rice nursery and early crop management
DESCRIPTION
Rice Nursery and Early Crop Management. V. Balasubramanian IRRI. Learning Objectives. Describe different types of rice nursery management Describe the critical factors of the rice transplanting process Describe the advantages and constraints of manual transplanting and seedling broadcasting - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Rice Nursery and Early Crop Management
V. Balasubramanian
IRRI
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IRRI: Rice Production Course
Learning Objectives
• Describe different types of rice nursery management• Describe the critical factors of the rice transplanting
process• Describe the advantages and constraints of manual
transplanting and seedling broadcasting• Describe preparation and leveling of fields for direct
seeding
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What is the goal of Crop Establishment?
To secure a uniform plant population that can produce high
yields
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Target panicles for high yield
Number of panicles per unit area is the principal yield-determining factor
Optimum number of panicles per unit area:– Wet season: 350-400 panicles m-2
– Dry season: 450-600 panicles m-2
Factors affecting number of panicles:– Tillering capacity of the variety– Initial plant population (based on CE method)– Available N level at tillering
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Transplanting:
Most common method in small farms of Asia
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Types of Rice Nursery
Wet-bed Dry-bed
Dapog (Mat) Modified mat Bubble Tray
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Wet-bed Nursery-1• Compute the seed & seedbed area: 50 kg
seed & 500 m2 seedbed area for TP one ha of main field
• Locate the seedbed away from electric light in a fertile field that is easy to irrigate & drain
• Start preparing the seedbed 2 weeks before planting time
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Wet-bed Nursery-2• Add organic manures and/or fertilizers as
needed
• Irrigate, plow, puddle and level the field
• Prepare beds of 1 to 1.5 m width, 4-5 cm height & any convenient length
• Pre-germinate the seeds 2 days before sowing: 24 h soaking & 24 h incubation
• Sow the pre-germinated seeds on beds
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Wet-bed Nursery-3
• Water the seedbed 2-3 DAS and then maintain a water level of 2-5 cm, depending on the height of seedlings
• Apply 20-40 g urea or DAP per m2 at 10 DAS, if needed
• Apply pesticide only when needed
• Seedlings are ready for TP from 20-25 DAS
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Wet-bed Rice Nursery, Sri Lanka
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Wet-Bed Rice Nursery: Cold Injury
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Covering nursery bed in cold climate
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Does anyone have questions or comments about wet nurseries?
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Dry-bed Nursery-1• Compute the seed & seedbed area: 50 kg
seed & 500 m2 seedbed area for TP one ha of main field
• Locate the seedbed away from electric light in a fertile field with light soil and easy access to a water source
• Start preparing the seedbed 2 weeks before planting time
• Add enough organic manures &/or fertilizers
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Dry-bed Nursery-2• Plow and harrow the field
• Prepare raised seedbeds of 1.5 m width, 0.1-0.15 m height, and any convenient length
• Seed priming: weigh required quantity of clean seed, soak for 24 h and then dry in the shade
• Primed seed is reported to germinate faster than fresh dry seed
• Sow the primed seeds on raised beds & cover the seed lightly with soil or rice hull
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Dry-bed Nursery-3• Water the seedbed till saturation after sowing
• Then water the bed periodically as seedlings emerge & grow
• Regulate the water supply, if necessary, to control the rate of seedling growth
• Apply pesticides to control pests, if needed
• Seedling are ready from 25-30 DAS
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Dry-bed Rice Nursery
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Dapog (Mat) Nursery-1
• Less labor need
• Shorter period of raising seedlings
• Easy transport of seedling-mats to main field
• Preferred for mechanical transplanting
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Dapog (Mat) Nursery-2• Select a level area near the household and/or
a water source
• Mark out 1 m wide and 10 to 20 m long plots
