERCOSUL recommendedofficial methods for specific migration studies should berevised, since the migration levels using n-heptane as afatty food simulant can be under-estimated whencompared to edible oils. 19 refs.BRAZIL

Accession no.769242

Item 186


30, No.2, Feb.2000, p.58

NOVEL EPOXY ENHANCES DESIGN INMULTILAYER BOTTLESLeaversuch R D

Dow Chemical has commercialised a thermoplastic epoxyresin family, Blox, that opens new possibilities in barrierfood bottles, most notably beer and juices. A strikingfeature of Dow’s High-Adhesion Barrier Resins is theiroutstanding adhesion to adjacent resin layers in multilayerbottles, thus increasing delamination resistance. Bloxadhesive resins enhance loose-fill packaging, when usedas the binder, and increase efficiency in the coating ofmetal cans, paperboard and other substrates. Dow’sincorporation of amine chemistry in both the barrier andhigh-adhesion versions of Blox resins converts them intothermoplastics, making them remeltable and recyclable.

DOW CHEMICAL CO.USA

Accession no.766800

Item 187


30, No.2, Feb.2000, p.34-7

PENNZOIL BRINGS INNOVATIVE DESIGN TOHDPE BOTTLELeaversuch R D

Pennzoil’s newly launched Rescue bottle is an odd-shaped, half-gallon, yellow HDPE container which ispromoted as a better and safer way to deliver reserve fuel,enabling drivers to navigate 10 extra miles to a nearbygas station. The design challenge was to create a bottle,with built-in consumer safeguards, while retaining asuperior aesthetic impact. The package has a flexible spoutthat attaches to a recess in the bottle’s back panel. Theinner layer of the coextruded bottle is protected fromchemical attack by a proprietary Airopak inlinefluorination system. Modifications of the shuttle-styleblow moulder used to make the bottles were required.

PENNZOIL PRODUCTS CO.USA

Accession no.766792

Item 188


40, No.1, Jan. 2000, p.1-10

WALL THICKNESS DISTRIBUTION INTHERMOFORMED FOOD CONTAINERSPRODUCED BY A BENCO ASEPTICPACKAGING MACHINEAyhan Z; Zhang Q HOhio,State University

The effects of process parameters such as formingtemperature, forming air pressure and heating time onwall thickness distribution in plug-assisted thermoformedfood containers were investigated. The optimum operatingconditions of the packaging machine for thethermoforming process are discussed. Data are presentedfor high impact PS, LDPE, and PVC. 17 refs.USA

Accession no.766399

Item 189

Composites Technology

5, No.4, July/Aug.1999, p.31-5

HIGH GLASS DELIVERY

This article examines the use of composites in themanufacture of structural containers for the transportationof everything from soup to beer, frozen and perishablegoods, and corrosive and hazardous materials. The virtuesof choosing composite materials over metal are explainedin detail, and many examples are given of compositestructural containers from manufacturers world-wide.

TRUE NORTH COMPOSITES; INTERNATIONALSTANDARDS ORGANISATION; STOUGHTONCOMPOSITES; STERLING PAPER CORP.; BAYERCORP.; PPG INDUSTRIES; VETROTEXCERTAINTEED; DOW CHEMICAL CO.; JOHNSMANVILLE; OWENS CORNING; AOC; TOMKINS



INDUSTRIES; NEUMANN E.,& SON LTD.;MAKHETSHIM CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES; BTIISRAEL; USA

Accession no.765293

Item 190

High Performance Plastics

March 2000, p.10

SIDEL EXPLAINS ITS PLASMA COATINGTECHNOLOGY FOR PETP

Sidel has described its plasma technology for improvingthe gas barrier properties of PETP bottles duringmanufacture. The process, Actis, uses acetylene gas asthe plasma-creating medium. With microwave energy, thegas is turned into a cloud of more or less dissociatedparticles. The particles collide with the inner walls of thebottle creating a deposit, namely a layer of highlyhydrogenated amorphous carbon. To create an effectivebarrier to gas, 3mg of this material in a layer 0.1mm thickis sufficient.

SIDEL SAEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.764654

Item 191

Packaging

No.6, Nov./Dec.1999, p.11-4

BLOWING HOT AND COLDGuise B

This comprehensive article supplies a review of the latestpackaging technology in Europe, with regard to rigidplastic container manufacture, particularly frompolyethylene terephthalate. The article focuses mainly onliquid food and beverage usage, and also examines thelatest equipment available, reviewing the different typesof injection and blow-moulding machinery currently inuse.

EASTMAN CHEMICAL; ICI MELINAR; SIPAITALIA; RPC CONTAINERS; DAIRY CREST;BRITVIC SOFT DRINKS LTD.WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.763836

Item 192

Plastics Technology

46, No.1, Jan.2000, p.35-6

HIGH HOPES FOR BEER BOTTLES ENLIVENPACKAGING CONFERENCEKnights M

At the recent Nova-Pack Europe ’99 Conference held inGermany, many of the papers focused on beer packaging.This article highlights some of the developmentsdiscussed, including new barriers and coatings,nanocomposites, and super-heat-set PETP. Insets include

a barrier bottle cost comparison, and details of a newbarrier coating for juice bottles.

SCHOTLAND BUSINESS RESEARCH; TETRAPAK; DOW PLASTICS; COCA-COLA CO.;ESSEN,UNIVERSITY; LEYBOLD SYSTEMS;KRONES; EASTMAN CHEMICAL CO.; KRUPPCORPOPLAST; NANOCOR INC.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;


Accession no.763291

Item 193


Jan. 2000, p.27-8

PET IS LOW-COST ALTERNATIVE TO PC IN 5-GAL WATER CONTAINERSDefosse M T

PETP suppliers and machinery manufacturers are reportedto be eager to stake their claim to the fast-growing marketfor 5-gal water cooler bottles. The market growth is saidto be 25% per year, and according to Krupp Kautex, 5-7million of these coolers will be needed in Europe by 2007.Although since the late 1960s, most have been extrusionblow moulded from polycarbonate, it is thought that PETPoffers a more economical advantage in addition to lackof weld lines on the base, improved clarity due to biaxialstretching during processing and elimination of secondaryfinishing. Details are given of machine developments, andEastman’s Eastapak Aqua PJ003, a grade speciallydeveloped for this application.WORLD

Accession no.763131

Item 194

Retail Packaging

Jan./Feb.2000, p.19

FUTURE IS CLEARSweet JPlysu

This article discusses the need for colourful, eye-catchingpackaging on UK supermarket shelves, and looks inparticular at packaging fruit-juice concentrates. It thendiscusses the advantages of the two main plastics optionsfor juice bottles: HDPE and PETP.EUROPE-GENERAL; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN

UNION; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.761918

Item 195

Asian Plastics News

Jan./Feb.2000, p.21

DOW COMMERCIALISES THERMOPLASTICEPOXIES

Dow Plastics has launched a novel new range ofthermoplastic epoxy resins. Named Blox, the materials



combine the adhesion and durability of epoxies with theflexibility and processability of thermoplastics. Dow hasinitially launched two resin types, Blox High AdhesionBarrier Resins and Blox Adhesive Resins. The key marketfor Blox High Adhesion Barrier Resins will be as highoxygen barrier layers in multilayer PETP bottles. BloxAdhesive Resins have already found commercialapplications in the US in loose-fill packaging and powdercoatings.

DOW PLASTICSUSA

Accession no.761570

Item 196


26, No.6, June 1999, p.19

SIDEL REVEALS BARRIER COATINGADVANCE FOR PET BEER BOTTLES

This article announces that Sidel of France has launcheda new coating process which coats the inside of a single-layer PETP bottle with a layer of highly hydrogenatedamorphous carbon. The technology is called “Actis”(Amorphous Carbon Treatment on Internal Surfaces).Brief details are provided.

SIDEL; JORGNSEN; PLASTIPAKBRAZIL; DENMARK; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN

UNION; FRANCE; SCANDINAVIA; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.760095

Item 197


73, No.6, 1999, p.35-8

PLASMA TECHNOLOGY - A NEW SCIENCEFOR STERILE FILLINGEast J LCrown Simplimatic Inc.

This is a paper which was presented at the British Bottler’sInstitute conference in March 1999, which deals in detailwith the subject of plasma technology, a method of sterilefilling for plastic bottles. It looks at the method itself, theneed for the technology, and its many advantages.USA

Accession no.760080

Item 198


73, No.6, 1999, p.27/32

ASEPTIC COLD FILLSommi I GDel Monte Italia

This is a paper which was presented at the British Bottler’sInstitute conference in March 1999, which deals with thesubject of aseptic cold filling, and reports in particular onthe experiences of Del Monte Italia, when the companydecided to source a suitable aseptic filling line in 1996.

TETRA PAK; PROCOMAC; SIPAEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.760079

Item 199

Packaging Digest

36, No.12, Nov.1999, p.74/80

‘JUICED UP’ BOTTLES MAKE U.S. WORLDDEBUTSLingle R

A joint effort between coatings developer PPG andGraham Packaging has resulted in the commercialisationof barrier-coated PET bottles. Graham Packaging isfocusing on bottled juices and teas and related oxygensensitive blends. The launch follows three years ofdevelopment to produce Bairocade epoxy-amine basedbarrier coated PETP bottles. Details are given of theprocess which applies the coating to PETP bottlesdownstream of a Sidel blow moulder. The coating is curedin-line by IR ovens to produce an oxygen-inhibitingbarrier on the bottles’ exterior surface that complies withFDA regulations.

PPG INDUSTRIES; GRAHAM PACKAGING CO.LPUSA

Accession no.759655

Item 200

Packaging Digest

36, No.12, Nov.1999, p.54/8

RIGID PLASTICS: HERE, THERE ANDEVERYWHERELingle R

A review is presented of the rigid packaging industry, withhistorical background to the events and milestones of theindustry. Developments in the plastic bottle are discussed,with beer and milk being two of the more recent productsto be packaged in plastic. The increased use of PETPbottles is examined with respect to barrier properties andPEN blends. Trends and developments in closures are alsodescribed.USA

Accession no.759653

Item 201

Additives for Polymers

Feb. 2000, p.7-8

SIDEL EXPLAINS ITS PLASMA TECHNOLOGYTO PET

Sidel SA’s plasma technology for improving the gasbarrier properties of PETP bottles during manufacture isexplained. Under the name Actis, the process is carriedout by a 20-cavity machine that can be located in the linebetween the bottle blowing and filling machines. Thecycle begins with the creation of a vacuum inside the



bottle, so that the plasma state can be reached at ambienttemperature, and a compensating vacuum in the cavityoutside the bottle to prevent collapse. Microwave energyturns acetylene gas into a cloud of more or less dissociatedparticles, which ultimately collide with the inner walls,where the sudden loss of energy causes the material torevert to solid state, thereby creating a deposit in the formof a layer of highly hydrogenated amorphous carbon.


WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.759569

Item 202

Pack World

March 1999, p.8-9

BLISTER BONANZAPritchard R

It is explained that the display advantages ofthermoformed blister packs and clamshells are openingup new markets for a type of packaging traditionallyassociated with pharmaceuticals. This article reports onthe situation, with sections headed: unrivalled eye-catching ability, expanding market, setting new standards,convenience foods, recycling and incineration, andpractical and cost problems.

SUSSEX & BERKSHIRE; MULTIVAC;GREENPEACE; FRIENDS OF THE EARTHEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.759398

Item 203

Bayer Reports

71, 1998, p.64-7

PLASTIC OUSTS GLASS - LIGHTWEIGHTBOTTLES CALL THE TUNEHeimerzheim PBayer AG

This article charts the success of the changeover fromglass bottles to polycarbonate ones, by the biggest dairyin the Netherlands. The bottles are now manufacturedfrom Bayer’s “Makrolon” polycarbonate, and can bereused fifty times. Full details are provided.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;


Accession no.759363

Item 204

Plastics Additives & Compounding

1, No.5, Oct.1999, p.30-4

RESORCINOL ADDITIVES FOR PACKAGINGEXTEND PRODUCT LIFE FOR FOOD ANDDRINKDurairaj R BIndspec Chemical Corp.

This article gives details on the use of resorcinol-basedpolymers as gas barriers in the manufacture of food anddrink packaging. Polyester, polyamides andpolyesteramides materials are used as a barrier layer inthe multi-layer containers. The high-performancemonolayer containers have the potential to extend the shelflife of, for example beer, beyond that of the current nylon6, nylon 6-6, MXD6, and PEN, because of its O2permeability performance, even in very high humidityconditions. Using PET as the main component in bottlesalong with the high barrier layer reduces costs and thebarrier layer can be removed so the packaging materialcan be recycled.

CONTINENTAL PET TECHNOLOGIES; CARLTONUNITED; MITSUBISHI CHEMICAL; EASTMANCHEMICAL; OWENS-ILLINOIS; MITSUICHEMICAL CORP.USA

Accession no.759100

Item 205

Plast’ 21

No.85, Oct.1999, p.111-3

Spanish

COINJECTION MOULDING FOR INNOVATIVEPACKAGINGKudlik NNetstal AG

The principles of coinjection moulding and its use in theproduction of multi-layer plastics packaging items areexamined. Technical features of machinery used in thisprocess are discussed, with particular reference to theSynErgy 2C machine manufactured by Netstal.

HOFSTETTER O.,AGSWITZERLAND; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.758826

Item 206

Plastics News(USA)

11, No.44, 20th Dec.1999, p.13

GRAHAM COMMERCIALISES NEW BOTTLEPROCESSSmith S S

Graham Packaging Co.LP has built a new plant to producea new kind of barrier coated PETP bottle for hot fillapplications, it is announced. The company is the largestsupplier of hot fill bottles to the juice industry. It is usingBairocade barrier technology from PPG Industries Inc.,which is capable of doubling the shelf life of juices. Briefdetails are given of the operation.

GRAHAM PACKAGING CO.LP; PPG INDUSTRIESINC.USA

Accession no.757634



Item 207


29, No.12, Dec.1999, p.81

ADVANCEMENTS IN STRETCH-BLOWMOULDING TECHNOLOGY UNVEILED ATTOKYO’S IPF

The recent IPF show in Tokyo featured a slate of newJapanese stretch blow moulding machines for hot-fillcontainers, widemouth jars and extra-large containers.Frontier introduced its eight model, energy-saving, linear-type, two-stage BIO series units. Dry cycle time is quotedat 1.3s. A new addition to Nissei ASB’s PF series of single-stage injection stretch blow moulding machines is thePF3-1BHLL, which can mould handled PETP bottles upto 10L in capacity.JAPAN

Accession no.756560

Item 208


29, No.12, Dec.1999, p.50-3

WIDEMOUTH CONTAINERS REPRESENTNEXT FRONTIER FOR BLOW MOULDED PETPGabriele M C

Widemouth jars represent the next major growth categoryfor blow moulded PETP. Single-stage machines dominatethe sector, with 48 cavities being the current cost/performance limit for tool design. The US market forwidemouth food containers is estimated at 4-5.5 billionunits. Graham Packaging has purchased a majority stakein PlasPET Florida, a blow moulder of specialty food andbeverage packaging. Aoki has unveiled the SB III-350LL-100, a machine dedicated to widemouth containers. Theunit enables six-cavity moulding of 1L containers with68.5mm necks and two-cavity moulding of containerswith 120mm necks.WORLD

Accession no.756536

Item 209

1998 Polymers, Laminations and Coatings Conference.

Book 2. Conference proceedings.

San Francisco, Ca., 30th Aug.-3rd Sept.1998, p.901-11

NEW MATERIALS FOR EXTENDED SHELFLIFE PACKAGINGLeonard J P; Goodrich J; Russell K; Rodgers B D;Ching T Y; Abbott R; Schmidt R PChevron Chemical Co.LLC

(TAPPI)

A developmental polymer system designed for use inapplications that require a ‘total’ oxygen barrier or whichrequire the removal of oxygen from the packageheadspace is described. The polymer system can be usedas a layer of a coextruded blown or cast film, a coextrusioncoating or a multilayered rigid container. The packages

made using this system actively remove oxygen, are easyto handle and activate, have excellent clarity and goodorganoleptic properties. The developmental OxygenScavenging Polymer (OSP) system offers majorimprovements over existing oxygen scavengers. The OSPsystem is a non-sachet or pouch type scavenger whichoffers activation without the presence of moisture. Thenew system can also be used in applications that requireexcellent optical clarity. Examples of oxygen scavengingrates and capacities of multilayer films made from thesematerials are discussed.USA

Accession no.756299

Item 210


74, No.9, 28th Nov.1999, p.2158-69

PERMEATION BARRIER PROPERTIES OFPOLYETHYLENE/MODIFIED BLENDS OFPOLYAMIDE AND POLYVINYL ALCOHOLCONTAINERS AGAINST METHANOL/GASOLINE FUELSYeh J T; Jou W S; Su Y STaipei,National Taiwan University of Science &

Technology; Taiwan,National Kaohsiung Institute of

Technology

One commercial grade of polyamide and/or PVOH resinsare modified by a compatibiliser precursor to makevarious compositions of modified polyamide (MPA) and/or modified blends of polyamide/PVOH (MPAPVOH)through reactive extrusion. Good methanol/gasoline fuelpermeation resistance together with clearly definedMPAPVA and MPA laminar structures are found oncontainers blow moulded from the blends of PE/MPAPVOH and PE/MPA, respectively. The compositionsof MPAPVOH and MPA resins are found to exhibit asignificant influence on the methanol/gasoline fuelpermeation resistance and morphology of PE/MPAPVOHand PE/MPA containers, respectively. Possiblemechanisms are proposed to explain these interestingphenomena. 21 refs.TAIWAN

Accession no.755800

Item 211


12, No.4, July-Aug. 1999, p.193-201

INFLUENCE OF THE MATERIAL PROPERTIESOF A TUB ON ITS TOP LOAD STRENGTHVan Dijk R.; Deerenberg EUnilever Research

This paper describes the influence of material propertieson the top load strength of a tub for frozen products. Inorder to determine this influence, weight measurements,wall distribution analysis, tensile testing and top load testingwere carried out to create an appropriate model of the tub.



Several numerical simulations are included which offergeneral guidelines for new packaging developments. 3 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;


Accession no.755439

Item 212

Injection Molding

7, No.10, Oct.1999, p.102/5

MULTILAYER BARRIER PREFORMS ARRIVEVIA MULTICAVITY COINJECTIONKirkland C

The development is described of a multilayer preformmanufacturing cell for use in the manufacture of PETPbeverage bottles. Developed by Kortec, the company’s hotrunner-based coinjection system meets or exceeds therequirements of the PETP beverage container industry formultilayer preforms, and has been installed at Ball Corp.’sPlastic Container Operations. Details are given of themanufacturing cell and a non-destructive inspection unit.

KORTECUSA

Accession no.755432

Item 213


26, No.11, Dec.1999, p.25-7

BARRIERS FOR BEER

Improving the barrier performance of PETP bottles is acrucial factor if they are to succeed in the beer packagingmarket. Multilayer designs are currently the most widelyused solution for commercial PETP beer bottles. Plasmacoatings have been the subject of most of the newannouncements in this area in recent months. Sidel’s Actisprocess is said to increase the barrier properties of a single-layer PETP bottle by 30 times for oxygen and seven timesfor carbon dioxide. Another development is overmouldingan external layer on the preform to create a two-layer bottle.WORLD

Accession no.754599

Item 214

Adhasion Kleben & Dichten

41, No.9, 1997, p.18/24

German

LABELLING OF PETP BOTTLESOnusseit HHenkel

The growing importance of PETP bottles in the drinksindustry has reached a stage where procedures used inthis line of work have had to be changed. Labelling hasalso been adapted to fit this change in materials which inturn has made the formulation of new label adhesives adefinite requirement. The growth in use of the plasticbottle in the USA from the 1940s is traced, including the

application of synthetic fibres, the use of ethylene glycoland the esterification of two ethylene glycol moleculeswith one terephthalic acid molecule in one monomer. Alsoexamined are the packaging of carbonated fresh drinks,the market share of PETP bottles in Germany,polycondensation techniques, automated labellingtechniques used on PETP bottles, adhesives for suchlabelling and the future development of PETP bottles.

PEPSI COLA CO.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;

USA; WESTERN EUROPE; WORLD

Accession no.754448

Item 215

Nova-Pack Americas ’99. Conference proceedings.

Orlando, Fl., 1st-2nd Feb.1999, p.377-96

ZERO PERMEATION POLYESTER BOTTLESOLUTIONS FOR PACKAGINGCahill P J; Barski R GBP Amoco Chemicals

(Schotland Business Research Inc.)

An outline is presented of BP Amoco’s total polyester solutionsfor packaging, with emphasis on the packaging of beer.USA

Accession no.753894

Item 216



STUDIES OF THE EFFECT OF BOTTLEMATERIALS PROCESS PARAMETERS ONFLAVOUR COMPONENTS IN BEERKempa B-T; Dorr CKrupp Corpoplast Maschinenbau GmbH;

Munchen,Technische Universitat


The requirements for plastics beer bottles, with emphasison taste/odour effects on contents, are outlined. 4 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.753893

Item 217



TECHNICAL AND MARKET CHALLENGESFOR PETP CONTAINERS IN THE MILKINDUSTRYPanella R CFranklin Plastics Inc.


An overview is presented on the use of PETP containersfor the packaging of milk and dairy products.USA

Accession no.753892



Item 218



INTEGRATED BLOW FILL SYSTEMAppel O; Spang DKrones AG


An outline is presented of an integrated blow fillpackaging system developed by Krones of Germany.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.753889

Item 219



MULTI-MATERIAL PREFORM MOULDING:NEW TECHNOLOGIES FOR LOWER COSTPREFORMS FOR BEERHalsall K; Rao RHusky Injection Molding Systems Ltd.


The potential for growth in the PETP industry will befuelled by innovative technologies that enhance PETP’scapability to the meet the needs of the beer industry.Initially the consumer will drive the conversion to PETPregardless of the barrier performance and cost, becausethey like the package. However to have a significantpenetration into this market, PETP containers will neednot only improved barrier properties, but also costs thatcompete with existing glass and metal containers. Thecurrent technologies for multilayer preforms are reviewed,the variables that impact cost examined and a solutionfor economic production is identified.CANADA

Accession no.753888

Item 220



EMERGING TOMATO-BASED PRODUCTS INPETP CONTAINERSTekkanat BSchmalbach-Lubeca Plastic Containers USA Inc.


Some company information is presented on Schmalbach-Lubeca Plastic Containers. Aspects covered includeaccelerated shelf life testing, shelf stability of food inPETP containers, enhanced performance packaging andWMHS commercial introductions.USA

Accession no.753887

Item 221



ACTIVE PACKAGING: UV-ABSORBERS INPETP CONTAINERS TO PROTECTPHOTOSENSITIVE PRODUCTSAndrews S M; Oertli A GCiba Specialty Chemicals Inc.


Many food and non-food products have a limited shelflife due to photooxidation resulting in changes in colourappearance, flavour, composition or performance. Food-approved UV light absorbers (UVAs) are available whichoffer exceptional light absorbing capabilities for clearpackaging. When added to PETP, Tinuvin 234 or Tinuvin1577 preserve the integrity of package contents and canextend shelf life. These light absorbers also protect thePETP package itself from the unattractive yellowingwhich PETP undergoes when subjected to UV light. Theeffectiveness of using Tinuvin UV absorbers in clear andpigmented PETP packaging for preserving a variety ofconsumer and food products is demonstrated. 11 refs.SWITZERLAND; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.753886

Item 222



PERFORMANCE AND ECONOMICCOMPARISON OF COLD FILL VERSUS HOTFILL FOR BEVERAGE PRODUCTSGoldberg B ATAPPA Group International


Hot fill and aseptic technologies have dominated the USbeverage market for shelf stable fruit juices, juice drinks,fruit-based beverages, isotonic beverages and relatedproducts for many years. Hot fill is used predominantlyfor multi-serve as well as some single serve containers,both glass and plastic. Aseptic is used predominantly forsingle serve products in juice boxes. However, asepticprocessing is starting to be used for various beverageproducts packaged in multi-serve plastic bottles. Cold filltechnology is being used increasingly in the USA forvarious shelf-stable beverage products. These productstypically use preservatives. Basically, the preservativesdestroy various yeasts, moulds and bacteria. In hot fillingand aseptic processing, these organisms are destroyed,and based on the processing conditions and the totalproduct formula, preservatives are generally not required.Typically there is a cost savings achieved in utilising coldfilling technology, both from the perspective of overallprocessing costs and packaging costs. In regard topolyester containers, more conventional soft drink typecontainers can be used with cold filled products whichare less expensive than heat treated containers that arerequired for hot filled products. Cost savings for PETPcontainers at the 16-20 oz size are typically in the area of



15-18% for conventional PETP containers compared toheat treated/hot fillable containers. Details are given.USA

Accession no.753881

Item 223



FUTURE FOOD PROCESSING TECHNOLOGIESAND THEIR POTENTIAL IMPACT ON PETPCONTAINERSGoodrich NTwinpak Inc.


The impact of food processing technologicaldevelopments on PETP container demand is described.CANADA

Accession no.753880

Item 224



SOON IN THE USA: THE FIRST HIGH SPEEDASEPTIC BLOW-FILL-CAP SYSTEM FORLONG SHELF LIFE REFRIGERATED FRESHMILKButeux GSidel SA


By following a pragmatic strategy directed to satisfyingcustomers, Sidel is bringing new innovative conceptstaking full advantages of the plastic bottle. All signs inthe dairy industry show that consumers are willing tochange to the plastic bottle whenever this package isavailable. Among others, the added benefit of the PETPbottle is that it can be considered as contemporary andtherefore opens applications for new markets such asbeverage milks.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.753879

Item 225



WORLD’S FIRST COMMERCIAL BARRIERCOATED BEER BOTTLE: CASE HISTORYMansour J MAmcor Ltd.


A case history is given of the development of what isclaimed to be the world’s first commercial barrier coatedbeer bottle. Aspects covered include a project overview,customer requirements, technology options andimplementation.

AUSTRALIA

Accession no.753877

Item 226



TECHNICAL PACKAGING REQUIREMENTSFOR TEAS & ‘NEW AGE’ BEVERAGESBowers M ARoyal Crown Co.Inc.


This presentation is aimed at the packaging manufacturersto continuously look at their own processes and productsand how they can add value to existing packages andprovide innovative design and consumer appeal and todevelopmental needs for new packaging designs andmaterials. Emphasis is placed on PETP applications asopposed to glass.USA

Accession no.753872

Item 227



CO-INJECTION STRETCH BLOW MOULDINGOF LCP/PETP MULTILAYER BARRIERCONTAINERSLusignea R WSuperex Polymer Inc.


Liquid crystal polymers (LCPs) are combined with PETPto make high barrier multi-layer plastic bottles by co-injection stretch blow moulding for the first time. Thisnew materials and processing technology should providelonger shelf life for beer, at equivalent cost to other plasticbarrier bottles. An LCP/PETP alloy is used as a barrierlayer in a multi-layer bottle made on machinery that canbe scaled up to high-speed commercial production rates.The oxygen permeability of this 0.5 litre PETP bottle isreduced by more than 1.7 times with the addition of only4.5% LCP in the total volume of the bottle. Also, the LCP/PETP bottle shows the same burst pressure as the PETP,and has significantly lower volume expansion atpressurisation due to the reinforcing effect of the LCP.Top load was higher and deflection at load is lower forthe LCP/PETP bottles than pure PETP.USA

Accession no.753871

Item 228



BARRIER DEVELOPMENTS FOR POLYESTERPACKAGESStewart M



Eastman Chemical Co.


A systems approach to understanding and improvingpackage barrier and shelf life is presented. The optimumsolution will differ from application to application.USA

Accession no.753870

Item 229



NEW DELAMINATION RESISTANT EVOHRESIN GRADE FOR BARRIER PETP/EVOHMULTILAYER APPLICATIONSLambert S; Tai SEVAL Company of America; Kuraray Co.Ltd.


EVAL XEP-438 and XEP-439 resins have been developedby Kuraray as resins which have improved delaminationresistance for PETP/EVOH bottles. The delaminationresistance of XEP-43 8 and XEP-43 9 is much better thanthat of conventional EVOH resins such as F101 and thatof MXD6 nylon resin. New products are introduced withinformation related to delamination resistance, oxygenbarrier properties and other general performancecharacteristics.JAPAN; USA

Accession no.753869

Item 230



EMERGING NANOCOMPOSITETECHNOLOGIES FOR BARRIER ANDTHERMAL IMPROVEMENTS IN PETPCONTAINERSKamena KNanocor Inc.


Clay/polymer nanocomposites are being investigated anddeveloped worldwide by a number of public, private andcorporate entities. Many of the efforts are naturallyproprietary to protect intellectual properties andcompetitive situations. Nanocor is an active participantin developing nanocomposite technologies and clayproducts for a variety of polymer types including PETP.A Nanocor progress report covering the development oflayered silicates for the preparation of PETPnanocomposites, and technologies related to PETPcontainers, is presented. This is a work in progress andan attempt to acquaint PETP processors and users withthis unique concept, ongoing developments andcommercial expectations.USA

Accession no.753868

Item 231


26, No.10, Nov.1999, p.80

NEW PETP FOR ONE-WAY BEER BOTTLES

Shell Chemicals has introduced Cleartuf Power, anenhanced grade of its Hipertuf 89010, but in PETP ratherthan PEN. The new grade is aimed at one-way bottles fortunnel in situ pasteurised beers. Cleartuf Power providesincreased thermal and pressure stability, improved flavourstability and reduced permeation of oxygen and carbondioxide through the bottle. To meet European shelf liferequirements of six months, Cleartuf Power bottles mustbe combined with a barrier technology such as multilayersor coatings.

SHELL CHEMICALS CO.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.752627

Item 232

Polyolefins XI. Conference proceedings.

Houston, Tx., 21st-24th Feb.1999, p.757-67

NEXT GENERATION OF POLYPROPYLENERESINS FOR THIN WALL INJECTIONMOULDING APPLICATIONSKishbaugh LMontell Technology

(SPE,South Texas Section; SPE,ThermoplasticMaterials & Foams Div.; SPE,Polymer Modifiers &Additives Div.)

