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RFID: Technologies and Application

Luigi Battezzati Ph.D.Visiting Professor di Operations al Politecnico di Milano

Osservatorio sulle applicazioni del RFID del Politecnico di Milano

Geneve, March, 16th 2005

2Luigi Battezzati 2005

- Osservatorio sulle applicazioni del RFID in Italia -

RFID Applications:RFID Applications:RFID Applications:

Tagon product

TagTagon producton product

Tagon people

TagTagon peopleon people

RFID & LogisticsRFID & LogisticsRFID & Logistics

Trends andConclusionTrends andTrends andConclusionConclusion



• Identify individual items

• Line of sight not required

• Store and modify information on transponder

• Stable in variety of conditions

• Read through most non-metals

• RFID transponder cost 50 cents today (5 centstomorrow ?)

RFID technology is ready for changing the worldRFID Applications



1948Harry Stockman invents RFDI

with the publication of his paper "Communication by Means of

Reflected Power"

1940sRadar refined and used major World

War II effort

1950sEarly explorations

of RFID technology.

1960sDevelopment of the

theory of RFID.Start of applications

field trials.

1970sExplosion of RFID

development. Test of RFIDaccelerate.

Early adopter implementations of RFID

1980sCommercial applications

of RFID enter mainstream.

1950sD.B. Harris patents

"Radio transmission systems with modulable passive

responder"

1952F.L. Vernon's

"Application of the microwave homodyne"

1963- 1964R.F. Harrington advances theory with

"Field measurements using active scatterers" and"Theory of loaded scatterers"

1973Transponder system

and apparatus 1977

Electronic licenseplate for motor

vehicles

1980Electronic

identificationsystem

1985Electronic proximity

identificationsystem

Electronic tag identification

systemRemote passive

identification systemImplant

telemetrysystem

1978Identification system using coded passive

transpondersPassive encoding

microwave transponder

Identification system using coded passive

transpondersElectronic detection

and identification system

Passive transponder apparatus for use in

an interrogator responder system

1982Electronic

identification system

Apparatus and method for an

electronic identification, actuation and

recording system

1984Radar apparatus for

detecting and/or classifyingan agitated reflective target

Betteryless, portable, frequency divider useful as a

transponder of electromagnetic radiationElectronic identification

system with power input-output interlock and

increased capabilitiesAnimal feeding and monitoring system

1959Friend or Foe (IFF) long-range transponder

system reaches breadboard demonstration stage1975

Los Alamos Scientific Laboratories (LASL) releases its RFIDresearch to public sector; publishes "Short-range radio-telemetery for

electronic identification using modulated backscatter"

1966Commercialization of EAS,

1-bit Electronic ArticleSurveilance technology:Checkpoint, Sersormatic

1976-1977LASL spinoffs Indentronix and

Amtech

1975-1978Large companies, e.g. Raytheon,

RCA, and Fairchild, develop electronic identification systems

1982Mikron founded(later purchases

by Philips)

1979First

implantableRFID tags

1982molded-neck

collar EID

1986Glass-encasedinjectible EID

First RFID tollcollection system

implemented in Norway

1990sEmergence of standards.

RFID widely deployed.RFID becomes a part of

everyday life.

1991TI establishes TIRIS, the first multinational

semiconductor company to develop

and market RFID

1993ISO EID standard

developed

1996City of L.A.adopts pet

tagging

2000sRFID revolution beginsWorldwide StandardsContact less payment

Auto-id and EPC

Over 350 direct-reference patents

Vast number of companies enter RFID marketplace

Modern successful commercial applications include

Supply Chain Management:Wal mart, MetroWar logistics: Gulf war of US ArmyTransportation/Distribution IndustrialSecurity and Access ControlAnimal IdentificationAutomated Library SystemsCheckpoint SystemsToll Road ControlHealthcareDigital Card MailToys

