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AN OVERVIEW OF AN OVERVIEW OF HUMAN RIGHTS AND HUMAN RIGHTS AND ARMED CONFLICT ARMED CONFLICT SITUATION SITUATION IN ASIA IN ASIA Rey Ty Rey Ty

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Page 1: Rey Ty   Human Rights And Armed Conflict Powerpt Geography Class

AN OVERVIEW OF AN OVERVIEW OF HUMAN RIGHTS HUMAN RIGHTS

AND ARMED AND ARMED CONFLICT CONFLICT

SITUATION SITUATION IN ASIAIN ASIARey TyRey Ty

Page 2: Rey Ty   Human Rights And Armed Conflict Powerpt Geography Class

PEOPLE OF THE WORLDRey Ty

GLOBAL VILLAGE?1996

IF THE WORLD HAS 100 PERSONS:

57 FROM ASIA21 FROM EUROPE15 FROM N. AND S.

AMERICA51 WOMEN

49 MEN

Page 3: Rey Ty   Human Rights And Armed Conflict Powerpt Geography Class

WORLD RELIGIONSRey Ty

• 390 CHRISTIANS, OF WHOM• 187 CATHOLIC• 84 PROTESTANTS• 31 ORTHODOX• 178 MOSLEMS• 167 NON-RELIGIOUS• 132 HINDUS• 60 BUDDHISTS• 45 ATHEISTS• 3 JEWS• 86 ALL OTHERS

Page 4: Rey Ty   Human Rights And Armed Conflict Powerpt Geography Class

MAP OF ASIARey Ty

Page 5: Rey Ty   Human Rights And Armed Conflict Powerpt Geography Class

ASIARey Ty

• PACIFIC

• NORTHEAST ASIA

• SOUTHEAST ASIA

• SOUTH ASIA

• CENTRAL ASIA

• WEST ASIA

Page 6: Rey Ty   Human Rights And Armed Conflict Powerpt Geography Class

SOUTHEAST ASIARey Ty

Page 7: Rey Ty   Human Rights And Armed Conflict Powerpt Geography Class

FRAMEWORKFRAMEWORKRey Ty

Linking Society, Economy, Politics, and

Culture

Page 8: Rey Ty   Human Rights And Armed Conflict Powerpt Geography Class

WHAT ARE HUMAN WHAT ARE HUMAN RIGHTS?RIGHTS?Rey Ty

CIVIL ANDPOLIT ICAL

RIG HT S

ECONOM IC,SOCIAL, & CULT URAL

RIG HT S

HUM ANRIG HT S

Page 9: Rey Ty   Human Rights And Armed Conflict Powerpt Geography Class

VIOLENCE, RIGHTS VIOLENCE, RIGHTS AND LAWAND LAW

Rey Ty

VIOLENCE(J. GALTUNG)

RIGHTS AND LAW(U.N.)

1 STRUCTURAL VIOLENCE ECON, SOC, & CULT RTS.2 CRIMINAL VIOLENCE CRIMINAL LAW3 STATE VIOLENCE CIVIL & POL RTS.4 REVOLUTIONARY VIOLENCE LAW OF ARMED CONFLICT

Page 10: Rey Ty   Human Rights And Armed Conflict Powerpt Geography Class

HUMAN RIGHTS HUMAN RIGHTS AND ARMED AND ARMED CONFLICTCONFLICT

Rey Ty

TYPES OF ARMED CONFLICT

ILHR

ILAC

Page 11: Rey Ty   Human Rights And Armed Conflict Powerpt Geography Class

LAW OF HR AND WAR

Rey Ty

Peace Riots Conspiracy Internal Internal Internal Civil Anti-Racist War of International Disturbances Tensions Strife War Struggles Liberation War

Page 12: Rey Ty   Human Rights And Armed Conflict Powerpt Geography Class

QUANTIFYING HR QUANTIFYING HR RESPECT AND RESPECT AND

ABUSESABUSESRey Ty

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1970 1980 1990 2000

Econ Rts.Soc. Rts.Cult. Rts.Civil Rts.Pol. Rts.

Page 13: Rey Ty   Human Rights And Armed Conflict Powerpt Geography Class

ECONOMIC RIGHTSECONOMIC RIGHTSIN THE WORLDIN THE WORLD

Rey Ty

200 RECEIVE 75% OF INCOME

200 RECEIVE ONLY 2% OF INCOME

Page 14: Rey Ty   Human Rights And Armed Conflict Powerpt Geography Class

HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

INDEXRey Ty

Top (highest) tier: Singapore, Brunei, Thailand, and Malaysia

Second tier: Philippines, Indonesia

Third tier: Vietnam, Burma, Laos

Fourth tier: Cambodia

Page 15: Rey Ty   Human Rights And Armed Conflict Powerpt Geography Class

ECONOMIC RIGHTSECONOMIC RIGHTSRey Ty

GDP/CAPITA 1999

Singapore$26,000 ’98 Brunei 17,400 Malaysia 3,745 Thailand 2,000 Philippines 886 Indonesia 690 Vietnam 330 Burma $300 Cambodia 300