The container used to package dairy products has evolvedfrom the wax paper cup to HDPE and now PP. This hasbeen driven by a continuing desire to reduce containercost and the environmental need for source reduction. Theintroduction of 35 g/10 minute melt flow rate (MFR)heterophasic copolymers in the early 1990s helped drivethis conversion to PP. These were the first PP materialsthat could provide the impact performance required at 4deg.C and still maintain the top load strength of the HDPEcontainer but with a thinner wall. Continuingimprovements in mould building and advances in injectionmoulding machines have allowed moulders to continueto down gauge the PP container. In the last two years,thermoforming has started making inroads into the thinwall injection moulded container market. Thesethermoformed containers are lighter than the 0.0 18 in.injection moulded container, and are threatening to takea significant portion of the container business. In orderfor injection moulding to remain competitive, a majorstep in melt flow rate and property performance is needed.A new Ziegler-Natta catalyst system currently underdevelopment by Montell allows for a significant increasein the as polymerised melt flow rate of copolymers whileretaining impact strength.USA

Accession no.751151



Item 233


29, No.10, Oct.1999, p.79

COLOUR-SHIFT EFFECTS ADD AESTHETICAPPEAL TO HDPE BOTTLESLeaversuch R D

Multi-hue effects are achieved by Clariant Masterbatches’Spectrachrome Iridescent concentrates applied inmultilayer PE bottles. The concentrates draw on a novelpigment developed and patented by Flex Products andsold as Chromaflair. The pigment offers a dramatic rangeof colour reflectivity that realises up to four distinctcolours or shades in the same bottle, depending on thelight angle or position of the light source.

CLARIANT MASTERBATCHESUSA

Accession no.749340

Item 234


Book 1. Conference proceedings.

San Francisco, Ca., 30th Aug.-3rd Sept.1998, p.119-40

TWENTY-YEAR RETROSPECTIVE ONPLASTICS: OXYGEN BARRIER PACKAGINGMATERIALSStrupinsky G; Brody A LRubbright-Brody Inc.

(TAPPI)

An enumeration and critical analysis is presented of themany worldwide developments and proposals of the pasttwenty years for oxygen barrier plastic package materialsfor food products. Introduced with great publicity,numerous oxygen barrier technologies have eitherdisappeared or have evolved elsewhere. The rationalesfor their initiation and apparent reasons for their currentpositions are reviewed.USA

Accession no.748287

Item 235

Retail Packaging

2, No.3, May/June 1999, p.15

CASE FOR PLASTIC

The advantages of rigid plastics in transit packaging arebecoming more widely recognised, with a number ofmajor supermarket chains among those changing toreturnable plastic trays and pallets. The green credentialsof plastic are nowhere more evident. In store, too,shoppers are being encouraged to use plastic boxes againand again, rather than add to their supply of plastic bagsunder the kitchen sink. Hays Crate Services, the returnabletransit packaging specialist, is investing more than onemillion pounds sterling in expanding the pool of nestingtrays it provides to food retailer Waitrose. Three monthsinto its ten-year contract with Hays, Waitrose has changed

more products to returnable transit packaging which willincrease tray movements in and out of stores from fivemillion a year to more than eight million. In the field ofplastic pallets, a new, optional moulded lip has improvedthe Duro-Pallet from Cookson Plastic Moulding,preventing load slippage and making pallet stacking easierand safer. Details are given.

HAYS CRATE SERVICES; COOKSON PLASTICMOULDINGEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.747865

Item 236

Packaging Digest

36, No.8, July 1999, p.42

MILLER FINE-TUNES PLASTIC BOTTLES,COMPONENTSLingle R

The Miller Brewing Co. is making major changes to its5-layer plastic bottle from Continental PEP Technology.This comprehensive article supplies details of the changeswhich mainly involve increasing and enhancing therecyclability of the 16- and 20- oz. Beer bottles. Thebottles will utilise post-consumer recycling content, andthe aluminium closures will remove completely from thebottles. The bottles are made from a five-layer PETP, blowmoulded by Continental.

MILLER BREWING CO.; CONTINENTAL PETPTECHNOLOGIES INC.; SILGAN CONTAINERSMFG.CORP.; NORTHSTAR PRINT GROUPUSA

Accession no.747598

Item 237

Packaging Digest

36, No.8, July 1999, p.32

CRACKERS SNACK ON INNOVATIVECANISTERAbrams B

Austin Quality Foods has increased its sales with a uniquenonround plastics canister, extending its Dolphins &Friends crackers line for additional facings insupermarkets. This article supplies comprehensive detailsof the features and advantages of the innovativerectangular canister, which is made from recycledpolyethylene, with an injection moulded friction-fitovercap. The canister provides excellent moisture andoxygen barriers, has a closure system made from PETP,and is recyclable.

SONOCO PRODUCTS CO.; DIXON & PARCELSASSOCIATES; PACKAGING RESOURCES INC.;MOBIL CHEMICAL CO.; AUSTIN QUALITYFOODSUSA

Accession no.747596



Item 238

Plastics Southern Africa

May-June 1999, p.26-7

CLEAR CHOICE FOR HIGHLY TRANSPARENTPP PRODUCTSBezuidenhout PPolifin Ltd.

Properties and characteristics are described for Polifin’sPP 3250NC clarified random copolymer grade, which isclaimed to offer exceptional clarity in injection mouldedand stretch blow moulded products. Particularapplications are in household storage containers, cosmeticpackaging and stationery products, where it is used toimpart aesthetics and chemical resistance. The materialexhibits clarity, surface gloss, and low temperaturetoughness. Polifin 3250NC can be pigmented usingMilliken Chemical’s ClearTint colourant. Its propertiesare compared to those of other packaging materials. 2 refs.SOUTH AFRICA

Accession no.747556

Item 239

Coatings World

4, No.6, Sept.1999, p.48

PPG’S PET PROJECTEsposito C C

With its success proven in the Middle East and Australia,PPG Industries is hoping to lure new US customers to itsBairocade gas barrier coatings for PETP packaging.Bairocade offers an alternative to multilayer PETP. Bottleswith Bairocade gas barrier coatings can be recycled backinto fibre, strapping, sheet and even single-layer food andbeverage containers.

PPG INDUSTRIES INC.USA

Accession no.747221

Item 240


73, No.9, 29th Aug.1999, p.1775-85

MECHANICAL RECYCLING OF POST-USEDHIGH-DENSITY POLYETHYLENE CRATESUSING THE RESTABILISATION TECHNIQUE. I.INFLUENCE OF REPROCESSINGKartalis C N; Papaspyrides C D; Pfaendner R;Hoffmann K; Herbst HAthens,National Technical University

A remelting-restabilisation technique is applied for therecycling of post-used, yellow-pigmented HDPE bottlecrates. Multiple extrusion cycles procedure, at differentreprocessing temperatures, is performed for monitoringthe processing stability of the restabilised and non-restabilised material as reference. In addition, mechanicalproperties measurements are carried out to further studythe effect of restabilisation on the performance of therecycled material. Finally, repigmentation is used to

investigate the role of new pigments on the final recycledproduct. The results illustrate that restabilisation of post-used crates leads to careful reprocessing without severedegradation, an essential prerequisite for reuse in theoriginal application. 26 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GREECE;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.744468

Item 241

Packaging Digest

36, No.6, June 1999, p.86

ACTIVE POLYMERS

Activ-Pak products use an enabling technology that allowspolymeric materials to absorb, release or transmitsubstances in a controlled manner over time. This newtechnology creates interconnecting transmitting channelswithin a polymeric material to facilitate diffusion ofsubstances through the polymer. The products can bemade from all types of polymers into any shape or formvia any type of plastic processing. The materials can beincorporated directly into a product or into a product’sprimary packaging and can be engineered to accommodateautomation. Details are given.

CAPITOL SPECIALTY PLASTICS INC.USA

Accession no.743900

Item 242

Packaging Digest

36, No.6, June 1999, p.4/8

PEPSI 2-L PETP GRABS HOLD

Pepsi-Cola is test-marketing a contour-shaped 2l PETPbottle named The Grip, with a built-in, easy-to-grip handledesign. Available for nearly a year in the Dayton area,initially for Pepsi, Diet-Pepsi, and Caffeine Free Pepsiand Caffeine Free Diet Pepsi products, the new Grip bottleis the first to retain a grip shape under carbonation, thecompany claims. Details are given.

PEPSI COLA CO.USA

Accession no.743891

Item 243


No.1800, 20th Aug.1999, p.10

BRIGHTENING UP THE PET COLOUR SCENE

ColorMatrix Europe has developed a new family of PETPadditives, which will enhance the colouring of PETPpreforms and bottles, it is announced. The companyspecialises in the provision of liquid colourant systems,and supplies three families of additive providing UVprotection, acetaldehyde reduction and a variety of processaids which are claimed to provide significant opportunities



to the soft drinks/plastics bottling industry. Brief detailsare given.

COLORMATRIX EUROPEEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.743348

Item 244

Plastics News(USA)

11, No.21, 12th July 1999, p.12/4

AOKI HAS HANDLE ON NEW PETP BOTTLEDESIGNBregar B

Aoki Technical Laboratory has patented technology for aPETP bottle moulded from a preform with an integrated,hinged handle. Once the bottle has been blow mouldedand filled with a product, the handles bend into an uprightposition for easy carrying. The company says molecularorientation of the PETP resin gives the handle impressivestrength, allowing it to hold the filled bottle even as thehandles are flexed upright at a 90 degree angle. An Aokimachine can turn out 10L handled bottles at a rate of 140/hour or 760 5L bottles an hour.

AOKI TECHNICAL LABORATORY INC.USA

Accession no.742852

Item 245

Plast’ 21

No.79, March 1999, p.55-7

Spanish

DEVELOPMENTS IN THE COEXTRUSION OFLAMINATES FOR FOOD PACKAGINGDe Groof BCobelplast Trading NV

Applications of plastics in coextruded food packaging areexamined. These include PS/EVOH/PE films for modifiedatmosphere packaging and PP/EVOH/PP laminates forfood trays and mineral water bottles. 3 refs.

BASF AG; DOW CHEMICAL CO.EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;

GERMANY; NETHERLANDS; USA; WESTERN EUROPE;

WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.742543

Item 246


14, No.88, July/Aug.1999, p.39

SIDEL CLAIMS BEER BREAKTHROUGH

Sidel says that it has invented a new technology to givePETP bottles the chance to compete on an equal levelwith glass bottles for beer packaging. The ACTIS -Amorphous Carbon Treatment on Internal Surface -process gives PETP bottles barrier properties comparableto glass bottles and metal drink cans. The company

describes it as a decisive innovation in PETP packagingfor the as-yet huge and untapped beer packaging market.The ideal PETP bottle for the beer market should providea good barrier to oxygen getting into the bottle, and carbondioxide escaping out of the bottle. In addition, there shouldbe no aldehyde migration from the bottle into the beer.The process consists of coating the inside of a standard,single-layer PETP bottle with a layer of highlyhydrogenated amorphous carbon. Brief details are given.


WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.741795

Item 247

Chemical Engineering

106, No.7, July 1999, p.42/44

SCAVENGERS WITH AN APPETITE FOROXYGEN PROTECT VALUABLE CARGOParkinson G

Oxygen scavengers have been used for years to protectperishable foods and medical supplies from spoilage,mainly in the form of scavenger-bearing pouchespackaged with the product. However, this approach isunsuitable for liquids, and has raised objections to havinga ‘foreign body’ mixed with the product. Today,scavenger-bearing films are being built into laminatedplastic containers and closures, to prevent direct contactwith the product, according to speakers at a recentconference. Details are given.USA

Accession no.741706

Item 248


76, No.510, Dec.1998, p.638-49

Spanish

NEW MATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGIES FORBARRIER PACKAGINGBarrales-Rienda J MInstituto de Ciencia y Tecnologia de Polimeros

Developments in barrier polymers for use in packagingare reviewed, and coextrusion and plasma depositionprocesses used in the production of barrier packaging areexamined. Methods for the modification of barrierproperties through the blending of polymers are discussed,with particular reference to PETP/EVOH blends, blendsof PS with low molecular weight liquid crystals, and PE/polyamide blends for automotive fuel tanks. 102 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; SPAIN;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.740572

Item 249




73, No.7, July 1999, p.31/6

TRENDS IN THE RETAIL PACKAGING OFBEER: OPPORTUNITIES FOR PETCross CMarketpower Ltd.

The European beer bottle markets are examined, withreference to trends in packaging materials, namely, glassbottles, both returnable and one-trip, cans, and PETPbottles. The situation is examined for Germany, Belgium,the Netherlands, Spain, France, Italy and the UK, withdetails of market shares. The growth of PETP for bottlingwater and beer is examined, with details of materials andtechnological developments which have enabled thematerial to be a contender in the marketplace.EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.739874

Item 250


29, No.7, July 1999, p.26/46

BARRIER COATING OPTIONS CAN REDUCECOST AND EXTEND SHELF LIFE IN BEERBOTTLESColvin R

New barrier technologies could boost the use of PETPbottles for beer and fruit-based beverages. Plasma coatingprovides a barrier 30 times higher against oxygen ingressand seven times higher to carbon dioxide than monolayerPETP bottles. Sidel’s Actis 20 treating equipment has 20stations and coats 10,000 PETP bottles/h in sizes up to0.6L. Meanwhile, Sipa has introduced equipment to spraya barrier coating on the outside of PETP bottles. Theintegrated production process firsts targets reducingoxygen levels trapped in PETP bottle walls.

SIDEL SA; SIPA SPAEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;


Accession no.737454

Item 251


29, No.7, July 1999, p.26/46

CRYOGENIC BLOW MOULDING RAISES HOT-FILL PERFORMANCE OF MONOLAYERCONTAINERSGabriele M C

Plastic Solutions Molding claims its CryoPak cryogenictwo-stage blow moulding process delivers monolayerPETP containers that withstand hot-fill and pasteurisingtechniques for food and beverage packaging. Liquidnitrogen is introduced during stretch blow moulding ofthe PETP preform. The process also involves extremeheat-setting of PETP bottles through hot moulds in excessof 150C. This elevated mould temperature is employedto build crystallinity in the container, making it more

thermally stable for hot-fill applications. The highercrystallinity is said to improve barrier properties andimparts greater stiffness to the container’s top-loadmechanical strength.

PLASTIC SOLUTIONS MOLDING INC.USA

Accession no.737453

Item 252

Food Packer International

14, No.6, June 1999, p.24

EASTMAN SHEDS LIGHT ON CONTAINERPREFERENCES

Results are considered of a consumer study carried outby the University of Georgia and sponsored by EastmanChemical, into buying preferences for packagedreheatable foods. Types of packaging tested included PPwith a rigid dome, paperboard with lidding film,crystallised PETP with lidding film and CPETP with arigid dome. Dual-ovenable packages were the first choice(92%), and despite the increased costs, 30% of consumerssaid they would be willing to pay more for the flexibilityand convenience offered by the choice of microwave andconventional oven reheating methods.

EASTMAN CHEMICAL CO.;GEORGIA,UNIVERSITYUSA

Accession no.736646

Item 253

Plastics News(USA)

11, No.10, 26th April 1999, p.26

PRENT CATHETER PACKAGE EARNS TOPAWARDJackson E

A coronary imaging catheter package made by Prent wasnamed Thermoformed Package of the Year at this year’sSPI’s Thermoforming Institute National Awards. Otherwinning designs included a music station, doorassemblies, a heart laser cart and a dolphin-shaped candyclamshell.

PRENT CORP.; SPIUSA

Accession no.736147

Item 254

Adhesives & Sealants Industry

6, No.4, May 1999, p.44

PREDICT 30% CONVERSION RATE FROMDRUMS TO IBCS

It is predicted that 30% of the food and chemicalmanufacturers in the US will convert from drums to plasticintermediate bulk containers between 1998 and 2003. TheIBC eliminates disposal issues, maximises safety, eases



tracking amd minimises transportation costs throughmultiple-trip use. Meese Orbitron Dunne’s leakproof IBCis rotomoulded from PE into a single, seamless unit ofuniform wall thickness.

MEESE ORBITRON DUNNE CO.USA

Accession no.736130

Item 255

High Performance Plastics

June 1999, p.1

PLASMA MAKES PETP AS GOOD AS GLASS(AND AS CHEAP, TOO)

Sidel has developed a new plasma technology for coatingthe inside of PETP bottles using equipment based on itshigh-output blow moulding machines. PETP bottles areproduced with barrier properties claimed to be up to 30times the normal barrier to oxygen and 7 times strongerbarrier to carbon dioxide. The ACTIS process coats theinternal surface of a standard single-layer PETP bottlewith a layer of highly hydrogenated amorphous carbon,obtained from food gas in its plasma state.


WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.734185

Item 256

Antec ’99.Volume 1.Conference proceedings.

New York City, 2nd-6th May, 1999, p.1029-33.012

INJECTION/STRETCH BLOW MOULDING OFPET/LCP BLENDS FOR BETTER PRODUCTPERFORMANCEGarcia-Rejon A; Nguyen K T; Michaeli W; Morich L;Schmidt G; Lusignea RCanada,National Research Council; Aachen,Institute of

Plastics Processing; Superex Polymer Inc.

(SPE)

Blends of polyethylene terephthalate and liquid crystallinepolymer (LCP) were evaluated as candidate materials forbottles to be used for hot filling, manufactured by injectionstretch blow moulding. The flow resistance of the blendsdecreased with increasing LCP content. The processabilityof the blends was evaluated by blow moulding bottles.The LCP content had a stabilising effect on the stretchingand blowing process, and also enhanced the compressiveload which the bottles were capable of withstanding at70C. The ability of the bottles to withstand hot fillingincreased, and the oxygen permeability decreased withincreasing LCP content in the blend. 7 refs.CANADA; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;


Accession no.734090

Item 257

Antec ’99.Volume 1.Conference proceedings.

New York City, 2nd-6th May, 1999, p.1010-6.012

HOT FILLABLE CONTAINERSMANUFACTURED FROM NEW POLYMERICCOMPOUNDS BASED ON PET/PENCOPOLYMERS AND BLENDSOphir A; Kenig S; Shai A; Barka’ai YIsrael Plastics & Rubber Center; LOG Plastic Products

Co.

(SPE)

Polyethylene terephthalate (PET), copolymers of ethyleneterephthalate and ethylene naphthalate, and blends of PETwith the copolymers were evaluated as candidate materialsfor the manufacture of bottles by injection stretch blowmoulding, intended for hot filling. The materials werecharacterised by differential scanning calorimetry anddynamic thermal mechanical analysis. It was concludedthat the blends were suitable materials for this application.12 refs.ISRAEL

Accession no.734086

Item 258

Antec ’99. Volume III. Conference proceedings.

New York City, 2nd-6th May 1999, p.3931-5. 012

DISTRIBUTION OF MATERIAL IN ANINJECTION MOULDED CONTAINERAasetre SBorealis AS

(SPE)

The distribution of material (weight) in an injectionmoulded container is quantified by cutting the containerprecisely into segments. Moulding conditions are varied,and different PP grades are used. Material distributionremains nearly uniform when increasing the packingpressure. Increasing the packing time above a certain limit,however, mainly packs material close to the gate. Materialdistribution is also affected by material parameters suchas melt flow rate and nucleation. The shrinkage and thecompressive strength of the container are related tomaterial distribution.NORWAY; SCANDINAVIA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.734037

Item 259


New York City, 2nd-6th May 1999, p.3852-5. 012

COMPARISON OF EXTRUSION ANDINJECTION BLOW MOULDED BOTTLESCribbs M RPennsylvania,College of Technology

(SPE)

Processing decisions are often made between blowingbottles by the extrusion or injection blow moulding



technique in companies having both capabilities. Whereparison melt strength is not a problem, one of the majorconsiderations is the strength of the resultant bottle. Usingthe same bottle geometry and same plastic material underoptimum processing conditions for each method, tensiletesting is performed. The tensile specimens are die cutfrom side wall panels and compared. Results show themechanical differences generated by the two approaches.4 refs.USA

Accession no.734018

Item 260

Plastics Technology

45, No.4, April 1999, p.58-9

BEER IN PLASTIC - SO MANY WAYS TO GETTHEREKnights M

This article explores the many methods being tested, suchas coinjection, over-moulding, barrier coatings and resinblends, to produce a plastic beer bottle that satisfies everyrequirement. It considers: PETP bottles, EVOH materialsfor barrier properties, PEN bottles, nylon, epoxy aminebarrier coatings, LCP alloy, nanocomposites, and oxygenscavengers.

BP AMOCO CHEMICALS; SHELL CHEMICAL;NANACOR INC.; PPG INDUSTRIES INC.;EASTMAN CHEMICAL CO.; AMOCO POLYMERS;CONTINENTAL; EVAL CO.; HUSKY INJECTIONMOLDING SYSTEMS LTD.; KRUPP CORPOPLAST;MITSUBISHI GAS CHEMICAL AMERICA INC.;SUPEREX POLYMER INC.CANADA; USA

Accession no.733906

Item 261


29, No.5, May 1999, p.47-50

BLOW MOLDED PACKAGING MELDS STYLEAND SUBSTANCEDefosse M T; Moore S

The global cosmetics and toiletries packaging marketstands at 9 billion US dollars per year and is experiencingrapid growth. This detailed article looks at the latestdevelopments from key manufacturers, includingmultilayer structures and diverse materials, which arecreating colourful, eye-catching designs.

CLARIANT; HANNA M.A.,COLOR; UNITIKA LTD.;VICTOR INTERNATIONAL PLASTICS; REVLONTECHNOLOGIES; CHEUN KYUNG CO.;MONTELL; ENGELHARDT; EASTMANCHEMICAL CO.; ASPELL POLYMERES; ELFATOCHEM; UNION CARBIDE; ALGROUPWHEATON; WEENER PLASTIC GROUP;SUPEREX POLYMER; TOPPAN PRINTING CO.;

MILLIKEN CHEMICAL; SOMATER; STAK PLAST;CEBALASIA; EUROPE-GENERAL; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY;

EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; GERMANY; NORTH AMERICA;

SOUTH KOREA; UK; USA; WESTERN EUROPE; WORLD

Accession no.733544

Item 262


29, No.5, May 1999, p.27-8

EXPLODING DVD MARKET SPURSINNOVATIONS IN POLYPROPYLENEGraff G

It is reported that polypropylene producers are activelyworking to develop improved resin grades, to packagedigital versatile discs (DVD’s), the next generation ofultra-high-density optical storage media. The article thenhighlights several developments from key PP producers.

MONTELL NORTH AMERICA; INTERNATIONALRECORDING MEDIA ASSOCIATION; TARGORGMBH; ALPHA ENTERPRISES; JOYCE MOLDING;BASF CORP.; CLEAR-VU PRODUCTS; LASERFILEINTERNATIONAL; VARIOPACEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;

USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.733537

Item 263

Materiaux & Techniques

86, Nos.9/10, Sept./Oct.1998, p.3-5

French

THOUGHTS ON CLOSURES FOR CONTAINERSFOR FOOD AND CHEMICAL PRODUCTSReyne MENSAIS

Applications of plastics in place of cork, glass and metalsin closures for containers for wines, beer and otherbeverages, cosmetics, perfumes and chemical andpharmaceutical products are discussed. Developments inthe use of plastics in bottles and other containers are alsoreviewed. 2 refs.

SABATE; DU PONT DE NEMOURS E.I.,& CO.INC.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;

USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.732506

Item 264


76, No.506, Aug.1998, p.128/32

Spanish

EXTRUSION BLOW MOULDINGAllue S

The extrusion blow moulding process for the productionof plastics containers is described, and types of machineryand polymers used in the process are reviewed.



UNILOY; B & W; JOHNSON CONTROLSINC.,PLASTICS MACHINERY DIV.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;

ITALY; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.732429

Item 265

Plastics News(USA)

11, No.11, 3rd May 1999, p.20

STRUCTURAL FOAM CONTAINER COLLECTSAWARDAntosiewicz F

A big blue 54 in., 150 lb agricultural container attractedconsiderable attention at Structural Plastics ’99 in Boston.Mould maker FU Precision Works of Concord, Ontario,entered the container, and later became the winner of theMaterials Handling Award. The container, which can besupplied as a solid or vented box, is structural foammoulded from PE, and has a static load capacity of 15,000lb. Brief details are given.

SPI,STRUCTURAL PLASTICS DIV.; FGLPRECISION WORKS LTD.CANADA; USA

Accession no.731737

Item 266


26, No.5, May 1999, p.27

CLEAN MACHINESLee M

Henniez, the major Swiss beverage producer and bottler,has recently installed a new linear aseptic PETP blowmoulding and bottling system from Tetra Pak. The launchproduct for the system is the new Virgin brand iced teadrink. The flash pasteurisation used in the aseptic processis considerably more gentle than the hot-fill process anddoes not destroy tea’s subtle flavour or its nutritionalcontent in the same way.

HENNIEZSWITZERLAND; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.730533

Item 267

Packaging Communique

Winter 98/99, p.4

POLYESTER PACKAGING CHALLENGESCONVENTIONAL MATERIALS

This article reports on the use of polyethyleneterephthalate (PETP) and polyethylene naphthalate (PEN)resins for beer bottles, following improvements in theresin’s performance in response to demands. The resins’favourable properties are highlighted.AUSTRALIA; EUROPE-GENERAL; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY;

EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE; SPAIN; USA; WESTERN

EUROPE

Accession no.729361

Item 268


89, No.4, April 1999, p.29-31 & pp.112-6

PERMEATION BEHAVIOUR OF ORGANICSUBSTANCESEwender J; Franz RFraunhofer Institut

Special tests were carried out to find out more about theinfluences exerted by organic substances in mixtures withother organic compounds on permeating through surface-refined plastic containers. The permeation of theindividual substances was measured by gaschromatography. The findings can be used to establishthe optimum way to treat plastic containers to meet therelevant requirements.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.728738

Item 269


89, No.4, April 1999, p.24-6 & pp.101-4

TRENDS IN BARRIER MATERIALSRosch J; Wunsch J RTargor GmbH

Market demands on packaging materials are long shelflife, low materials consumption, variety in processing, aswell as the best possible protection of the contents fromoutside influences. Trends in barrier materials forpackaging films and bottles are discussed.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.728736

Item 270


12, No.2, March-April 1999, p.75-80

PRACTICAL THERMAL RESISTANCE AND ICEREQUIREMENT CALCULATIONS FORINSULATING PACKAGESBurgess GMichigan,State University

Several styles of insulating packages were studied,varying in construction from the ordinary expanded PScooler to various liner-in-box arrangements with orwithout aluminium foil surfaces. Ice-melt tests wereconducted to measure package insulating ability and theresults were used to determine the thermal resistance (R-value). The R-value was then related to details connectedwith package construction, including wall thickness andnumber of layers, through a simple equation so that itcan be estimated for any construction. 4 refs.USA

Accession no.728711



Item 271


12, No.2, March-April 1999, p.67-74

STUDIES ON POLYESTER PACKAGING.EFFECTS OF BASIC WASHING ON MULTI-USEPETP AND PEN BOTTLESSafa H L; Bourelle FReims,University

Washing PETP or PEN bottles intended for reuse withsodium hydroxide solutions appeared to affect the surfaceof the materials. The possible hydrolysis of the esterchemical function during the process was investigated. Anew method for extracting and separating neutral andacidic products from the polymers was developed, andrelative quantification of the isolated molecules wascarried out by gas and liquid chromatography. 11 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.728710

Item 272


12, No.2, March-April 1999, p.57-65

DESIGN OF A FUNCTIONAL BOX FOR TAKE-AWAY PIZZAFava P; Piergiovanni L; Pagliarini EMilan,University

Packaging for take-away pizza must guarantee adequateprotection against rapid temperature decrease and watervapour elimination, to maintain quality. The performanceof a traditional corrugated cardboard container wascompared with that of a new package, realised withexpanded PS and a water-absorbing UHDPE. The waterabsorption, water vapour transmission rate, thermalinsulation and sensory profile tests showed that the newpackaging was better than the traditional one. 13 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.728709

Item 273

Medical Device Technology

10, No.3, April 1999, p.26-8

MEDICAL PACKAGING: MORE FOR LESS?Andrews J; Hunt NRexam Medical Packaging Ltd.

It is explained that the market for medical devices isgoverned by the need to have validated product andprocesses, clean manufacturing environments, and provenshelf-life, often for products which are disposable, low-unit-cost items and, as such, highly price-sensitive. Thisarticle considers the medical device packaging market,and the steps taken by packaging manufacturers to respondto these pressures while maintaining long-term viableproducts.

EUROPE-GENERAL; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN

UNION; UK; USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.726895

Item 274

Medical Device Technology

10, No.3, April 1999, p.20/4

MATERIALS FOR PREFORMED RIGID-TRAYPACKAGESPilchik RTechmark Group

This article assesses the materials used for medical devicepackaging that employs rigid preformed trays. It lists thebasic requirements for these materials, and thensummarises the properties of each that make them usefulfor specific medical-packaging applications. A cost modelis also included to illustrate how to properly selectmaterials of similar properties on a cost-per-part basis.USA

Accession no.726894

Item 275

Popular Plastics and Packaging

44, No.2, Feb. 1999, p.70-2

COINJECTION BOOSTS BARRIERPROPERTIES OF PET BOTTLES - A REPORT

Trends and developments in coinjected PETP bottles aredescribed, with reference to the advantages afforded bythe process in terms of barrier properties. Some details ofthe market size and growth rates are included, andsuppliers of resins, machinery and moulds are reviewed.WORLD

Accession no.726347

Item 276

Plastics News(USA)

11, No.3, 8th March 1999, p.17-8

ALL TANKED UP, PLASTICS TAKE THE ROADPryweller J

The emergence of plastic fuel tanks in North Americahas become one of the industry’s major success stories.Today, virtually every new car or light-truck platform isfitted with a plastic tank. Although plastic tanks weregradually gaining acceptance through the 1980s, the CleanAir Act of 1990 set stricter evaporative emissionsstandards for fuel systems. By 1991, a solution was foundin the form of coextruded, six-layer HDPE fuel tanks witha layer of EVOH to prevent hydrocarbon permeation.USA

Accession no.724511



Item 277

European Chemical & Polymer Engineer

Dec.1998, p.13-5

CRYOGENIC COOLING CAN PROVIDE BIGBENEFITS, BUT WILL YOU BE CONVINCED?Walker A

One of the newest areas of development for cryogenics isin the blow moulding of plastics. According to the liquidsupplier, BOC, the application of cryogenics during blowmoulding can increase the barrier properties of bottlesmade from PETP by 80%. Cryogenics can also reducemanufacturing cycle times and bottle weight. PlasticSolutions has developed a single-stage cryogenic processwhich eliminates heat setting procedures to cool the insideof PETP bottles. The company says its process confersincreased stiffness and top-load on products, as well asimproving their crack resistance and drop-test resistance.These results can be achieved with standard resins. PlasticSolutions claims its bottles can be hot filled, at up to 96deg.C, with no more than 1% volume shrinkage, comparedwith the industry standard of 2%. The difficulty has beentrying to convince industry of the breakthrough benefits.Details of other developments introduced by Twinpak,PET Power, Trevira and BOC Gases are presented.