• Spread a plastic sheet or banana leaves on the marked area
• Form the boundary with bamboo splits or banana sheath
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Dapog (Mat) Nursery-3
• Spread the pre-germinated seeds at the rate of 1 kg per 1.5 m2 area
• 40-50 kg seed sown in 60-75 m2 area is enough to plant one ha of main field
• Sprinkle water immediately after sowing and then as and when needed
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Dapog or Mat Nursery-4
• Protect the mat nursery from heavy rains for the first 5 DAS
• Seedlings will be ready for sowing in 8 to 15 DAS
• Roll out the seedling mats and transport them to the mail field
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Dapog Nursery
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Dapog Nursery: Seedling mat
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Modified mat nursery-1: Why? Reduced nursery area: 100 m2 to plant 1 ha
Establishing seedlings in a 4-cm layer of soil mix, arranged on a firm surface
Robust, young seedlings (18-20 cm tall with 4 leaves) produced within 15 DAS
Easy transportation of seedling-mats to main field
Easy separation of seedlings for transplanting (minimum root damage)
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Modified Mat Nursery-2:Preparing Soil Mix
Soil : 70-80%
Decomposed manure : 15-20%
Rice husk : 5-10%
Powdered DAP : 1.5 kg/100 m2
**4 m3 soil mix for 100 m2 nursery area
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Soil + Manure + Fertilizer Mixture
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Manure must be well decomposed, otherwise young
seedlings suffer
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ICM: Modified Mat Nursery-3
� Prepare 100 m2 nursery area to plant 1 ha. Select a level area near the household and/or a water source
� Mark out 1 m wide and 10 to 20 m long plots Spread a plastic sheet or banana leaves on the marked area
� Place a wooden frame with 4-cm deep and convenient size segments Fill the frame with soil mixture
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Frame for Filling Soil
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Filling Soil Mix in Frames
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ICM: Modified Mat Nursery-4
� Seed: To plant 1 ha, use quality seed @9-12 kg seed (for 20 x 20 cm spacing at 1 seedling per hill)18-25 kg seed (for 20 x 20 cm spacing at 2 seedling per hill)
� Sow pre-germinated seeds at the rate of 100 to 150 g per m2 area and cover the seed with dry soil and press it gently
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Sowing Pre-germinated Seeds
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After Sowing Seeds
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Covering Seeds with Soil
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ICM: Modified Mat Nursery-5
� Sprinkle water immediately to soak the bed
� Then water the bed as and when needed to keep it moist all the time
� Protect the nursery from heavy rains for the first 5 DAS
� Continue watering until 15 DAS
� If the nursery can be flooded, flood the nursery area with 1 cm water level all around at 6-7 DAS
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Sprinkling water to soak the bed
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Lifting the Frame
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Mat Nursery after Sowing
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Watering Mat Nursery to Keep It Moist
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Seedlings at 5 DAS
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Aerobic or Flooded Nursery Beds
MMN: Aerobic MMN: Flooded
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Flood the nursery area with 1 cm water level at 6-7 DAS
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ICM: Modified Mat Nursery-6
� Optional: Sprinkle 0.5% urea solution at 9 DAS, if seedling growth is slow or leaves are yellowing (1.5 kg urea/300 l for 100 m2 area)
� Seedlings reach 18-20 cm tall at 15 DAS
� If flooded, drain the water 2 days before lifting the seedling-mats
� Lift & transport the seedling-mats to mail field
� Separate the seedlings and transplant them at 1-2 per hill at 20x20 to 25x25 cm spacing
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Sprinkling 0.5% urea solution at 9 DAS
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Seedlings at 15 DAS
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Lifting the Seedling Mats
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Seedling Mats at 15 DAS
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Does anyone have questions or comments about mat nurseries?