Page 16: Rey Ty   Human Rights And Armed Conflict Powerpt Geography Class

GDP/CAPITAPurchasing Power Parity

1999

Rey TySingapore $27,800 ’98

Brunei 17,400

Malaysia 10,700

Thailand 6,400

Philippines 3,600

Indonesia 2,800

Vietnam 1,850

Laos 1,300

Burma 1,200

Cambodia 710

East Timor Unavailable

Page 17: Rey Ty   Human Rights And Armed Conflict Powerpt Geography Class

ECONOMIC RIGHTSECONOMIC RIGHTSRey Ty

PHILIPPINE GDP 1999

Richest 30% earned 63.4% of national income Poorest 30% received 9% of national income

Page 18: Rey Ty   Human Rights And Armed Conflict Powerpt Geography Class

SOCIAL RIGHTSSOCIAL RIGHTSRey Ty

330 ARE CHILDREN50% IMMUNIZED670 ADULTS50% ADULTS ARE ILLITERATE60 ARE OVER 65 YRS OLD

LESS THAN 50%MARRIED WOMENHAVE ACCESS TOMODERNCONTRACEPTIVES

Page 19: Rey Ty   Human Rights And Armed Conflict Powerpt Geography Class

SOCIAL RIGHTSSOCIAL RIGHTSRey Ty

IN THE GLOBAL

VILLAGE: THERE ARE --

-5 SOLDIERS -7 TEACHERS -1 MEDICAL DOCTOR

Page 20: Rey Ty   Human Rights And Armed Conflict Powerpt Geography Class

SOCIAL RIGHTSSOCIAL RIGHTSRey Ty

930 DO NOT HAVE A CAR70 OWN AT LEAST 1 CAR

70% WITHOUT CLEAN WATER30% WITH CLEAN WATER

Page 21: Rey Ty   Human Rights And Armed Conflict Powerpt Geography Class

CULTURAL RIGHTSCULTURAL RIGHTSRey Ty

GLOBAL VILLAGE?1996

IF THE WORLD HAS1,000 PERSONS:

165 SPEAK MANDARIN86 HINDI & URDU64 SPANISH58 RUSSIAN37 ARABIC

Page 22: Rey Ty   Human Rights And Armed Conflict Powerpt Geography Class

CULTURAL RIGHTSCULTURAL RIGHTSRey Ty

THE OTHER HALFSPEAK

(IN DESCENDING ORDER):

BENGALIPORTUGUESEBAHASA INDONESIAJAPANESEGERMANFRENCH& 200 OTHERLANGUAGES

Page 23: Rey Ty   Human Rights And Armed Conflict Powerpt Geography Class

JAPANESE JAPANESE AGGRESSION IN AGGRESSION IN

THE PACIFIC THE PACIFIC DURING WORLD DURING WORLD

WAR IIWAR IIRey Ty

1. CRIME AGAINST PEACE

2. WAR CRIMES

3. CRIMES AGAINST HUMANITY

Page 24: Rey Ty   Human Rights And Armed Conflict Powerpt Geography Class
Page 25: Rey Ty   Human Rights And Armed Conflict Powerpt Geography Class

ARMED CONFLICTS IN ASIA 1940s-2000

Rey TyWORLD WAR II ASIA-PACIFIC

ETHNIC TENSIONSINDONESIA, MALAYSIA, S. LANKA

TERRITORIAL DISPUTES & BORDER CLASHES

INDIA-PAKISTAN-BANGLADESH, PRC-ROC, CHINA-INDIA, PRC-USSR, N-S KOREA, SPRATLYS

NATIONAL LIBERATION MOVEMENTS

ACEH, E. TIMOR, MORO MINDANAO, TIBET, XINJIANG

COMMUNIST ARMED STRUGGLE

MALAYSIA, PHILIPPINES, THAILAND

REVOLUTIONSCHINA, KAMPUCHEA, VIETNAM

CIVIL UNRESTBURMA, INDONESIA, PHILIPPINES, THAILAND

REFUGEES & “INTERNAL REFUGEES”

BURMA, CAMBODIA, PHILIPPINES, S. LANKA, VIETNAM

Page 26: Rey Ty   Human Rights And Armed Conflict Powerpt Geography Class

HUMAN RIGHTS CONCERNS

Rey TyVIOLATIONS

EXTRA-JUDICIAL KILLINGS

DISAPPEARANCES

TORTURE

TORTURE LEADING TO DEATH IN PRISON

PRISONERS OF CONSCIENCE

UNFAIR TRIALS

DETENTION W/O CHARGE OR TRIAL

JUDICIAL EXECUTION

DEATH SENTENCE

ARMED OPPOSITION GRPS’ ABUSES

Page 27: Rey Ty   Human Rights And Armed Conflict Powerpt Geography Class

1992-161 countries

-injustice and inhumanity in every region of the world

-In dozens of countries, prisoners of conscience are in jails and camps.

-scores of GOV’T sanction the torture or rape of prisoners.

