rhagoletis cerasi (l.) in western sicily: presence, … · 15 20 25 30 10 15 20 25 captures per...
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RHAGOLETIS CERASI (L.) IN WESTERN SICILY: PRESENCE,DAMAGES AND CONTROL IN
ORGANIC CHERRY ORCHARDS
Manuela Palumbo Piccionello, Virgilio Caleca, Matteo Maltese
DEMETRA Department, Entomology, Acarology and Zoology Section, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy. E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]
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Two already published papers:
• PALUMBO PICCIONELLO M., MALTESE M., CALECA V.– 2011 - Dannosità e controllo diRhagoletis cerasi (L.)in ceraseti biologici della Sicilia occidentale. In:Progetto per lo Sviluppo dell'Agricoltura Biologica inSicilia. Palermo,28-9-2011: 229-238.Sicilia. Palermo,28-9-2011: 229-238.
• PALUMBO PICCIONELLO M., CALECA V. – 2012 -Rhagoletis cerasi (L.) (Diptera: Tephritidae) in WesternSicily: presence, damages and control in organic cherryorchards. IOBC/wprs Bulletin 74:147-155.
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Order: DipteraFamily: Tephritidae
Rhagoletis cerasi (L.) Cherry Fly
A problem for late ripening cherry cultivar
in organic farming
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Cherry orchards in Sicily (ISTAT, 2008)
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• Few news about R. cerasi inEastern Sicily (Fimiani P. et al., 1978,1979)
• No news about R. cerasi in WesternSicily
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Evaluation of the incidence of R. cerasi in organic cherry orchards in Western Sicily
through: • survey on presence and population
dynamic of the dipteran
AIMS OF THE RESEARCH
dynamic of the dipteran• assessment of
� damage in cherries; � susceptibility of some late-ripening cultivar;
• control tests with nets, pyrethrum andspinosad
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San Giuseppe JatoGrisì
Contessa Entellina
Chiusa Sclafani
Palermo
Province
140 ha
Cherry orchards monitored during the research
(2006-2011)
Chiusa Sclafani
Bivona
Castrofilippo
Sciacca
Agrigento
Province
20 haTraditional cherry area (TRAD)
Isolated cherry orchards (ISOL)
Few cherry orchards area (FEW)
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Area 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 TOTAL
Bivona TRAD X 1
Chiusa Sclafani 1 TRAD X X X 3
Chiusa Sclafani 2 TRAD X X X X X X 6
Chiusa Sclafani 3 TRAD X X 2
Chiusa Sclafani 4 TRAD X X 2
San Giuseppe Jato 1 TRAD X X X X X X 6
Cherry orchards monitored during the research
San Giuseppe Jato 1 TRAD X X X X X X 6
San Giuseppe Jato 2 TRAD X X X 3
Castrofilippo 1 FEW X X X 3
Castrofilippo 2 FEW X 1
Grisì FEW X X X 3
Contessa Entellina ISOL X X 2
Sciacca ISOL X 1
TOTAL 5 6 8 4 6 4 33
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Monitoring (weekly controls) from mid- April to the end of July
by Rebell traps (3 per cherry orchard)
MATERIALS AND METHODS
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Sex ratio ♂♂/♀♀in yellow traps
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Control tests with nets, pyrethrum and spinosad
Mesh 1 x 2 mm
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Control tests with nets, pyrethrum and spinosad
3 treatments (1 per week) by:
Pyrethrum (Biopiren plus 160 Pyrethrum (Biopiren plus 160 ml/hl);
Spinosad (Laser 30 ml/hl).
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Sampling on cherries(at commercial harvesting: mid- May – June):
1. 100 fruits/ week/ orchard.
