Why hydrogen? -The reasons for ist necessity and comparisons to

alternative fuels

Dr. Johannes Töpler German Hydrogen and Fuel Cells Association (DWV)

and European Hydrogen Association (EHA)

Riga –Conference March 20th, 2013

"Hydrogen technology opportunities for sustainable development of cities",

Temperature development in different continents (IPCC)

„ We should leave the oil, before it will leave us“

(Fatih Birol, Chief-Economist of International Energie-Agency, IEA, 8.4 2008)

- Saving energy by sparingly using

- Using energy with high efficiency

- Using renewable energies:

Principle of sustainability : We should use not more than nature makes growing up. Renewable energies must be introduced before fossil sources are exhausted.

What can / should / must we do?

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

10000

12000

1930 1970 2010 2050 2090

Mtoe

Year

R/P=230 Years

Nuclear Energy

Coal

Natural Gas

Oil

Data source: Oil, Gas, Coal-, Nuclear Scenario, LBST 2005

2007

Oil - 5% 2010-2020 -3 % 2020 - 2040 -2 % 2050 - 2050 -1 % 2050 - 2100

N Gas - 5% 2025 -3 % 2035- - 2070 as ASPO from 2070

Coal Plateau at 4000 between 2032 - 2075

Contribution of Fossil and Nuclear Energy Sources

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

1920 1960 2000 2040 2080

Wind

PV

SOT

Biomass

Mtoe [Millions of Tons of Oil Equivalent]

Jahr Quelle: LBST Alternative World Energy Outlook 2005

Contribution of Renewable Energies

Solarthermal Heat

Solarthermal Electricity

Geothermal Heat

Geothermal Electricity

PV Electricity

Water Power Wind Power

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

1920 1960 2000 2040 2080

Coal

Nat.Gas

Oil

Nuclear Energy

Wind

PV

SOT

Biomass

Mtoe [Millions of Tons of Oil Equivalent]

Quelle: LBST Alternative World Energy Outlook 2005

Jahr

A possible Scenario of World Energy

Solarthermal Electricity

Geothermal Heat

Geothermal Electricity

PV Electricity

Water Power

Wind Power

Solarthermal Heat

Future primary energy supply

Supply cannot satisfy demand

Supply outreaches demand by far

Vertical load curve and feed-in of wind power in E.ON grid

Vertical load

Wind power 2007

Estimated wind power 2020

Date

Fluctuating renewable electricity

Hydrogen Electricity

or:

Hydrogen as secondary energy carrier

Comparison of netto-storage capacities

0

2000

4000

6000

8000

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20Zeit in d

Win

d Le

istu

ng in

MW

AA CAES

Pumpspeicher

H2 (GuD)

Bei einem Speichervolumen von V = 8 Mio. m³

8 Mio. m3 correspond to the biggest German natural gas caverne field For comparison: Pump storage Goldisthal has a Volume of 12 Mio. m3

Pump storage 5 GWh

AA CAES 23 GWh

H2 – Gas /vapor turbine ca. 1.300 GWh (1.3 TWh)

Time (days)

Win

d P

ower

in M

W

Storage volume of V = 8 Mio. m3

Source: KBB UT

J. Töpler

Quelle: KBB

Potential Locations for H2-Caverns

Source:

• The availiability of fossil primary energies is limited to aproximately 50-80 years (with respect to probable annual growing rates even less!)

• Fossil energy carriers are raw materials for organic chemistry -> to valuable for burning.

• The damage of climate due to CO2-emissions is obvious right now and will increase further on (in spite of Kyoto-protocol).

• The energy demand world-wide will increase (especially by the developing countries) and will aggravate the situation.

• The introduction of a new energy-system will need in principal about 50 years for the first 10% of market penetration. (Marcetti 1980)

• Consequence: It‘s very high time to introduce CO2-free renewable energies (if necessary via primary energies with less CO2), with hydrogen as secondary energy carrier which can be stored, transported and used in manifold applications.

Actual Situation of Energy Supply

Fuel Cell vehicle Mercedes-Benz B-Class

Lithium-Ion battery

Electric motor

Air module

Hydrogen tank

Hydrogen module

Fuel Cell

Hydrogen module

Essential Facts 1) Vehicle is constructed, fabricated and approved under serial condititions.