-Thousands of people "disappear" or are murdered by government agents and "death squads”

-armed POL. GROUPS also commit abuses

Page 28: Rey Ty   Human Rights And Armed Conflict Powerpt Geography Class

1993

1. Governments around the world imprison, torture, and kill their opponents.

2. Some armed opposition groups seek to gain advantage by taking hostages and killing defenseless bystanders.

3. Human Rights Activists work to defend the weak and hold the powerful to account.

Page 29: Rey Ty   Human Rights And Armed Conflict Powerpt Geography Class

1994 WOMEN

-raped, mutilated and killed by both government and opposition forces, and held as prisoners of conscience. -invisible victims

-Millions of women resist repression & stand up for their rights.

-part of growing a international movement of women's organizations and human rights groups.

-human rights violations suffered by women, men and children in 151 countries

Page 30: Rey Ty   Human Rights And Armed Conflict Powerpt Geography Class

1995WORLD

VIOLATIONS COUNTRIES

POL. KILLINGS 63

MISSING 49

TORTURE 114

TORTURE LEADING TO DEATH IN PRISON

54

POCs 85

UNFAIR TRIALS 27

DETENTION W/O CHARGE OR TRIAL

43

EXECUTION 41

DEATH SENTENCE 58

ARMED OPPOSITION GRPS’ ABUSES

41

Page 31: Rey Ty   Human Rights And Armed Conflict Powerpt Geography Class

1995ASIA

VIOLATIONS COUNTRIES

POL. KILLINGS 12

MISSING 4

TORTURE 21

TORTURE LEADING TO DEATH IN PRISON

11

POCs 18

UNFAIR TRIALS 3

DETENTION W/O CHARGE OR TRIAL

9

EXECUTION 12

DEATH SENTENCE 13

ARMED OPPOSITION GRPS’ ABUSES

6

Page 32: Rey Ty   Human Rights And Armed Conflict Powerpt Geography Class

1995ASIA

VIOLATIONS COUNTRIES

POL. KILLINGS AUSTRALIA, BANGLADESH, INDIA, INDONESIA, E. TIMOR, PAKISTAN, PNG, PHILIPPINES, S.LANKA

MISSING INDIA, INDONESIA, E.TIMOR, PHILIPPINES, S.LANKA

TORTURE BANGLADESH, CAMBODIA, CHINA, INDIA, INDONESIA, E.TIMOR, PAKISTAN, PHILIPPINES

TORTURE LEADING TO DEATH IN PRISON

INDIA, MONGOLIA, MYANMAR, PAKISTAN

POCs CHINA, AFGHANISTAN, INDIA, INDONESIA, E.TIMOR, MYANMAR, NEPAL, S.KOREA, S.LANKA

UNFAIR TRIALS CHINA, INDONESIA, E.TIMOR, VIETNAM

DETENTION W/O CHARGE OR TRIAL

9CHINA, S.LANKA, PAKISTAN, MALAYSIA, BANGLADESH

EXECUTION CHINA, SINGAPORE, INDONESIA, E.TIMOR, JAPAN, MALAYSIA, PAKISTAN, S.KOREA, TAIWAN, VIETNAM

DEATH SENTENCE INDIA, INDONESIA, E.TIMOR, JAPAN, S.KOREA

ARMED OPPOSITION GRPS’ ABUSES

AFGHANISTAN, CAMBODIA, INDIA, PHILIPPINES, S.LANKA

Page 33: Rey Ty   Human Rights And Armed Conflict Powerpt Geography Class

1995POSITIVE

DEVELOPMENTSMYANMAR, NEPAL, PHILIPPINES, SOUTH KOREA

RELEASE OF POLITICAL PRISONERS

PAKISTAN SET UP H.R. MINISTRY

OSAKA, JAPAN

(NOVEMBER)

NGO PARALLEL MEETING

BEIJING 4TH U.N. WORLD CONFERENCE ON WOMEN

Page 34: Rey Ty   Human Rights And Armed Conflict Powerpt Geography Class

EAST TIMORRey Ty

Indonesian annexation of ET started the whole series of

HRVs & HLVs. In the period of transition to independence,

pro-integration or pro-Indonesia forces continue to commit HR

& HL abuses. in the post-independence stage, the

economic rehabilitation & the dev’t of pol. institutions of ET would be difficult and requires massive international human,

material, & financial support.

Page 35: Rey Ty   Human Rights And Armed Conflict Powerpt Geography Class

BURMARey Ty

The current political crisis in Burma started in 1990 when the

military junta refused to recognize the results of the legislative elections and to hand over

political power to the victorious oppositionists. The Burmese

military junta’s refusal to enter into dialogue with the opposition and its unwillingness to cede pol.

power to the popularly elected civilians is a major cause of the

worsening HR situation in Burma today. The stronger the

repression, the stronger the

opposition, thus, the stalemate.

Page 36: Rey Ty   Human Rights And Armed Conflict Powerpt Geography Class

CAMBODIARey Ty

1. During the Cold War period, C. was a victim of US-SU rivalry and the

S.U.-PRC. The “hot war” the U.S., S.U., PRC, & Vietnam waged in

Kampuchea resulted in a very brutal armed conflict & massive HRVs.  2. The post-Cold War Cambodian

society inherits and still has to process its Cold-War-period problems.

