rhetorical devices 10 1
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Frederick Douglass
Rhetorical Devices in
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Birth of LogosBirth of Logos
Logos = One’s reasoned argumentLogos = One’s reasoned argument
Exigence = The drive to speakExigence = The drive to speak
urposeurpose
!udience!udience
LogosLogos
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Rhetorical DevicesRhetorical Devices
De"nition# speci"c. identi"a-leDe"nition# speci"c. identi"a-le
language techni/ues used inlanguage techni/ues used in
rhetoric+rhetoric+
T$o t)pes of Rhetorical devices are T$o t)pes of Rhetorical devices are
*+*+ content0centered %$hat&content0centered %$hat&
,+,+ form0em-edded %ho$&form0em-edded %ho$& SpeakersSpeakers
utilize form-embedded devices toutilize form-embedded devices to
emphasize content.emphasize content.
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1ontent01entered# athos1ontent01entered# athos
!ppeal to emotion!ppeal to emotion
2 e+g+. eme+g+. empath
path). compassion. outrage). compassion. outrage
Example#Example#
2 3434after rolling up his sleeves. heafter rolling up his sleeves. he
commenced to la) on the heav)commenced to la) on the heav)
co$skin. and soon the $arm. red -loodco$skin. and soon the $arm. red -lood%amid heart0rending shrieks from her.%amid heart0rending shrieks from her.
and horrid oaths from him& cameand horrid oaths from him& came
dripping to the 'oor5 %6&+dripping to the 'oor5 %6&+
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1ontent01entered# Ethos1ontent01entered# Ethos !ppeal to common values and communit) expectations+!ppeal to common values and communit) expectations+ Ethos re'ects4Ethos re'ects4
2 Ethical values and7or the character or spirit of a cultureEthical values and7or the character or spirit of a culture
2 shared assumptions of a peopleshared assumptions of a people
2 universal components of the human experienceuniversal components of the human experience
Example#Example#
2 338 $ould sometimes sa) to them 9the $hite8 $ould sometimes sa) to them 9the $hite
-o)s $ho helped Douglass learn to read:. 8-o)s $ho helped Douglass learn to read:. 8
$ish 8 could -e as free as the) $ould -e $hen$ish 8 could -e as free as the) $ould -e $hen
the) got to -e men+ ;<ou $ill -e free as soonthe) got to -e men+ ;<ou $ill -e free as soon
as )ou are t$ent)0one. -ut 8 am a slave for lifeas )ou are t$ent)0one. -ut 8 am a slave for life
>ave not 8 as good a right to -e free as )ou>ave not 8 as good a right to -e free as )ou
have?’ 5 %,@&+have?’ 5 %,@&+
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1ontent01entered# 8ron)1ontent01entered# 8ron)
! contrast -et$een $hat is expected! contrast -et$een $hat is expectedto happen and $hat actuall) happensto happen and $hat actuall) happens
The general characteristic of iron) is The general characteristic of iron) isto make something understood -)to make something understood -)
expressing its oppositeexpressing its opposite
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1ontent01entered# 8ron)1ontent01entered# 8ron)
@ t)pes of iron) in literature#@ t)pes of iron) in literature#2 Aer-al#Aer-al# a $riter or speaker sa)s one thinga $riter or speaker sa)s one thing
and means something entirel) dierentand means something entirel) dierent
2 Dramatic#Dramatic# a reader or audience perceivesa reader or audience perceives
something that a character in the stor) doessomething that a character in the stor) does
not kno$ %RC exampleuliet is not dead4¬ kno$ %RC exampleuliet is not dead4&
2 ituational#ituational# a $riter sho$s a discrepanc)a $riter sho$s a discrepanc)
-et$een the expected results of some action-et$een the expected results of some action
or situation and the actual results %Of Giceor situation and the actual results %Of Gice
and Gen examplefriendship7murder&and Gen examplefriendship7murder&
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Form0Em-edded# !lliterationForm0Em-edded# !lliteration
Repetition of initial consonant soundsRepetition of initial consonant sounds
Example#Example#
2 338 nerved m)self up again. and started8 nerved m)self up again. and started
on m) $a). through -ogs. -rier.on m) $a). through -ogs. -rier.