1991AAR adopts

RFID std

1994All USA railcars

equipped with RFID

1992-1995Multi-protocol traffic control and toll collection systems

implemented in Texas, Oklaoma, and Georgia

Wide-scaleelectronic toll

collection in US

1999-2003Auto-id Center

at MIT for developingEPC for FMCG

2004Near Field Communication

(NFC)for integration between Mobile phone and RFID

2005?ISO and EPC: UHF

standard

2000’Calypso std for ticketing

2000’HF ISO

standard:13,56 Mhz

* Tabella elaborata da Luigi Battezzati sulla base della RFID Timeline



Several types of RFID transponder…

*Source SOFTWORK

RFID Applications



…antennas and readers*

Reader card Proximity Reader Portable Reader Mid Range Reader

Long Range Reader Antenna Mid e Long Range RFID Gate

*Source SOFTWORK

RFID Applications



The overview of RFID costs * shows the component values…..

(IC) Chip Antenna Assembly Case Total Cost

When ?

20 cents 5 cents 5 cents 20 cents 50 cents

30 cents

5 cents

1 cent

2001

2003 ?

2 cents 1 cent 1 cent 1 cent 2005 ??

0.5 cents 0.1cent 0.1cent 0.3cent 2010 ???

Plastic PrintedPrinted on Objects

0.1 cents ?*Source: Shoumen Datta MIT , 2003

RFID Applications



• Chip: • not critical component• commodity

• Antenna: • antenna –reader design is crucial• strong customization for any application

• Assembly: • the production quality is important • production plant focused on automation

• Case: • case design is critical due to environmental constraints• strong customization for any application

….but it does not show the component relevance for reaching the best RFID performances

RFID Applications



Basically RFID changes material flows but it impacts on the information flows also: the MIS architectures could became really distributed and…

Centralized MIS architecturesItem identification coupled with object (ex bar code)Information in Database of MIS coupled with item identificationMIS reliability is necessary for capturing the data changes

…so you can saving money and improving MIS reliability in …so you can saving money and improving MIS reliability in the same time the same time

Distributed MIS ArchitecturesItem identification and transactions coupled with object (ex RFID transponder with memory)Information in Database of MIS up dated when it's possible and usefulMIS reliability is not necessary for capturing the data changes

RFID Applications



RFID researches are focused on• Technology• Individual applications

RFID applications • automation of existing activities • No impact on business processes re-design• No benchmark with best practices

But RFID is not a more intelligent bar code only• It is able to change totally the existing processes• It can improving dramatically the existing performances• It will create an intelligent and distributed environment

RFID technology assessment is not enough for taking decisions…

RFID Applications



So our focus are the business processes• activity evaluation• performance measurement• re-design for capturing every RFID potential benefits

RFID taxonomy gives us• a general RFID framework focused on business processes • common characteristics for RFID Benefits of different industrial

sectors• a possible benchmark with existing best practices• a methodology for evaluating the cost/benefits of RFID.

The object of RFID is first driver of our taxonomy• product: major characteristics are supply chain management

and end user utilization • people: major characteristics are the Human-RFID interaction

and Human Privacy Problem

…concerning RFID implementation benefitsRFID Applications



The life’s cycle is the cluster rule for classifying the RFID value for supply chain actors

Consumers

Manufacturers and Retailers

Long

life’s cycle

(utilisation)

Short

life’s cycle

(utilisation)

Fresh Products:YogurtFlowersBest seller: CD,

BooksNewspapers

Fashion Products:Prêt à PorterPersonal ComputerSeasonal Durable Goods

Durable Goods:Cars Home AppliancesApparel basic

products

FMCG:GroceryHealth & beauty Hardware

Long life’s cycleShort life’s cycle

RFID Applications



Human RFID interaction is not natural but it could be

helped by a tool friendly for everybody: the mobile phone

SMS

MobilePhone

Network

RFID Reader

Interphace Tag RF-ID

Tag RF-ID

Tag RF-IDTag RF-ID

RFID Applications



Finally the privacy is more and more critical for everybody

• The fear of total control is in the mind of everybody

• RFID on people is really an other tool for controlling the people behavior

• But we are already controlled by different way:– Credit card transaction– Video cameras in the towns– Other transaction activated electronically