PLASTIC SOLUTIONS; PET POWER; TWINPAKINC.WORLD

Accession no.724228

Item 278

Packaging Digest

35, No.12, Nov.1998, p.62/4

SAN CYLINDER TRAVELS IN STYLEAbrams B

This article describes a new container innovation fromcosmetics giant Elizabeth Arden - a SAN (styreneacrylonitrile) cylinder travel bottle with an ABS closure,developed specifically for air-line, duty-free shop, andcruise-ship sales. Full details are given.

ELIZABETH ARDEN; SUSSEX PLASTICS; UNIONCAMP CORP.; UNITED DESICCANTS;MATICPLAST; EASTMAN CHEMICAL CO.;ACTION TECHNOLOGY; LIR USA MFG.CO.USA

Accession no.723864

Item 279


No.6, June 1998, p.354-6

Italian

PACKAGING: THE TRANSPARENCY ANDLIGHT WEIGHT OF BOPS

The use of transparent bioriented PS (BOPS) sheeting inthermoformed packaging is discussed, and the propertiesof Luxor BOPS produced by Glasspack of Italy are

described and compared with those of some otherpolymers used in rigid transparent packaging. Therecyclability of BOPS packaging is also examined.

GLASSPACK; PHILLIPS PETROLEUM CO.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; USA;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.721708

Item 280


29, No.3, March 1999, p.96-8

COINJECTION STEERS TOOL DESIGN FORPETP BOTTLESGabriele M C

Coinjection has emerged as the leading edge for preformtools and blow moulds used to process PETP bottles.Enhanced barrier capabilities is the thrust behindcoinjection technology. Kortec will deliver a 48-cavitycoinjection tool in Q3 for a North American processor.The tool will run on a 300-tonne GL 300 injection pressmoulding preforms for beverage bottles.WORLD

Accession no.719676

Item 281

CHP Packer International

6, No.1, Jan./Feb.1999, p.27-33

FOCUS ON CONTAINERS AND CLOSURES FORCOSMETICS

The packaging of any cosmetic product is reported to bean essential element in the sale of a product and in theimage portrayed by the manufacturer or marketingcompany. Cosmetics packaging, however, goes beyondeye-catching designs, vibrant colours and powerfulgraphics; it also includes the shape, texture, functionalityand physical properties of the bottle or container and theassociated closure. A review of recent developments by anumber of UK companies is presented.

MURRAY S.,& CO.; TECH INDUSTRIES; DUPONT(UK) LTD.; PLYSU PERSONAL CARE; BEMASINTERNATIONAL PACKAGING LTD.; STRIDEGROUP PLC; HPL HARS & CONTAINERS LTD.;INTERNATIONAL BOTTLE CO.; COURTAULDSPACKAGING PLASTICS; SAR (UK) LTD.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.719040

Item 282


28, No.5, Nov.1998, p.8

WORLD’S LARGEST SINGLE IML BUCKET

Illman Plastics, a Germiston injection moulder, wasrecently taken over by Adedare Cables. Now known asAberdare Illman Plastics, the company has recently



introduced a new state-of-the-art IML system. The articlesupplies details of the new high-tech in-mould labellinginjection moulding technology and of the latest productsbeing produced by Aberdare Illman, including a range of20-litre buckets, claimed to be the largest single in-mouldlabelled containers in the world.

ILLMAN PLASTICS; ADEDARE CABLES;ABERDARE ILLMAN PLASTICSSOUTH AFRICA

Accession no.718275

Item 283

Plastics Engineering

55, No.1, Jan.1999, p.35-9

BASICS OF STRETCH BLOW MOULDING PETCONTAINERSCaldicott R JDevTech Labs Inc.

This comprehensive article outlines the fundamentalscience behind stretch blow moulding polyethyleneterephthalate containers. Information is supplied on bottlegrade polyethylene terephthalate, container performancerequirements, and the design of a variety of containers,from carbonated beverage bottles, low pressure/temperature bottles and heat set bottles, through preformdesign and moulding of a range of containers. The stretchblow moulding process continues to develop, providingthe successful production of PETP containers whichdisplay excellent performance at commercially feasiblecosts. 6 refs.USA

Accession no.718263

Item 284

Food Additives and Contaminants

16, No.1, 1st Jan.1999, p.25-36

QUALITY AND SAFETY ASPECTS OFREUSABLE PLASTIC FOOD PACKAGINGMATERIALS: A EUROPEAN STUDY TOUNDERPIN FUTURE LEGISLATIONJetten J; de Kruijf N; Castle LTNO Nutrition & Food Research Institute; UK,Min.of

Agriculture,Fisheries & Food

The objective of this study was to develop acomprehensive package of quality assurance criteria foruse by industry and regulatory authorities for ensuringthe quality and safety-in-use of reused plastics for foodpackaging. The study included thermal degradationeffects, flavour carry-over caused by flavour and off-flavour substances, the influence of washing processeson the materials and the efficiency of washing processesin removing off-flavour substances and surrogatesubstances representing misuse chemicals as might be putin bottles by consumers. 9 refs.

EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;

NETHERLANDS; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.715692

Item 285


13, No.83, Nov./Dec.1998, p.28/30

SMOOTH APPROACH

Milacron’s industrial blow moulding machinery team hasdeveloped a way of extrusion blow moulding five gallonpolycarbonate (PC) water bottles with a smooth, thick,calibrated neck interior. It developed the technologyfollowing requests from processors in China, who werefollowing their own country’s health requirements. Asmooth neck is preferred as there was concern about waterstagnating on any interior grooves in the neck. This doesnot happen if the neck is smooth. Usually PC water bottleslike this could only be made on the more expensive andslower injection blow moulding process. The process issaid to duplicate the quality of injection blow moulding,but cuts capital equipment costs by 40% and cycle timeby 50%. Details are given.

CINCINNATI MILACRON INC.USA

Accession no.714103

Item 286

Plastics Technology

44, No.13, Dec.1998, p.42-5

SUPER DRUMS: COEX TAKES ON THETOUGHEST JOBSKnights M

Multi-layer blow moulded drums of 30 to 55 gal size werehard to find as little as four years ago. Today, both of thetop US makers of plastic drums are producing multi-layercontainers, and at least three smaller firms are joining in.Total installed capacity is estimated at more than onemillion coextruded drums annually. Although that is asmall portion of the roughly 12 million plastic drums madedomestically each year, multi-layer capacity appears setto expand by at least one third in 1999. A review of USdevelopments in this area is presented.

RUSSELL-STANLEY HOLDINGS INC.;U.S.COEXCELL INC.; GREIF BROS.CORP.;FLUOROWARE INC.; KRUPP PLASTICSMACHINERY; BEKUM AMERICA CORP.; GOULD& EBERHARDT GEAR MACHINERY CORP.;KRUPP PLASTICS & RUBBER MACHINERY USAINC.; UNILOY MILACRONUSA

Accession no.714079



Item 287

Asian Plastics News

Dec.1998/Jan.1999, p.18-9

TURBULENT INJECTION, A FASTER, BETTERPROCESSWong Y

Poranunt of Thailand has developed an injection mouldingtechnology, the Orbital Turbulent Injection Process, whichcreates a turbulent flow, giving random orientation of thepolymer chain, resulting in a stronger product. Poranuntclaims it can mould a thin-walled 20-litre container thatweighs only 400gm. The process uses 35% less materialwithout loss of part strength and reduces injection pressureby 40%. Demag Ergotech is working in cooperation withPoranunt to supply injection moulding machinesincorporating this new technology to world markets.

PORANUNT; DEMAG ERGOTECHEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;

THAILAND; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.711247

Item 288


26, No.1, Jan. 1999, p.22

TESTING THE WATERWarmington A; Williams D

The penetration of PETP bottles for mineral water inGermany is discussed in the light of efforts to increase thecurrent 3% market share. Germany’s largest bottler ofmineral water is reported to be trialling reusable PETPbottles alongside glass ones, while Prognos and the IFEUInstitute consider the ecological balance. Concerns aboutthe lower reuse and recycling levels with PETP may limitgrowth, especially if the scheme doesn’t reach the 72%reusable/refillable requirement of the Packaging Directive.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.709919

Item 289


26, No.1, Jan. 1999, p.19/21

BEER BREAKTHROUGHSWarmington A

Developments in beer bottle technology are reviewed withparticular reference to Shell Chemical’s acclaimedbreakthrough technology for use where the beer is to bepasteurised in situ. The new resin, Hipertuf 89010,contains a small amount of PEN, but incorporates an extraring of benzene to improve barrier properties. Thecompany, in addition, has shown that PEN can be madeusing continuous as well as batch production, which, inthe long term, could significantly reduce the pricedifference between it and PETP, it is claimed.

SHELL CHEMICAL CO.WORLD

Accession no.709918

Item 290


85, No.9, Sept.1995, p.37-40

HOT FILLABLE PET BOTTLESKoch M; Jaksztat WKrupp Coroplast Maschinenbau GmbH

Basic mechanical and process engineering principles arediscussed for hot fillable PETP bottles. Details are givenof filling conditions, bottle design and raw material, basicprocess principles, and machine engineering with respectto heat stabilisation.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.709850

Item 291


11, No.6, Nov./Dec.1998, p.285-99

ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC STUDY OF THEPVC BOTTLE WALL: FOOD-PLASTICINTERACTIONChoudhry M S; Lox F; Buekens A; Decroly PBrussels,Free University; Solvay SA

Samples of PVC bottle walls prepared under differenttreatment conditions, i.e. without air-blowing, with air-blowing and with air-blowing in contact with water, wereinvestigated. ESCA results for the PVC bottle wallindicated that the surface composition was almost thesame in both air-blown and non-air-blown samples. Inthe case of air-blown samples filled with water, the ratioof O/C and Cl/C increased significantly. The aim of thestudy was to simulate transport vibrations and to developa technique for evaluation of the effects of vibration onmigration. Solvent extraction of the water in contact withPVC bottles was carried out and subsequent gaschromatographic analysis was used to quantify themigrant 2-ethylhexanoic acid. The results confirmed thatmigration was strongly induced by mechanical stresses.18 refs.BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.709674

Item 292

Packaging Magazine

1, No.25, 17th Dec.1998, p.18-9

TURNING UP THE HEATAyshford H

A review is presented of UK packaging developmentsand innovations over the last year. It takes the form of aproduct review including developments in can designs,self-heating containers, PETP drinks containers, barrierpackaging developments, and food packaging designs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.708070



Item 293

Food, Cosmetics & Drug Packaging

21, No.12, Dec.1998, p.236-9

TRENDS IN ASEPTIC PACKAGING AND BULKSTORAGEFloros J; Ozdemir M; Nelson PPurdue University

This article discusses on-going technology developmentstogether with some future trends in aseptic food packagingand bulk food storage. It looks at the advantages of asepticpackaging, the historical perspective, technical aspects,mobility, and finally, pouches and bag-in-box systems.6 refs.

US,INSTITUTE OF FOOD TECHNOLOGISTS;BOSCH; ASEPAK; IMPACO; DUPONTUSA

Accession no.706822

Item 294

Plastiques Modernes et Elastomeres

49, No.9, Dec.1997, p.53/8

French

COSMETICS: COLOUR AND TRANSPARENCYTopuz B

An examination is made of developments in the use ofplastics and thermoplastic elastomers in the packagingof cosmetics and perfumes where colour, transparencyand other aesthetic effects are required. Properties andpackaging applications of a number of plastics arereviewed, and turnover figures and other company detailsare presented for Augros and MBF Plastiques, two leadingplastics packaging manufacturers operating in France.

QUALIPAC; PECHINEY; TECHPACKINTERNATIONAL; LIR; MBF PLASTIQUES;REBOUL; DU PONT DE NEMOURS E.I.,& CO.INC.;BASF AG; ADVANCED ELASTOMER SYSTEMS;AUGROS; VERCHERE PLASTIQUESINDUSTRIELS; VPI; TELEPLASTIC INDUSTRIES;ETABLISSEMENTS BERTHOUD; EASTMANCHEMICAL CO.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;


Accession no.706032

Item 295

Plastics News(USA)

10, No.41, 23rd Nov.1998, p.6

PS INDUSTRY STUDIES NOODLE-CUPCONTROVERSYToloken S

Japan and South Korea have seen consumers shy awayfrom PS cups for noodles because of concerns aboutendocrine-disrupting chemicals leaking into food. But PSindustry officials said at a recent seminar that a similarscenario seems unlikely for North America and Europe.The Polystyrene Global Forecast, held in Washington, was

sponsored by the Polystyrene Packaging Council, an SPIunit. Potential problems in noodle cups quickly gainedwidespread attention in Asia because the cups are aconvenience food staple, and seminar members said theyare as widespread as PS coffee cups in the USA. In Korea,noodle cup sales dropped 30-40% this summer, afterreports surfaced that styrene dimer and trimer were foundin the soup. News reports connected the styrene withendocrine disruption. However, consumption increasedagain after the industry ran advertisements, so that it isnow only down about 10%. Details are given.

SPI; POLYSTYRENE PACKAGING COUNCILUSA

Accession no.705948

Item 296

Journal of Plastic Film & Sheeting

14, No.4, Oct.1998, p.287-307

OXYGEN INGRESS IN PLASTIC RETORTABLEPACKAGES DURING THERMAL PROCESSINGAND STORAGEZhang Z; Britt I J; Tung M AGuelph,University

The influence of thermal processing and storageconditions on oxygen ingress in CPETP and EVOH-containing PP retortable trays is investigated. Oxygeningress during retorting is negligible in CPETP trays, butincreases in PP/EVOH/PP trays at higher retorttemperatures, longer process times and higher oxygenpartial pressures. Hydration of EVOH-containing traysdoes not influence oxygen permeability during thermalprocessing, but is correlated to oxygen ingress duringstorage. Oxygen ingress in PP/EVOH/PP trays is minimalduring one year of storage at 21.1 deg.C, 60% RH, butincreases substantially after 100 days storage at 32.2deg.C, 75% RH. Oxygen ingress in CPETP trays is greaterthan that of EVOH-containing trays during storage underboth conditions studied. 35 refs.CANADA

Accession no.705825

Item 297


13, No.82, Oct.1998, p.18

MILLIKEN CATCHES THE PIGEON

Korean manufacturer of household cleaners, detergentsand fabric softeners - Pigeon of Seoul - has launched anextrusion blow moulded spray bottle made with PPclarified with Milliken’s Millad 3988 agent. The spraybottle is among several new Pigeon designs withcomplicated shapes that have been difficult to produceeconomically. One of the most complicated is its Daliospray starch bottle. By using parison programmingtechnology in combination with clarified PP, Pigeon foundit could obtain the physical properties needed while alsoreducing product weight. In parison programming the



parison is controlled by computer, making it possible toadjust extrusion speed and parison thickness. Clarity andimpact toughness can be adjusted at different points on abottle, enabling Pigeon to make complex shapes withoutcompromising bottle integrity. Elsewhere in Korea,Milliken has been active in helping LG-Caltex Oil, aleading maker of PP resin used to produce consumerpackaging, find a cost-effective alternative to PETP foreverything from water to rice wine bottles to personalcare product bottles. Details are given.

PIGEON CO.; MILLIKEN CHEMICAL CO.KOREA; USA

Accession no.704714

Item 298

Asian Plastics News

Nov.1998, p.13-4

CRYOGENICS: COOL MOVESAnscombe N

Cryogenic cooling promises huge benefits to PETP bottleproducers. Meanwhile, there is a mixed reception of thisnew technology. Plastic Solutions has developed aproduction technique which uses cryogenic temperaturesto cool the interiors of PETP bottles during moulding.This is a one-step process eliminating the costly and timeconsuming post-processing technique of heat setting.Developments made by BOC Gases, PET Power, Treviraand Twinpak are also described.

BOC GASES; PLASTIC SOLUTIONSINTERNATIONAL; PET POWER; TREVIRA CORP.;TWINPAK INC.ASIA; USA; WORLD

Accession no.704443

Item 299

Journal of the Adhesive and Sealant Council. Spring

1997. Conference proceedings.

Pittsburgh, Pa., 23rd-26th March 1997, p.25-36. 6A1

COMPOSITE RIGID PACKAGING OVERVIEWFazio R ASonoco Products Co.

(ADHESIVE & SEALANT COUNCIL)

This presenter explains the importance of packaging inour everyday lives, and then focuses on industrial bulkpackaging. It considers in detail: steel drums, fibre drums,plastic drums, and rigid intermediate bulk containers. Foreach, it looks at positive and negative perceptions, andtrends to come.USA

Accession no.703515

Item 300

CHP Packer International

5, No.5, Sept./Oct.1998, p.17/23

FOCUS ON CONTAINERS, CLOSURES AND

DISPENSE SYSTEMS FOR HEALTHCARE ANDPHARMACEUTICAL PRODUCTS

The pharmaceutical industry has long faced the challengeof using containers and closures that are not only attractiveto customers, but which will also meet with stringentrequirements for product integrity, tamper evidence andresistance to the ingress of moisture and air. Thiscomprehensive article reviews a variety of innovativedesigns, developed and currently available from a numberof British companies which meet these requirements.

ENERCON INDUSTRIES LTD.; RPC HEALTHCAREPACKAGING; ABLE INDUSTRIES LTD.; WIKO(UK) LTD.; PET TECHNOLOGIES LTD.; ENGLASSDISPENSING AND PACKAGING SYSTEMS;BEMAS INTERNATIONAL PACKAGING LTD.;ALPHA PACKAGING & DESIGN LTD.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.701645

Item 301

Packaging Magazine

1, No.22, 5th Nov.1998, p.28-9

BLISTERING SUCCESSHunt N

The use of blisterpacks for pharmaceutical packaging isexamined, with reference to materials used, testing andtrends. Despite the fact that the blisterpack has been usedfor pharmaceutical unit dose packaging for many years,a growth rate of 5-10% is forecast per year over the nextfive years. This is said to be due to the increasing elderlypopulation, and age group which is prescribed around 2-3 times the amount of medication prescribed to other agegroups with the exception of under fives. The role of theblisterpack is discussed, with respect to its many functionssuch as providing a moisture barrier and also displayingproduct information. Typical material combinations arecompared.

REXAM MEDICAL PACKAGINGEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.701421

Item 302


28, No.11, Nov.1998, p.85

SPECIAL PETP GRADES ARE FORCARBONATED DRINKS, MINERAL WATERBOTTLES

For carbonated drinks, Shell Chemicals has introducedtwo new Cleartuf “fast heat-up” PETP grades with highinfrared absorption. The company’s other grades formineral water bottles offer low gas permeability, lowweight, high strength, optical clarity and sparkle. Mostimportantly, they have low acetaldehyde formation. Three



grades of Lighter C PETP from INCA International aresaid to process at reduced injection mouldingtemperatures, as well as also having lower acetaldehydeformation.

INCA INTERNATIONAL SPA; SHELL CHEMICALSEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; UK;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.700606

Item 303


28, No.11, Nov.1998, p.44/6

LONG-STROKE SYSTEMS TACKLECONTAINER GOAL OF 20 MILLION/YRGabriele M C

At K’98, several machine builders unveiled biggerversions of their long-stroke extrusion blow mouldingsystems. The aim is to achieve output rates of 20 millionunits/year by incorporating more extrusion heads andlarger platens to accommodate higher mould cavitation.The latest system designs put emphasis on incorporatingan automated in-mould labelling system to enhanceproductivity. Calibrated neck finish, approaching injectionmoulding tolerances, is another advantage for long-strokesystems compared with wheel machines.WORLD

Accession no.700600

Item 304


15, No.3, 1st April 1998, p.336-45

EVALUATION OF RECYCLED HDPE MILKBOTTLES FOR FOOD APPLICATIONSDevlieghere F; De Meulenaer B; Demyttenaere J;Huygherbaert AGhent,University

The recycling of milk-contaminated HDPE wasinvestigated. Bottles were blown from untreated, caustic-washed and caustic-washed/steam-stripped/air-driedrecycled material. The migration characteristics of thedifferent bottles were compared using various foodsimulants, as well as their sensorial and mechanicalproperties. It was shown that the untreated and caustic-washed recycled material could not be considered as afood packaging material. A high number of compoundswhich were able to migrate were detected, causing an off-flavour which could easily be recognised. The steam-stripped recycled material, however, seemed to performalmost as well as its corresponding virgin material. Onlylow amounts of compounds able to migrate could bedetected, resulting in a packaging material characterisedby good sensorial properties which could not bedistinguished from its virgin material. Furthermore, it wasproved that the mechanical properties of the recycledmaterial did not change during the recycling process.17 refs.

BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.700269

Item 305


No.761, Sept.1997, p.42-5

French

DRINKS MARKET AND PETPLavabre S

Trends in the market for alcoholic and soft drinks arereviewed, and developments in the use of plastics bottlesfor the packaging of beverages are examined. Particularattention is paid to PETP, and other materials consideredinclude polyethylene naphthalate and PAN.

COCA-COLA CO.; SEAGRAM; DANONE; EVIAN;NESTLE SA; CARLTON BREWERIES; VITTEL;ANHEUSER-BUSCH INC.; SIDEL SA; AMOCOCHEMICAL CO.; SHELL CHEMICAL CO.; AOKICO.LTD.; LOG PLASTIC PRODUCTS; DELAGE &CHAPPE; ELF ATOCHEM SA; BP CHEMICALSLTD.AUSTRALIA; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;

FRANCE; JAPAN; UK; USA; WESTERN EUROPE; WORLD

Accession no.698955

Item 306


24, No.7, July 1998, p.23

THE STUFF OF WHICH REAL BOTTLES AREMADE

This article describes and assesses the advantages andcontinued growth of PETP as a packaging materialworldwide. Low-weight and stability are two mainadvantages, the weight saving also correspondingly meansenergy saving and lower transportation costs. The articleincludes information on the growing world markets andmarket share of PETP.

SHELL CHEMICALWORLD

Accession no.696252

Item 307


15, No.5, 1st July 1998, p.592-9

PS CUPS AND CONTAINERS: STYRENEMIGRATIONTawfik M S; Huyghbaert AGhent,University

The level of styrene migration from PS cups wasmonitored in different food systems. The effect of differentparameters including fat content, temperature and timeon migration level was examined. 18 refs.BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.695970



Item 308

Packaging Digest

35, No.8, July 1998, p.46/50

PETP TRI-FOLD DISTINGUISHES PREMIUMEGGSLingle R

Egg Innovations has repackaged its premium eggs in atri-fold carton, thermoformed by Interplast using PETPsheet made from recycled materials, specificallyKlockner’s KPET. The design allows viewing of eggs,no-glue paper labels and provides enhanced damageprotection versus clamshells.

EGG INNOVATIONSUSA

Accession no.695099

Item 309

Additives for Polymers

Sept.1998, p.8-9

NUCLEATED PP CHALLENGES PETP IN ASIABOTTLES MARKET

Clarified (nucleated) PP is being promoted in Asia by LGCaltex as an alternative to PETP for clear blow mouldedpackaging. Containers ranging from bottles for water andrice wine to soap, detergent and personal care productsare offering useful cost savings, with high qualityprotection and presentation.

LG-CALTEX OILASIA

Accession no.695079

Item 310

ARC ’97: Information to Grow the Plastics Recycling

Industry. Retec proceedings.

Chicago, Il., 5th-7th Nov.1997, p.233-46. 8(13)

HDPE RECYCLED CONTENT IN BUCKETMANUFACTURING: REGULATORY ANDTRANSPORTATION ISSUESHolser BLetica Corp.

(SPE,Plastics Recycling Div.)

An overview of the Letica Pail Recycling Program,together with appropriate recycling legislation, ispresented. Aspects covered include the reasons forconsidering bucket recycling, optimum and realisticLetica recycling loops, manufacturing issues/challenges,Letica’s EcoPail and RegPail, Letica’s quality control SPCprogramme.USA

Accession no.694537

Item 311


Atlanta, Ga., 26th-30th April 1998, p.3338-9. 012

EFFECTS OF PINCH-OFF GEOMETRY ON THESTRENGTH OF THE WELD LINE IN BLOWMOULDED BOTTLESMika J; Hieber FBehrend College

(SPE)

Extrusion blow moulding has often relied upon trial anderror experience and old rules of thumb to design a pinch-off. Reliable pinch-off design guidelines require thecollection and quantification of design factors andrespective pinch-off performance data. A good methodof quantifying pinch-off design performance is necessaryto develop data that is useful in reducing guesswork andultimately making robust pinch-off designs the first time.A two level design of experiment is used in the collectionand analysis of data. An insertable pinch-off mould plateis designed and constructed along with inserts for thevarying design factors such as land width, flash pocketdepth, primary and secondary land angles, and depth totransition. Tensile strength and impact strength at the weldare tested.USA

Accession no.693683

Item 312

Plastics Technology

44, No.8, Aug.1998, p.58-9

COMPRESSION STRETCH BLOW MOULDINGKnights M

Details are given of a new process in development formaking oriented PETP bottles and cans. It does not useinjection moulded preforms; instead, it starts with a blankor ‘puck’ that is cut from extruded sheet and compressionmoulded into a concave shape before being stretch blowmoulded. Compression stretch blow moulding is said tooffer the advantages of processing at lower temperatures,lower pressure and lower shear stresses than areencountered in injection moulding.

LOWELL,MASSACHUSETTS UNIVERSITYUSA

Accession no.692597

Item 313


28, No.5, May 1998, p.48

ALLOYS PUMP UP AIR-POWERED SPRAYDEVICE FOR REFILLABLE CONTAINERSGraff G

It is reported that some manufacturers of refillable, air-powered spray containers (capable of producing acontinuous spray) have started making them frompolyamide/polyolefin alloys instead of PP. The alloys aretradenamed Orgalloy and are produced by Elf Atochemof France. Full details are given.

ELF ATOCHEM SA; CANYON CORP.



EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;

JAPAN; NORTH AMERICA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.691796

Item 314


No.5, May 1997, p.346-9

Italian

BLOW MOULDING: A COMPARISON OFMATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGIESBettucchi M; Sarti SAutoma SpA

Procedures for analysing the costs of manufacturingbottles using different plastics and blow mouldingtechniques are described. The examples presented relateto a 500 ml bottle made by continuous extrusion blowmoulding of PETG or by injection stretch blow mouldingof PETP, and a 300 ml bottle produced by the sametechniques from PVC and PETP, respectively.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.691348

Item 315


49, No.4, May 1997, p.48-9

French

CONTINUED EVOLUTION OFPHARMACEUTICAL PACKAGINGGailliez E

A survey is made of trends in the use of plastics inpackaging for pharmaceuticals, including blister packs,multi-layer containers and multi-layer, multi-compartment pouches.

ELF ATOCHEM SA; GLAXO-WELLCOME; BPCHEMICALS LTD.; PCD POLYMERE GMBHEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;

GERMANY; UK; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.691305

Item 316

Plastics Technology

44, No.7, July 1998, p.44

TAKE THE SWEAT OUT OF PETP PREFORMMOULDINGKnights M

In the past three years, a growing number of injectionmoulders of PETP preforms for stretch blow mouldedbottles have been turning to dehumidified moulding areasto prevent condensation on their moulds. Mould sweating,caused when the dewpoint of ambient air is higher thanthe temperature of the mould cooling water, can create ahost of preform quality and handling problems. Onesolution is to raise the mould temperature if the cycletime can be sacrificed. Some moulders have erected an

enclosure around the press and installed an air conditionerinside the space, but more processors are choosingdehumidification systems to keep both mould sweat andcycle times to a minimum. Constar has installed a liquiddesiccant plant dehumidifier system made by Kathabar.Details are given.

CONSTAR; CROWN CORK & SEAL CO.INC.;KATHABAR INC.USA

Accession no.690476

Item 317


28, No.7, July 1998, p.48/51

COMPRESSION-STRETCH PREFORM SYSTEMTAKES ON PETP BOTTLESGabriele M C

The Valyi Institute for Plastic Forming is developing anovel system for compression stretch blow moulding ofPETP containers. The approach would allow wide-mouthjars capable of containing hot-fill foods to be made inPETP. The technology compression moulds the preformsfor the stretch blow moulding process. It is claimed thatin terms of capital investment, compression stretch blowmoulding would cost 50% less than a comparable systememploying injection moulded preforms.