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Seedling Broadcasting (SB) 12-15-d old seedlings with root balls Seedlings raised on plastic trays
Size: 59 cm x 34 cm with 434 embedded holes 750 trays ha-1
Seed bed area: 250 m2 to plant one ha Nursery in uplands, lowlands or near the
house In lowlands, 75 cm wide and 9-12 cm high
seed beds are used
Source: Dr. Sumith, RRDI, SL
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A Plastic Bubble Tray
Source: Dr. Sumith, RRDI, SL
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Bubble Tray Nursery Preparation(250 m2 to plant 1 ha)
Source: Dr. Sumith, RRDI, SL
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Bubble Tray Nursery: Seeding
(Seed rate: 15-20 kg ha-1)
Source: Dr. Sumith, RRDI, SL
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Bubble Tray Nursery: Seedlings with root balls
Source: Dr. Sumith, RRDI, SL
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Does anyone have questions or comments about bubble tray
nurseries?
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Rice Nursery Types: Summary
Nursery typeTo plant 1 ha of main field
Optimum seedling age, d
Nursery area, m2 Seed rate, kg ha-1
Wet-bed 400-500 50 20-25
Dry-bed 500 50 25-30
Dapog (mat) 60-75 40-50 8-15
Modified mat 100 9-25 15
Bubble tray 250 15-20 12-15
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Transplanting: Critical Factors• Proper nursery management• Careful handling of young seedlings for fast
revival and early growth after TP• Shallow transplanting at 1-2 cm depth• Optimum plant-to-plant spacing: 20 x 20 cm
to 25 x 25 cm• Optimum number of seedlings: 1-2 hill-1
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Effect of plant spacing & seedling number per hill on initial plant count and required tillers per plant
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Modified Mat Nursery:Young Seedlings
16-18 cm tall
4 leaves
No tillers
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TP: Careful Handling of Seedlings
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Square Planting(with 1-2 seedlings per hill)
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Manual Transplanting: what are the advantages?
Good head start forplant growth overweeds
Shorter duration inmain field
Easy to maintainuniform plant spacing& population, ifplanted in rows
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Manual TP: What are the constraints?
Tedious & labor intensive, > 30 PD ha-1
Difficult to find labor to plant on time
Drudgery & back problem
Poor plant population due to contract TP on area basis
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IRRI Manual Planter
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Chinese planter
Japanese planter
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Seedling Broadcasting
Source: Dr. Sumith, RRDI, SL
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Seedling Broadcasting-Manual
Source: Dr. Sumith, RRDI, SL
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Seedling Broadcasting by Machine
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Seedling Broadcasting: What are the advantages
Low seed rate: 15-20 kg ha-1
Less labor for CE (16 for SB vs. 30-36 for TP) No bird damage in the nursery and main field
Early crop maturity by 7-8 days
Water saving: 10 irrigations for SBR vs. 12 for TPR Less use of agro-chemicals as they can be applied
directly to the nursery
Source: Dr. Sumith, RRDI, SL
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Seedling Broadcasting: What are the limitations?
Farmers have to buy plastic traysHeavy rains just after SB may disturb the
distribution of broadcasted seedlings
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SB: On-station Yield Trials
Stand Establishment Method
Season
2002/03 Wet 2003 Dry Mean
------- Grain Yield (t/ha)-------
Manual transplanting 6.09 5.66 5.87
Seedling b/casting (SB) 6.06 5.28 5.67
Mean 6.07 5.47
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On-farm Yield Trials
Characteristic
Site
Weera Pedasa Jayanthipura Average
SB TP SB TP SB TP
No. of hills m-2 38 42 49 39 44 41
No. of panicles m-2 321 293 391 302 356 298
Grain yield (t ha-1)8.8 8.5 9.0 8.5 8.9 8.5
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TP: Labor Need and Machine Costs
CE method Nursery type
Labor need (person-days ha-
1) Machine cost (US$)
Nursery Planting Total
TP-manual
Wet/Dry bed 12 25-30 37-42 --
Dapog (mat) 6 25-30 31-36 --
Modified mat 8 25-30 33-38 --
Seedling Broadcast Bubble tray 8 8 16 --
TP-machine(Dapog or seedling trays)
IRRI: Walk on 6 6-7 12-13 600
Chinese 6 2-3 8-9 2,750
Japanese 6 1 7 15,000
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Direct Seeding of Rice: Why?