Among these are: armed conflict and civil war, the destruction of the

economy, poverty, genocide, land mines, & the personality cult.  

3. New issues that emerged during the Post-Cold War period include

following issues: the rule of law, HR, the trafficking in women girl-children

& HIV/AIDS.

Page 37: Rey Ty   Human Rights And Armed Conflict Powerpt Geography Class

1995-Torture, extra-judicial

execution, disappearance, thousands remained incarcerated after unfair trials.

-Women, children & the elderly were all victims

Page 38: Rey Ty   Human Rights And Armed Conflict Powerpt Geography Class

1995

TORTURE• Afghanistan, 100s cases of

torture & rape solely because they belonged to a rival ethnic group, or to extract money from their families.

• In China, torture of political and criminal detainees widespread, often to force confessions or to intimidate and punish

• prisoners, with many victims tortured with electro-shock weapons.

Page 39: Rey Ty   Human Rights And Armed Conflict Powerpt Geography Class

1995

• In India, torture of detainees was endemic in every state, with many victims from underprivileged sections of society.

• Torture was also reported in Bangladesh, Cambodia, Indonesia and East Timor and the Philippines.

Page 40: Rey Ty   Human Rights And Armed Conflict Powerpt Geography Class

1995• Many people died as a result of

torture or ill-treatment in detention.

• In Myanmar, more than 1,300 prisoners died because of illness and

ill-treatment when they were forced to work on road building projects. Many of these prisoners were made to labor long hours, breaking rocks while held in leg-irons and denied adequate food or sleep.

Page 41: Rey Ty   Human Rights And Armed Conflict Powerpt Geography Class

1995• 100 people died in custody in

Mongolia, some due to starvation and illness. Prisoners must work for their food.

• In Pakistan, at least 70 people died in custody as a result of torture, deaths which the police often tried to disguise as suicides.

• Prisoners also died as a result of ill-treatment in detention in

• Afghanistan, Bangladesh and India.

Page 42: Rey Ty   Human Rights And Armed Conflict Powerpt Geography Class

1995• 21 aboriginal people died

in custody or during police operations in Australia - the highest number since records started being kept in 1980 - and police reportedly continued to harass relatives who were unwilling to accept official explanations and called for further investigations.

Page 43: Rey Ty   Human Rights And Armed Conflict Powerpt Geography Class

1995 UNFAIR TRIALS-China-Indonesia & East Timor: 20

prisoners of conscience were sentenced to prison terms after unfair trials & some 150 political prisoners continued to serve sentences of up to life imprisonment after

unfair trials in previous years. -In Viet Nam, members of

religious groups were among those given prison sentences after unfair trials.

Page 44: Rey Ty   Human Rights And Armed Conflict Powerpt Geography Class

1995PRISONERS FO CONSCIENCE

China 2,200

Afghanistan 1,000

Sri Lanka 300

Page 45: Rey Ty   Human Rights And Armed Conflict Powerpt Geography Class

1995DEATH PENALTY

CHINA 3,110 DEATH SENTENCES

CHINA 2,190 EXECUTIONS

SINGAPORE 50 EXECUTIONS

TAIWAN 15 SENTENCES

JAPAN, MALAYSIA, S.KOREA, VIETNAM

SENTENCES

Page 46: Rey Ty   Human Rights And Armed Conflict Powerpt Geography Class

1995EXTRA-JUDICIAL

EXECUTIONJAMMU & KASHMIR

SCORES KILLED

KARACHI, PAKISTAN

SCORES

INDONESIA, EAST TIMOR, PHILIPPINES, BANGLADESH

HUNDREDS AND

THOUSANDS

Page 47: Rey Ty   Human Rights And Armed Conflict Powerpt Geography Class

1995ARMED (OPPOSITION)

GROUPSAFGHANISTAN

SRI LANKA Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam

(LTTE)

PHILIPPINES ABU SAYYAF

CAMBODIA, INDIA,

MYANMAR

Page 48: Rey Ty   Human Rights And Armed Conflict Powerpt Geography Class

1996WORLD

VIOLATIONS COUNTRIES

POL. KILLINGS 69

MISSING 30

TORTURE 124

POCs 94

EXECUTION 41

Page 49: Rey Ty   Human Rights And Armed Conflict Powerpt Geography Class

1996ASIA

VIOLATIONS COUNTRIES

POL. KILLINGS: HUNDREDS 15: AFGHAN, BANGLA, CAMBODIA, INDIA, INDONESIA & E.TIMOR, MALAYSIA, NEPAL, PAKISTAN, PNG, PHIL, S.LANKA

MISSING: HUNDREDS; 3,000 TOTAL 9: PAKISTAN & S.LANKA

TORTURE: TENS OF THOUSANDS 24: AFGHAN, AUS, BANGLA, PRC, INDIA, INDONESIA & ET, JAPAN, N.& S. KOR, MYANMAR, NEPAL, PAKISTAN, PHILIPPINES, S.LANKA, VIETNAM