VALYI INSTITUTE FOR PLASTIC FORMINGUSA

Accession no.688530

Item 318

Chemical Engineering Progress

94, No.6, June 1998, p.51-6

CONSIDER PLASTIC DRUMS FOR CHEMICALTRANSPORTMalloy JSPI

The benefits of using plastics drums for the transport ofchemicals include low cost, resistance to physical damageand good corrosion resistance. Additionally, multiple-timeuse is common, and drums can be recycled eliminatingwaste-disposal problems. They are only one type ofindustrial shipping container on the market today. Theothers include steel, intermediate bulk containers (IBCs)and fibre drums. IBCs are all steel, all plastic, or plasticin a steel cage. Plastic drums are commonly available in5-55 gal. capacities, with 55 gal. being the most widely-used size; they offer several benefits over other forms ofindustrial containers, including chemical and corrosionresistance that allow for greater storage possibilities inmost types of weather conditions. These drums arelightweight, have a seamless internal design that reducesthe possibility of contamination, and are durable andreusable. Details are given. 4 refs.USA

Accession no.688191



Item 319

International Polymer Science and Technology

25, No.1, 1998, p.T/98-100

POLYSTYRENE IN THE PACKAGING MARKETHonvari K

Applications of PS in packaging are described, withreference to food packaging, audio and video cassettesand boxes for these, impact-protecting packaging, andcartons and boxes. Development trends are discussed,including reduction in quantity of packaging materialsand improvement in their functional efficiency, form-fill-seal(FFS) technology, and blends. Tabulated data arepresented on consumption of PS in Western Europe(1996), consumption of foamable PS in Western Europe(1996), consumption of PS in packaging in Central andEastern Europe (1996), packaging materials market inWestern Europe(1994) and use of FFS technology inWestern Europe (1994). 4 refs. (Full translation ofMuanyag es Gumi, No.12, 1997, p.372)EASTERN EUROPE; EUROPE-GENERAL; HUNGARY

Accession no.687734

Item 320


88, No.6, June 1998, p.29-30

COMPOSTABLE YOGHURT TUBSSchlicht R

Recently, Danone has been packaging a yoghurt productin a degradable package made of the renewable rawmaterial polylactic acid (PLA). Apart from thedevelopment aspects of the tubs themselves, the companyhas had to devise a disposal strategy and makepreparations for a life-cycle analysis. Aspects coveredinclude the fresh milk sector, technical development anddisposal strategy.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.687630

Item 321


88, No.6, June 1998, p.27-9

PACKAGING WATER EASILYGebauer P; Krieter M; Ohst S

The use of high-quality engineering plastics in packagingis unusual. One of the few exceptions is the returnable 5-gallon water bottle. On account of complex requirements,it is produced all around the world, almost withoutexception, in polycarbonate. There are essentially twoapplication areas for the five-gallon polycarbonate waterbottle. First, it acts as the drinking water supply forhouseholds in developing and newly industrialisedcountries, and extremely sparsely settled areas and, secondit serves as a water dispenser or so-called cooler. Aspectscovered include material properties for extremes, one

material for two production methods, the optimisation ofdies to reduce cycle time and recycling.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.687629

Item 322


88, No.6, June 1998, p.22-3

LIGHT AND FUNCTIONALSteigerwald F

A shampoo bottle of foamed PE is 20% lighter than itscompact predecessor. While satisfying all technicalrequirements, it also is easier for the consumer to handleand more appealing. The minimisation of materialconsumption and conservation of resources are at theforefront of developments in cosmetics packaging. Costestimation is also severely burdened by recycling feesfor the packaging, particularly in Germany and Austria.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.687626

Item 323


88, No.6, June 1998, p.9-10

INNOVATIVE PETP TECHNOLOGYHartwig K

Stretch blow moulding is used for high-quality PETPbottles with outstanding mechanical, optical and barrierproperties and low weight. Ongoing developments inmachine and process technology and raw materials arecontinually opening up new applications. The continuingreplacement of metal and glass packaging by stretch blow-moulded PETP bottles has in recent years led to annualgrowth rates of 16%. Growth is expected to be even higherin coming years. Rapid developments in machine andprocess technology as well as raw materials arecontinually opening up new applications for stretch blowmoulded PETP bottles. Thus, not only carbonated softdrinks, but also fruit and vegetable juices, teas, isotonicdrinks, dairy products, and even mineral water and beerare now sold in PETP bottles. The requirements made onthe bottle properties depend on the particular contents.Fruit and vegetable juices, teas, isotonic drinks and dairyproducts are filled in a hot, sterile state. Fillingtemperatures in this case may reach 95 deg.C. To protectthe contents, the PETP bottle is also expected to havehigh barrier properties.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.687617

Item 324




88, No.6, June 1998, p.6-8

PETP PREFORMS WITH PA BARRIER LAYERBichler M; Issel DDemag Ergotech GmbH

A new coinjection process is reported to introduce thinlayers of polyamide into preforms for PETP bottles. Theyare used as a barrier layer against oxygen carbon dioxideand aroma substances and extend the field of applicationof transparent plastics bottles to demanding products suchas beer and milk beverages. Stretch blow moulded bottlesof PETP are already widely used for packaging carbonatedsoft drinks and are to be introduced for mineral waters.Unlike soft drinks, beer- and milk-based beverages requirePETP bottles with a higher barrier effect against the escapeof carbon dioxide or permeation of oxygen. The barrierproperties of PETP bottles can be improved by variousprocesses and barrier polymers. The coinjection processfrom Demag Ergotech introduces thin barrier layers oftransparent polyamide into PETP preforms for non-returnable bottles. The combination of PETP andpolyamide is technically demanding but the process isstable and reproducible, and the necessary barrierproperties are ensured.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.687616

Item 325


No.759, May 1997, p.34-7

French

INDUSTRIAL PACKAGING: PLASTICS IN POOLPOSITIONLavabre S

Developments in the use of returnable plastics containersfor the transportation of industrial goods are examined.The activities of a number of companies in the recyclingof packaging waste and the manufacture of pallets fromreclaimed plastics are reviewed.

PEUGEOT SA; RENAULT SA; PSA; GEFCO;SCHUTZ; POOL MANAGEMENT FRANCE;PERIFEM; IFCO; MDM; STECO-ALLIBERT;PERSTORP PLASTICS SYSTEMS; CHEP; OTTOMELOG; ST.ETIENNE,UNIVERSITY; PLASTICOMNIUM SA; RECYPLAST; ECOFUTEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;

GERMANY; LUXEMBOURG; SCANDINAVIA; SWEDEN; UK;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.686296

Item 326


11, No.3, May-June 1998, p.91-117

LATERAL DEFORMATION OF PLASTICBOTTLES: EXPERIMENTS, SIMULATIONS ANDPREVENTION

van Dijk R; Sterk J C; Sgorbani D; van Keulen FDelft,University; Unilever Research Laboratory

Details are given of the lateral deformation of a PETPand a PVC bottle due to an internal vacuum. Data aregiven for top load, vacuum and impact resistance. 23 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;


Accession no.684953

Item 327

Antec ’98. Volume I. Conference proceedings.


MODELLING AND OPTIMISATION OFBARRIER PROPERTIES FOR STRETCH BLOWMOULDED BOTTLESHartwig KKrupp Corpoplast Maschinenbau GmbH

(SPE)

In the stretch blow moulding process, hollow articles withexcellent qualities due to biaxial deformation areproduced. The shelf life of the packed beverages dependsmainly on the barrier properties of the bottles. Theinfluencing factors on the barrier properties of packagingare summarised, and methods to optimise these arepresented. A theoretical model to predict barrier propertiesis included, as are practical results on blown bottles. Theinvestigations are performed for different materials andmaterial combinations. 4 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.684628

Item 328



FUNDAMENTALS OF PETP STRETCH BLOWMOULDED CONTAINERSCaldicott R JDevTech Labs Inc.

(SPE)

For centuries there has been a need for inexpensive, highperformance resealable containers to package food,personal care and other products. Limitations associatedwith natural materials have led to the exploration andapplication of synthetics to make containers. Many bottlegrade plastic homopolymers, copolymers and blends havesurfaced from these efforts. Among others are PP, PE,PS, PVC, PAN, PETP and PEN based polymers. Inparticular, biaxially oriented PETP has won greatacceptance from consumers. More than two decades sincethe first stretch blow moulded PETP container was made,there is a far better understanding of the particularsinvolved in successful production of high quality PETPcontainers. 5 refs.USA

Accession no.684626



Item 329



EFFECT OF STRETCH AND HEAT TRANSFERON THE THERMOMECHANICAL PROPERTIESOF PETP BOTTLESSilberman A; Omer M; Ophir A; Kenig SIsrael Plastics & Rubber Center

(SPE)

Thin (0.2 mm) and thick (1 mm) injection stretch blowmoulded (ISBM) PETP based bottles are analysed withrespect to the effect of stretch ratio (SR) on the straininduced crystallisation in addition to the thermal historyand its effect on crystallisation level. Dynamic mechanicalanalysis and differential scanning calorimetry are usedto determine the structure and degree of crystallinity ofthe thin and thick walls of the bottles, respectively. Forrigorous analysis of the ISBM bottles, both heat transferanalysis to determine temperature profiles and simulationof the process to establish the SR are carried out. Resultsindicate that, due to large temperature gradient, the thickbottles consist of three sublayers having a variablecrystallinity level as function of SR. The prediction ofcrystallinity distribution and relationship to modulus asfunction of thickness and location in the moulded bottleis highly significant for stiffness and strength developmentin the ISBM bottles, which determines the load carryingability of the ISBM part. 7 refs.ISRAEL

Accession no.684625

Item 330

Foamplas ’97. Conference proceedings.

Mainz, Germany, 4th-5th Nov.1997, p.19-35. 6124

FLAT DIE EXTRUSION OF EXPANDED PPSHEET FOR THERMOFORMING OF FOODCONTAINERSMenghi GOmam SpA


Foamed PP (EPP, expanded PP) is a new alternativematerial for processors of PP or PS thermoformed itemsfor packaging applications. It is ecological, has insulating,mechanical and physical properties similar to those ofrigid PP, is easily thermoformed and is cheaper. EPP hasalready been considered by major companies worldwideas an attractive future development for their range ofproducts. The joint research and development programmeFlat-Die EPP, developed by Italproducts, ReedyInternational and Omam has made it possible for thepackaging industry to install and run an extrusion andthermoforming line capable of producing medium densityEPP items and, at the same time, more traditional PP, PSand APETP. Details are given.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.683822

Item 331


28, No.6, June 1998, p.113

LOW-COST, HIGH-GLOSS HDPE REPLACESPVC, PP IN BLOWN COSMETIC BOTTLES

Nova Chemicals has developed a technology package forimparting unprecedented high gloss levels into blownHDPE bottles. Sclair 58G is a homopolymer HDPE thatcan be blown into bottles with surface gloss values of 60-70%. Processing ease and relatively low cost makesHDPE a potential replacement for PVC and PP resinsdesigned for high-gloss bottles required in cosmetic,pharmaceutical, personal care and home care markets.Property data are presented.

NOVA CHEMICALSCANADA

Accession no.681898

Item 332


28, No.6, June 1998, p.68-73

NOVEL PP RESINS PARALLEL EQUIPMENTCHANGE IN FORMED FOOD CONTAINERSLeaversuch R D

One of the most striking success stories in food packagingin recent years is the design of specialised equipment fordirect extrusion thermoforming of PP into disposable thin-wall containers. Innovative resins are being tailored tomatch new demands made on materials by the latestprocess equipment. Such grades offer increasedtoughness-stiffness balances and improved flowabilityand melt strength.WORLD

Accession no.681887

Item 333


No.1739, 5th June 1998, p.11

CORALFOAM TARGETS THIN WALL FOAMPARTS

Coralfoam has developed a new injection mouldingtechnology that will enable selectively-foamed thin wallpackaging items to be produced at lower part weights andtighter dimensional tolerances than achievable withthermoformed products without sacrificing cycle time.InjectForm II is built around a novel injection moulddesign which enables moulding and forming to be carriedout in one production step. The component currently underdevelopment is a 500g PP container.

CORALFOAM LTD.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.680646



Item 334

Blow Moulding Technologies for the 21st Century.

Retec proceedings.

Boucherville, Canada, 1st-3rd Oct.1997, p.235-53. 832

EFFECT OF MOULDED-IN STRESSES ON ESCRINDUSTRIAL DRUM APPLICATIONSConstant D RPaxon Polymer Co.

(SPE; Canada,National Research Council)

Environmental stress crack resistance (ESCR) is a majorperformance issue for industrial drums produced with highmolecular weight HDPE. Some of the primary factorsaffecting ESCR in this application, as in others, includeresin density, drum design, die design, mould design,processing conditions and chemicals packaged in thedrum. Any of the factors alone, or combined, can make atypically ‘good’ resin perform badly, causing prematureESCR failure. Emphasis is placed on blow mouldingprocessing conditions, i.e. effects on morphology, densityand ESCR, using a known high ESCR HDPE. Earlyresults show no relationship between drop time andretained orientation, as measured by optical microscopybirefringence and transmission electron microscopytechniques. ESCR is not affected at various drop times.Density variations are measured within the same part,however, which are attributed to different cooling rateson thick pinch-off areas vs. thin sidewalls. ESCR failuresare consistently noted in one of the thicker areas. 7 refs.USA

Accession no.679314

Item 335


Retec proceedings.


NEW TRENDS IN POLYESTER PACKAGINGTECHNOLOGY FOR HIGH PERFORMANCEPACKAGING APPLICATIONSBarger MDow Plastics


Polyesters have been commercially significant materialsfor many decades in fibre and film markets, but they arerelatively new to rigid packaging. PETP-based bottles,containers and jars are produced by one of three basictypes of injection blow moulding processes. Theseprocesses, particularly those that employ stretch blowmoulding, capitalise on the ability of PETP to strain inducecrystallise, which allows for high speed production oftransparent, oriented bottles of uniform wall thickness.Injection blow moulded PETP containers exhibit excellentperformance attributes (gas barrier, creep resistance,toughness) for a number of rigid packaging applications,the most notable one being carbonated soft drinks. Severalemerging technologies aimed at improving theperformance of PETP to enable expansion of the

performance envelope and capture of applications thatare traditionally based in glass are described. Somespecific technologies are summarised. 8 refs.USA

Accession no.679312

Item 336


Retec proceedings.


EXTRUSION BLOW MOULDING OF LCPMULTI-LAYER BOTTLESLusignea RSuperex Polymer Inc.


Liquid crystal polymers (LCPs) have been commerciallyavailable for over ten years, and although they have manyattractive properties, their use is limited almost entirelyto injection moulded parts. LCPs are not blow mouldedinto containers for two reasons: the strong, influence ofshear to orient the polymer in the direction of flow,combined with very long relaxation time which preventsthe induced orientation from randomising after meltextrusion, and their relatively high cost compared withmaterials such as PETP and PE. It is explained howtransverse shear can be used effectively to orient LCPlayers. 22 refs.USA

Accession no.679310

Item 337


Retec proceedings.


HISTORY AND STATE OF THE ART OFBARRIER CONTAINERSValyi E I(SPE; Canada,National Research Council)

One current approach to making a plastic barrier containeris to try to find a polymer and a conversion process for itthat will make a container for a particular use as mono-layer, or even a mono-layer that will answer every need.The other approach seeks a solution the classical way - touse several materials in a laminated container, one foreach of the demands the container poses. The polymericbarrier systems used and proposed for rigid containersaccording to both of these approaches are reviewed, withan attempt at their evaluation, with only this predictionfor the next century: the plastic bottle and jar will makeglass into an object of nostalgia and prestige, and overtime replace metal on a scale to be taken seriously.USA

Accession no.679309



Item 338

New Plastics ’98. Conference proceedings.

London, 21st-22nd Jan.1998, paper 4. 6

PEN: REAL BENEFITS IN REALAPPLICATIONSSwift DShell Chemicals Europe Ltd.

(European Plastics News)

The advent of the polyester packaging market in 1976brought significant growth for a huge value chain, includingthe major food and beverage companies who have foundnew market segments based upon clarity, shatter resistanceand superior container performance over traditionalmaterials such as glass and metals. However, analysis ofthe container performance based on traditional PETP leadsto the very rapid conclusion that in the developed marketstraditional PETP is becoming saturated and growth willbegin to taper off. Better performing containers are neededto penetrate the new markets. Shell’s direction is outlinedand the analysis used in deciding upon the approach nowbeing followed is reviewed.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.679258

Item 339

Plasticulture

No.112, 1996, p.46-50

English; French

HORTICULTURAL POTS MADE FROMBIODEGRADABLE MATERIALSGroot LInstitut fuer Technik in Gartenbau und Landwirtschaft

The use of biodegradable materials, particularly paper,in plant pots and other horticultural containers isexamined, and properties of plastics, paper and starch potsare compared. Results are presented of trials whichshowed the increased energy requirements arising fromhigher water consumption by paper pots, and thepossibility of reducing evaporation rates by coating thepots with various biodegradable materials including latexand natural resins is discussed. 3 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.679104

Item 340

TAPPI 1997 Polymers, Laminations and Coatings

Conference. Conference Proceedings. Book 2.

Toronto, Ontario, 24th-28th Aug.1997, p.479-92. 012

AMOSORB OXYGEN SCAVENGINGCONCENTRATES FOR RIGID CONTAINERS,FLEXIBLE FILMS AND CLOSURE LINERSCernak M G; Chiang W LAmoco Chemicals

(TAPPI)

The use of Amosorb oxygen scavenging concentrates(Amoco Chemicals) for oxygen absorption in plastics foodand beverage packages is examined. The concentrates areincorporated in an inner layer of a multi-layer packageduring its manufacture, resulting in a structure whichabsorbs the oxygen initially present in the headspace andtrapped in the food or beverage and also any oxygen whichpermeates into the package over time. Applications inflexible films, closure liners and sidewalls and lids of rigidcontainers are described.

CADILLAC PRODUCTS INC.CANADA; USA

Accession no.679009

Item 341


28, No.3, March 1998, p.30-1

FOAM BLOW MOULDING MAKES ITS DEBUTWITH HDPE SHAMPOO BOTTLESchut J; Colvin R

Wella AG has introduced a blow moulded HDPE shampoobottle which experts believe is the first foamed blowmoulded product made commercially. The foamed bottleshave a density range of 0.78 to 0.80g/cc and are about 25%lighter than equivalent ones made in HDPE homopolymer.A special version of Boehringer Ingelheim’s endothermic,nucleated foaming agent is used. Alpla Technik hasdeveloped a proprietary, multi-cavity, long-stroke extrusionblow moulding machine for foaming the bottles.

WELLA AGEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.672996

Item 342

Plast’ 21

No.55, Oct.1996, p.135-6

Spanish

PLASTICS, PROTECTORS OF TASTEGuevara I

Results are presented of a study undertaken byPolysultants of the loss of taste from foods and drinksthrough absorption by containers made of various typesof plastics. Loss of taste is examined as a function ofoxygen permeability, and methods for controlling thephenomenon are discussed.

POLYSULTANTS CO.USA

Accession no.670872

Item 343


25, No.3, March 1998, p.54

POSSIBILITIES IN PENLee M



Sipa has recently been devoting a good deal of attentionto the blow moulding of PEN bottles. The company claimsit was the first to develop a PEN beer bottle with a usefulshelf life. Sipa is using its ECS one-stage process forblowing its experimental PEN bottles, that is the preformsare injected and then blown on the same machine. Usinga one-stage process enables the machine to make use ofthe residual heat of the preform and so makes substantialenergy savings.

SIPA SPAEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.669659

Item 344


10, No.5, Sept./Oct. 1997, p.253-60

‘ACTIVE’ PACKAGE FOR THERMALPROTECTION OF FOOD PRODUCTSEspeau P; Mondieig D; Haget Y; Cuevas-Diarte M ABordeaux,University; Barcelona,University

Double walled containers using molecular alloy phasechange materials, (MAPCMs) are proposed as packagesfor thermal protection of liquid food products. Resultsare presented concerning a phenomenological approachto four types of container. The work leads to a commercial‘active’ package which is shown to be effective for morethan three hours in an external environment of about 25degrees C. In addition, these ‘active’ packages are able tocool down a drink. 7 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;

SPAIN; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.668758

Item 345

Plast’ 21

No.52, May 1996, p.51-2

Spanish

EVOLUTION OF PACKAGING FORTRANSPORTATION IN THE SOFT DRINKSMARKETVerstraeten JSpadel NV

An examination is made of applications of disposable andreturnable packaging, particularly pallets, in thetransportation and storage of mineral water and other softdrinks in glass and PETP bottles.BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.666482

Item 346

Reinforced Plastics

42, No.1, Jan.1998, p.44-8

SMC CRATES SATISFY FIRE TESTS

Eckel A; Horbach ABASF AG; DSM-BASF Structural Resins

Storage crates using new SMC formulations can meet theseverest requirements for fire safety in warehouses andyet maintain the properties of conventional plastic crates.The new SMC formulation is based on an unsaturatedpolyester, Palapreg from DMS-BASF Structural Resins.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.664849

Item 347


66, No.13, 26th Dec.1997, p.2517-27

BARRIER, IMPACT, MORPHOLOGY, ANDRHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF MODIFIEDPOLYAMIDES AND THEIR CORRESPONDINGPOLYETHYLENE-MODIFIED POLYAMIDEBLENDSYeh J T; Fan-Chiang C CTaiwan,National University of Science & Technology

A systematic investigation of the effects of melt indicesof polyamides on the morphology, barrier and impactproperties of blow moulded PE-polyamide and PE-modified polyamide containers is reported. An appropriatealkyl carboxyl-substituted polyolefin was chosen as acompatibiliser precursor to modify polyamides of varyingmelt indices in a twin-screw extruder by the ‘reactiveextrusion’ process. 17 refs.CHINA

Accession no.664049

Item 348


70, No.472, Oct.1995, p.369-72

Spanish

IML (IN-MOULD LABELLING): IN-MOULDDECORATION OF INJECTION MOULDEDPLASTICS PRODUCTS

In-mould labelling is examined as a method for decoratinginjection moulded plastics containers, and the efficiencyand costs of the process are compared to those oftraditional decoration techniques.

NETSTAL AGSWITZERLAND; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.663462

Item 349

Packaging Week

13, No.25, 11th-18th Dec. 1997, p.1

PLASTIC BEER BOTTLE LAUNCH FROM BASSPidgeon R

Bass Brewers is to test market sales of its Carling BlackLabel lager and Hoopers Hooch alcopops in plastic



bottles. The bottles are three-layer PETP/EVOH/PETPbarrier bottles with crown closures which will carry a 12week best before date. Laboratory tests have shown thatthe bottles can offer a longer shelf life without chilleddistribution. The process technology and bottle designwere developed by American National Can, a Pechineysubsidiary, using preforms moulded using a proprietaryco-injection process.

PECHINEY; BASS BREWERS; AMERICANNATIONAL CANEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.662782

Item 350

Packaging Digest

34, No.12, Nov. 1997, p.66/70

KRAFT PROMOTES CEREALS IN SLEEVEDPLASTIC BOXESLingle R

In an effort to provide added value to its packaged cereals,and increase sales of cereal volumes, Kraft Canada haslaunched a promotional range of PVC shrink-sleeved PPreusable containers which have a custom-colouredLLDPE reclosable lid. Details are given of the productionof the packaging.

KRAFT CANADA INC.CANADA

Accession no.662754

Item 351


27, No.11, Nov.1997, p.60/3

HUNGER FOR ‘READY’ FOOD STIMULATESNEW OPTIONS IN BARRIER PACKAGINGLeaversuch R D

Change is occurring in the thermoforming of rigid barrierdishes, trays and lidstock used in the packaging of freshprepared foods. In North America, the most pressingdemand involves meeting the barrier needs of theemergent home-meal replacement (HMR) sector. InEurope, similar interest is focused on the comparablealmost-ready sector, a segment that is seeing acceleratedgrowth. In both these markets, the intent is a fresh, high-quality prepared dish that is easy and quick to use at home.Requirements of the still-infant HMR market in the USAwere addressed recently at the Future-Pak ’97 exhibition.Sponsor George O. Schroeder Associates says that fresh,refrigerated, ready-to-serve dishes typically call forstructures that provide sufficient oxygen and moisturebarrier to keep food fresh and limit spoilage, major issuesfor retailers. The company adds that because packagingmust ensure excellent flavour and bacteria control,compatibility with modified atmosphere (MAP) designis often critical. Appearance is also important to spur sales.In current barrier markets, a one-year shelf life is standard,

so EVOH, PVdC and nylon are typically used in multi-layer coextrusions with appropriate structural and tielayers. Recent developments are reviewed.

EASTMAN CHEMICAL CO.; PHILLIPS 66 CO.; BPCHEMICALS LTD.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; USA;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.662158

Item 352


27, No.12, Dec.1997, p.48-51

THERMOFORMING GETS IN-LINE FOR PPPACKAGING APPLICATIONSGabriele M C

It is claimed that, as a process technology, in-linethermoforming for food packaging applications can nowmatch injection moulding in terms of part quality, barrierproperties and per-part cost. In-line thermoforming is wellsuited to the large volumes associated with the NorthAmerican market. PP resin suppliers have recentlydeveloped homopolymer grades specially tailored for meltstrength and clarity to complement in-line thermoforming.WORLD

Accession no.661637

Item 353


27, No.12, Dec.1997, p.35-6

PIGMENTED WHITE JUG AIMS TO SWEETENUS MILK SALESSchut J H

Two major US dairies introduced pigmented white milkbottles in October made out of HDPE. Almostsimultaneously, a second brace of dairies launched pintmilk bottles in clear PETP. Opaque HDPE jugs are saidto better preserve milk’s flavour and vitamin content.Contents of translucent HDPE jugs may be degraded byoxidation tied to in-store fluorescent lighting.USA

Accession no.661635

Item 354

Injection Moulding International

2, No.4, Sept./Oct.1997, p.32

CLARIFIED POLYPROPYLENE MATERIAL OFCHOICE IN PACKAGING

This article explains the material selection process ofSchneider & Klein for transparent consumer hardwarepackaging. The company chose clarified polypropylene forits new boxes. The plastics desirable properties are explained.

SCHNEIDER & KLEINEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;

USA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.661025



Item 355

Paper, Film & Foil Converter

71, No.11, Nov. 1997, p.24

VALUE-ADDED PACKAGING IS HOT (ANDCOLD) STUFFSacharow SPackaging Group Inc.

Developments in self-heating and self-chilling packagingusing exothermic and endothermic reactions, for food anddrinks are reviewed. Included are details of Heater Meals’complete meal systems which involves the use of amagnesium mixture which is activated by salt water toheat the meal by contact with the hot water in apolystyrene tray, and a self-chilling can by Joseph Co.which uses a refrigerant gas to cool beverages to 45degrees F in 90 seconds. The latter, however, raisesquestions regarding the use of HFC-134a. Other productsare also described.

HEATER MEALS CO.; DAI NIPPON; JOSEPH CO.JAPAN; USA

Accession no.660585

Item 356

Packaging

No.5, 1997, p.15

SALAD DAYS FOR TENNECO PACKS

Design details are given of a salad packaging containerfor Sainsbury’s new range of value-added salads whichwas designed by Tenneco Packaging. It consists of a saladbowl shaped container which is made to look like a hand-painted porcelain bowl. It incorporates a lettuce leafdesign which is sandwich printed on a high gloss whitebase material using food approved inks. Thethermoformed container is resealable.

SAINSBURY J.,PLC; TENNECOPACKAGING,PLASTICS DIV.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK; USA;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.660572

Item 357

Packaging

No.5, 1997, p.14-5

RIGHT APPROACH TO A FUTURE INPLASTICS

The potential market for PEN/PETB blends in hot fillingpackaging applications is discussed. The advantages ofPETP in packaging applications are reviewed, and inparticular, its success in sectors previously dominated byglass. However, caution is suggested regarding theexaggeration of the immediate possibilities regarding theuse of PEN in high temperature filling applications, sincea question mark is raised over its consistency and sometechnical and cost implications which would require someredesigning of original containers.


WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.660571

Item 358


49, No.2, March 1997, p.69-71

French

DEVELOPMENTS IN THERMOFORMED PPTopuz B

Applications of PP in thermoformed food packaging areexamined, and developments in thermoformingmachinery and polymers with enhancedthermoformability are reviewed.

APPRYL; BOREALIS; BASF AG; ILLIGMASCHINENBAU; KIEFEL GMBH; CANNONGROUP; POLARCUPEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;

GERMANY; ITALY; NORWAY; SCANDINAVIA; WESTERN

EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.658238

Item 359


Oct.1997, p.45

BLOW MOULDING NOW POSSIBLE IN PPFOAM

Krupp Kautex, in association with Borealis, is extendingthe range of the blow moulded foam process with theaddition of PP compounds. Potential is seen in thecombination of foamed core blow mouldings with skinsusing Kautex’s long glass fibre-reinforced PP technologyto produce mouldings with high strength and rigiditycombined with reduced weight and material content.Kautex has also emphasised the growing potential forbottom calibration as a way to produce an increasinglydemanding range of industrial containers.

KRUPP KAUTEX MASCHINENBAU GMBH;BOREALISEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.654713

Item 360


27, No.2, July 1997, p.20

BOTTLING BREAKTHROUGH

Log Plastic Products of Israel has developed a process toproduce bottles for hot-filling of drinks up to 93 deg.C,which is usually carried out in glass containers. TheGlastic process makes it possible for numerous hot-fillproducts to be packaged in plastic. Key parameters arethe process itself, the material and a special bottle design.The process is patent pending and the engineering isregistered design pending. Hot-filling is a



decontamination process involving temperatures between75 and 95 deg.C. The container is exposed to the highfilling temperatures - in the process killing spoilingbacteria and germs - and cooled immediately; thecontainer is usually exposed to the elevated temperaturefor a period of less than one minute. As mentioned, thisrequirement has up until now restricted the process to theuse of glass containers. Log is using Shell’s Hipertuf89010 polyester and, working closely with Shell, hasenhanced and maximised the material’s performance tocreate the Glastic grade. One major advantage of theplastic over glass is that the filling process is simplified:no cascade system for thermal pretreatment of the emptybottles is needed at all, as required for glass to preventthermal shock failure breakage. This may result inconsiderable financial savings. Details are given.

LOG PLASTIC PRODUCTSISRAEL

Accession no.654499

Item 361

Packaging Week

13, No.13, 28th Aug-4th Sept.1997, p.22-3

MADE FOR MEASUREBraithwaite P

The issues of user friendliness, consumer safety andsource reduction are reported to have resulted in a numberof developments in dispensing systems and closures.These concerns have been reflected in the futuristic designof the Conoco (Jet) oil can incorporating a handle and atwist-to-open spout with an air hole to make pouringsimpler and cleaner. A transparent strip down the front ofthe can to show how much oil has been used adds anextra dimension to pack design. Minimisation is forecastto be the next trend: for the oil can, as long as there is astrong handle and dispensing device, the rest of the packcould, for example, be similar to a pouch. Through theuse of integrated valves, a pouch might also containcompressed air chambers within the structure to give ithandleability to the last drop of product. Details ofproducts recently made available by PI Design, Plysu,Bemas International and Courtin, are given

PI DESIGN; PLYSU PLC; BEMASINTERNATIONAL; COURTINEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.654482

Item 362


49, No.1, Jan./Feb.1997, p.48-9

French

TRENDS IN FOOD PACKAGINGGailliez E

Developments in multi-layer films, modified andcontrolled atmosphere packages and reclosable containers

for foods are examined. European Union legislationrelating to the use of plastics in food packaging is brieflyreviewed, and the possibility of using recycled materialsin food packages is discussed.