• The key problem is not the additional control by RFID but the power for using and integrating the database of our transaction

• In any case the transponder can be put in “sleeping mode” after sales if the customer requested it

RFID Applications




Tagon product


Tagon people






Several examples of applications and project pilots on durable goods

• Animal identification– Pet– Cows– Dolphins

• Automotive– Manufacturing: Ford, BMW, GM, Toyota etc– Electronic Immobilisation: Immobiliser

• Textile and luxury– Intelligent store of Prada– Intelligent supply chain of Benetton

• Home appliances– Electrolux:microwave oven, washing machine and refrigerator– Bticino: My Home

Tag on Product



The Auto-ID Center pushed the RFID application for FMCG

• In 1999 the Auto-ID Center was founded at MIT. The Center, in partnership with over 50 global organizations and companies is working on the realization of an RFID network for FMCG– developing new technologies that will lower the costs of the network– defining standardized protocols and languages – building of the infrastructure

This network will allow physical objects to communicate with each other seamlessly through the Internet. This architecture will– track every single manufactured item– significantly reduce the need of human intervention

• The Auto-ID Center is organizing Adoption Forums focusing on specific industries whose goal is to create consensus, awareness, and standards

Tag on Product



Consistent Global Identification

An Example of How GTIN Integration Works With the EPC

EAN - 13 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 8

3 1234567 89012 0000000123456

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 8

Company Prefix Item Reference Check Digit )

Illustrative Example (EAN-13): 12 34567 89012 8

Remove Check Digit

Header EPC Manager Number Object Class Number Serial Number

GTIN

EPC:

1 23 456 7 89 01 28 >

Tag on Product



EPC Information Service (PML)

ONS

Middleware

Readers

Tag Tag Tag

Enterprise Applications

Inte

grat

ion

Laye

r

• ERP• Warehouse Management Systems

• Inventory Management

• Data Warehouse• Merchandise Management

• Store Systems• Etc.

The EPC Network

RFID

• Inexpensive tags

• Minimum data on the tag

• Middleware between readers and information systems

• Information stored on EPC Information Services, and accessed through Object Name Service

Tag on Product



Electromagnetic spectrum

ElectricWaves

RadioWaves

Infra-red VisibleLight

Ultra-Violet

X-Rays GammaRays

CosmicRays

9kHz 30kHz 300kHz 3000kHz 30MHz 300MHz 3000MHz 30GHz 300GHz 3000GHz

VLF LF MF HF VHF UHF SHF EHF Notdesignated

LongWave

MediumWave

ShortWave

VLF Very Low Frequency VHF Very High FrequencyLF Low Frequency UHF Ultra High FrequencyMF Medium Frequency SHF Super High FrequencyHF High Frequency EHF Extremely High Frequency

Radio Spectrum

125-134 kHz 13,56 Mhz 860-960 MHz

2,45 and 5,8 GHz

The “RFID” Frequencies

Tag on Product




Tagon product


Tagon people






Several examples of applications and project pilots

• Transport– Railways and metro in Japan– Bus in Seoul (Korea)– Public transports (Germany)– Lufthansa Fidelity card

• Payments– Exxon– Toll Systems

• Health and Public Service– Malaysia: identity card– France: social security card

• Free time– Chicago Marathon– Ski pass– Football

Tag on People



RFID is growing for people transport

The public transport around half public involves all over the world million of people.

Also in this case the possibility to use different means with different tickets makes the management more complex.

In Europe the project is developed Calypso that has adopted a technology based on passive transponder RFID to 13,56 MHz according to the standard ISO 1545 that work with the objective to be a contactless card for payments.