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Sampling on cherries(at commercial harvesting: mid- May – June):
1. 100 fruits/ week/ orchard.2. Observation under the stereomicroscope
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RESULTSRESULTS
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15
20
25
cap
ture
s p
er
tra
p p
er
we
ek
Average Rhagoletis cerasi captures in three different kinds
of cherry orchards areas (from 2006 to 2011)
0
5
10
22 Apr 29 Apr 6 May 13 May 20 May 27 May 3 Jun 10 Jun 17 Jun 24 Jun 1 Jul 8 Jul 15 Jul
R.c
era
sica
ptu
res
pe
r tr
ap
pe
r w
ee
k
Traditional areas Few cherry orchards area Isolated cherry orchards
Intervention threshold
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30
40
50
60
R.c
era
si c
ap
ture
s p
er
tra
p p
er
we
ek
Rhagoletis cerasi captures in traditional cherry orchards
areas in five different years (from 2006 to 2011)
2006
2007
2008
2009
0
10
20
30
29 Apr 6 May 13 May 20 May 27 May 3 Jun 10 Jun 17 Jun 24 Jun 1 Jul 8 Jul 15 Jul
R.c
era
si c
ap
ture
s p
er
tra
p p
er
we
ek
2010
2011
Intervention threshold
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8
10
12
14
16
Ca
ptu
res/
tra
ps/
we
ek
Average Rhagoletis cerasi captures of males and females in Rebell
traps in cherry orchards in four different years (from 2007 to 2010)
0
2
4
6
22 Apr 29 Apr 6 May 13 May 20 May 27 May 3 Jun 10 Jun 17 Jun 24 Jun 1 Jul 8 Jul 15 Jul
Ca
ptu
res/
tra
ps/
we
ek
males females
• (1/1 in Campania, Italy, Fimiani et al. 1981; 1/0.5 in Hungary,Tuba 2009)
• Sex ratio ♂♂/♀♀= average 1/0.5 (from 1/0.3 to 1/1.9)
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25
30
3522 Apr 29 Apr 6 May 13 May 20 May 27 May 3 Jun 10 Jun 17 Jun 24 Jun 1 Jul 8 Jul 15 Jul
Cap
ture
s/ tr
aps/
wee
kTrend of Rhagoletis cerasi males and females captures in Rebell traps
in five different years (from 2007 to 2011)
males 2007
males 2008
males 2009
♀'10 ♀'07
♀’11
♂'07-08
♀'09
♀'08
♂'09
♂'10
♂’11
Highest captures→
0
5
10
15
20
Cap
ture
s/ tr
aps/
wee
k
males 2010
females 2007
females 2008
females 2009
females 2010
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Forecasting the first adult emergence by daily soil temperature or
weekly mean air temperature
80
100
Daily soil temperature
Weekly mean air temperature
GDD for adult emergence
0
20
40
60
11-mar 26-mar 10-apr 25-apr 10-mag 25-mag 9-giu 24-giu 9-lug
Chiusa Sclafani (campo 1) Chiusa Sclafani (campo 2) Chiusa Sclafani (campo 3)
Soglia d'intervento sulle cattureIntervention threshold (5 flies per week)
Weekly adult captures in three cherry orchards
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20
25
30
35
% in
fest
ati
on
on
ch
err
ies
Average Rhagoletis cerasi infestation in traditional cherry
orchards area in 5 years (from 2006 to 2011)
2006
2007
2008
2009
0
5
10
15
20 May 27 May 3 Jun 10 Jun 17 Jun 24 Jun
% in
fest
ati
on
on
ch
err
ies
2010
2011
Damage
threshold
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15
20
25
30
10
15
20
25
% in
fest
ati
on
on
ch
err
ies
cap
ture
s p
er
tra
p p
er
we
ek
Average Rhagoletis cerasi captures and infestation in three
different types of cherry orchards areas (from 2006 to 2011)
0
5
10
0
5
10
22 Apr 29 Apr 6 May 13 May 20 May 27 May 3 Jun 10 Jun 17 Jun 24 Jun 1 Jul 8 Jul 15 Jul
% in
fest
ati
on
on
ch
err
ies
R.