• To reduce labor input & drudgery
• To tackle labor shortage & high wages
• To establish crops on time
• To maintain optimum plant population
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IRRI: Rice Production Course
Direct Seeding of Rice: Incentives
• Availability of S.D. rice varieties• Availability of cost-efficient, selective
herbicides• Faster and easier crop establishment
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Direct Seeding Requirements
• Good LP & leveling• Furrows to drain water (WDS)• Saturated soil (WDS) & moist
soil (DDS) for first 7-10 days• Varieties: early seedling vigor,
fast canopy dev., non-lodging• Quality seed• Effective weed control: cultural,
mechanical, herbicides
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Level field for DDS Level field for WDS
Well-prepared and Leveled Fields for Direct Seeding
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Direct Seeding: Benefits• Faster and easier crop establishment• Less labor need (1-2 vs. 25-30 for TP)• Earlier crop maturity by 7-10 days• More efficient water use & higher tolerance to
water stress• Reduced cost: US$ 60-80 per ha• Less methane emission: DDS < WDS < TP
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Direct Seeding Methods• Wet direct seeding (WDS): puddled soil,
broadcast- or row-seeded> Surface WDS> Subsurface WDS> Water seeding
• Dry direct seeding (DDS): dry/moist soil, broadcast or drilled in rows
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WDS: Broadcasting
Most common wet seeding method Sprouted seeds Seed rate: 80-250 kg ha-1
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WDS: Drum Seeding in Rows
Sprouted seed
Seed rate: 60-80 kg ha-1
Better plant stand
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Drum seeder, Vietnam8 kg wt + 12 kg seed
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Drum seeder
Seed hoppers
Seed holes
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Dry Seeding
Used in rainfed areas Dry seed Seed rate 300 kg ha-1
Germination with rainfall; drought
High pest incidence
Seeding behind plow Machine seeding
Dry broadcasting
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Zero-till drill and planting
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Bed Planting
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TPR-B: Transplanting seedlings on bed
• Good CE, but more labor
• Good plant growth & uniform tillering
• High yield as that of TPR
• Less water use (by 20-30%) than that of TPR
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DSR-B: Dry drill seeding on beds• Fast & efficient seeding, but
poor CE
• May need saturated soil for the first 25-30 days
• Micro-nutrient deficiency: Fe, Zn, Cu, etc.
• Severe weed infestation, needs effective herbicides
• Termite problems
• Saving in water (~ 20-30%)
• Conserves rain water & avoids flooding
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Can anyone briefly explain:
• Seedling broadcasting?
• Direct seeding?
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Rice Nursery:Some Calculations-1
2. How many hills per ha ?(at 20 x 20 cm spacing)
10,000 / (0.2 x 0.2) = 250,000 hills per ha
1. What is the area per ha? 100m x 100m = 10,000 m2
3. How many seedlings per ha? (at 4 per hill)
250,000 x 4 = 1,000,000
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Rice Nursery:Some Calculations-2
4. How many seeds you need per ha? 1,000,000 seeds per ha
5. What is the weight of 1000 seeds?
Range: 20-30 gMean : 25 g
6. How much seed you need to plant one ha?
(1,000,000/1000) x (25/1000) = 25 kg
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IRRI: Rice Production Course
Rice Nursery:Some Calculations-3
7. What is the % germination for rice seed?
Range: 50 to 90%Mean : 70%
8. At 70% germination, how much seed you need per ha? Seed: 25/0.7 = 36 kg
9. What % of seedlings survive in wet-bed nursery
Range: 50-90%Mean : 70%
10. Finally how much seed you need for wet-bed nursery to plant one ha?
Seed rate: 25/(0.7 x 0.7) = 51 kg per ha
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Rice Production in Asia: Puddling