SOPLARIL; CRYOVAC; DU PONT DE NEMOURSE.I.,& CO.INC.EU; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; FRANCE;

USA; WESTERN EUROPE; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.653047

Item 363


27, No. 9, Sept. 1997, p.106/11

COINJECTION BOOSTS BARRIERPROPERTIES OF PET BOTTLESGabriele M C

The demand for containers with higher barrier propertiesis claimed to be driving a shift towards preformcoinjection moulding. Advantages of the latest technologyare discussed and compared with monolayer PETP bottles.Coinjection is claimed to achieve a 10% improvement inretaining carbon dioxide, and a 200-400% improvementin oxygen permeation. Details are given of ways in whichprocessors and tool designers are using the technique toextend the shelf life of single serve food and beveragecontainers.WORLD

Accession no.649429

Item 364


27, No. 9, Sept. 1997, p.36/8

LATEST BARRIER OPTION IS A ‘REMOVABLE’COATINGO’Neill M

PPG has developed a gas barrier coating for PETP whichcan be removed during the recycling process. It is offeredfor use in the packaging of oxygen-sensitive foods, fruitjuices, tomato-based products and beers. The coating is atwo-component epoxy-amine, characterised by toughnessand humidity resistance. Some controversy surroundsclaims made by the manufacturers as to oxygen ingress,and its superiority over PEN homopolymer, blends ofPVdC and PET, and these are addressed.

PPG INDUSTRIES INC.;USA

Accession no.649400

Item 365

Packaging

No.3, 1997, p.14

PALLETS, PALLETS AND MORE PALLETS

Plastic pallets are available in a number of formats to suita variety of intended uses. The pallet deck can be eithersolid or ventilated, equipped with or without a retaining



collar. The base is fitted with either runners or feet.Ventilated pallets are ideal for use in cold rooms orfreezers, where good air circulation is important. Palletswith runners are intended for use in racking or for blockstacking. Many models will feet nest when not in use,saving space in storage or on return transport. SommerAllibert (UK) produces a range of plastic pallets, fromthe steel-cored Jumbopal for the heaviest duty applicationsto specialist pallets for distribution, food handling andother industrial sectors. Details are given.

SOMMER ALLIBERTEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.642086

Item 366

Polymer Recycling

2, No.3, April 1996, p.183-99

ECOLOGICAL LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS:MODULAR APPROACH ILLUSTRATED ININSTANCE OF YOGHURT RETAIL PACKAGINGThalmann W R; Schmid MTS Oeko-Engineering AG

A global approach to ecobalance/ecoprofile compilationsfor different yoghurt retail containers is developed by TSOeko-Engineering for a client. The life cycle analysis(LCA) includes all stages of product life from rawmaterials production to elimination/recycling. It isprobably the first broad, integrating analysis for yoghurtcontainers to-date. It includes, among other items, theproduction of packaging materials and their processingto the retail containers, the filling operations, impacts oftransport and distribution (at different points of the lifecycle), as well as the different scenarios for round-tripcontainers, materials recycling and elimination. A rational,computer-based integration can be performed because ofthe modular approach to individual life cycle aspects. Thepossibilities of an aggregated analysis of optimisedpackaging systems going further than Thalmann’s basicenvironmental considerations are outlined in conclusionas a perspective. 6 refs.SWITZERLAND; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.642082

Item 367

Injection Molding

5, No.5, May 1997, p.39-40

JEWEL BOX PACKAGING DURABILITYISSUES ADDRESSED AT ITAGoldsberry C

Problems associated with the jewel box packaging ofcompact discs are addressed. The need for improvedprofitability has encouraged moulders to use less resin inthe design of the jewel box, but thinner walls have led tocracks. Details are given of product innovations which

claim to have solved the problems of quality andprofitability.USA

Accession no.637458

Item 368

Antec 97. Volume I. Conference proceedings.

Toronto, 27th April-2nd May 1997, p.850-6. 012

PROCESS OPTIMISATION OF STRETCH BLOWMOULDING FOR MECHANICAL, CLARITYAND BARRIER PERFORMANCEDiRaddo R W; Laroche D; Aubert R; Gao D M;Doordan M; Jobin GCanada,National Research Council; Montell

(SPE)

The critical performance characteristics of a stretch blowmoulded container are the mechanical behaviour, barrierperformance and clarity. These characteristics amdependent on the resulting material, crystallinity andorientation distribution in the part, which in turn areaffected by the processing conditions and the materialcharacteristics of the polymer. The effects of theprocessing conditions and the resulting containergeometry and microstructure on the final part performancecharacteristics are discussed. Numerical approaches aredescribed in an attempt to obtain a better understandingof the process fundamentals and as a tool for processoptimisation in the determination of the output/inputrelationships of process parameters. 7 refs.USA

Accession no.637329

Item 369



RECOGNISING INTERACTIVE NATURE OFPETP CONTAINER MANUFACTURINGPROCESS IS KEY TO DESIGNING,CONTROLLING AND IMPROVING THEMZagarola S WTerra Firma International Ltd.

(SPE)

PETP bottle manufacturers are often puzzled by ‘illogical’results when changing process settings. Processinteractions often account for these counter-intuitiveresults. Identifying interactions allows an explanation ofthe counter-intuitive response and offers opportunities todesign processes virtually immune to process variableswhich are difficult to control. PETP bottle manufacturingcase studies are presented, which demonstrate processinteraction and how to use it to advantage.USA

Accession no.637327



Item 370



THERMOFORMED CONTAINERS FORELECTROSTATIC SENSITIVE DEVICESGately W EEx-Tech Plastics Inc.

(SPE)

Since the 1960s the protective packaging for electrostaticsensitive devices has consisted almost exclusively ofspecially-treated plastic bags. A series of events in themid-1980s has provided a market opportunity for theintroduction of thermoformed containers made fromnewly-developed static dissipative plastic materials.Within the last ten years, the market has grown fromessentially zero to an estimated 35 million US dollars/year. Continuing changes in electronic technologystrongly favour the increased usage of thermoformedclamshell containers and trays for sensitive circuit boards,integrated circuits and disc-drive assemblies. 12 refs.USA

Accession no.637306

Item 371

Plastics News(USA)

9, No.6, 7th April 1997, p.10

CARBON FILM EXTENDS LIFE OF PETP BEERBOTTLEMacDermott M

Japan’s Kirin Brewery is reported to have developed newcarbon coating technology for PETP bottles that extendstheir shelf life and allows multiple washings and refillings.Although PETP is becoming an increasingly popularliquid packaging material because of its light weight anddurability, its inferior gas- and flavour-barrier properties,compared to glass, limit shelf life and restrict reuse. Testshave shown that by applying the hydrocarbon film to theinside wall of a PETP bottle, its barrier property foroxygen is more than 50 times better than conventionalPETP and its barrier property for carbon dioxide as muchas 100 times better. The coated bottles also can withstandas many as 30 washings at 158 deg.F. Although KirinBrewery now packages its beer in glass, it has beeninvestigating alternatives for several years. The brewerydeveloped and tested the hydrocarbon film in conjunctionwith a university in Kyushu, Japan. The brewery has noimmediate plans to commercialise the technology, becauseit needs to do more testing on whether Japanese consumerswould accept beer packaged in PETP; details are given.

KIRIN BREWERY CO.LTD.JAPAN

Accession no.635699

Item 372


27, No.5, May 1997, p.26

POLYOLEFINS TAILORED FOR FOODCONTAINERS AND LIDSLeaversuch R D

Trends in food containers and lid production in NorthAmerica and Europe are discussed, with reference to theuse of polyolefins in thin-walled containers. In NorthAmerica, injection moulded PE containers dominate indairy and deli packaging, ice cream containers and drinkcups and lids, but this is reported to be being challengedby PP moulding, where growth in yoghurt pots is reported.To meet demands, companies are introducing tailoredhigh-flow grades of HDPE and LLDPE to elevate theirtoughness/stiffness balance. In Europe, however,thermoformed polystyrene and PP dominate the foodpackaging industry, where the smaller moulding sectorhas an equipment base which encourages the use ofrelatively slower-flowing (20-40 melt index) HDPE orPP.EUROPE-GENERAL; USA

Accession no.635032

Item 373

Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology

3, No.1, March 1997, p.12-16

TOTAL QUALITY: OUT OF REACH OR WITHINREACH?Prasad SNovatec Plastics & Chemicals Co.Inc.

The development of total quality programmes for PVCcompounding and bottle blow moulding set-ups isdescribed, the key factors being presented in a generalformat to show the merit and applicability to othermanufacturing industries. Introductions to some majorconcepts and tools in quality control, including variables,attributes, sampling plans, cause-effect diagrams, qualityfunction deployment, statistical process control andquality auditing, are presented to measure the efficacy ofthe quality programme to achieve total quality. 4 refs.USA

Accession no.634629

Item 374


23, No.3, March 1997, p.15/8

RIGID PLASTICS PACKAGINGHannay F

At the 1996 Plastics in Packaging 21 conference, NampakR&D discussed the prospects for future innovation in theplastics packaging sector. The big challenge of the 1980swas to replace metal cans and glass bottles with lighter,more convenient and safer plastic alternatives.Coextrusion, multi-layers and barrier polymers were thesubject of most plastics packaging discussions; and a greatfuture was seen for high performance plastic containers.Moving into the 1990s, led by the microwave revolution,many new packs were launched around the world, some



successfully, but others less so - examples were thePetainer (affected by environmental lobbying), theStepcan (appealing to consumers but too expensive), andLunch Buckets and other high-tech coextruded containersfor processed food (which disappeared for no apparentreason). Other promising packages were launched withmuch fanfare but didn’t meet expectations. Barrier saucebottles seem to have settled into niche applications butothers like dual-ovenable trays just disappeared. Anoverview of the industry is presented, including a reviewof some new developments.

PLASTICS INSTITUTE OF SOUTH AFRICA;SOUTH AFRICA,INSTITUTE OF PACKAGINGSOUTH AFRICA

Accession no.634311

Item 375

Modern Plastics Encyclopedia

73, No.12, Nov.1996, p.D174-5

NEW TECHNOLOGY PROVIDES CRITICALTOLERANCE CONTROL FOR CONTAINERSRost BIllig A.,Maschinenbau GmbH & Co.

Opportunities for new product applications inthermoforming have been increasing, especially in thefood industry. Major trends here include the increasinguse of PP and reduced wall thickness. Precisely shapedpacks are required when high-performance machines dothe filling. This accuracy can only be achieved for PP onthermoforming lines when the packs are formed andpunched at the same station. Higher-end machinetechnology includes cam-controlled forming table drivesallowing both forming and punching to occur in one cycle.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.632256

Item 376

Plastics Technology

43, No.3, March 1997, p.21

COEX PROCESS FOR PET BOTTLESTIGHTENS LAYER CONTROL, CUTS TOOLCOSTDe Gaspari J

A novel extrusion-based approach to blowing multi-layerPETP containers is offered as an alternative to coinjectionmoulding. The process, developed by Sabel Plastechs Inc.is said to offer superior layer thickness control andinexpensive tooling. Details are given of the machinewhich is currently being applied to making smallunorientated bottles.

SABEL PLASTECHS INC.USA

Accession no.631822

Item 377

Packaging & Bottling International

No.2, April 1997, p.38-42

A STAR IN PEN TWINKLES ON THE HORIZONBormioli Metalplast; Aoki Technical Laboratory Inc.;

Shell Chemical Co.

Characteristics of polyethylene naphthalate(PEN), aredescribed, and its advantages in hot filling packagingapplications are discussed. Aoki Technical Laboratory hasdeveloped a method of producing low cost hot fill PEN/PETP bottles using the same moulding process as thatfor PETP. By using the proper combination of PEN/PETPblend, a high Tg point and crystallinity can be achieved.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY; USA;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.631710

Item 378


9, No.6, Nov.-Dec.1996, p.313-26

THINNING OF BARRIER LAYERS INMULTIWALL THERMOFORMED PACKAGESPiergiovanni L; Rho V; Bernig WMilan,University; Dixie-Union-Verpakungen GmbH

The stretching of the sides, edges and the bottom of somethermoformed containers were studied, with particularreference to the thickness reduction of an aromaticpolyamide barrier layer. The total thickness along thesides, at the edges and on the bottom of the containersthinned according to different models, but it was alwayspossible to estimate approximately the extent of stretchingby simple equations which linked the thickness to thedrawing depth of the containers. The thicknessmeasurements of the barrier layer at the edges, beforeand after the thermoforming step led to a definition of‘degree of barrier stretching’ and it was possible tocorrelate these figures with the depth of drawing.Furthermore, it was also possible to correlate the residualbarrier layer with absorption measurements made at 294.2nm of the composite structure along the sides of thethermoformed containers, obtaining simple relationshipswhich could be useful tools in packaging design as wellas in shelf-life studies. 7 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;


Accession no.631674

Item 379


26, No.7, Jan.1997, p.12/8

RIGID PLASTICS PACKAGING: IS THERESTILL ROOM FOR INNOVATIONHannay FNampak Group

Some of the factors in raw materials and processdevelopments that will be around to help create innovative



plastics containers as the turn of the century approachesare reviewed. To choose the successful ones, it isnecessary to keep close to the market place, to discernthe real needs and link efforts to partners who can coverall aspects of the supply chain.

Accession no.630914

Item 380

Plastics News(USA)

8, No.50, 10th Feb.1997, p.3/31

AUSSIE GROCER DROPS EPS FOAMTilley K

Woolworths Ltd. has banned the use of expandedpolystyrene boxes for the packaging of fruit andvegetables from its Australian stores. The company, whichhas over 500 supermarkets throughout Australia stoppedbuying fresh produce in EPS boxes on Jan. 1, with theexception of brussels sprouts, sweet corn and beans whereno alternative is available. The ban is said to be based onconcerns regarding the high disposal costs. The effect ofthe ban on Australia’s EPS box industry is reported.

WOOLWORTHS LTD.AUSTRALIA

Accession no.629618

Item 381


37, No.1, Jan.1997, p.178-82

WALL THICKNESS DISTRIBUTION IN PLUG-ASSIST VACUUM FORMED STRAWBERRYCONTAINERSAroujalian A; Ngadi M O; Emond J PLaval,University

A study was made of the influence of film temperature(118-165C), plug velocity (0.15-0.27 m/s) and plugtemperature (25-135C) on the wall thickness distributionof high-impact PS strawberry containers produced byplug-assist vacuum thermoforming. Increasing the plugvelocity resulted in improved thickness distribution dueto elastic deformation of the sheet during forming.Decreasing the stretching time and the temperaturedifference between film and plug was important for goodthickness distribution. Better wall thickness was obtainedwith a plug velocity of 0.27 m/s and a plug temperatureof 123C. 15 refs.CANADA

Accession no.629160

Item 382

Injection Moulding International

2, No.1, Jan./Feb.1997, p.68-9

SINGLE-PURPOSE BOTTLE CRATE MACHINELuling M

Schoeller produces PP and HPDE bottle crates which areused all over the world. The variety of colours and shapes

of bottle crates has increased steadily in recent years, sosmall runs must be produced economically. Schoeller, incooperation with Krauss-Maffei, has optimised the C-Series standard injection moulding machine for theproduction of bottle crates. Cycle time has been reducedfrom about 45 to 35 seconds.

KRAUSS-MAFFEI KUNSTSTOFFTECHNIK GMBH;SCHOELLER PLAST INDUSTRIESEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.624857

Item 383


24, No.3, March 1997, p.23-4

BATTLE OF THE BOTTLEMarshall D

Finding a plastic that effectively contains beer in primecondition has proved difficult. PETP in its pure form isunsuitable for all but the briefest storage periods. This isdue, primarily, to the beer’s high susceptibility to thedeteriorating effects of oxygen which has little troublepermeating the PETP walls. Polyethylene naphthalate hassuperior gas barrier properties essential for beer storage.Beer contained in a PEN homopolymer bottle has a shelflife some five times longer that of beer contained in PETP.A blend of the two, containing 8% PEN, offers a shelflife 2-3 times greater, with no attendant recyclingproblems.WORLD

Accession no.624474

Item 384


70, No.473, Nov.1995, p.474-9

Spanish

NEW TRENDS IN PRODUCTION ANDMACHINERY IN THE EUROPEAN BLOWMOULDING INDUSTRYWilke UBattenfeld Fischer Blasformtechnik GmbH

A survey is made of trends in extrusion and coextrusionblow moulding machinery on the European market arisingfrom changing requirements by manufacturers of plasticsbottles and other containers.

ALPLA WERKE ALWIN LEHNER KGEUROPE-GENERAL; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN

UNION; GERMANY; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.624375

Item 385

Plastics News(USA)

8, No.37, 11th Nov.1996, p.50

EPA ENDORSES RECYCLED-CONTENTPALLETSKing R



The EPA has recommended that plastic shipping palletscontaining recycled content be purchased by federalgovernment agencies as part of the government’s list of 12other products proposed for addition to its buy-recycledprogramme mandated by the Resource Conservation andRecovery Act. The amount of recycled content can bebetween 25-100%. Problems relating to lack ofspecifications on such products are discussed, and the effecton the US Postal Service, which currently has 3 millionhigh molecular weight PE cargo pallets, is examined.

US,ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCYUSA

Accession no.618891

Item 386


52, No.12, Dec.1996, p.33-5

MODIFYING PETP CRYSTALLISATION TOIMPROVE CONTAINER PROCESSINGSakellarides S LAmoco Chemical Co.

Three commonly used comonomer modifiers arecompared as to their effectiveness in slowing PETP’s rateof thermal crystallisation in order to improve containerclarity and reduce acetaldehyde formation. A comparisonof the three modifiers - isophthalic acid, diethylene glycoland cyclohexanedimethanol - find that the first two causea real decrease in PETP’s crystallisation rate, manifestedby all three of the above effects.USA

Accession no.618628

Item 387

Plast’ 21

No.46, Oct.1995, p.63-5

Spanish

NEW TRENDS IN PRODUCTION ANDEQUIPMENT IN THE BLOW MOULDINGINDUSTRYWilke UBattenfeld Fischer Blasformtechnik GmbH

A survey is made of trends in extrusion and coextrusionblow moulding machinery for the manufacture of bottlesand other plastics containers.

ALPLA WERKE ALWIN LEHNER KGEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.616952

Item 388


26, No.12, Dec.1996, p.54-7

HOUSEWARE MOULDERS SEEK OUT NEW PPTECHNOLOGIESLeaversuch R D

New high-flowing PP random and impact copolymersdeveloped by Montell and other PP suppliers make over-sized housewares feasible and cost-effective. Today’slarge housewares include 190-L storage boxes, 9.5-L foodcontainers and closet clothing bins. Higher-flowing PPsfill existing moulds at about 38C lower processtemperatures than before, so cooling times decline andcycles are shorter. BASF has developed a PP randomblock copolymer which combines the low-temperatureimpact strength of a block copolymer with thetransparency of a random.USA; WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL

Accession no.615876

Item 389

Polymers, Laminations and Coatings Conference. Book

2. Conference Proceedings.

Boston, Ma., 4th-7th Sept.1990, p.735-50. 6A

THERMOFORMING MICROWAVEABLECONTAINERSKent W FBrown J.,Inc.,Brown Machinery Div.

(TAPPI)

This paper describes in some detail methods forthermoforming of PP and crystallised PETPmicrowaveable packaging containers. Information ispresented on processing parameters, equipment andmaterial requirements. 3 refs.USA

Accession no.614951

Item 390

Plastics News(USA)

8, No.33, 14th Oct.1996, p.7

HOOSIER FIBERGLASS MARKETINGLIGHTWEIGHT, CHEAPER CD HOLDERGoldsberry C

This article highlights the CD Muffin, a new type of CDpackaging that promises a lower-cost, lightweightalternative to the jewel box. The CD Muffin, a pressureformed, one-sided PP holder that incorporates an airpocket to protect the laser tracks, is manufactured byHoosier Fiberglass Inc. of the USA. Details of theMuffin’s production are given.

HOOSIER FIBERGLASS INC.USA

Accession no.611978

Item 391

Medical Design & Manufacturing West 1994.

Conference proceedings.

Anaheim, Ca., 1st-3rd Feb.1994, p.103.2-103.9. 6S

CASE STUDY IN MEDICAL PACKAGINGDESIGN AND MATERIAL SELECTIONFrambach D



Creative Forming Inc.

(Canon Communications Inc.; Medical Device &Diagnostic Industry Magazine)

Among the Environmental Protection Agency’s preferredoptions for solid-waste management - the familiar Reduce,Reuse, Recycle credo - its top priority is source reduction.Source reduction in packaging results in the introductionof less materials into the solid waste stream. The positiveeffects of source reduction are not dependent on thedevelopment of a recycling infrastructure, or on theavailability of any particular disposal method. A source-reduction case history is outlined. An overview ispresented of a collaborative effort between BaxterHealthcare, Conceptual Design Industries and CreativeForming is presented, which resulted in the developmentof a thermoformed plastic medical shipper tray reducingby more than 100 tons annually the amount of medicalwaste introduced to landfills. The redesigned package,made of recyclable PETG, met Baxter’s initial sourcereduction mandate while at the same time improving thepackaging system.USA

Accession no.611210

Item 392


Indianapolis, 5th-10th May 1996, p.3422-6

TOTAL QUALITY: OUT OF REACH OR WITHINREACH?Prasad SNovatec Plastics & Chemicals Co.Inc.

(SPE)

Until recently, quality has gained increasing importancein the manufacturing sector on a global scale. Qualitystandards such as the ISO 9000 series, QS 9000 seriesand the Malcolm Baldridge National Quality Award havebrought on a movement which seems to be gainingmomentum by the day. Development of a total qualityprogramme for any manufacturing facility must take somekey factors into consideration for the programme to work.The key factors that need to be considered in a PVCcompounding or bottle blow moulding set-up arepresented in a generic format to show the merit andapplicability to other manufacturing industries.Introductions to some major concepts and tools in qualitycontrol including variables, attributes, sampling plans,cause-effect diagrams, quality function deployment,statistical process control and quality auditing arepresented to measure the efficacy of the qualityprogramme to achieve total quality. 4 refs.USA

Accession no.608759

Item 393

Polymer Plastics Technology and Engineering

35, No.5, 1996, p.727-55

EFFECT OF RESIN TYPES ANDANTIOXIDANTS ON RELEASE OF OFF-FLAVOUR FROM HDPE BOTTLESYam K L; Ho Y C; Young S S; Zambetti P FRutgers,University; Hoffmann-La Roche Inc.

The effects of three types of HDPE resins and threeantioxidants (vitamin E, Irganox 1010 and BHT) on therelease of off-flavour (including off-odour and off-taste) fromblow-moulded HDPE bottles were investigated usingsensory analysis and gas chromatography/mass spectrometryanalysis. Overall the sensory study showed that off-flavourintensity was affected by both resin type and antioxidant.The GC/MS study identified more than 60 volatilecompounds released from the bottles, ranging from C5 toC20, belonging to the groups of n-alkane, 1-alkene, aldehyde,ketone, phenolic, olefin and paraffin. 20 refs.USA

Accession no.608520

Item 394


86, No.8, Aug.1996, p.17-9

HIGH-PERFORMANCE PP FORTHERMOFORMINGFolland R; Karlsson HBorealis

Controlled crystallinity polypropylene and high stiffnesspolypropylene is examined for use in thermoformed thin-wall rigid packaging containers. Its advantages aredescribed, and the material is suggested as an alternativeto traditional thermoforming materials such as polystyreneand PVC in packaging applications. Details are given ofprocess developments, the morphological properties ofPP, and the reactor nucleation of polypropylene.DENMARK; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;

SCANDINAVIA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.607138

Item 395

Paper, Film & Foil Converter

70, No.9, Sept.1996, p.22

NEW POSSIBILITIES FOR BEER PACKAGINGIN PEN AND LCPSacharow SPackaging Group Inc.

Commercialisation of PEN and LCP bottles for beer isdiscussed with reference to the advantages offered by bothmaterials in terms of oxygen barrier. Problems associatedwith bottling beers are examined, which can lead to flavourand colour deterioration. The approval of PENhomopolymers by the FDA is claimed will enable at leastone major US beer bottler to have a PEN bottle on streamby 1997. Research being carried out at North Carolina StateUniversity into the use of LCP bottles is also discussed.USA

Accession no.606983



Item 396

Antec ’96. Vol.I. Conference Proceedings.

Indianapolis, 5th-10th May 1996, p.958-62. 012

BASIC STUDIES OF BLOW MOULDING OFTALC-THERMOPLASTIC COMPOUNDSSuh C H; White J LAkron,University,Inst.of Polym.Engineering

(SPE)

The extrusion blow moulding of talc filled HDPE and PPcompounds was studied. These compounds did not exhibitzero shear viscosity, but exhibited yield stresses belowwhich there was no flow. Annular swell was greatlyreduced compared to the neat polymers, but extrusion sagwas minimised. Blow moulded bottles had much greaterthickness uniformity than bottles blow moulded from theneat polymers. X-ray diffraction studies showed that thetalc particles were oriented with the flake surfaces parallelto the mould surface, or equivalently to the bottle surface.8 refs.USA

Accession no.606643

Item 397



HIGH NITRILE POLYMERS:THERMOFORMING PAR EXCELLENCEYoung G; Lund P RAmerican Mirrex Corp.; BP Chemicals Inc.

(SPE)

Applications of high nitrile resins based on acrylonitrile-methacrylate copolymers in thermoformed packaging areexamined. Their properties and thermoformingcharacteristics are discussed and compared with those ofPVC. The environmental advantages of these resins arealso reviewed. 5 refs.USA

Accession no.606434

Item 398



THERMOFORMING DISPOSABLESOPPORTUNITIES AND ISSUES: MARKETS,MATERIALS AND MACHINERY, THECOMPETITIVE INTERFACEHoover LHarborside Research Group Inc.

(SPE)

The market for disposable thermoformed plastics productsin the food packaging and medical sectors is examined,and aspects of machinery and materials selection affectingcompetitiveness in this market are discussed.USA

Accession no.606430

Item 399

Packaging Digest

33, No.11, Aug.1996, p.33/6

THERMOFORM REELS IN SURGICALBENEFITS

Indigo Medical has introduced a new two-piecethermoform for optical fibre devices used in prostatesurgery which is described as protective, dimensionallystable, rigid and aesthetically pleasing. The packagingnow gives substantially more control over what had beena difficult medical device to handle. In development aboutthree months, the new package is the result of an upgrademade late last year for the line of optical fibres used forlaser surgery. Performed internally, the surgery requiresthat the tip end of each device must be kept absolutelysterile until entering the body. Merrill’s Packagingproduces the thermoformed tray in a meticulouscleanroom environment using Kloeckner Pentaplast’s 25mm blue tinted, rigid Pentamed PETG film, extruded fromEastman’s PETG copolyester resin. The forming film’sflexibility and machinability are critical to the tray’sdesign. A centre cavity is shaped like a circular reel; squarecorners with 1 in.-deep pockets lock the device’s diffuseror connector end and pointed tip neatly into place. Thetwo-piece container can hold several styles of optical fibrecable that coils up and nests within the 9.5 in.-diametercentre cavity. Details are given.

INDIGO MEDICAL; MERRILL’S PACKAGINGINC.; EASTMAN CHEMICAL CO.USA

Accession no.604786

Item 400

Packaging Digest

33, No.10, July 1996, p.32/6

CLAMSHELL TURNS ON A BRIGHT 3-WAYIDEA

The article supplies details of the thermoform clamshellpackaging designed to enhance and protect new 3-wayfluorescent components from US company Solium. Thepolyvinyl chloride clamshell secured packaging,manufactured by Walter Drake Inc., was designed andproduced, without benefit of the traditional prototype,within four weeks.

SOLIUM; BRANDEQUITY INTERNATIONAL;DRAKE W.,INC.; CHARLES RIVERLITHOGRAPHYUSA

Accession no.604457

Item 401


26, No.9, Sept.1996, p.44

FORMING SYSTEM CUTS SCRAP FROM 50%TO 15%Gabriele M C



QuesTech Packaging has introduced a thermoformingprocess for deep-draw barrier containers for use in food,medical and pharmaceutical applications. The companyplans to license the process, in which pre-cut blanks areformed in a near melt-phase, but semi-solid state, ratherthan heated and stretched as occurs in cut-sheetthermoforming. It is claimed the system offers advantagesin scrap reduction and technical capability versus existingthermoforming methods for manufacturing specialtycontainers.

QUESTECH PACKAGING INC.USA

Accession no.604044

Item 402

Plastics News(USA)

8, No.16, 17th June 1996, p.9

ENTERTAINMENT BUSINESS DRESSES UP FORSHOWGoldsberry C

Manufacturers in the compact disc, video and audio tapepackaging industry are reported to have introduced newproducts at the recent Replitech International 1996exhibition that have improved consumer eye appeal, andgreater durability and functionality. Alpha Enterprises haslaunched two new videocassette cases at the San Jose show.DuraCase, targeted for the video sellthrough market, is thesame size as the standard vinyl vacuum formed clamshell,but is injection moulded in one piece from polypropylene.Details of other products are included.