ce
rasi
cap
ture
s p
er
tra
p p
er
we
ek
Infestation traditional areas Infestation few cherry orchards area
Traditional areas Few cherry orchards area
Isolated cherry orchards
Intervention threshold
Damage threshold
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Scatterplot (Max. captures of the year vs Max. infestation level of the year)
80
100
120M
ax. c
aptu
res
of th
e ye
ar (
caug
ht fl
ies
per
trap
per
wee
k)
Dam
age
thre
shol
d(4
% in
fest
ed c
herr
ies)
Correlation captures vs. infestation
In 16 cases (out of 26) (low/high) captures agree
with the (low/high) infestation
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Max. infestation level of the year (% infested cherries)
0
20
40
60
Max
. cap
ture
s of
the
year
(ca
ught
flie
s pe
r tr
ap p
er w
eek)
Dam
age
thre
shol
d(4
% in
fest
ed c
herr
ies)
Intervention threshold (5 captures per trap per week)
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60
70
80
90
100
% s
teri
le p
un
ctu
res
on
ch
err
ies
Sterile punctures of Rhagoletis cerasi on cherries in 6 years
(2006-2011)
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
0
10
20
30
40
50
14-mag 19-mag 26-mag 5-giu 12-giu 19-giu 24-giu
% s
teri
le p
un
ctu
res
on
ch
err
ies
2011
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Susceptibility late ripening cherry cultivars in 2008
Cappuccia di Chiusa Sclafani
Moscatella di Chiusa Sclafani
Mora di Vignola
Susceptibility of analyzed cultivar linked to the ripening period and not to a different
attractant power of cultivars
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Vertical bars show 95% confidence intervals
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10A
ttack
s pe
r ch
erry
Untreated Net Pyrethrum Spinosad
Control test in San Giuseppe Jato in 2009
n.s.
10Jun09 18Jun09 29Jun09-0.06
-0.04
-0.02
0.00
0.02
Atta
cks
per
cher
ry
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Vertical bars show 95% confidence intervals
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.14A
ttack
s on
che
rry
Untreated Net Pyrethrum
Control tests in San Giuseppe Jato in 2010
abba
26May10 31May10 7Jun10-0.08
-0.06
-0.04
-0.02
0.00
0.02
0.04
Atta
cks
on c
herr
y
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Vertical bars show 95% confidence intervals
0.03
0.04
0.05
0.06
0.07A
ttack
s pe
r ch
erry
Untreated Net Pyrethrum
Control tests in Chiusa Sclafani in 2010
n.s.
24May10 1Jun10 8Jun10-0.04
-0.03
-0.02
-0.01
0.00
0.01
0.02
Atta
cks
per
cher
ry
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Control tests in Chiusa Sclafani in 2011Vertical bars show 95% confidence intervals
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.05at
tack
s pe
r ch
erry
Untreated Net Pyrethrum
n.s.
26May11 03Jun11 08Jun11
-0.01
0.00
0.01
0.02
R. c
eras
i atta
cks
per
cher
ry
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Control tests in San Giuseppe Jato in 2011Vertical bars show 95% confidence intervals
(Repeated measurements ANOVA)
0.15
0.20
0.25at
tack
s pe
r ch
erry
Untreated Pyrethrum Net
0.06 a0.03 b0.00 c
a''
a''
26May11 03Jun11 10Jun11 21Jun11
-0.05
0.00
0.05
0.10
R. c
eras
i atta
cks
per
cher
ry
b''
a'
ab'
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• Rhagoletis cerasi recorded in allsampled orchards, except in the twoisolated and new ones.
• Peaks of R. cerasi flies in the last ten
CONCLUSIONS
• Peaks of R. cerasi flies in the last tendays of May.
• Sex ratio of adults shows more malesthan females (1:0.5).
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CONCLUSIONS
• Not a high correlation between adultscaptures in traps and infestation incherries.
• Low damages by R. cerasi in Western• Low damages by R. cerasi in WesternSicily.
• Until 25 May infestation under thedamage threshold in all cultivar.
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CONCLUSIONS
• Sterile punctures, here quantified for thefirst time, recorded in all period of fruitsamplings.
• Pyrethrum lowered cherry fly infestationonly in one case; the net was the besttool that reduced the infestation.
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AKNOWLEGEMENTS
• Farmers: Bono, Brucculeri, Fanara, Lucia, Lupo,Motisi, Perricone, Traina.
• Collaborators (students): A. Blanda, G. Catania, E.Lucia, G. Polizzi, G. Puccio, V. Russo, B. Vitrano.
• Antonino Raimondo and Antonino Abbate forcontacts and helpfulness.
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Thanks for your attention