-arefoot and -areheaded. tearing m)-arefoot and -areheaded. tearing m)
feet sometimes at nearl) ever) step45feet sometimes at nearl) ever) step45%HI&+%HI&+
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Form0Em-edded# !ssonanceForm0Em-edded# !ssonance
Repetition of vo$el sounds $ithin aRepetition of vo$el sounds $ithin a
sentence or across several sentencessentence or across several sentences
Example# >o$ no$ -ro$n co$?Example# >o$ no$ -ro$n co$?
%Repetition of the vo$el sound 3o$5&%Repetition of the vo$el sound 3o$5&
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Form0Em-edded# RepetitionForm0Em-edded# Repetition
Repeating of $ords and7or phrasesRepeating of $ords and7or phrasesthroughout a passage or text forthroughout a passage or text fordramatic eectdramatic eect
Example#Example#
2 33(ork. $ork. $ork. $as scarcel) more(ork. $ork. $ork. $as scarcel) more
the order of the da) than of the night5the order of the da) than of the night5
%@J0@K&+%@J0@K&+
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Form0Em-edded# arallelismForm0Em-edded# arallelism
Repetition of a grammatical patternRepetition of a grammatical pattern2 sed to emphasiMe and link related ideassed to emphasiMe and link related ideas
2 !dds -alance. rh)thm. and clarit) to the!dds -alance. rh)thm. and clarit) to the
sentencesentence Example#Example#
2 33>e 91ove): $as al$a)s under ever)>e 91ove): $as al$a)s under ever)
tree. -ehind ever) stump. in ever) -ush.tree. -ehind ever) stump. in ever) -ush.and at ever) $indo$. on the plantation5and at ever) $indo$. on the plantation5
%@N&+%@N&+
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Form0Em-edded# !ntithesisForm0Em-edded# !ntithesis
Esta-lishes a clear. contrastingEsta-lishes a clear. contrastingrelationship -et$een t$o ideas -)relationship -et$een t$o ideas -)
oining them together. often in oining them together. often in
parallel structureparallel structure
Example#Example#
2 33 The longest da)s $ere too short for him The longest da)s $ere too short for him
and the shortest nights $ere too long forand the shortest nights $ere too long for
him5 %@K&+him5 %@K&+
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Form0Em-edded#Form0Em-edded#
!postrophe!postrophe (hen a speaker addresses an a-sent person.(hen a speaker addresses an a-sent person.
an a-stract /ualit). or something non0humanan a-stract /ualit). or something non0humanas if it $ere present and capa-le of respondingas if it $ere present and capa-le of responding
Example#Example#2 33G) thoughts $ould compel utterancePG) thoughts $ould compel utteranceP
and there. $ith no audience -ut theand there. $ith no audience -ut the
!lmight). 8 $ould pour out m) soul’s!lmight). 8 $ould pour out m) soul’s
complaint. in m) rude $a). $ith ancomplaint. in m) rude $a). $ith anapostrophe to the moving multitude ofapostrophe to the moving multitude of
ship# 00 ;<ou are loosed from )ourship# 00 ;<ou are loosed from )our
moorings. and are free4’ 5 %@K&+moorings. and are free4’ 5 %@K&+
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Form0Em-edded# !llusionForm0Em-edded# !llusion
! -rief %usuall) indirect& reference to! -rief %usuall) indirect& reference toa person. place. or event. or toa person. place. or event. or to
another literar) $ork or passageanother literar) $ork or passage
Example#Example#2 338n coming to a "xed determination to8n coming to a "xed determination to
run a$a). $e did more than atrickrun a$a). $e did more than atrick
>enr). $hen he resolved upon li-ert) or>enr). $hen he resolved upon li-ert) or
death5 %6*&+death5 %6*&+
2 Patrick Henry: “I know not what coursePatrick Henry: “I know not what course
others may take but as for me! "ive meothers may take but as for me! "ive me
liberty or "ive me death#$liberty or "ive me death#$ -from Speech in the-from Speech in the
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Form0Em-edded# >)per-oleForm0Em-edded# >)per-ole
To utiliMe exaggerated language to To utiliMe exaggerated language to
call attention to the situation and7orcall attention to the situation and7or
to emphasiMe emotionto emphasiMe emotion
Examples# 38 haven’t seen )ou in aExamples# 38 haven’t seen )ou in a
centur)5 3That necklace must havecentur)5 3That necklace must have
cost )ou )our life’s savings5cost )ou )our life’s savings5
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Form0Em-edded# Ox)moronForm0Em-edded# Ox)moron
!n expression in $hich t$o 9or more:!n expression in $hich t$o 9or more:
contradictor) $ords are put togethercontradictor) $ords are put together
for dramatic eectfor dramatic eect
Examples# free slaveP -enevolentExamples# free slaveP -enevolent
slave o$nerP oppressive freedomPslave o$nerP oppressive freedomP
-enign dictatorshipP cute ugliness-enign dictatorshipP cute ugliness 'ote: (n o)ymoron can be clever or it can'ote: (n o)ymoron can be clever or it can
be an error in diction the conte)t makesbe an error in diction the conte)t makes
all the di*erence.all the di*erence.