ALPHA ENTERPRISES INC.USA

Accession no.603597

Item 403

Advances in Polymer Technology

15, No.3, Fall 1996, p.191-204

EXTRUSION BLOW MOULDING OF HDPE-PETP BLENDSKumaravel G; Jabarin S AToledo,University

The suitability of blends of HDPE/PETP/compatibiliserfor blow moulding was investigated. The rheology of theblends was studied in the context of extrusion blowmoulding. Bottles were blown from the blends and testedfor mechanical properties. 15 refs.USA

Accession no.602166

Item 404

Polymers for Advanced Technologies

7, Nos.5/6, May/June 1996, p.365-73

NEW POLYMERIC MATERIALS FORCONTAINERS MANUFACTURE BASED ONPETP/PEN (ETHYLENE

NAPHTHALENEDICARBOXYLATE)COPOLYESTERS AND BLENDSPo R; Occhiello E; Giannotta G; Pelosini L; Abis LEniChem SpA

Copolyesters of terephthalic acid, 2,6-naphthalenedicarboxylic acid and ethylene glycol,prepared by either melt polycondensation or blending,were shown to be promising materials for the manufactureof hot-fillable, re-fillable, high oxygen barrier and highUV barrier containers. The properties of these materialswere dependent on their composition and microstructure,which could be tailored by controlling the experimentalparameters during their preparation. In particular, theeffect on crystallisation rate, which played a key role inthe bottle manufacturing cycle (comprising meltpolymerisation, solid-state polymerisation, drying,moulding and blowing), was studied. 26 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.599384

Item 405

Packaging Week

12, No.11, 25th July 1996, p.1

PEN/PETP BOTTLES OFFER COST SAVINGSPidgeon R

It is reported that a new beer, juice and mineral waterbottle made of blended polyethylene naphthalate andPETP could lead to big costs savings for fillers. CAGreiner of Kremsmuenster says that the 50cl prototypebottle, weighing just 45g, has attracted interest fromaround the world since it was unveiled at the Interpackexhibition in May 1996. Claimed to be made of 90%polyethylene naphthalate, the bottle can be washed at upto 90 deg.C and is refillable for between 25-50 trips. Thecompany claims that the lightweight PEN/PETP bottlecan save up to 6.5 tons on each delivery truck, comparedwith using glass bottles, leading to logistics cost savingsof about 10-15%.

GREINER C.A.,& SOHNE GMBHAUSTRIA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.599309

Item 406


52, No.7, July 1996, p.33-4

THERMOFORMING OF POLYPROPYLENEMacauley N; Harkin-Jones EBelfast,Queen’s University

A considerable area of plastics processing is concernedwith the thermoforming of food packaging from extrudedthermoplastic sheet, of which thin-gauge containers fordairy products represent a large market. The chiefmaterials employed in this area are PP and high-impactPS (HIPS). PP’s versatility in thermoforming applicationsarises from its excellent combination of physical, thermal,



and chemical properties. However, despite theseadvantages, HIPS has been the resin of choice until quiterecently because of difficulties encountered in theextrusion and thermoforming of PP. The optimumthermoforming conditions for thin-gauge PP sheet aredetermined, and the processing characteristics of anucleated and an unnucleated grade are compared. 5 refs.USA

Accession no.599268

Item 407


9, No.4, July/Aug.1996, p.175-85

ACETALDEHYDE IN MINERAL WATERSTORED IN PETP BOTTLES: ODOURTHRESHOLD AND QUANTIFICATIONNijssen B; Kamperman T; Jetten JTNO Nutrition & Food Research Institute

A method is described for determining the concentrationof acetaldehyde in water during storage in PETP bottles.Comparisons between still water and carbonated waterare discussed using model experiments. 16 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;


Accession no.599138

Item 408


22, No.5, May 1996, p.51

ROSY FUTURE FOR PVC PACKAGINGLoubser G

Adriaplast of Italy revealed recently that South Africarepresents its third largest export market for rigid PVCpackaging materials. The company is a major producerof rigid PVC; and local agent Interchem imports some500 tpa for use by the South African packaging industry.Fast-growing markets are the pharmaceutical andconfectionery sectors (especially for blister packaging).Another significant market is for bottle capsules.Adriaplast’s factory at Monfalcone in Italy specialises inthe production of a comprehensive range of rigid PVCfor packaging; and recent developments include multi-layer rigid sheet offering improved oxygen and moisturebarrier properties, as well as oriented PVC to meet theneeds of the shrink label market. Details are given.

ADRIAPLAST SPA; INTERCHEMINTERNATIONAL SAEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; ITALY;

SOUTH AFRICA; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.597506

Item 409


July 1996, p.22-3

PEN FOR REPLACEMENT OF GLASSCONTAINERS

The development work carried out in recent years by ShellChemical into polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) has lookedat opportunities to improve on the established attributesof PET as packaging material. The opportunities are seenas high fill temperatures, improved chemical andtemperature resistance, autoclaving and improved barrierperformance. Applications requiring these propertiesinclude some potentially large markets - pharmaceuticalcontainers, hot fill products such as sauces, jams andjuices, and returnable/refillable containers for wine, beerand water.

SHELL CHEMICALS CO.AUSTRALIA

Accession no.595960

Item 410


11, No.64, June 1996, p.76/8

GLOBAL ALTERNATIVE TO WOODHunerberg EJohnson Controls Inc.

It is reported that while it is gaining in popularity in NorthAmerica and Europe, the use of structural foam pallets asan alternative to wood is also being promoted for the AsiaPacific. In terms of advantages, they are environmentallysafe, recyclable and nail and splinter free. They are moredurable, lightweight and have utility advantages such astheir stacking quality, and moulded-in performancefeatures. Details are given.ASIA-PACIFIC; USA

Accession no.593477

Item 411


36, No.9, Mid-May 1996, p.1266-71

EFFECT OF PROCESSING VARIABLES ON THEENVIRONMENTAL STRESS CRACKRESISTANCE OF BLOW MOULDEDPOLYETHYLENE BOTTLESStrebel J J; Benson MQuantum Chemical Co.

Experimental design was used to test the effect of dietemperature, mould temperature, moulding time, and droptime. Bottles blown at each condition were tested usingthe internal pressure ESCR test. Using regression analysis,the effect of each variable was quantified. 10 refs.USA

Accession no.593342

Item 412

Packaging

66, No.710, Iss.2, 1996, p.22-3

PUTTING A GLOSS ON PLASTICMeyrick NRPC Containers Ltd.



Blow moulded bottles and jars for sauces, relishes andmayonnaise products have provided PP with its greatestsuccess in the packaging market. Such bottles are usuallycoextruded, combining PP with an EVOH oxygen barrier,typically in a five or seven layer structure. Penetration ofthese bottles in the UK ketchup market is nearly 30% ofretail volume and in the US the share is in excess of 50%.At RPC Containers the development of a special highgloss finish has been the most significant advance in thisarea for multilayer PP. The combination of materialsprovides a visually-appealing, contact-clear bottle or jarwhich maintains a quality image.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.592540

Item 413


86, No.5, May 1996, p.27-8

RETURNABLE BOTTLES OFPOLYCARBONATEOhst S; Gotzmann GBayer AG

The advantages are described of the use of polycarbonatein returnable milk bottles. The lightweight bottle offerssafety and is virtually unbreakable, and in addition, itstransportation uses less fuel. Its ease of processing isemphasised, and its ability to withstand repeatedsterilisation. Polycarbonate has a light transmission ofalmost 90%, permitting optimum control of cleanlinessduring packaging and filling. 3 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.592359

Item 414


86, No.5, May 1996, p.17-9

PACKAGING MADE OF METALLOCENE-PPKunzer R; Wieners GHoechst AG

Comparisons are made between conventional PP andmetallocene PP with respect to properties and processingbehaviour. Their use in thin-walled injection mouldingof packaging containers is discussed, where theapplication calls for transparent, rigid, odour-freepackaging.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.592354

Item 415


86, No.5, May 1996, p.13-4

BARRIER PROPERTIES OF PET AND PENBOTTLES

Appel OKrupp Corpoplast Maschinenbau GmbH

Barrier properties of PETP and PEN bottles are examinedand factors influencing such properties such as orientation,crystallinity and bottle designs are examined.Polyethylene naphthalate and its copolymers are shownto offer better properties than PETP in terms of carbondioxide permeability, with the higher the PEN content ofthe material, the better the property profile of the blowmoulded bottle. Machine and process technologies to beadjusted to the various bottle materials are discussed withrespect to a ten-stage blow moulding machine.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.592351

Item 416


Conference Proceedings.

Nashville, Tn., 28th Aug-1st Sept.1994, p.335-48. 012

ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL (VITAMIN E) AS ANANTIOXIDANT FOR EXTRUSION COATINGPOLYMERSZambetti P; Baker S; Kelley DHoffmann-La Roche Inc.; Dow Chemical Co.

(TAPPI)

Alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) was used as an antioxidantin an extrusion coating grade of LDPE, and its effects ontaste and odour reduction and on adhesion and heat sealperformance of coated substrates were investigated. Theeffectiveness of this antioxidant in reducing taste andodour in blow moulded HDPE bottles was also studied. 9refs.USA

Accession no.592166

Item 417

149th ACS Rubber Division Meeting, Spring 1996.


Montreal, 5th-8th May 1996, paper 22, pp.20. 012

MATERIAL SOLUTION OPTIONS - TOTALPACKAGEDean P RHarwick Chemical Corp.

(ACS,Rubber Div.)

A broad overview is presented of functional optionsavailable in chemical packaging. The options which aredescribed include pre-dispersed forms, pre-blendedsystems, preweighed systems and protective packaging.Individual and option combinations are also discussed. Adescription of the benefits of these options is included toaid the consumer in product selection for specificrequirements. 2 refs.USA

Accession no.591663



Item 418

149th ACS Rubber Division Meeting, Spring 1996.


Montreal, 5th-8th May 1996, paper 8, pp.8. 012

USING POST CONSUMER PLASTIC TOPRODUCE SLIP TRAYS THAT WILL REPLACEWOOD, PLASTIC AND METAL PALLETSTrickett H JEnviropak Inc.

(ACS,Rubber Div.)

The challenges solved by this project are the eliminationof plastic materials currently going into landfills and theirreuse to create a new product that will replace a wood,plastic or metal pallet. More than 500 million wood palletsare used each year in the USA. 415 million, or more than83%, eventually end up in landfills. Approximately 16%are recycled. Because of inherent problems the presentplastic slip sheet has made only a minimal 04% penetrationof the pallet market. Slip sheets overall comprise less than10% of the palletised unit market. Enviropak has developeda Slip Tray design that has an enhanced lip and four sides.Tests of this design have proven that this lip is muchstronger and much easier to grasp. This design also makesit easier to chisel under the unit with the platens. Details ofthe HDPE slip tray are given.USA

Accession no.591649

Item 419

Packaging Digest

33, No.6, May 1996, p.84/6

LIGHTWEIGHTING BIAX-BOTTLES VIAPREFERENTIAL HEATINGAbrams B

This comprehensive article supplies details of a newstretch blow moulding technique to produce biaxiallyoriented PETP bottles, being used by three companies inthe USA, for salad dressings. The bottles are verylightweight, achieving a 15% saving in materials. Thearticle describes the process and production organisationat the three companies.

MARTIN GILLET CO.; TOPCO ASSOCIATES;POCONO P.E.T. INC.USA

Accession no.591641

Item 420


23, No.6, June 1996, p.22-3

PRESSING AHEAD WITH PPAnscombe N

PP’s many desirable properties have meant an increasingdemand for the material from the thermoforming industry.PP’s semi-crystalline structure makes it more difficult toform than its amorphous counterparts. Solvay has a variety

of grades of PP specifically developed for thermoforming.These include the Eltex P HL range for high speedextrusion thermoforming. Fina foresees a huge marketfor the microwave, hot-fill and dairy packaging industriesfor its Finapro grades. Montell has developed a family ofhigh melt strength PPs for large part thermoforming. Illighas developed thermoforming machines which canprocess standard grades of PP. These use the solid phaseforming technique. Rigo has a pre-heat calender betweenthe unwinding and forming station which discouragessheet sag and reduces heat consumption.WESTERN EUROPE-GENERAL; WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.591207

Item 421

16th International Conference on Plastics High

Performance Packaging. Conference Proceedings.

Dusseldorf, 3rd-4th Oct.1995, paper 8, pp.20. 6P

FUNDAMENTAL STUDY OF STRETCH-BLOWMOULDING NAPHTHALATE POLYESTERSTibbitt J; Schmidt G; Bauer CAmoco Chemical Co.

(SPE,European Sections)

This paper presents a detailed study of the injectionstretch-blow moulding (ISBM) of naphthalate polyestersincluding polyethylene naphthalate (PEN), copolymerswith high and low levels of naphthalate, and lownaphthalate content blends. In an experiment, ISBM wassimulated using the process of freeblowing of injectionmoulded preforms and the naphthalate polyestercompositions were tested and compared to PETP.Development of strain hardening and crystallinity wasstudied. The data generated from this work is said to beintended for use in the design of naphthalate polyesterpreforms and containers.USA

Accession no.590911

Item 422


No.1638, 31st May 1996, p.9

FOAM PROCESS ON SHOWSmith C

The patent-protected Coralfoam injection mouldingtechnique uses a combination of blowing agent technologyand tool design features to place discrete areas of foam atkey points in plastics parts within the moulding cycle. Itis claimed it is possible to vary and tightly control thedensity of the foamed regions of the part and to use thickwall features without extending the cycle. At the heart ofthe Coralfoam process is an endothermic chemicalfoaming and nucleating agent developed by ReedyInternational. The Safoam additive generates carbondioxide. The Coralfoam process uses a controlledtemperature difference across the mould halves.Development trials have proved the Coralfoam technique



with the polyolefin and styrenic materials used by thepackaging industry.

CORALFOAMEUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.590527

Item 423


April 1996, p.10-1

BLOW MOULDING

A recent seminar hosted by Trendpam Machinerydiscussed the use of amorphous PETP as a cost-savingalternative to crystallised material. Aoki’s injection stretchblow machine is able to process A-PETP directly througha vented barrel under vacuum, removing the moisture inthe processing machine. PEN has been heralded asoffering hot fill capabilities over those of PETP, betteroxygen and carbon dioxide barrier, and reduced UVpermeation. However, the question is whether theimproved performance is sufficient to replace glass at acost-effective price.

TRENDPAM MACHINERY LTD.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.588622

Item 424


April 1996, p.4-6

DOWN SIDE OF DIYEnderby RBlow Moulding Controls Ltd.

As a bottle user, it may seem attractive to cut out themiddle man and blow mould the bottles in-house.However, going in-house can be more complex than manypeople anticipate. This article discusses the pitfalls of thisstrategy. Considerations include the investment inmachinery and technical skills required, support from themachine supplier, market shifts, printing and capping, rawmaterial supplies, product liability, mould trials andtechnical support.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.588617

Item 425


13, No.3, April 1996, p.307-14

OLIGOMERS IN PLASTICS PACKAGING. I.MIGRATION TESTS FOR VINYL CHLORIDETETRAMERCastle L; Price D; Dawkins J VUK,Min.of Agriculture,Fisheries & Food;

Loughborough,University of Technology

Vinyl chloride tetramer was studied as a representativeoligomer that had the potential for migration from plasticspackaging. PVC bottles for retail beverages were analysedby a process of dissolution followed by gaschromatography. Tetramer levels ranged from 70 to 190mg/kg in the plastic. When these bottles were tested formigration into the simulants distilled water, 3% aceticacid, 15% ethanol and olive oil, no tetramer migrationwas detected at a limit of 5-10 microg/kg. As, of the lowmolec.wt. oligomers, the tetramer had the highestconcentration in the PVC plastics, it was concluded thatthe other vinyl chloride oligomers of higher molec.wt.would not migrate above this limit of detection either.18 refs.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.587979

Item 426


36, No.4, Feb.1996, p.483-94

STRUCTURE AND PROPERTIES OFBIAXIALLY STRETCHED POLY(ETHYLENETEREPHTHALATE) SHEETSMaruhashi Y; Asada TKyoto,University

This study examines how PETP sheet stretching affectsthe PETP heat-shrinkage behaviour at 85 C, which is thehot-filling temperature in the manufacture of stretch blowmoulded PETP bottles. 20 refs.JAPAN

Accession no.587369

Item 427


36, No.3, Mid-Feb.1996, p.378-86

EXTRUSION BLOW MOULDING OFMICROCOMPOSITES BASED ONTHERMOTROPIC LIQUID CRYSTALLINEPOLYMERS AND PPHandlos A A; Baird D GVirginia,Polytechnic Institute

Details are given of the extrusion blow moulding of bottlesfrom pellets of PP containing pregenerated microfibrilsof thermotropic liquid crystal polymers. Factorsconsidered include the effect of thermotropic liquid crystalpolymer concentration and in situ composite strandproperties on the mechanical properties and anisotropyof bottles. 42 refs.USA

Accession no.585921

Item 428


22, No.2, Feb.1996, p.11/3



PACKAGING MOTOR OILLoubster G

Trends in the way in which motor oil and other lubricantsare bought has in turn brought about changes in packaging,with growth in plastic containers seen in South Africa.The move to garage chain stores and self-service garages,and the ability to buy such items in supermarkets for thepurchaser to do his own oil changes and topping up, hasprovided a forum for competitive marketing of lubricants,and plastics containers, with their printability and eye-catching lightweight designs. Features such as anti-glugpouring mechanisms, corrosion resistance and less dentingof containers have been achieved through the use of plasticmaterials.SOUTH AFRICA

Accession no.585419

Item 429


84, No.5, May 1994, p.6-7

German; English

INJECTION STRETCH BLOW MOULDING OFPP BOTTLESNeumann E HNissei ASB GmbH

The technique of injection stretch blow moulding PPbottles is described, and the advantages it affords in termsof better mechanical properties and improvedtransparency are discussed. Improvements in the processtechnology, especially in preform conditioning, ensurethat the process can be run at a high level of safety inproduction.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; GERMANY;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.585081

Item 430

Packaging Week

11, No.38, 14th March 1996, p.24-5

TURNING UP THE HEATGoddard R

The prospect for the development of a truly hot-fillableplastic material, with enhanced gas barrier and UV barrierproperties, has attracted a lot of attention in recent years.The main plastic contenders are HDPE, PP, PVC andPETP. PVC and PETP can both be modified to givetemperature tolerance of up to 85C. Blends of PETP/PENwhich have appeared in evaluation quantities over the lasttwo years are seen by many as the way forward. Blendsof PETP and LCP have also shown promise indevelopment programmes. Carters Packaging has shownminimum-processed orange juice in bottles blown usingShell HiPertuf resin and hot filled at 95C.EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION; UK;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.584456

Item 431


No.738, Feb.1995, p.51-2

French

NEW DEVELOPMENTS IN NUCLEATEDPOLYPROPYLENESDetaeye JFina Chemicals

The properties of Fina Chemicals’ Finapro range ofnucleated PP resins are examined, and applications in thethermoforming of packaging containers are described.BELGIUM; EUROPEAN COMMUNITY; EUROPEAN UNION;

WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.583132

Item 432

Plastics Technology

42, No.1, Jan.1996, p.80

FLEXIBLE CUP BOTTOM ‘BREATHES’ AS AIRPRESSURE CHANGES

The solution to a design problem relating to yoghurt potswhich were subject to differing air pressures, is described.The pots are thermoformed by Multidimensionales SAof Bogota, Columbia, who found that the containersdeformed when transported from high altitude locationsto a lower altitude. The technique used involved themanufacture of containers formed from coextruded HIPSand g-p polystyrene sheet, and which incorporate a falsebottom with a flexible diaphragm that moves in or outdepending on the atmospheric pressures.

MULTIDIMENSIONALES SASOUTH AMERICA

Accession no.580883

Item 433

Analyst

121, No.2, Feb.1996, p.173-6

USE OF POLYETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATEPLASTIC BOTTLES FOR THE SAMPLING,TRANSPORTATION AND STORAGE OFPOTABLE WATER PRIOR TO MERCURYDETERMINATIONCopeland D D; Facer M; Newton R; Walker P JThames Water Utilities Ltd.

Comparisons were made between the use of PETP bottlesand clear glass bottles for the storage of potable watersamples for up to 10 days, prior to mercury determination.The PETP bottles were found to be as suitable as glassbottles for this purpose, while also offering significantcost saving and safety advantages. Two chemicalpreservatives were also compared. The recovery ofmercury was significantly enhanced for both bottle typesby the pre-addition of either hydrochloric acid or an aciddichromate preservative solution. The latter was preferredon safety grounds owing to its obvious colour. 10 refs.




WESTERN EUROPE

Accession no.580130

Item 434


21, No.11, Nov.1995, p.13/5

FRESH PRODUCE PACKAGING. DOESPLASTIC THREATEN CORRUGATED?

A recent survey on European packaging markets for freshproduce, reveals that only a limited threat to South Africa’scorrugated industry is presented by the use of reusableplastic crates for fruit packaging. Information on theEuropean packaging markets was presented to fruitproducers, packaging converters and corrugated materialmanufacturers at a workshop hosted by Unifruco,following the launch of a collapsible and reusable plasticpackaging system by International Fruit ContainerOrganisation, (IFCO). The biggest threat from the IFCOsystem comes from the temperature-controlled productrange. The need for consistency and a pan-Europeanstandard for reusable packaging is stressed.

MARKETPOWER; INTERNATIONAL FRUITCONTAINER; MONDI KRAFTSOUTH AFRICA

Accession no.579455

Item 435

11th Annual High Performance Blow Molding

Conference: Technical Innovations in Blow Molding.

Retec proceedings.

Cleveland, Oh., 17th-18th Oct.1995, p.89-106. 832

EFFECT OF PROCESSING PARAMETERS ONPHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF PETP/PENBLENDS FOR BOTTLE APPLICATIONSMcGee T M; Jones A SEastman Chemical Co.

(SPE,Cleveland Section; SPE,Blow Molding Div.)

The effects of transesterification on ultimate blendproperties such as planar stretch ratio, oxygenpermeability, and crystallinity were investigated.Transesterification rates and levels and selected physicalproperties of blends made from both PETP/poly(ethylene2,6-naphthalene dicarboxylate) and PETP/N-T copolymersystems. The blend properties were then compared withthose of the corresponding neat N-T copolymers. 10 refs.USA

Accession no.578856

Item 436

Antec 95. Volume III. Conference proceedings.

Boston, Ma., 7th-11th May 1995, p.3732-7. 012

EFFECT OF POLYPROPYLENECONTAMINATION ON THE PROPERTIES OFBLOW MOULDED, RECYCLED HDPEBOTTLES

Johnson K CLowell,Massachusetts University

(SPE)

HDPE is one of the most commonly used materials forthe production of bottles and containers. In recent years,many communities have set up programmes to collectthese bottles for the purpose of recycling. Unfortunatelyit is difficult to completely eliminate contaminants, suchas PP, from the waste stream, due to the latter’s similardensity and physical properties. The effects that differentgrades and concentrations of PP contaminants have onthe low temperature impact properties and processing ofthe recycled HDPE bottles are examined. 3 refs.USA

Accession no.577868

Item 437

Asian Plastics News

March/April 1995, p.13-4

PET BOTTLES TAKE THE HEATReade L

The Asian market for hot fill PETP bottles is examined,with reference to trends in the industry and technologicaldevelopments in blow moulding methods and machinery.Particular attention is paid to the processes used to producecrystallinity of the PETP using integrated single blow,two-step single blow, integrated double blow, and two-step double blow processes.ASIA

Accession no.572745

Item 438


25, No.11, Nov.1995, p.60-3

INNOVATIONS ADVANCE CUSTOM BOTTLE-MAKINGO’Neill M

Demand is increasing for custom bottles. Machinerymanufacturers are increasing the diversity and productionrates of their machines. Krupp Corpoplast has launchedits B111 machine which can produce PETP beveragebottles of capacity 0.2 to 3L at a rate of 12,000/h. Smallermachines have recently become a focus for processors,for example, when lower outputs are required fordeveloping and emerging markets. Some machines, suchas those from Aoki, have the capability to produce bottlesfrom amorphous PETP. Frontier has a machine forinjection stretch blow moulding bottles from highlyclarified PP. Lightening of containers has become apriority for both equipment suppliers and their customers.An outline of flow analysis software to aid manufacturingis given.WORLD

Accession no.570895



Item 439


25, No.11, Nov.1995, p.19-21

PEN BOTTLE COMMERCIALISATION DELAYSAPPEAR SHORT-TERMLeaversuch R D

Hopes remain high that polyethylene naphthalate is poisedto replace glass in hotfill, refillable-returnable, beer andother food container markets. It is claimed that PEN,versus PETP, offers superior oxygen and carbon barrier,thermal resistance and stiffness. Amoco Chemical andpartners are finding ways to use the polyester variant morecost-effectively, notably PEN/PETP copolymers, PETP/PEN copolymer blends and adaptations of existinginjection stretch blow moulding equipment to optimisePEN use. The immediate delay on PEN commercialisationis the postponed startup of Amoco’s 27,000 tonne NDCfacility in Decatur, scheduled for last summer.

AMOCO CHEMICAL CO.USA

Accession no.570888

Item 440

Plastics News(USA)

7, No.30, 25th Sept.1995, p.7

NEW MATERIAL KEEPS OXYGEN OUT OFPACKAGESFord T

It is reported that one of the largest problems facingpackage designers and food processors is how to keepoxygen out of packaged goods in order to increase shelf

life and decrease the chance of contamination. ToyoSeikan Keisha claims to have developed a packagingmaterial that removes oxygen from inside the packageand increases the oxygen barrier to the outside. Detailsare given.

TOYO SEIKAN KAISHA LTD.JAPAN; USA

Accession no.569248

Item 441

Coex ’87.Proceedings of the 8th International

Coextrusion Conference.

Teaneck,NJ,14-16th Oct.1987,p.269-308. 82

CASE HISTORIES OF DIAL LUNCH BUCKETAND CAMPBELL’S MICROWAVE CHUNKYSOUP COEX HIGH-BARRIER CONTAINERSMiller R WDRG PLASTICS


A dial lunch bucket was thermoformed from coextrudedPP/regrind/adhesive and EVOH. Considerable attentionwas given to the container lip design. The Campbell’sMicrowave Chunky Soup container is a low profilerectangular tray produced from a seven layer structureincluding similar materials and sealed with a peelable foillid. A rotary thermoforming process unique to DRG isused to produce the containers. The process is well suitedto polyolefin including the newest EVOH high barriermaterials.USA

Accession no.388394

Subject Index


Subject Index

AABRASION RESISTANT, 100 119ABSORPTION, 21 39 216 284 340

342ACCELERATED TEST, 148 171

220ACCUMULATOR HEAD, 73 108

174 384 387ACETALDEHYDE, 24 36 101 111

243 407ACETIC ACID, 245 425ACETONE, 63ACRYLIC, 2 15 274ACRYLIC POLYMER, 30 67ACRYLONITRILE-BUTADIENE-

STYRENE, 15 67 74 136 186263 278 294

ACRYLONITRILECOPOLYMER, 43 248 397

ACTIVE FILM, 157ADDITIVE, 24 42 44 51 68 74 82

86 97 109 112 119 122 164 202221 230 243 245 291 294 295297 315 332 340 358 384 386387 393 396 397 398 416 417431

ADHESION, 11 67 119 186 195245 340 397 416

ADHESIVE, 109 112 119 141 144181 186 195 205 214 299

AESTHETIC, 24 67 68 74 82 94112 164 187 294 348

AGEING, 27 60 148 216 416AGRICULTURAL

APPLICATION, 9 14 42 51 102217 224 320 339 398 413

AIR, 95 291 304AIR BARRIER, 24 30 43 44 65 66

67 82 104 109 111 118 120 133190 195 199 201 204 206 212248 269 275 289 364

AIR BUBBLE, 74AIR-TIGHT, 395ALCOHOL, 25 342ALCOHOLIC BEVERAGE

BOTTLE, 110 222 247 263 305371

ALDEHYDE, 111 133 190 393 416ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL, 416ALUMINIUM, 30 32 44 75 189

301ALUMINIUM FOIL, 49 67AMORPHOUS, 19 66 111 133 159

342 423 431 435 438AMPOULE, 146 315ANALYSIS, 43 54 100 112 211

271 284 326 340 386 396 411416 425

ANCILLARY EQUIPMENT, 36 38375

ANNEALING, 63 309ANNULAR DIE, 396ANTIOXIDANT, 39 271 393 416ANTISTATIC, 74 82 155 332 370

394APPEARANCE, 15 39 40 130 131

178 180 183 194 202 261AROMA, 24 43 44 66 67 82 305

342ASEPTIC, 18 31 44 49 75 91 95

113 133 159 198 199 224 245248 266 293

ASSEMBLY, 38 183 187 244AUDIO DISC, 367AUTOMATION, 32 36 52 77 78 88

93 95 102 108 114 170 183 214264 303 348 384 387 398

AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATION,11 195 205 233 248 263 276325 358

AWARD, 150 181 253 278

BBACTERIA, 70 146BAG, 3 34 44 45 51 67 78 96 106

126 135 276 293 315 362 370BAG-IN-BOX, 270BARREL, 96BARRIER, 61 63 157BARRIER COATING, 2 30 44 50

56 66 103 109 118 133 147 157165 184 199 200 204 206 248250 383

BARRIER FILM, 44 61 67 157362

BARRIER LAYER, 24 30 43 50 6166 67 74 109 111 112 123 133173 204 249 268 276 349 352378 383 441

BARRIER PACKAGING, 24 30 4243 55 66 67 82 101 109 111 112133 153 157 159 175 205 209215 221 225 234 245 248 253264 294 301 315 324 335 336337 340 342 348 351 362 364371 374 379 389 401 412 415

440BARRIER RESIN, 30 43 44 63 66

82 109 112 195 248 264 315342

BEER, 24 64 66 96 109 111 133147 167 246 263 305 343 349363 364 383 395

BEER BOTTLE, 24 30 37 41 56 5758 59 66 67 98 103 104 109 111115 118 122 123 124 130 133138 140 145 158 167 173 179184 190 200 205 212 213 215219 225 231 239 249 250 255263 269 275 280 289 292

BEVERAGE, 1 16 18 23 24 33 3941 57 75 91 95 98 102 103 113131 132 137 140 151 152 167173 179 180 186 192 195 196197 198 212 239 250 251 263266 275 288 289 302 305 340345 355 363 415 425

BIAXIAL ORIENTATION, 53 88101 193 248 283 376 396 419429 437

BIAXIAL STRETCHING, 269 426BINDER, 173 186 263BIOCIDE, 241BIODEGRADABLE, 3 34 42 51

87 186 248 320 339BIODETERIORATION, 3 34 42 51

87 186 248 320 339BIOLOGICAL ATTACK, 95 284BIOPOLYMER, 34 87BISPHENOL A, 189BLEND, 2 8 15 22 25 29 39 42 48

60 61 63 64 68 76 116 120 122133 173 182 204 210 216 227229 234 248 249 256 257 260261 263 269 275 279 296 319347 357 363 364 377 383 403404 415 421 423 430 432 435439

