rice planting system in nepal arjun pandey department of plant and soil science oklahoma state...
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Rice planting system in Nepal
Arjun PandeyDepartment of plant and soil science
Oklahoma State University
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Outline
• Introduction• Agriculture in Nepal• Rice Planting System• SRI and Conventional Method• Problems • Conclusion
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Introduction:
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Background: Area of Nepal-147181sq. Km. Total farming Population-65% 23% of total area is the most fertile land where cereal production is mainly
concentrated. Agriculture Contributes to about 33.8% to national GDP.(World Bank,2010) Provides part and fulltime employment opportunities to 65.5% of its
population. Elevation ranges from 70 m (230 ft) to 8848 m (29,029 ft) above sea level. Tremendous variation in climate (tropical to temperate) as a result of
variation in altitude. There are four main climatic seasons: Spring : March-May Summer : June-AugustAutumn : September-NovemberWinter : December-February
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Physiographic Regions and Cropping System
• Himalayan• High mountain• Middle mountain• Siwalik• Terai
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Agriculture in Nepal Among agriculture crops rice is main crop, cultivated on nearly 1.55 M Ha of lands. Total production of rice 2008/09 was 4.3 millions of tons, with average productivity of
2907kg/ha(world average is about 4204kg/ha)
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Problems of rice cultivation • Older generation of seeds
• High Production cost
• Low doses of fertilizers
• Manual/bullock- Based cultivation
• Fraction of land(small holding=0.24ha)
• Distribution of land
• Low Irrigation facility
• Poor Farmers(% of population below international poverty line of US$1.25 per day, 1994-2008*=55) (Unicef,2010)
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Rice cultivation system:
Upland rice cultivation:- 9% of total rice cultivation area is under upland.
Lowland rice cultivation: Major practice Cultivated 2 times in a year
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Different methods of rice planting
• Direct planting- In Nepal it is not practiced yet, and research is going on.
• Transplanting
Two ways of transplanting is popular in Nepal.
Conventional Transplanting Modern Transplanting(SRI)
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Conventional Rice Transplanting System
• Farmers Use more than 60 kg of seeds/ha
• Transplant very old seedlings(30-45 days)
• Plants many seedlings 8-10/hill.
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Modern Rice Planting System(SRI)
• System of Rice Intensification-Evolved in Madagascar, over 20-yr period
• In Nepal introduced in 1998
• One seedling per hill.
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Why SRI ??
2009 2007 2005 2003 2000 1995 1990 19850
1
2
3
4
5
Area Production and Yield inNepalyieldproductionarea
Year
Area
/Yie
ld/P
rodu
ction
Easte
rn Te
rai ( M
orang)
Easte
rn Te
rai (S
unsari)
Easte
rn Hill
(Dhan
kuta)
Easte
rn High
Hill (Pan
chthar)
Centra
l Tera
i (Sarl
ahi)
Centra
l Tera
i (Dhan
nusha)
West
ern Te
rai (R
upandeh
i)
West
ern In
ner Te
rai (D
ang)
0
2
4
6
8
10
SRI Yield (T/Ha) Conventional Yields (T/Ha)
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PRACTICE/PURCHASECOSTS,SRI RICE(RS/HA)
COST CONVENTIONAL RICE(RS/HA)
DIFFERENCE(RS/HA)
SEED 125 1250 1125
NURSERY PREPARATION 50 500 450
LAND PREPARATION 7500 7500 0
COMPOST 4800 2400 -2400
FERTILIZERS 1500 3000 1500
TRANSPLANTING 1250 1500 250
IRRIGATION 200 400 200
WEEDING 750 1350 600
PESTICIDE 0 500 500
HARVESTING 1750 1500 -250
TOTAL COST 17925 19900 1975
REVENUE,GRAIN 60450 23250 -37200
REVENUE,BY PRODUCT 3000 3000 0
TOTAL REVENUE 63450 26250 -37200
NETPROFIT 45525 6350 -39175
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Five Principles of SRI
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Comparisons of factor effects:
• Young seedling 8 days-6.28 t/ha vs. 20 days-3.80 t/ha
• Water management effectWater control -5.75 t/ha vs. Flooding- 4.34 t/ha
• FertilizationCompost-5.49 t/ha vs. NPK fertilizer -4.48 t/ha
• Plants per hill effect1 plant/hill- 5.43 t/ha vs. 3 plants/hill- 4.65 t/ha
• Spacing effect30x30cm- 5.08 t/ha vs. 25x25 cm 5.00 t/ha
source-Uphoff, 2006
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Twelve Techniques of SRI
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Nursery Preparation Uprooting Seedlings
Marking the area Planting on the spot
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Intercultural operation
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Technology PromotionLeaf Color Chart
Urea Super Granule
Seed Production and Preservation
Alternate Wet and Dry(AWD) irrigation System
Pheromone trap
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Conclusion
SRI method is found to be more productive than conventional method
Main components for higher yield of rice is younger seedlings, fewer seedlings /hill, wider spacing and AWD irrigation
Tools and machines supply/availability for making and weeding are every useful for adoptingSRI in larger areas
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THANK YOU