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Form0Em-edded# aradoxForm0Em-edded# aradox
a contradictor) statement $hicha contradictor) statement $hich
is nevertheless true or $hichis nevertheless true or $hich
reveals a truthreveals a truth Example#Example#
338t is a paradox that ever) dictator has8t is a paradox that ever) dictator has
clim-ed to po$er on the ladder of freeclim-ed to po$er on the ladder of free
speech+ 8mmediatel) on attaining po$erspeech+ 8mmediatel) on attaining po$er
each dictator has suppressed all freeeach dictator has suppressed all free
speech except his o$n+5speech except his o$n+5 >er-ert >oover>er-ert >oover
F E - dd dF E - dd d
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Form0Em-edded#Form0Em-edded#
1ompare71ontrast1ompare71ontrast To examine the similarities and dierences To examine the similarities and dierences
-et$een t$o %or more& people. places.-et$een t$o %or more& people. places.o-ects. ideas. or situations+ Often theo-ects. ideas. or situations+ Often thesimilarities are esta-lished to set up andsimilarities are esta-lished to set up andemphasiMe the dierences+emphasiMe the dierences+
Example#Example#2 33 There $ere horses and men. cattle and There $ere horses and men. cattle and
$omen. pigs and children. all holding$omen. pigs and children. all holding
the same rank in the scale of -eing. andthe same rank in the scale of -eing. and
$ere all su-ected to the same narro$$ere all su-ected to the same narro$examination5 %,J&+examination5 %,J&+
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Form0Em-edded#Form0Em-edded#
Figurative Language orFigurative Language or
Literar)7t)listic DevicesLiterar)7t)listic Devices
imile# a comparison -et$een t$oimile# a comparison -et$een t$o
dierent things using 3like5 or 3as5dierent things using 3like5 or 3as5
Getaphor# a direct comparisonGetaphor# a direct comparison
-et$een t$o unlike things+ nlike a-et$een t$o unlike things+ nlike asimile or analog). metaphor assertssimile or analog). metaphor asserts
that one thingthat one thing isis another thing+another thing+
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Form0Em-edded#Form0Em-edded#
Figurative Language orFigurative Language or
Literar)7t)listic DevicesLiterar)7t)listic Devices
ensor) details7imager)# images and detailsensor) details7imager)# images and details
that emphasiMe or appeal to the "ve sensesthat emphasiMe or appeal to the "ve senses%touch. taste. sight. smell. sound&%touch. taste. sight. smell. sound&
ersoni"cation# the act of givingersoni"cation# the act of giving
human /ualities to a nonhumanhuman /ualities to a nonhuman
thing+thing+
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Form0Em-edded#Form0Em-edded#
Figurative Language orFigurative Language or
Literar)7t)listic DevicesLiterar)7t)listic Devices
)m-olism# an) o-ect. person. place)m-olism# an) o-ect. person. place
or action that has a meaning in itselfor action that has a meaning in itselfand that also stands for somethingand that also stands for something
larger than itself larger than itself
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