BLENDING, 63 372 417BLISTER PACKAGING, 81 134

173 200 202 301 315 397BLOW-FILL-SEAL, 315BLOW MOULD, 45 55 108 110

264 280 314 384 387 396 403416 427

BLOW MOULDED, 49 120 167263 347 393 411

BLOW MOULDING MACHINE,2 16 20 31 33 47 57 58 69 77120 124 125 131 140 164 173

Subject Index


174 187 191 193 207 208 213255 266 343 387 415 437

BLOW PIN, 303 359BLOWING AGENT, 112 341 359

422BLOWN FILM, 61 416BONDING, 12 189 279BOX, 31 74 82 127 155 262 272

319 325 345 350 354 358 380388 390

BREAKING STRESS, 119BREATHABILITY, 15BRITTLENESS, 86 112 331BUCKET, 6 310BUCKLING, 326BUTADIENE-ACRYLONITRILE

COPOLYMER, 397BUTADIENE-STYRENE

COPOLYMER, 15 279BUTYL ACRYLATE

COPOLYMER, 44

CCALCIUM CARBONATE, 152CALCIUM OXIDE, 120 355CALENDERING, 52 397 420CALIBRATION, 20 52 303 359

384 387CAN, 83 103 120 152 167 249 292

345 355 379CANISTER, 237 355CAP, 131 170 178CAPACITY, 4 15 16 17 30 32 34

51 56 77 89 131 132 136 158166 173 181 189 195 286 293306 438 439

CAPSULE, 42CARBON DIOXIDE, 15 30 37 43

64 66 70 109 111 133 138 182190 197 245 248 342 362 395415

CARBONATED BEVERAGE, 167275 288 289 302 345 415

CARBONATED BEVERAGEBOTTLE, 16 24 37 67 108 109119 147 153 159 185 205 214242 248 263 305 327 328 342345 423

CARDBOARD, 7 55 74 272 305325

CARTON, 75 91 102 131 155 194278 305 319

CAST FILM, 44CATERING APPLICATION, 398CATHETER, 253CAUSTIC SODA, 159 271 304CD-ROM, 367

CELLULAR MATERIAL, 21 3060 67 82 90 105 109 112 126131 132 144 155 161 181 195205 263 270 272 294 308 319322 325 330 332 333 341 358359 380

CELLULOSE, 3CELLULOSE ACETATE, 339CHARACTERISATION, 60 62

129 256 257CHEESE, 82 245 362CHEMICAL DEGRADATION,

284CHEMICAL INDUSTRY, 5 81 325CHEMICAL MODIFICATION, 84

133 187 196 214 248 271 296342

CHEMICAL PACKAGING, 254CHEMICAL RESISTANCE, 15 43

67 72 76 116 119 148 177 187210 223 238 263 294 313 315394 397 420 431

CHILD-RESISTANT, 150 187 263292 300 315

CHROMATOGRAPHY, 141 185268 271 284 291

CITRIC ACID, 112CLAMP FORCE, 20 31 36 46 53

65 73 77 78 97 108 174 280333 382

CLAMPING UNIT, 36 38 108 264CLAMSHELLING, 202 400CLARIFYING AGENT, 8 28 65 72

94 238 297 332 352 388 398CLARITY, 8 15 19 39 40 41 68 94

116 119 166 178 182 186 193194 195 262 274 302 308 309332 352 354 368 388 398 430438

CLAY, 61 230CLEAN ROOM, 10 16 18 31 33 38

45 78 91 95 108 125 198 273358

CLEANING, 137 174 413CLEANLINESS, 38 45 55CLOSED LOOP CONTROL, 52

384 387CLOSURE, 14 41 44 45 49 57 74

79 82 91 95 103 106 115 127133 145 150 169 170 177 178179 180 187 200 208 213 218224 236 237 263 275 278 281292 294 300 305 309 340 413424 428

COATED FILM, 44 67 248 416COATED PAPER, 292 339 340

416COATED PLASTIC, 66

COATING, 2 11 18 24 30 41 44 5056 58 66 67 71 74 103 109 115118 119 123 125 133 137 138140 147 153 157 163 165 173183 184 186 192 195 196 199200 204 206 213 219 225 234239 245 248 249 250 255 260273 292 323 335 339 340 364383 388 416

COATING REMOVAL, 137COEXTRUSION, 11 13 15 16 43

44 52 61 67 112 115 116 120125 133 144 149 174 187 245248 264 268 269 276 303 340341 359 374 384 387 412 416432

COEXTRUSION BLOWMOULDING, 65 74 264 286384 387

COINJECTION, 175 184 269 280363

COINJECTION BLOWMOULDING, 205 324

COINJECTION MOULDING, 1112 133 205 212 219 260 275349 376

COINJECTION STRETCH BLOWMOULDING, 227

COLD FILLING, 198COLD RESISTANCE, 431COLLAPSIBLE, 162 434COLOUR, 16 24 41 50 52 55 83

122 170 183 184 205 233 239261 263 274 294 302 315 340382 384

COLOUR CHANGING, 264 303384 387

COLOUR CONCENTRATE, 164233

COLOURANT, 169 180 238 261294 384 387

COLOURED, 24 74 82 137COLOURING, 67 169 243 263 294COMMERCIAL INFORMATION,

4 5 14 15 16 17 19 28 30 31 3349 53 57 81 84 115 118 125 130137 160 164 166 167 175 181220 243 282 287 294 302 305346 382 400 408

COMPACT DISC, 262 367 390402

COMPATIBILISER, 347 403COMPATIBILITY, 11 68 243 331COMPOSITE, 62 71 96 122 143

189 230 299 346 359 390 395396 427

COMPOSTING, 3 34 51 87 339COMPOUND, 30 279 325 396

Subject Index


COMPOUNDING, 373 392 396416

COMPRESSION MOULDING, 1190 122 150 303 317 325

COMPRESSION PROPERTIES,82 127 129 256 258 397

COMPRESSION STRETCHBLOW MOULDING, 208 312

COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN, 54100 120 150 280 301 400 438

COMPUTER AIDEDMANUFACTURE, 134 150

COMPUTER CONTROL, 36 52 7795 108 264 384 387 398

COMPUTER SIMULATION, 54301 326 413 438

CONFECTIONERY, 82 362CONSUMPTION, 15 16 28 34 39

50 65 89 91 124 131 132 173269 305 306 317 319 332 358388

CONTACT TIME, 95CONTAMINATION, 26 38 42 95

197 198 284 436CONTINUOUS EXTRUSION, 264

384 387CONTINUOUS MOULDING, 150CONTINUOUS PRODUCTION,

144 289CONTRACEPTIVE, 183CONTROL EQUIPMENT, 32 160

174 280 352 359 398 422CONTROL SYSTEM, 36 52 95

108 110 164 205 264 314 358363 369 384 387 398

CONTROLLED ATMOSPHERE,38 82 362

CONVEYING, 16 38 45 95 102108 172 264

CONVEYOR, 38 45 95COOL BOX, 270COOLANT, 251 355COOLING, 12 16 18 36 41 43 46

52 55 66 90 100 101 108 110160 193 264 277 298 358 381382 396 420 431 438

COPOLYESTER, 51 74 99 213294 404

CORK SUBSTITUTE, 263CORROSION RESISTANCE, 51

428CORRUGATED, 114 127 135 155

171 272 434COSMETICS, 27 74 125 136 150

164 200 205 238 261 263 264278 281 294 302 322

COST ANALYSIS, 314COUPLING AGENT, 268

CRACK RESISTANCE, 54 119128 411

CRACKING, 54 85 128 263 367CRATE, 6 86 90 100 114 154 162

235 240 325 345 346 382 434CREEP, 100 397CRYOGENIC, 208 219 251 277

298CRYSTALLINITY, 27 36 41 43 44

66 70 82 86 100 101 110 112121 142 159 208 234 251 283298 327 329 342 347 358 368377 394 415 421 426 431 435437

CRYSTALLISATION, 43 86 94100 101 110 144 159 238 290358 386 389 404 430 435

CRYSTALLISATIONTEMPERATURE, 28 100 159

CUP, 15 90 134 284 307 375 422CUTTING, 16 32 108 420CYCLE TIME, 28 32 36 38 45 46

55 72 90 100 101 108 122 129160 184 207 264 279 303 314317 333 341 348 382 388 397398 422 431 438

DDAIRY APPLICATION, 14 102

217 224 320 398 413DAMAGE, 155 183DAMAGE TOLERANCE, 126 308DECOMPOSITION, 3 111DECORATION, 52 74 82 132 170

181 183 184 294 305 348 356397

DEEP DRAWING, 144 397 401DEFECT, 36 108DEFLASHING, 303DEFORMATION, 27 72 100 110

211 326 369 381 388 397 398432

DEGRADABLE, 3 34 42 51 87186 339

DEGRADATION, 27 42 60 86 138148 177 202 216 217 223 247284

DEGRADATION RESISTANCE,217

DEHUMIDIFIER, 36 316DELAMINATION, 109 229 416DELAMINATION RESISTANCE,

119 184 186 195DEMAND, 16 18 51 56 65 73 77

92 113 115 144 156 166 174194 208 251 280 293 295 306383 434

DEMOULDING, 36 38 45 66 100101 110

DENSITY, 15 100 112 119 159 186248 268 279 294 331 332 333334 341 352 372 397 398 422431

DEPOSITION, 109 111 190 248249 269

DESIGN, 1 24 32 40 41 42 45 5474 85 100 120 129 131 136 159170 175 176 178 183 187 189191 203 226 237 242 259 261272 278 281 282 283 290 300301 311 313 318 328 333 334337 354 357 360 361 363 369378 391 399 400 413 415 432

DESIGN FOR RECYCLING, 50DESORPTION, 44 66 284 416DETERGENT, 110 263 264 302

314DEVELOPMENT, 13 15 16 17 41

49 53 57 77 97 116 118 125 130147 150 164 192 195 197 214262 267 278 282 287 293 300317 319 346 354 382 383

DIAMETER, 45 46 52 90 93 110123 136 140 207 208 390 396420

DIE, 32 52 155 264 375 390 396416

DIE CUTTING, 401DIE SWELL, 17 403DIE TEMPERATURE, 396 411DIFFERENTIAL SCANNING

CALORIMETRY, 60 257 386DIFFERENTIAL THERMAL

ANALYSIS, 112 121 257 386DIFFUSION, 44 157 248 268 269

342DIGITAL VERSATILE DISC, 262

367DIMENSION, 9 45 52 110 396DIMENSIONAL STABILITY, 36

100 158 346 397 398 431DIMENSIONAL TOLERANCE,

333DIRECTIVE, 38 87 245 284DISC, 262 367 390DISCOLOURATION, 101DISINFECTION, 91DISPENSER, 10 183 300DISPENSING, 81DISPOSABLE, 9 114 134 249 345

384 387 398DOMESTIC APPLIANCE, 13 131

276 388DOUBLE WALLED, 344DRAW RATIO, 101 381 397 426

Subject Index


DRAWING, 378DRINKING VESSEL, 15 90 134

284 307 375DRINKING WATER, 73 302 321DRUG PACKAGING, 38 45 81

205 263 264 315 325DRUM, 174 254 286 293 299 318

334DRYING, 36 42 45 66 91 101 122

250 304 314 358 404 423 438439

DUAL INJECTION MOULDING,11 12 133 205 212 219 260 275376

DUAL-OVENABLE, 144 252DURABILITY, 122 148 174 183

195 282 385DUST, 38

EEASY-OPEN, 49 67 245 263 305

315 362 388ECOBALANCE, 288 366ECONOMIC INFORMATION, 7

15 16 18 28 31 33 34 39 41 4647 50 51 56 57 65 73 77 89 9192 93 96 105 113 115 124 125130 131 132 140 144 145 150156 160 166 173 174 179 180183 193 194 200 202 203 208214 231 239 246 249 251 254260 261 262 269 273 274 275276 278 280 288 293 294 295299 305 306 317 319 332 339358 377 380 383 388 390

EGG BOX, 308 358EJECTOR, 36 45ELASTOMER, 15 29 40 48 74 294

339 397 417ELECTRIC MOTOR, 55 69 108

264ELECTRIC MOULDING

TECHNOLOGY, 55ELECTRON BEAM RADIATION,

31ELECTRONIC APPLICATION, 92

155 276 370ELECTROSTATIC, 38ELECTROSTATIC SPRAYING, 2

119ELONGATION, 15 119 331 397

414ELONGATION AT BREAK, 29 48

60 112 148 346 397EMBOSSING, 116EMBRITTLEMENT, 86EMISSION, 197 276

EMISSION CONTROL, 151ENCAPSULATION, 11 42ENERGY CONSUMPTION, 16 36

55 77 108 166 287 302 314 339358 382

ENGINE OIL, 428ENGINEERING APPLICATION,

55 67 294 422ENGRAVING, 348ENVIRONMENT, 9 42 47 71 100

104 202 203 226 274 279 325339 345 366 387 398 409 410

ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT, 3 948 130 179

ENVIRONMENTALLEGISLATION, 9 11 87 288385

ENVIRONMENTAL STRESSCRACKING, 17 263 331 334411

ENVIRONMENTALLYFRIENDLY, 13 155 166 198422

EPOXY RESIN, 67 109 119 133173 186 192 195

EPOXY-AMINE RESIN, 2 153250 364

EQUIPMENT, 15 32 36 38 45 95178 182 191 243 275 314 419

ETHANOL, 63 245 425ETHYLENE ACRYLIC ACID

COPOLYMER, 25ETHYLENE GLYCOL, 214ETHYLENE OXIDE, 45 274ETHYLENE-PROPYLENE

COPOLYMER, 112ETHYLENE TEREPHTHALATE

COPOLYMER, 27 101 133 257404 439

ETHYLENE-VINYL ACETATECOPOLYMER, 41 43 44 103115 126 156 263 269 440

ETHYLENE-VINYL ALCOHOLCOPOLYMER, 30 41 43 44 6465 67 74 82 103 112 115 119120 122 133 138 144 181 184205 213 229 245 248 249 260264 268 269 275 276 280 289296 305 315 317 332 342 349352 363 384 412 441

EVAPORATION, 42 339EXPANDED, 21 181 380EXTRACTABILITY, 169EXTRACTION, 271 291EXTRUSION, 8 16 17 18 19 24 28

39 44 48 52 60 67 68 69 73 7476 77 84 96 101 108 131 143160 166 168 170 180 189 240

241 243 245 259 264 273 279285 294 297 302 303 311 314322 325 330 332 336 341 358376 384 387 396 397 398 400403 416 427 435

EXTRUSION BLOW MOULD,264 396 416

EXTRUSION BLOWMOULDING, 8 17 18 28 68 6973 74 77 84 96 108 168 170259 264 285 297 303 311 314322 336 341 376 384 387

EXTRUSION COATING, 209 292340 416

EXTRUSION COMPOUNDING,396 416

EXTRUSION RATE, 52 396 398

FFABRICATION, 171FAILURE, 121 411FAT RESISTANCE, 284 431FEEDING, 32 110 205 264 348FEEDSTOCK, 15 166FERTILISER, 42 87FIBRE, 3 24 51 143 214 339 359FILAMENT WOUND, 96FILLED, 263 294FILLER, 44 51 61 74 112 119 230

346 396 405FILLER DISTRIBUTION, 396FILLING, 16 32 39 72 77 91 95

102 111 114 121 124 138 146167 170 178 180 197 198

FILM, 11 15 30 32 34 39 41 43 4447 51 52 61 67 81 82 90 95 115126 138 156 157 166 173 178183 209 234 245 248 269 273279 294 315 325 340 342 345348 350 362 381 416 435 441

FILTER, 38 45 78FINISHING, 93 261 264FISH, 30 82FIVE-LAYER, 74 133 289 292FLAME IONISATION, 284FLAMMABILITY, 346FLASH, 93FLASH REMOVAL, 187 264FLAVOUR, 123 231 284 304 393

416FLEXIBILITY, 32 44 93 119 195

355FLEXURAL PROPERTIES, 6 15

17 41 48 68 82 97 100 117 160166 251 279 331 332 341 346354 358 372 388 394 397 403429 431 439

Subject Index


FLOUR, 339FLOW, 6 36 53 100 205 256 258

287 372 384 388 396 397 398427

FLOWERPOT, 333FLUORINATION, 84 187 248 268

342FLUOROPOLYMER, 342FOAM, 21 30 60 67 82 90 105 109

112 126 132 144 155 161 181195 205 263 265 270 272 294308 319 322 325 330 332 333341 358 359 380 410 422

FOAMING AGENT, 112 341 359FOIL, 32 183 301FOLDABLE, 325 345 387FOOD SIMULANT, 245 284FORECAST, 4 105 179 193 262

275 286 379 394FORM-FILL-SEAL, 81 82 112 144

200 319 377 416FORMABILITY, 397 398 419 420FORMING, 32 94 127 253 330 332

333 351 370 378 381 385 391399 406 441

FORMULATION, 11 178 180 210214 436

FRACTURE MORPHOLOGY, 2563 76 119 251 298 347

FROZEN, 126 211FRUIT JUICE, 75 108 109 137 199

205 206 245 263FRUIT PACKAGING, 9 82 325

380 381 434FUEL CONTAINER, 187FUEL RESISTANCE, 76 210FUEL TANK, 77 248 263 276 384

387FUNGUS, 339

GGAS ABSORPTION, 340GAS BARRIER, 24 30 43 82 109

111 115 123 137 163 184 190201 239 246 248 250 255 342364 377 383 423 430

GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY, 141185 268 271 284 291 393 416425

GAS EXCHANGE, 167GAS FLUSHING, 127 340GAS PERMEABILITY, 24 30 35

43 44 55 64 66 67 75 82 96 98101 107 109 111 112 133 159205 245 248 256 279 294 302305 315 340 342 362 397

GAS PLASMA, 111

GAS SOLUBILITY, 66 248GAS STERILISATION, 45GAS TRANSMISSION, 41GASOLINE, 63GELATIN, 42GLASS, 24 41 55 130 131 179 180

203 249 260 263 305 345 357363

GLASS FIBRE-REINFORCEDPLASTIC, 71 96 122 189 359

GLASS TRANSITIONTEMPERATURE, 27 101 112119 182 248 343 344 377 386415 423

GLOBALISATION, 161GLOSS, 8 15 17 52 94 116 119 166

238 279 294 331 332 348 397412 431

GROWTH RATE, 18 19 56 65 7377 92 105 115 125 132 144 167173 174 193 200 249 254 301332 353 358 388 394 437

HHAIR DRESSING

APPLICATION, 106 170HANDLE, 108 110 207 244 359

384 387 388HANDLING, 15 32 46 102 114

118 138 162 211 275 345 348375 417

HARDNESS, 15 119 279 394 414431

HAZARDOUS MATERIAL, 176189 198

HAZE, 68 94 101 184 388 435HEAD SPACE ANALYSIS, 70HEALTH HAZARD, 42 67 274 346HEALTHCARE APPLICATION,

93 169 178 261 300 398HEAT CONDITIONING, 108HEAT DEGRADATION, 27 86

101 284HEAT DISTORTION

TEMPERATURE, 388 413 414430

HEAT INSULATION, 126 181 189270 272 344

HEAT RESISTANCE, 19 24 43 4867 82 86 94 98 100 101 110 116133 158 159 213 231 245 248274 279 290 332 340 343 358377 383 388 412 420 423 430431 439

HEAT RETENTION, 398HEAT SEAL, 44 45 67 82 90 177

200 245 356 362 416

HEAT SETTING, 1 18 110 158175 251 283 302 430

HEAT STABILISER, 86HEAT TRANSFER, 120 270 329

358 381 398HEAT TREATMENT, 43 159 290HEATING, 18 32 66 101 108 110

120 121 149 152 159 245 292317 339 352 355 358 381 389397 398 420 438

HIGH DENSITYPOLYETHYLENE, 8 14 16 1718 24 43 47 49 52 55 57 67 6970 78 80 82 84 86 89 93 96 97100 102 106 127 131 132 141149 154 168 170 174 177 187191 194 200 233 240 248 261263 268 273 274 276 294 303304 310 325 331 334 341 342353 359 372 382 384 387 393396 403 416 418 428 430 436

HIGH IMPACTPOLYPROPYLENE, 100 431

HIGH IMPACT POLYSTYRENE,52 67 82 116 279 294 367 381406 432

HIGH SPEED EXTRUSION, 52420

HIGH SPEED MOULDING, 36 55108 205 415

HIGH TEMPERATURE, 340 342HIGH VOLUME PRODUCTION,

163HINGE, 79 82 263HOLLOW ARTICLE, 24 36 45 55

66 108 133 264 290 384 387HOOP STRENGTH, 53HORIZONTAL MACHINE, 69

384 387HORTICULTURAL

APPLICATION, 333 339HOT FILLING, 1 18 24 28 41 44

57 65 82 93 110 158 159 206207 208 245 248 251 256 257266 275 290 317 357 360 363377 404 414 420 423 426 430431 437 439

HOT RUNNER, 36 46 101 175 205212 263 280 429

HOUSEHOLD CHEMICALS, 150HOUSEWARE, 388HUMIDITY, 30 43 44 248 340HYDROLYSIS, 101 271HYDROLYSIS RESISTANCE,

423HYDROPHILIC, 42HYDROPHOBIC, 284HYGIENE, 16 51 91 281

Subject Index


IICE, 270IMPACT MODIFIER, 15 68 144

397IMPACT PROPERTIES, 6 8 15 17

37 40 41 53 67 68 72 82 86 9497 100 112 117 119 121 122127 144 154 183 232 240 245262 274 279 287 294 297 326332 346 347 353 354 357 358388 403 414

IMPACT RESISTANCE, 8 17 3740 53 72 97 121 183 262 274326 357 413 429

IMPACT STRENGTH, 6 15 41 6768 82 86 97 100 112 119 122127 144 232 245 279 287 294346 354 358 394 431

IN-LINE, 52 66 111 332 352 398401

IN-MOULD COATING, 165IN-MOULD DECORATING, 11 74

294 348IN-MOULD LABELLING, 11 82

88 161 282 303 348 375 384387

IN-MOULD LAMINATING, 11IN-MOULD PAINTING, 11IN-MOULD TRIMMING, 144 398INDUCTION WELDING, 49INDUSTRIAL ROBOT, 36 108

348INJECTION BLOW MOULDING,

24 33 36 45 66 68 74 78 79 101108 109 125 133 150 159 205259 298 314 363 387 413

INJECTION COMPRESSIONMOULDING, 11 90 122

INJECTION MOULD, 36 38 101205 263 348 398

INJECTION MOULDED, 49 170372

INJECTION MOULDING, 6 10 1215 24 31 33 36 38 65 67 72 7479 82 88 90 93 94 100 101 108109 115 117 126 128 133 138140 145 150 158 159 161 166167 183 205 219 232 241 244250 258 263 275 278 279 280282 294 300 302 305 316 328333 348 367 382 388 402 414422

INJECTION MOULDINGMACHINE, 12 31 36 38 46 5357 125 161 180 191 280 287

INJECTION PRESS, 36 38INJECTION PRESSURE, 36 53 74

101 287INJECTION SPEED, 101 205INJECTION STRETCH BLOW

MOULDING, 24 28 65 72 7783 101 108 159 169 207 208238 256 257 269 280 314 328329 357 388 421 423 429 438439

INK, 120 149INSERT MOULD, 12 40 133 213

260INSERT MOULDING, 109 294INSULATION, 95 126 181 189

270 272 344INTEGRAL HANDLE, 108 110

244 384INTERMEDIATE BULK

CONTAINER, 135 174 254INTRINSIC VISCOSITY, 101 251

302 317 423IONISATION, 31 197IR HEATING, 108 110 398

JJAR, 65 80 125 132 150 207 208

251 280 317 357 412JEWEL BOX, 367JUST-IN-TIME, 15 174 325

KKITCHENWARE, 238

LLABEL, 14 45 47 57 79 82 102

131 141 178 179 180 200 214236 245 308 348 395

LABELLING, 32 45 88 133 194214 348 384 387 400

LAMINATE, 5 24 30 43 44 52 5567 70 74 75 82 98 112 133 205245 248 294 301 305 324 337340 384 387

LAMINATED FILM, 43 44 67 82245 248 315 340 348 362

LAMINATION, 11 15 39 156 178340

LANDFILL, 3 9 96 380 397LEAD TIME, 187LEAK PREVENTION, 49 127LEAKAGE, 189 314LEGISLATION, 4 9 11 12 22 38

87 151 176 245 276 284 288301 310 325 362 385

LICENCE, 53 72 109 152 213 238

250 287 317 341 382 401 402422

LID, 32 39 44 72 82 90 116 155156 200 245 252 282 294 332340 348 350 355 358 372 388

LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS, 130320 366

LIFETIME PREDICTION, 148LIGHT ABSORPTION, 378LIGHT BARRIER, 245 305LIGHT DEGRADATION, 24 42 98

154 243 294LIGHT RESISTANCE, 43 353LIGHT STABILISER, 221 245LIGHT STABILITY, 24 98 154

294LIGHT TRANSMISSION, 216 221

269LIGHTWEIGHT, 17 24 37 55 58

68 138 158 161 182 189 194203 238 279 302 306 322 357387 390 405 410 412 413 415419 429

LINE SPEED, 95 245 397LINEAR LOW DENSITY

POLYETHYLENE, 24 41 43 5575 269 273 350 372

LINER, 169 270 278 395 401 434LINING, 71 225 340LINSEED OIL, 339LIPOPHILIC, 42LIPSTICK, 74 294LIQUID CRYSTAL POLYMER,

67 216 227 234 248 256 269336 395 427 430

LIQUID NITROGEN, 167 251LITHOGRAPHY, 93LIVING HINGE, 244 367LOAD BEARING, 17 97 127LONG FIBRE, 143 359LOW DENSITY, 279 397 420 431LOW DENSITY

POLYETHYLENE, 24 43 44 5570 75 103 115 188 261 294 370384 401 416

LOW ODOUR, 116LOW TEMPERATURE, 279 283LOW TEMPERATURE

PROPERTIES, 82 100 332 358388 431 436

MMACHINERY, 12 24 28 30 31 32

36 38 39 41 45 46 52 53 55 5657 66 72 73 95 101 102 108 110111 113 122 125 131 132 133134 144 146 147 160 161 168

Subject Index


174 180 181 191 196 198 205218 244 245 249 250 263 264275 280 285 286 287 298 303305 314 330 332 337 341 348352 358 359 363 375 381 382384 387 389 396 397 398 416420 422 423 424 438 439

MARBLISING, 205MARKET, 15 16 93 130 140 179

180 262 273 278 299 305 306339 358 390 398 434

MARKET GROWTH, 15 16 93105 194 202 262 299 313

MARKET SHARE, 41 46 47 50 5165 77 89 91 105 131 145 150173 183 203 214 231 239 246249 254 260 261 274 276 280288 306 332 383 398 412

MARKET SIZE, 200 275 377 380437

MARKET SURVEY, 105 252MARKET TREND, 69 217 273MATERIAL REPLACEMENT, 7

15 16 24 30 31 33 37 41 55 5960 67 69 80 82 84 97 100 105132 179 193 200 215 216 220222 235 260 263 305 308 309313 315 322 325 330 331 335338 357 363 365 370 371 372374 377 387 394 398 405 409410 414 415 433 434

MATERIALS HANDLING, 106135 155

MATERIALS SELECTION, 12 3241 129 130 138 179 194 211274 351 354 379 391 398 424

MATT FINISH, 74 263 294MEAT PACKAGING, 30 67 82

245MEAT TRAY, 30 82 362MECHANICAL RECYCLING,

130 284 325MEDICAL APPLICATION, 15 32

38 173 253 273 274 391 398399 401 440

MEDIUM DENSITYPOLYETHYLENE, 82

MELT FLOW, 36 86 116 117 205210 256 258 384 396 398 422

MELT FLOW INDEX, 53 82 100279 331 347 394

MELT FLOW RATE, 160 186 332340 388 414

MELT STRENGTH, 17 332 352397 420

MELT TEMPERATURE, 36 101116 205 344 396 414 416

MELT VISCOSITY INDEX, 36 82

100 279 331 396MELTING POINT, 43 101 112 159

238 270 377 414 431 435METAL, 5 30 44 55 263 305METAL FOIL, 270METAL REPLACEMENT, 5 30 84

96 263 428METALLISED FILM, 44 269 279METALLISING, 44 74 263 279

294METALLOCENE, 8 15 262 374

414METHACRYLATE

COPOLYMER, 248 397MICROBIOLOGICAL ATTACK,

95 284MICROORGANISM, 38MICROWAVE, 41 111 121 139

156 190MICROWAVE COOKWARE, 388

420MICROWAVEABLE, 67 94 116

144 252 362 389 431MIGRATION, 42 44 66 99 109 111

133 138 141 169 185 190 216245 250 269 271 284 291 295304 307 362 425

MILK, 14 24 70 82 203 245 305353 358 413 431

MILK BOTTLE, 16 24 47 49 89102 108 113 131 168 200 263304

MINERAL WATER, 42 67 108 141159 243 245 288 305 345

MIXING, 52 180 287 331 392 396416

MODIFICATION, 15 32 182 248333 342 347 351 372 386

MODIFIED, 39 144 173 347MODIFIED ATMOSPHERE, 30 82

245 248 269 351 362MODULAR, 13 20 38 108 266 345

375 438MOISTURE, 38 43 340 342MOISTURE ABSORPTION, 101

159 248MOISTURE BARRIER, 30 67 82

301 362MOISTURE CONTENT, 101 316MOISTURE CONTROL, 38MOISTURE RESISTANCE, 43

237 250MOLECULAR ORIENTATION,

142 244MOLECULAR STRUCTURE, 44

76 101 159 248 358 377 395414 426 431

MOLECULAR WEIGHT, 24 100

101 119 177 248 269 279 317372 398 421 425

MOLECULAR WEIGHTDISTRIBUTION, 100 269 372414

MORPHOLOGY, 25 42 60 62 6376 112 210 248 251 298 347394

MOULD, 16 36 38 45 46 52 55 72101 108 110 131 134 161 175187 205 263 264 275 303 314331 348 358 381 384 387 389396 397 398 424