TORTURE LEADING TO DEATH IN PRISON: 322

8: CAMBODIA, INDIA, NEPAL, PAKISTAN, PNG

POCs: 4,000 22: AFGHAN, CAMBODIA, PRC, INDIA, INDONESIA & ET, MYANMAR, SINGAPORE

UNFAIR TRIALS: THOUSANDS CHINA, CAMBODIA, INDONESIA & ET, MALDIES, MYANMAR, PAKISTAN, TONGA

DETENTION W/O CHARGE OR TRIAL: 29,000

19: CHINA, BANGLADESH, INDIA, S.LANKA, INDONESIA & ET, MALAYSIA, MYANMAR, NEPAL

EXECUTION: 6,337 11: CHINA (3,500), SINGAPORE (38), AFGHAN, INDIA, JAPAN, N.KOR, MALAYSIA, PAKISTAN, TAIWAN, THAI, VIETNAM

DEATH SENTENCE: 6,337 11

ARMED OPPOSITION GROUPS’ ABUSES 11: AFGHAN, CAMBODIA, INDIA, NEPAL, PAKISTAN, PNG, PHIL, S.LANKA

Page 50: Rey Ty   Human Rights And Armed Conflict Powerpt Geography Class

1996ASIA

• HRVs were committed in virtually every country of the Asia Pacific region.

• Security forces and armed opposition groups were responsible for widespread extra-judicial executions and "disappearances", while torture and ill-treatment was commonplace in police stations and prison cells. Thousands of political prisoners and prisoners of conscience languished in jails with or without often unfair trials.

Page 51: Rey Ty   Human Rights And Armed Conflict Powerpt Geography Class

1996ASIA

• -Sri Lanka, 220 "disappearances“-mostly in the Jaffna peninsula.-highest level since 1992 as hostilities continued between the government and Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam forces.

Page 52: Rey Ty   Human Rights And Armed Conflict Powerpt Geography Class

1996ASIA

FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION & ASSOCIATION

-In July, the Indonesian government launched the most severe crackdown on pro- democracy activists for 20 years. Members of unofficial opposition parties and trades unionists were among those detained and currently facing unfair trials for subversion.

Page 53: Rey Ty   Human Rights And Armed Conflict Powerpt Geography Class

1996ASIA

• In India, security forces and armed opposition groups both violently attacked and abducted journalists covering the elections in Jammu and Kashmir.

• Journalists have been jailed in Pakistan for exposing human rights abuses, and journalists were harassed and killed in Cambodia, allegedly with the involvement of the security forces.

Page 54: Rey Ty   Human Rights And Armed Conflict Powerpt Geography Class

1996ASIA

NGOs

-The leader of a Malaysian women's NGO was put on trial for exposing allegations of HR abuses

-in South Korea the government introduced new legislation which maintained restrictions on the basic rights of trades unionists.

Page 55: Rey Ty   Human Rights And Armed Conflict Powerpt Geography Class

1996ASIA

• In Nepal, around 100 Amnesty International members and Tibetan activists were detained for up to two days for peacefully calling for human rights reform in China.

• In February, Albert Langer became the first prisoner of conscience in Australia since the Viet Nam war.

Page 56: Rey Ty   Human Rights And Armed Conflict Powerpt Geography Class

1996ASIA

• In Taleban controlled areas of Afghanistan, women and girls found their freedom of movement and association severely restricted. Some were beaten with chains for being outside their homes or not wearing the burqua, others were banned from attending work and schools.

Page 57: Rey Ty   Human Rights And Armed Conflict Powerpt Geography Class

1996ASIA

-State security laws used to imprison and silence their critics

-In China, the authorities continued to jail human rights activists and others brave enough to voice a dissenting opinion, while thousands more remained in prison. In the Xinjiang and Tibet Autonomous Regions, the authorities harshly repressed people calling for more religious and political freedoms.

Page 58: Rey Ty   Human Rights And Armed Conflict Powerpt Geography Class

1996ASIA

• Hong Kong: return to Chinese sovereignty in 1997: “ONE COUNTRY, TWO SYSTEMS”

• The Philippines government sentenced 127 people to death, while police brutality and forced confessions continued.

• As a result of its "Strike Hard" campaign China sentenced at least 6,000 people to death, more than 3,500 of whom were confirmed to have been executed.