2) It was tested by a turn of 125 days around the world with 30.000km

3) Start of serial production in 2017

Electric Drive

System Module

Fuel Cell Stack

Power Distribution Unit (PDU)

Hydrogen Storage

Cooling System

Daimler, FCell Packaging

Battery

B-Class F-Cell

Next generation of the fuel cell-power train: • Higher stack lifetime (>2000h) • Increased power • Higher reliability • Freeze start ability • Li-Ion Battery

Size - 40%

[l/10

0km

Consumption - 16%

[kW

]

Power +30%

[km

] Range +135% Technical Data

Vehicle Type Mercedes-Benz A-Class (Long)

Fuel Cell System PEM, 72 kW (97 hp)

Engine

Engine Output (Continuous / Peak): 45 kW / 65 kW (87hp) Max. Torque: 210 Nm

Fuel Hydrogen (35 MPa / 5,000 psi) Range 105 miles (170 km / NEDC)

Top Speed 88 mph (140 km/h)

Battery NiMh, Output (Continuous / Peak): 15 kW / 20 kW (27hp); Capacity: 6 Ah, 1.2 kWh

Technical Data Vehicle Type Mercedes-Benz B-Class

Fuel Cell System PEM, 90 kW (122 hp)

Engine

IPT Engine Output (Continuous/ Peak) 70kW / 100kW (136hp) Max. Torque: 290 Nm

Fuel Compressed Hydrogen (70 MPa / 10,000 psi)

Range ca. 250 miles (400 km) Top Speed 106 mph (170 km/h)

Battery Li-Ion, Output (Continuous/ Peak): 24 kW / 30 kW (40hp); Capacity 6.8 Ah, 1.4 kWh

A-Class F-Cell

Progress Fuel Cell Technology Next Generation FCVs

After 2015, with lowered vehicle production costs and further developed hydrogen infrastructure, Hyundai will begin manufacturing hydrogen fuel cell vehicles for

consumer retail sales.

The ix35 Fuel Cell Specifications

The Hyundai Strategy, published on Feb. 27th 2013

Hyundai plans to build 1,000 ix35 Fuel Cell vehicles by 2015 for lease to public and private fleets, primarily in Europe, where the European Union has established a

hydrogen road map and initiated construction of hydrogen fueling stations.

„Phileas-Bus“ in Cologne in daily use in public trafic

Source: HyCologne -Wasserstoff Region Rheinland

Source: Vossloh

Anode: H2 → 2 H+ + 2 e- Cathode: 2 H+ + ½O2 + 2 e- → H2O ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Sum: H2 + ½O2 → H2O

CnH2(n+1) + (3n+1)/2 O2 → nCO2 + (n+1)/2 H2O

Comparison of Power-Trains I

Gasoline/ Diesel- Vehicles

H2/FC- vehicles

Battery-Vehicles

(double range) I

Cathode: LixCn → nC + x Li+ + x e-

Anode: Li1-xMn2O4+ xLi +xe- → LiMn2O4 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

---------

Batt.: Li1-xMn2O4+ LixCn → LiMn2O4 + nC

Electricity- Management

Powertrain of a H2/FC-hybrid-vehicle

J. Töpler

Market segments for battery- and fuel cell vehicles

Original-Source: Coalition Study

Annual range

(1000 km)

< 10

> 20

10- 20

Compakt Class Medium Class Comfort-Class

c l a s s o f v e h i c l e s

Fuel cell vehicles

hybridised

Battery- Vehicles

Plug-in-Vehicles FC- Vehicles

Number of passenger vehicles (hybrid) which can be supplied per ha

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

Biodie

sel (

RME)

Ethan

ol whe

at

Ethan

ol sh

ort ro

tation

fore

stry

Bio-m

ethan

eBT

L

CGH2 s

hort

rotati

on fo

restr

y

LH2 s

hort

rotat

ion fo

restry

CGH2 P

V

LH2 P

V

CGH2 w

indpo

wer

LH2 w

indpo

wer

[Pas

seng

er v

ehic

les/

ha] Diesel engine

Otto engine

Fuel cell

Bandwidth

Annual mileage passenger vehicle: 12,000 km

Reference vehicle: VW Golf

*) *)