In this way it is possible not only to manage the price of the trip in dynamic way but also to use the transponder for purchasing from the automatic equipment that distribute drinks or other products

Tag on People



Tag on People




Tagon product


Tagon people






The transport has been the first application of transponder RFID

• The aerial sector has always been to the state-of-the-art for the active transponders – The first examples in the second world war – The following development in the civil aviation

• The railway transport has followed quickly – Transcore has labelled the totality of the means railway USA with technology UHF – The European situation is more complex

• The principal countries have made non homogeneous choices – The system Eurobalise S21 at the base of the European Train Control System (ETCS) with

inductive coupling to 27,115 MHz – In every case it is necessary to distinguish the management of the handling from the

management of the maintenance

• Finally the transport on car or truck has been touched by the RFID – The tolls systems are developed firstly in Americas by the Canadian highways and after in

Europe by Autostrade (Italian highways) with active technologies but passive transponders are coming now

– The management of the truck traffic and its effects (usury of the roads, safety) has pushed the German Government to the proposal of a revolutionary system that unites telephony cellular GPS: may be the traditional toll systems are enough and less expensive.

RFID & Logistics



Container management is the best application of RFID in Logistics

• A container is reusable so the cost of the transponder is diluted in the time

• The more important system of containers in the world is the International Container Transport

– The sector of the international transports involves around 7 million containers. – The manual recognition is complex, expensive and not without errors. – From the end of the years '60 the containers are internationally identified according

to ISO 6346 that it foresees an alphanumeric code that identifies the owner and a number of register of the container

• Then a norm ISO has been created 10374 that it foresees to identify through the container an active transponder read-only that you can read up to 13 meters distance with 15 years of active life of the battery that it corresponds to the technical life of the container

RFID & Logistics



The case management is already interesting for FMCG• The most greater part of the applications of the transponders RFID indeed you realize in

the sector of the FMCG they currently concern containers or reusable systems of transport, for instance:

– Marks&Spencer has a line of fresh products shipped by recyclable trays, on which the 70% of the 120 million of wrappings that cross the supply chain travels. The use of the RFID has allowed to reduce the costs and the time of crossing improving the level of service.

– CHEP, in February 2002 has begun a project pilot in his center of distribution in Florida, whose purpose is that to trace the handling of 250 thousand pallets. The objectives of the project pilots are the followings: a best understanding of the handling, an improvement of the measurement of the times of the working cycles and the identification of the possible points of attention along the chain and the integration of the information RFID in the systems ERP

– Wal-mart has asked to his principals for 100 suppliers to be compatible RFID within January 2005 according to the followings principles

• Transponder on pallet and reusable containers only • Standard EPC of the Auto-id of the MIT

– Metro is developping same RFID project in Europe

RFID & Logistics




Tagon product


Tagon people






Major trends on RFID technologies…

Passive Transponder Costs are reducingNew UHF standards EPC and ISO harmonizationSilicon Technology is matureFeasibility of Polymer Technology

Active TransponderTechnology of Long life battery Standards“de facto”Designing Tools for customized

MEMS

2005 2007 2008 2012

Passive TransponderPolymer Technology

diffusion for manufacturing low cost transponder

Active TransponderLong life battery diffusionStandard ISO based on

Standard “de facto” Cost reduction

Trends & Conclusions



…and the structure of demand and applications

ApplicationsRe-usableTransponderDurable GoodsLogisticsSecurityServices

DemandProject basedBest practices developmentEducation, training and change

management

2005 2007 2008 2010

ApplicationsFast Moving Consumer Goods at

item levelBusiness to ConsumerDistributed Intelligence

DemandRFID is product on the shelf”Standard “plug and play”Transponder “autonomous”




RFID is a building block of Distributed IntelligenceTrends & Conclusions

17711771 18251825 18861886 19391939 19771977 19971997

Industrial Revolution Industrial Revolution

18001800

Information Evolution Information Evolution

18531853 19131913 19691969 20052005 20252025

RapidRapidAdoptionAdoption

IntroductionIntroductionofof

TechnologyTechnology

18531853 19131913 19691969 20252025 20612061 20812081

TextileTextile RailwayRailway AutoAuto ComputerComputer DistributedIntelligence Nanotech

Source: Norman Poire MIT



Conclusion

• The tag is not another kind of bar code label but a real killer application

• The automatic identification and the distributed data storage change the business processes

• The value of application of RFID doesn't impact on the same activities with the same weight.

• RFID is a building block of distributed intelligence


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