Page 59: Rey Ty   Human Rights And Armed Conflict Powerpt Geography Class

1997ASIA

VIOLATIONS COUNTRIES

POL. KILLINGS 11

MISSING 5

TORTURE 22

TORTURE LEADING TO DEATH IN PRISON

11

POCs 18

UNFAIR TRIALS 3

DETENTION W/O CHARGE OR TRIAL

12

EXECUTION 12

DEATH SENTENCE 15

ARMED OPPOSITION GROUPS’ ABUSES

9

Page 60: Rey Ty   Human Rights And Armed Conflict Powerpt Geography Class

1997ASIA

• EFFECTS OF ECONOMIC CRISIS ON HR

• ECONOMICALLY DISADVANTAGED GROUPS, MIGRANT LABOR, MINORITY GROUPS

Page 61: Rey Ty   Human Rights And Armed Conflict Powerpt Geography Class

1997ASIA

• CHINA: WORKERS PROTESTING VS. CORRUPTION—INJURED & ARRESTED

• VIETNAM: NEWSPAPER EDITOR DETAINED W/O TRIAL FOR WRITING ABOUT CORRUPTION

• INDONESIA: 26 DETAINED FOR 3 DAYS FOR ORGANIZING A LABOR RIGHTS WORKSHOP

• S. KOREA: 650 POL. PRISONERS ARRESTED—TRADE UNION LEADERS

Page 62: Rey Ty   Human Rights And Armed Conflict Powerpt Geography Class

1997ASIA

• INDIA: HUNDREDS OF PROTESTERS ARRESTED FOR DEMONSTRATING VS. POWER PLANT CONSTRUCTION

• MALAYSIA: DAYAK IBAN INDIGENOUS COMMUNITY MEMBERS ARRESTED OVER PROTESTS ABOUT LAND RIGHTS

• MALAYSIA: NATIONAL SECURITY ACT VS. RELIGIOUS ACTIVISTS & VS. CURRENCY SPECULATIONS

• SINGAPORE: GOVT BROUGHT OPPOSITION LEADERS TO CIVIL SUIT

Page 63: Rey Ty   Human Rights And Armed Conflict Powerpt Geography Class

1997ASIA

• N. KOREA: 3 YEARS OF FOOD SHORTAGE; SEVERAL THOUSAND CHILDREN DYING MONTHLY; 2 MILLION DEATHS IN THE PAST 3 YEARS

• CHINA: REPRESSION IN XINJIANG & TIBET FOR ADVOCATING RELIGIOUS FREEDOM OR INDEPENDENCE

• MYANMAR: EXTRAJUDICIAL KILLINGS, FORCIBLE RELOCATIONS, TORTURE OF ETHNIC MINORITIES

Page 64: Rey Ty   Human Rights And Armed Conflict Powerpt Geography Class

1997ASIA

• PAKISTAN: POLICE ATTACKED CHRISTIAN COMMUNITY IN PUNJAB; TRIALS VS. RELIGIOUS MINORITIES

• BHUTAN: 150 PRISONERS OF CONSCIENCE FROM SARCHOP COMMUNITY DETAINED

• AFGHANISTAN: THOUSANDS DETAINED & TORTURED BECAUSE OF THEIR ETHNICITY OR “UN-ISLAMIC” BEHAVIOR

Page 65: Rey Ty   Human Rights And Armed Conflict Powerpt Geography Class

1997ASIA

• AUSTRALIA: ARRIVING REFUGEES W/O PAPERS AUTOMATICALLY DETAINED

• MYANMAR: FORCED REPATRIATION FROM BANGLADESH OF 400 ROHINYA REFUGEES

• THAILAND: 6,000 REFUGEES SENT BACK TO MYANMAR

• MALDIVES: 17 TURKISH ASYLUM SEEKERS HELD IN BAD CONDITIONS

• JAPAN: FOREIGN NATIONALS ILL-TREATED

Page 66: Rey Ty   Human Rights And Armed Conflict Powerpt Geography Class

1997ASIA

• AFGHANISTAN: HUNDREDS OF UNARMED CIVILIANS KILLED IN ATTACKS & MASSACRES BY VARIOUS ARMED GROUPS

• CAMBODIA: 16 KILLED IN PEACEFUL OPPOSITION DEMONSTRATION

• INDIA: UNARMED CIVILIANS KILLED IN CROSSFIRE

Page 67: Rey Ty   Human Rights And Armed Conflict Powerpt Geography Class

1997ASIA

• MYANMAR: TENS OF THOUSANDS OF KAREN & SHAN REFUGEES FLEE TO THAILAND TO ESCAPE ILL-TREATMENT & FORCED PORTERING FOR THE ARMY

• NEPAL: 700 SUSPECTED OF BEING INVOLVED IN “PEOPLE’S WAR” WERE JAILED W/O TRIAL

• NEPAL: ARMED OPPOSITION GROUP KILLED 18

Page 68: Rey Ty   Human Rights And Armed Conflict Powerpt Geography Class

1997ASIA

• PAPUA NEW GUINEA: HUNDREDS OF EXTRAJUDICIAL EXECUTIONS & DISAPPEARANCES

• SRI LANKA: THOUSANDS ARRESTED & P.O.C.s; 80 DISAPPEARANCES

• PAKISTAN: LAW GIVES SWEEPING POLICE POWER TO USE LETHAL FORCE VS. ANYONE SUSPECTED OF COMMITTING TERRORISM; 50 EXTRAJUDICAL EXECUTIONS