*) more than 99% of the land area can still be used for other purposes e.g. agriculture

Source: LBST

Comparison of Fuel Cell System and Internal Combustion Engine

Power in %

Effic

ienc

y in

%

Medium Power Passenger Car Bus /Truck

with Hydrogen Fuel Cell Systems

Source: IBZ

J.Töpler

η(%)

100

70

54

30

12

Comparison hydrogen „ Wind-Gas“ for mobile application

Efficiencies: η (elektrolysis) = 70%

η (Sabatier) = 78%

η (NEDC, ICE) = 22%

η (NEDC, FC) = 42%

Electricity from

Wind&PV Elektrolysis Methani-

sation (Sabatier)

Transport

Distribution

Fuel Cell

Combustion

J.Töpler

Eprim

8,3

4,5

2,4

1

Electricity from

Wind&PV

Elektrolysis Methani-sation

(Sabatier)

Transport

Distribution

Fuel Cell

Combustion

3,4

5,8

Efficiencies: η (elektrolysis) = 70%

η (Sabatier) = 78%

η (NEDC, ICE) = 22%

η (NEDC, FC) = 42%

Comparison hydrogen „ Wind-Gas“ for mobile application

“Optiresource” (Daimler AG)

See:

http://www2.daimler.com/sustainability/ optiresource/index.html

72,500 kg of CO2 1000 kg of NOx 220 kg of SOx 40 kg of particles will not be emitted per year!

The first fuel cell passenger ship in Hamburg

Source:Alster Touristik GmbH

Technical Specifications

Batteries & Energy Management

2 Proton Motor fuel cell systems with 50 kW rated power each

Hydrogen Tanks / 350 bar

Bow thruster

100 kW electric motor for

propulsion

Water tanks

Source:Alster Touristik GmbH

Page 34

Fuel cell technologies and H2 can make Aircraft systems simpler

Fuel cells as APU‘s in Airplanes

Source: Airbus

Example of a typical A30X application: F/C to replace APU

1. Infrastructure of Tele-Communication - Uninterruptable power supply, BackUp-Power - Decentral power supply

2. Critical Infrastructures

- Telematics, Trafic control systems - Tunnels, Railway stations, Airports - Mines, Pipelines - Hospitals, Policy, disaster control - Metrology, Environmental protection - Fire protection (by O2-degraded exhaust-air)

3. IT-Infrastructures

- BackUp-Power for critical systems

Exemples for early markets of H2/ FC-Technology

NORMAL

O2-degraded air is very suitable for preventive fire protection

H2 for stationary applications Fuel cells for fire protection

Risk of fire

high

reduced avoided

avoided reduced high

O2-content [Vol %]

H2 for stationary applications Fuel cells for fire protection

Natural Gas or

Hydrogen

electricity

protected area

Fuel cell

Hot water

O2-degraded

air

Air Condi- tioning

The sixth Kondratjew: Energy productivity (after Charlie Hargroves, Brisbane, Australia)

Mechanization

Steel & railroads

Electricity, chemicals,cars

TV, aviation, computers,

Biotech IT

Energy productivity, renew. energy

Source: E.U.v.Weizsäcker

• The laws of nature and the laws of mankind (especially those of a completely free economy) are not in harmony.

• It is not to be expected, that the laws of nature will adapt to those of mankind.

• Mankind can only survive, when it fits in with the laws of nature and does not affect the oecological system as a whole or in any of its parts

• The future will be ethic or it will not be!

Thank you very much for your attention!

And see us occasionally at

www.dwv-info.de!

Which are the questions I can answer at first?

Kondratjew-Cycles

Quelle: Nefiodow, „Der sechste Kondratieff“

Steam engine cotton

Steel Railway

Electrical Engineering Chemistry

Petro-chemistry

Information Technology ?

Steam engine cotton

Steel Railway

Electrical Engineering Chemistry

Petro-chemistry

Information Technology

Psychosocial Health

Sustainability, renewable resources