MOULD CHANGING, 16 45 93108 144 264 384 387

MOULD CLOSING, 36 55 101108 384 387

MOULD COOLING, 36 55 101172 174 184 264 396

MOULD CYCLE, 36 38 45 55 100101 108 264 314

MOULD DESIGN, 333 334 363420

MOULD FILLING, 12 36 101 205368

MOULD MAKING, 46 77 174 175265 287 363 382

MOULD OPENING, 36 55 101108 110

MOULD PACKING, 12MOULD SHRINKAGE, 358MOULD TEMPERATURE, 159

251 298 381 388 411 415 422MOULDING, 12 36 40 55 97 108

110 150 182 189 205 235 249254 275 283 303 317 325 404410

MOULDING FAULT, 36 108MOULDING PRESSURE, 36 74

101MULTICAVITY MOULD, 36 45

46 108 175 205 263 303 348358 384 387 397 439

MULTILAYER, 2 5 15 17 24 30 3237 39 41 52 55 58 62 67 74 8293 104 112 119 120 133 138144 145 152 160 164 173 174175 179 184 186 194 195 200204 205 209 212 213 233 234239 245 248 249 260 261 267269 275 276 280 286 289 294301 303 305 315 317 324 335336 337 340 348 351 355 362374 375 376 379 384 387 408412 415 420 440 441

MULTILAYER FILM, 43 44 67 82MULTIMATERIAL MOULDING,

12 212

Subject Index


MULTISHOT MOULDING, 12 40MULTIWALL, 378

NNANOCOMPOSITE, 62 184 192

230 260 269NANOFILLER, 61 62NAPHTHALATE COPOLYMER,

421NATURAL FIBRE, 339NATURAL POLYMER, 42 87 166

339NECK, 20 46 49 73 207 208 303NECKING, 397 416NITROGEN, 35 43 66 95 107 245

362NUCLEATED, 388 414 420 431NUCLEATING AGENT, 112 144

238 309 315 332 358 406 422431

NUCLEATION, 82 94 100 112 258358 394 431

NYLON, 2 25 39 41 43 44 55 6162 63 64 67 76 119 122 133 138144 149 179 184 205 248 260263 264 268 269 273 280 294301 313 342 347 363 378 384

NYLON-6, 15 25 43 61 63 67 204269 342

NYLON-6,6, 43 204

OODOUR, 42 43 44 67 216 269 284

340 362 393 407 416ODOUR BARRIER, 388OFFSET PRINTING, 52 74 348

358OIL CAN, 361OLIVE OIL, 425OPACITY, 26 55 160 245 294 353OPTICAL DISC, 262 367 390OPTICAL PROPERTIES, 24 29 39

41 43 44 52 55 67 68 74 82 9495 101 109 133 159 178 205221 238 245 263 264 269 279294 315 329 340 348 354 358362 372 384 388 397 398 431

ORGANOLEPTIC PROPERTIES,24 36 43 44 66 82 94 109 111133 245 305 340 342 362 388416

ORIENTATION, 44 52 53 88 101110 193 208 234 248 279 283287 336 368 376 396 415 435

ORIENTED, 15 57 70 156 166 180

269 301OUTGASSING, 416OUTPUT, 16 18 28 31 46 49 57 58

69 72 77 89 90 92 93 122 132150 172 303 306 317 341 375420 438

OVEN, 108 110 358OVEN PROOF, 252OVERMOULDING, 12 40 133 213

260OXIDATION, 111 133 205 247

353 395 416OXIDATIVE DEGRADATION,

111 133 205 247 353 395 416OXYGEN, 15 30 35 39 43 64 66

70 75 107 109 111 138 179 182196 245 248 342 362

OXYGEN ABSORPTION, 30 133215 340

OXYGEN BARRIER, 24 30 43 4465 66 67 82 104 109 111 118120 133 167 190 195 199 201204 206 212 248 269 275 289364 395 404 412 430

OXYGEN CONTENT, 66 250 340395

OXYGEN PERMEABILITY, 24 3043 44 61 62 64 66 67 107 109111 133 157 205 208 215 219234 245 246 248 256 279 296305 340 342 362 363 383 435

OXYGEN SCAVENGER, 39 41 98103 115 138 144 197 209 213247 260 292 340

OXYGEN TRANSMISSIONRATE, 43 62 357

PPACKAGING FILM, 30 34 39 43

44 52 67 81 82 209 234 245248 269 294 315 325 340 345362 416

PACKAGING OF CHEMICALS,110 176 177 263 264 314 318334 384 387 417

PACKAGING TUBE, 43 82 205294 315

PACKAGING WASTE, 9 24 109155 245 279 325 345 384 387397

PAIL, 6 53PAINT, 11 25 233PAINT CAN, 72 83PALLET, 7 9 13 45 53 97 100 105

122 135 235 325 345 358 359365 385 410 418

PALLETISING, 102 345

PANEL, 1 41PAPER, 32 171 292 305 339 340

348PAPERBOARD, 252 340PARISON, 108 120 129 143 168

259 264 314 384 387 396 415PART REMOVAL, 38 46PART WEIGHT, 17 46 96 97 127

175 333 353 388PASTEURISATION, 24 41 64 102

110 133 158 159 208 213 231251 266 289 383

PATENT, 10 39 49 120 122 140152 156 167 183 186 242 244251 317 333 341 382 422

PATENT INFRINGEMENT, 280PEARLESCENCE, 294PEARLISED, 74PEEL STRENGTH, 119 416PEELABLE, 82 315 332 362PERFUME, 74 263 294PERMEABILITY, 24 25 30 35 41

42 43 44 55 61 62 63 64 66 6771 75 76 82 96 98 101 104 107109 111 112 133 157 159 184204 205 210 215 216 219 231245 246 248 256 268 296 307327 347 395 415 429

PERMEABILITY COEFFICIENT,115 248

PERMEATION, 25 44 62 63 248268 275 340 342

PERSONAL CARE PRODUCT,150 164 170 205 281

PESTICIDE, 42PETALOID, 54PETRI DISH, 31PETROL CAN, 263PHARMACEUTICAL

APPLICATION, 15 33 38 45 7880 81 125 126 146 150 169 173183 202 205 263 264 292 300301 315 325 398 401

PHENOLIC RESIN, 263PHENOXY RESIN, 248PHOTOCHEMICAL

DEGRADATION, 42PHTHALATE, 42PHYSICAL PROPERTIES, 85 101

112 166 238 283 377 414 421429 435

PICK-AND-PLACE, 108PIGMENT, 74 83 86 112 116 154

180 233 240 294 331 341 384PINCH-OFF, 311PINHOLING, 353PLANT POT, 339 420PLASMA COATING, 2 18 115 138

Subject Index


165 196 213 248 250 255 388PLASMA TREATMENT, 24 111

133 147 163 173 190 197 201PLASTICATING, 382PLASTICISATION, 12 36 52 101

108PLASTICISER, 42 271 291 417PLUG ASSIST, 381POLYACETAL, 10POLYACRYLONITRILE, 67 107

264 305 342 398POLYAMIDE, 2 25 39 41 43 44 55

61 62 63 64 67 76 119 122 133138 144 149 179 184 205 248260 263 264 268 269 273 280294 301 313 342 347 363 378384

POLYAMIDE-6, 15 25 43 61 67269 342

POLYBUTYLENETEREPHTHALATE, 263

POLYCAPROLACTAM, 61POLYCARBONATE, 15 16 20 43

55 57 67 73 74 93 131 193 203207 264 274 284 285 294 321342 413 430

POLYCHLOROTRIFLUOROETHYLENE,301

POLYEPOXIDE, 67 109 119 133173 186 192 195

POLYETHER-ETHERKETONE,92

POLYETHYLENE, 8 14 15 16 1718 24 25 27 28 31 41 43 44 4547 49 51 52 53 55 57 63 67 6869 70 75 76 78 79 80 82 84 8689 93 96 97 100 102 103 106112 115 119 125 126 127 131132 141 144 149 154 164 168170 174 177 186 187 188 191194 200 205 210 233 237 240245 248 254 261 263 264 265268 269 272 273 274 276 294301 303 304 305 310 315 322325 331 334 339 340 341 342345 347 350 353 355 359 370372 374 382 384 385 387 393396 401 403 411 416 418 424428 430 436

POLYETHYLENENAPHTHALATE, 119 133 173205 216 219 231 248 249 263269 271 275 289 294 305 335337 338 342 343 357 360 363377 379 383 395 405 409 415421 423 430 439

POLYETHYLENETEREPHTHALATE GLYCOL,

32 122 261 264 274 294 314384 391

POLYHEXAMETHYLENETEREPHTHALAMIDE, 248

POLYKETONE, 70POLYLACTIC ACID, 3 34 51 320POLYLACTIDE, 87 166POLYMERIC IMPACT

MODIFIER, 68 397POLYMETHYL

METHACRYLATE, 74 294POLYPHENYLENE OXIDE, 67

116 144POLYPHENYLENE SULPHIDE,

92POLYPROPYLENE, 6 8 10 13 15

16 18 27 28 31 32 40 41 43 4445 49 51 52 55 57 65 67 68 7274 79 82 83 88 90 93 94 97 100103 112 115 120 121 133 134136 144 150 152 156 160 164170 178 187 205 211 213 225232 238 244 245 248 252 258261 262 263 264 269 273 274278 279 282 284 287 294 296297 301 309 313 315 325 330331 332 333 340 342 348 350352 354 358 359 367 372 374375 382 384 388 389 390 394396 398 402 406 412 414 420427 429 430 431 436 438

POLYSTYRENE, 5 13 15 29 31 4344 48 51 52 55 67 82 90 115116 144 160 183 186 188 245248 261 262 270 272 274 279294 295 307 308 315 319 325348 354 355 358 367 372 375380 381 398 406 422 432

POLYTRIFLUOROCHLOROETHYLENE,301

POLYTRIMETHYLENETEREPHTHALATE, 51

POLYURETHANE, 126 155 263270

POLYVINYL ACETATE, 51POLYVINYL ALCOHOL, 43 44

51 76 210 264POLYVINYL CHLORIDE, 16 18

32 33 42 43 44 51 55 57 67 7481 82 95 115 119 125 151 188200 202 243 263 264 274 279291 294 301 305 314 315 326331 342 350 356 358 373 384387 392 397 398 400 408 425430 438

POLYVINYLBENZENE, 355 367372 380

POLYVINYLIDENE CHLORIDE,

30 43 44 75 133 245 248 269301 323 342 364 440

POROSITY, 82 339POST OFFICE, 385POTABLE WATER, 73 302 321

433POUCH, 32 39 70 103 156 293 315

340 355 361 416 440POWDER COATING, 119 186 195PREFORM, 16 18 24 28 36 45 46

53 56 57 58 66 77 93 101 108109 110 128 129 131 133 138140 145 159 175 180 182 184191 198 205 208 212 213 219224 226 243 244 250 251 266269 274 275 277 280 283 290312 314 316 317 328 333 343349 363 368 369 383 421 429438 439

PRESSURE, 44 95 110 112 159283 382 396 416

PRESSURE FORMING, 332 431PRESSURE RESISTANCE, 133

159 213 231PRESSURE SENSITIVE, 79 178PRESTRETCHING, 134PRICE, 34 57 69 89 92 97 119 133

178 183 186 193 200 246 273289 303 308 314 357 358 367376 377 384 387 401 422 424429 439

PRIMER, 11PRINTABILITY, 114 397 428PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD, 155PRINTING, 14 15 32 45 47 52 74

79 88 125 150 156 160 170 178181 183 245 263 278 279 348356 358 424

PROBLEM PREVENTION, 26134

PROCESS CONTROL, 32 36 128205 264 420

PROCESSABILITY, 17 30 43 48100 117 122 158 186 195 256261 302 372 413 431 436

PROCESSING, 15 16 23 24 30 3241 59 66 86 93 94 109 138 140180 183 188 189 191 192 196202 234 248 267 273 283 291293 304 319 340 347 354 373378 390 393 404 411 414 416419 435

PRODUCT ANNOUNCEMENT, 56 10 14 15 16 37 39 40 41 5864 69 80 83 87 94 120 130 131139 140 147 153 156 164 165166 167 169 170 182 183 191192 193 196 199 204 206 212

Subject Index


224 229 236 237 238 241 242243 246 247 260 275 277 278281 285 286 289 292 297 300301 349 350 351 354 355 356360 363 364 365 367 371 372374 376 377 390 399 400 402432 437 440

PRODUCT DESIGN, 24 40 45 74100 159 187 272

PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT, 1317 49 53 57 77 97 116 118 125150 164 195 282 287 317 346382 383 430

PRODUCTION CAPACITY, 4 1730 34 51 56 77 89 132 136 158173 195 286 439

PRODUCTION CELL, 33 352PRODUCTION COST, 29 36 55

97 120 122 199 289 314 346348 352 384 387 398 415

PRODUCTION RATE, 2 36 52 6795 97 108 109 110 111 160 207208 244 266 314 332 352 438

PRODUCTIVITY, 36 69 110 161207 287 303 314 345 348 384387 431

PROFITABILITY, 69 314 367 387398

PROPYLENE COPOLYMER, 6 68100 112 117 232 279 358 431

PROPYLENE-ETHYLENECOPOLYMER, 112

PROTECTIVE PACKAGING, 92400

PROTOTYPE, 2 93 120 150 198283 287 312 317 363 387 405

PUNCHING, 375PUNCTURE RESISTANCE, 144

269PURITY, 15 38

QQUALITY, 69 93 101 130 194 243

278 293 367 413QUALITY ASSURANCE, 9 125

155QUALITY CONTROL, 9 23 36 45

55 284 310 316 325 373 392QUICK COLOUR CHANGING,

264 303 387QUICK MATERIALS

CHANGING, 45QUICK MOULD CHANGING,

108 144 264 384 387QUICK PRODUCT CHANGING,

47 303

RRADIATION STERILISATION,

45RAPID PROTOTYPING, 150 283RECLAIM, 22 24 41 52 104 109

133 143 153 154 164 205 226240 264 279 310 318 320 321322 325 351 362 384 387 397409 418 436

RECLOSABLE, 82 145 245 305350 362

RECYCLABILITY, 2 9 24 43 4447 55 58 66 67 68 100 109 130133 138 174 182 239 260 261279 289 315 434

RECYCLABLE, 64 87 94 118 120135 186 196 213 255 383 413

RECYCLATE, 237 362RECYCLED CONTENT, 2 17 50

120 122 175 233 289 308 317385 420

RECYCLING, 2 4 9 12 13 22 2426 37 43 44 47 48 50 55 58 5966 67 68 86 96 97 98 99 100104 109 130 133 137 138 143145 147 151 153 154 171 174176 179 182 184 192 198 200202 203 225 226 236 237 239240 245 250 260 261 264 279284 289 304 309 310 313 315318 320 321 325 351 353 359362 364 380 384 387 397 409412 418 431 436 439

REFILLABLE, 16 24 110 159 183294 302 305 345 377 384 387395 404 439

REINFORCED PLASTIC, 71 96122 143 189 299 346 359 390427

RELATIVE HUMIDITY, 30 43 44340

RENEWABLE RESOURCE, 34 5187 166 339

RESEALABLE, 67 356RESIDUAL MONOMER, 248 284RESIDUAL STRESS, 110 397RETORTABLE, 120 340 420 423RETURNABLE, 100 114 135 171

235 245 249 275 321 325 345395 413

RETURNABLE BOTTLE, 67 73231 345 383 423 439

REUSABLE, 7 9 82 100 114 126162 171 174 271 284 288 299325 382 384 387 434

REUSE, 9 20 86 109 159 183 202203 245

REVIEW, 11 12 69 157 167 191200 248 249 275 292 300 306355 363 437

RHEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES,30 36 52 74 76 82 86 100 101112 182 198 205 210 279 332340 347 384 396 397 398 403431

RIB, 357 388ROBOT, 31 36 46 77 88 108 174

187 244 348ROTARY INJECTION, 53ROTARY THERMOFORMING,

52 441ROTATIONAL BLOW

MOULDING, 108ROTATIONAL MOULDING, 254RUNNERLESS MOULDING, 36

101 205 263

SSAG RESISTANCE, 17 332SAGGING, 352 396 398 420SATURATED POLYESTER, 34 39

59 71 74 98 139 355 404 433SCAVENGER, 61 64SCRAP, 9 24 100 109 245 264 279

325 362 384 387 397 398 431SCRAP POLYMER, 4 13 72 97

122 143 154 176 310 418 424436

SCRAP REDUCTION, 362 397401

SCRATCH RESISTANCE, 100383

SCREEN PRINTING, 125 150SCREW CAP, 133 263SCREW DESIGN, 20 36SCREW DIAMETER, 52 314 382

396SCREW SPEED, 101 382 396SEAL, 45 82 115 120 127 149SEALANT, 39 156SEALING, 32 41 166 273 413SEALING RING, 45SELECTIVE FOAMING, 90SELF-CHILLING, 355SELF-DRYING, 36 42 45 66 91

101 122 250 304 314 358SELF-HEATING, 120 152 292 355SEQUENTIAL INJECTION

MOULDING, 12 205 280SEQUENTIAL MOULDING, 275SERVICE LIFE, 92 100 305 348

371 375SERVICE TEMPERATURE, 68

100 279

Subject Index


SERVOMOTOR, 36 52 55 108 144207 303

SHAMPOO, 170 294 341SHAPE, 16 32 110 181 202 305SHAPE-MEMORY, 341SHATTER RESISTANCE, 412SHEAR, 36 119 210 347 396SHEET, 15 19 52 95 112 134 155

272 279 302 312 340 351 358381 389 397 398 401 426 431432 441

SHEET MOULDINGCOMPOUND, 11 346

SHELF LIFE, 21 24 39 41 43 4457 58 65 66 67 82 84 96 103113 115 118 124 137 138 140144 145 148 156 182 184 192194 195 199 204 206 208 213220 221 228 231 239 245 249273 275 289 293 301 340 343349 351 355 362 363 378 383412 415 416 430 440

SHIPPING CONTAINER, 7 96100 126 135 325 345 346 385

SHOCK ABSORBINGPACKAGING, 319 370

SHRINK FILM, 82 173 325 350SHRINK WRAPPING, 114 132

325SHRINKAGE, 12 41 49 53 258

309 358 398 431 435SILATION, 271SILICA, 58 133 138 248SILICON, 138SILICON OXIDE, 109 140 192

364SILICONE RUBBER, 74SIMULATION, 142 148 171 211

291 304 327 425SINGLE-STATION, 108 164 207

208 384 387SINGLE-USE, 114 187 231SIX-LAYER, 112 120SIZE, 16 32 140 181 189 194 262

299SLEEVE, 115 253 350SNAP-FIT, 49 116 244SODIUM HYDROXIDE, 159 271

304SOFT DRINK BOTTLE, 58 140

178 182 194 200 243 289 292305 345 364 415

SOFT-TOUCH, 68 74 170 263 294SOFTENING TEMPERATURE,

279 331 358 381 394SOFTNESS, 15SOFTWARE, 32 174 363 438SOLAR HEATING, 339

SOLUBILITY, 30 42 66 248 342422

SOLVENT, 25 42 284 313 342SOLVENT EXTRACTION, 291SOLVENT RESISTANCE, 72SPECIAL EFFECTS, 164SPHERE, 42 96 263SPHERICAL, 159SPIN WELDING, 120SPOUT, 49 187SPRAY DRYING, 36 42 45 66 91

101 122 250 304 314 358SPRAYING, 2 119 138 250 313SQUEEZABLE, 80 200STABILISER, 86 154 185 221 245

388STABILITY, 43 48 86 94 98 101

158 290 306 340 352 354STACK MOULD, 333STACKABLE, 6 82 100 162 428STACKING, 72 127 345STAIN RESISTANCE, 388 399STANDARD, 38 125 176 180 181

202 232 385STANDARDISATION, 106 114

325STARCH, 3 34 51 60 186 195 339STATIC DISSIPATION, 370STATISTICS, 2 3 15 16 18 28 34

39 50 51 56 65 73 77 89 91 92105 113 115 124 131 132 144156 166 173 174 193 194 202208 249 251 261 262 269 275280 290 293 295 299 305 306317 319 332 339 358 383 388424 428 434

STEAM, 27 95 146 304STEAM STERILISATION, 45 372STEEL, 5 189STEREOLITHOGRAPHY, 93STERILE, 16 38 78 95STERILISABILITY, 358 372 413

414STERILISATION, 30 44 45 49 95

131 146 197 198 273 274 293294 372 383 399 431 440

STIFFNESS, 6 15 17 41 48 68 82100 117 166 251 279 332 341354 372 388 394 429 431 439

STOPPER, 82STORAGE, 41 42 92 95 114 121

138 267 293 325 345 348 383416 431 433

STORAGE CONTAINER, 40 135235 238 346 365

STORAGE STABILITY, 75 148STRENGTH, 144 211 238 244 302

359 412 429

STRESS, 110 159 211 291 381 396397

STRESS CRACK RESISTANCE,29 48 420

STRESS CRACKING, 17 54 263334 403

STRESS CRAZING, 54 263 334STRESS DISTRIBUTION, 54 85

381STRESS WHITENING, 100STRETCH BLOW MOULDING, 1

16 18 24 46 56 58 69 73 83 101108 132 140 142 158 159 165166 193 207 213 227 251 257266 283 290 302 314 316 317323 327 328 360 368 415 419423 426 429 438

STRETCH FILM, 47 82 115 325345 362

STRETCH RATIO, 85 129 343 435STRETCH WRAP, 325 345STRETCHING, 101 279 332 333

378 381 397 415 426STRUCTURAL FOAM, 265 325

410STRUCTURAL FOAM

MOULDING, 105STYRENE, 15 307STYRENE-ACRYLONITRILE

COPOLYMER, 183 261 278294

STYRENE-BUTADIENE BLOCKCOPOLYMER, 15

STYRENE-BUTADIENECOPOLYMER, 279

STYRENE-BUTADIENE-STYRENE BLOCKCOPOLYMER, 29 48 269

STYRENE-METHYLMETHACRYLATECOPOLYMER, 15

SUCTION BLOW MOULDING,77

SURFACE FINISH, 74 136 263294 341 412 429

SURFACE PROPERTIES, 68 238SURFACE RESISTIVITY, 414SURFACE TREATMENT, 14 24

42 44 45 52 66 74 82 109 111123 133 136 147 153 187 190196 197 225 234 245 246 248255 263 264 279 294 305 348358 371 384 387 397 424

SURFACTANT, 260SURVEY, 105 252 434SYRINGE, 31 32 146SYRUP, 121

Subject Index


TTACTILE, 40TAINT, 284 302TAMPER-EVIDENT, 79 115 150

236 282 292 300 361TAMPER RESISTANT, 82 126

263 300 315TAMPO PRINTING, 74TANK, 71 293 387TASTE, 24 36 39 43 66 109 111

133 197 216 266 269 272 340342 362 383 393 416

TEMPERATURE, 15 16 30 36 3841 42 43 44 45 52 66 68 93 95101 108 110 111 112 121 131159 182 189 197 198 245 250260 267 272 279 284 302 309339 340 342 343 354 358 381396 397 398 423 426 430

TEMPERATURE CONTROL, 3638 52 77 108 110 144 264 314341 352 358 375 420 422 429434

TENSILE PROPERTIES, 27 54 6085 86 100 112 119 122 142 148154 211 240 259 329 331 336346 394 397 403 406 414 421423 427 431

TEST, 22 30 68 70 100 104 112117 121 140 166 171 177 196197 215 220 232 291 307 310314 326 340 342 347 396 397403 407 411 416 425 427

TESTING, 50 130 148 180 187 211260 272 284 301 311 346 364391 392 401

THERMAL DEGRADATION, 2786 101 148 284

THERMAL INSULATION, 126181 189 270 272 344

THERMAL PROPERTIES, 36 4363 100 101 110 112 133 139159 180 205 210 248 279 342358 381 386 396 398 416 431435

THERMAL RESISTANCE, 192270

THERMAL SHRINKAGE, 423THERMAL STABILITY, 19 24 43

48 67 82 86 94 98 100 101 110116 133 158 159 213 231 245248 274 279 290 332 340 343358 377 383 388 394 397 412420 423 426 430 431 439

THERMOFORMING, 5 15 19 2932 34 39 41 43 44 48 52 53 6567 81 82 87 94 105 112 116 134

144 155 160 166 181 188 202245 248 253 279 301 302 308315 330 332 351 352 355 356358 362 370 372 375 378 381385 389 390 391 394 397 398399 400 401 406 412 420 431432 441

THERMOPLASTICELASTOMER, 15 40 294

THERMOSET, 14 126 153 176189 195 204 214 234 241 250261 263 270 281 320 337 346365 374 408 417

THICKNESS, 2 30 41 44 52 66 6768 74 79 82 109 110 111 112115 116 144 190 213 239 245250 255 269 272 279 294 314315 340 342 358 362 378 381387 396 397 398 416

THICKNESS CONTROL, 108 120314 376

THICK-WALL, 74THIN-WALL, 74 94 117 160 205

208 287 332 333 367 372 394398 414 431

THREE-LAYER, 133 245 340 349TIE LAYER, 44 67 112 120 384

416TOLERANCE, 20 49 92 352 375

382 398 401TOOLING, 16 28 32 93 182 280

352 375 390 422TOOTHPASTE DISPENSER, 79TOOTHPASTE TUBE, 205TOUCH, 68 74 82 263TOUGHNESS, 15 29 48 119 186

332 372 413 420TOXICITY, 42 67 346 407TRANSFER MOULDING, 12 97TRANSIT PACKAGING, 92 114

135 162TRANSPARENCY, 28 29 39 43 44

55 65 67 68 72 74 82 94 95 101109 133 159 178 221 238 245264 269 279 294 315 329 353354 358 362 372 388 397 414431

TRANSPORTATION, 9 100 168189 325 345 413

TRAY, 15 21 30 32 39 41 82 87116 155 156 171 181 245 274339 340 345 355 358 362 397399

TREND, 7 161 172 176 200 234249 252 319 363 428 437

TRIM RECYCLING, 359TRIM-IN-PLACE, 332TRIMMING, 41 134 303 352 375

389 397 398TUB, 53 211TUBE, 43 82 125 136 205 294 300

315TWIN-SCREW EXTRUDER, 240

347 396TWIN SHEET FORMING, 253

385TWIN-STATION, 108 264 384 387TWO-CAVITY, 72 108 110 384TWO-COLOUR, 52TWO-COMPONENT, 115 364TWO-LAYER, 74 245 340 341TWO-MATERIAL INJECTION

MOULDING, 12 294TWO-PART, 115 364TWO-STAGE, 77 101 108 184 207

208 251 415 437

UULTRA HIGH DENSITY

POLYETHYLENE, 272ULTRASOUND, 271UNDERCUT, 390UNSATURATED POLYESTER,

346UREA-FORMALDEHYDE

RESIN, 263UV RESISTANCE, 43 145 147 169

343 377 383 395 404 423UV STABILISER, 185 221 245

388UV STABILITY, 98 154 243UV TRANSMISSION, 430

VVACUUM, 32 41 111 138 167 190

423 430VACUUM COATING, 118VACUUM DEPOSITION, 109 111VACUUM FORMING, 127 381 420VACUUM METALLISATION, 294VACUUM PACKAGING, 340 362VACUUM PANEL, 1VACUUM PLASMA SPRAYING,

24 133VACUUM RESISTANCE, 326VAPOUR DEPOSITION, 249 269VAPOUR PERMEABILITY, 30 44

67 82 149 248 269 294 315 358362

VAPOUR TRANSMISSION, 44272 279

VEGETABLE PACKAGING, 9 82325 356 362 380

Subject Index


VENTING, 28 32 156 187 438VERTICAL MACHINE, 52 69 108

384 387VIAL, 146VIDEO CASSETTE, 402VINYL ALCOHOL

COPOLYMER, 60 75VINYL CHLORIDE, 425VINYL CHLORIDE

COPOLYMER, 44VINYLIDENE CHLORIDE

COPOLYMER, 44VISCOSITY, 30 36 52 74 76 101

112 182 198 210 251 302 317396 397 430 431

VITAMIN, 81 169 353VITAMIN E, 393 416

WWAFER, 92WALL THICKNESS, 23 27 29 35

36 48 53 67 74 90 100 101 108110 120 121 122 127 129 188205 208 211 232 251 264 270279 283 314 333 353 359 369381 382 384 387 396 398 401415 420 422 432 438

WARPAGE, 388 420WASHING, 9 45 159 250 271 284

304 325WASTE, 9 24 100 109 155 245 279

325 339 345 384 387 397 398431

WASTE DISPOSAL, 9 31 87 104155 202 279 299 320 339 380397 431 436

WASTE MANAGEMENT, 9 104166 284

WASTE RECOVERY, 325WASTE REDUCTION, 9 100 155

162 345WASTE SORTING, 26 34 151 197

325WATER, 15 16 42 95 120 193 245

291 342 355 407 413 416WATER ABSORPTION, 44 159

272 279 429WATER BARRIER, 395WATER CONTENT, 101WATER RESISTANCE, 412WATER SOLUBILITY, 30 42 51WATER VAPOUR

PERMEABILITY, 30 44 67 82248 269 294 315 358 362 431

WATER VAPOURTRANSMISSION, 44 272 279395

WEAR RESISTANCE, 100 119WEIGHT, 1 24 45 66 67 73 112

137 211 314 398WEIGHT REDUCTION, 24 35 37

49 55 65 67 84 100 127 144160 181 287 288 297 298 322325 333 341 352 359 372 384394 397 398 405 438

WELD LINE, 53 193 311WELDING, 32 49 92 120WHITE SPIRIT, 25WIDE-MOUTH, 108 110 340WIDGET, 167WINDING, 32 52WINE, 263 305WOOD, 7 105 305 339WOOD REPLACEMENT, 7 97

YYEAST, 70YELLOWING, 101YOGHURT POT, 48 160 358 372

432

Subject Index


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