Page 69: Rey Ty   Human Rights And Armed Conflict Powerpt Geography Class

1997ASIA

• ALL OVER ASIA: REPRESSIVE LAW TO INTIMIDATE OPPOSITION

• INDIA: THOUSANDS OF POL. PRISONERS IN JAIL, INCL. HR DEFENDERS; 3OO DIED IN CUSTODY

• INDONESIA: 300 POCs IN JAIL; TORTURE

• MYANMAR: 1,200 POL. PRISONERS; SHORT-TERM DETENTION TO INTIMIDATE OPPOSITION

• PAKISTAN: HUNDREDS OF POL. PRISONERS DETAINED W/O CHARGE OR TRIAL; TORTURE

Page 70: Rey Ty   Human Rights And Armed Conflict Powerpt Geography Class

1997ASIA

• SOME GOVTS CHALLENGE INTL HRLAW

• AUSTRALIA: MOVED TO LEGISLATE LAW ALLOWING DISREGARD FOR RATIFIED I. HR LAW

• N. KOREA: WITHDRAW FROM ICCPR

• PHILIPPINES: 450 UNDER DEATH SENTENCE; USE OF TORTURE TO EXTRACT CONFESSION

• TAIWAN: USE OF DEATH PENALTY

Page 71: Rey Ty   Human Rights And Armed Conflict Powerpt Geography Class

1997ASIA

POSITIVE DEVELOPMENTS• BANGLADESH, FIJI, SRI LANKA, NEPAL,

THAILAND: SET UP NAT’L HR COMMISSIONS

• CHINA: SIGNED ICESCR, ABOLISH DEATH PENALTY FOR JUVENILES

• INDIA: SIGNED CONVENTION VS. TORTURE

• S. KOREA: KIM DAEJONG (FORMER POC) ELECTED AS PRESIDENT IN DECEMBER; PROMISED RELEASE OF POL. PRISONERS & HR REFORM

• SRI LANKA: SECURITY FORCES TO BE RESPONSIBLE FOR DISAPPEARANCES

• THAILAND: ADOPTED NEW CONSTITUTION W/ STRONG HR PROVISIONS

Page 72: Rey Ty   Human Rights And Armed Conflict Powerpt Geography Class

1998ASIA

VIOLATIONS COUNTRIES

POL. KILLINGS 9

MISSING 7

TORTURE 22

TORTURE LEADING TO DEATH IN PRISON

11

POCs 16

UNFAIR TRIALS 4

DETENTION W/O CHARGE OR TRIAL

9

EXECUTION 8

DEATH SENTENCE 16

ARMED OPPOSITION GRPS’ ABUSES

10

Page 73: Rey Ty   Human Rights And Armed Conflict Powerpt Geography Class

1998ASIA

• S. KOREA: 150 POL. PRISONERS RELEASED

• INDONESIA & E. TIMOR: 179 POL. PRISONERS RELEASED

• VIETNAM: 7,000 POL. PRISONERS RELEASED

• INDONESIA: LEGAL REFORM; RATIFIED CONVENTION VS. TORTURE

Page 74: Rey Ty   Human Rights And Armed Conflict Powerpt Geography Class

1998ASIA

• TAIWAN: REVISED CODE OF CRIMINAL PROCEDURE

• NEPAL: ABOLISHED DEATH PENALTY BY SIGNING PROT. II TO ICCPR

• SRI LANKA: 5 SECURITY FORCE MEMBERS GUILTY OF MURDER, RAPE, DISAPPEARANCES

Page 75: Rey Ty   Human Rights And Armed Conflict Powerpt Geography Class

1998ASIA

• ECON. CRISIS LED TO HR ABUSES

• S. KOREA: TRADE UNIONISTS DETAINED AFTER PROTESTS OVER JOB LOSSES

• THAILAND: BURMESE ASYLUM SEEKERS ARRESTED & DETAINED AS ILLEGALS

• INDONESIA: MIL. KILLED 4 STUDENTS AFTER PROTEST OVER ECON. CRISIS

• N. KOREA: THOUSANDS MORE DIE DUE TO FOOD SHORTAGES

Page 76: Rey Ty   Human Rights And Armed Conflict Powerpt Geography Class

1998ASIA

• ABUSE OF SECURITY LAW TO SILENCE OPPOSITION

• CHINA: NEW STATE SECURITY LAW OF 1997 USED TO TRY & SENTENCE DISSIDENTS TO 11-13 YEARS PRISON TERMS

• MALAYSIA: INTERNAL SECURITY ACT USED TO ARREST 17 POL. ELITE

Page 77: Rey Ty   Human Rights And Armed Conflict Powerpt Geography Class

1998ASIA

• INDIA: ARMED FORCES SPECIAL POWERS ACT FACILITATES HRV IN JAMMU & KASHMIR

• PAKISTAN: SUMMARY MIL. COURTS ISSUE DEATH SENTENCES & LEAD TO EXECUTIONS

• NEPAL: 1,800 ARRESTS, INCL. POCs

• BHUTAN: NAT’L SECURITY ACT USED TO ARREST & DETAIN PRO-DEMOCRACY PEOPLE

Page 78: Rey Ty   Human Rights And Armed Conflict Powerpt Geography Class

1998ASIA

• SRI LANKA: THOUSANDS OF TAMILS ARRESTED & DETAINED

• MYANMAR: HUNDREDS OF NLD ACTIVISTS & STUDENTS ARRESTED

• SINGAPORE: GOVT MIS-USED DEFAMATION SUITS TO SILENCE OPPOSITION

• CAMBODIA: SECURITY FORCES DETAINED MANY FOR EXPRESSING POL. VIEWS

Page 79: Rey Ty   Human Rights And Armed Conflict Powerpt Geography Class

1998ASIA

• AFGHANISTAN: MINOR-ITY GROUPS TAKEN PRISONER, INCL. SUS-PECTED TALIBAN OPPONENTS & NON-PASHTUN MINORITIES (E.G. HAZARAS); TORTURE & KILLING

• INDIA: ARMED OPPOSITION GROUPS KILL DOZENS OF UN-ARMED HINDU-MINORITY WOMEN, MEN, & CHILDREN IN JAMMU & KASHMIR

Page 80: Rey Ty   Human Rights And Armed Conflict Powerpt Geography Class

1998ASIA

• CHINA: CRACKDOWN ON UIGHUR, XINJIANG MUSLIM LEADERS & TIBETAN NATIONALISTS

• MYANMAR: MIL. SEIZE ETHNIC MINORITIES FOR FORCED LABOR

Page 81: Rey Ty   Human Rights And Armed Conflict Powerpt Geography Class

1998ASIA

HARSH CRIMINAL JUSTICE

JAPAN• INTERNAL RULES

GOVERNING PRISONERS’ LIVES ARE CONFIDENTIAL FOR “NATIONAL SECURITY” REASONS

• IF PRISONERS LOOK AT OTHER PRISONERS, THEY ARE FORCED TO KNEEL OR SIT IN THE SAME POSITION EVERY DAY FOR 2 MONTHS

Page 82: Rey Ty   Human Rights And Armed Conflict Powerpt Geography Class

1998ASIA

• AUSTRALIA: NEW JUVENILE

JUSTICE POLICIES DETAIN MINORS (ESP. ABORIGINES) IN SOMETIMES CRUEL, INHUMAN OR DEGRADING CIRCUMSTANCES; 11 YR-OLD SUSPECTS SOMETIMES DETAINED IN ADULT POLICE CELLS 1,500 KM. FROM HOME

• PHILIPPINES: SET DATE FOR 1ST EXECUTION SINCE 1976

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1999ASIA

VIOLATIONS COUNTRIES

POL. KILLINGS 7

MISSING 5

TORTURE 23

POCs 12

UNFAIR TRIALS 9

DETENTION W/O CHARGE OR TRIAL

11

EXECUTION 9

DEATH SENTENCE 14

ARMED OPPOSITION GRPS’ ABUSES

9

Page 84: Rey Ty   Human Rights And Armed Conflict Powerpt Geography Class

1999ASIA

• TORTURE, DISAPPEARANCES, ARBITRARY DETENTION

• EAST TIMOR: VOTED FOR INDEPENDENCE; HUNDREDS OF PEOPLE KILLED; TENS OF THOUSANDS EVACUATED

• INDONESIA: HUNDREDS KILLED IN COUNTER-INSURGENCY OPERATIONS, COMMUNAL VIOLENCE & POL. PROTESTS; 10 MEN JAILED IN 1965 & OTHER PPs & POCs RELEASED

Page 85: Rey Ty   Human Rights And Armed Conflict Powerpt Geography Class

1999ASIA

• SOLOMON ISLANDS: INTER-ETHNIC VIOLENCE; 100s DEAD & INJURED; 1000s DISPLACED

• INDIA: 100s KILLED IN JAMMU & KASHMIR; 100s DISPLACED

• AFGHANISTAN: INTER-ETHNIC FIGHTING; TELEBAN FORCES BURNED HOMES, DESTROYED ORCHARDS, WHEAT FIELDS, IRRIGATION SYSTEM; DISPLACED 100,000 TAJIK PEOPLE; TALIBAN COURT ORDERED FLOGGINGS, AMPUTATIONS & EXECUTIONS AFTER UNFAIR TRIALS

Page 86: Rey Ty   Human Rights And Armed Conflict Powerpt Geography Class

1999ASIA

• PHILIPPINES: 1ST EXECUTION IN 23 YEARS; 6 KILLED BY LETHAL INJECTION

• TAIWAN: 24 EXECUTIONS• VIETNAM: SCORES SEN-

TENCED TO DEATH, PUB-LIC EXECUTION BY FIRIGN SQUAD

• SINGAPORE: DEATH PENALTY MANDATORY FOR DRUG TRAFFICKING, MURDER, TREASON & FIREARMS OFFENSES; 1 OF WORLD’S HIGHEST EXECUTION RATES

Page 87: Rey Ty   Human Rights And Armed Conflict Powerpt Geography Class

1999ASIA

• NEPAL: ABOLISHED DEATH PENALTY; BUT 44 DISAPPEARED AFTER POLICE ARREST

• MALAYSIA: HUNDREDS OF ANTI-MAHATHIR ON TRIAL

• VIETNAM, LAOS, CHINA: RESTRICTIONS ON RELIGIOUS FREEDOM

Page 88: Rey Ty   Human Rights And Armed Conflict Powerpt Geography Class

1999ASIA

• CHINA: POLICE ARBITRARILY DETAINED 1000s & SOME SENTENCED TO LONG PRISON TERMS AFTER UNFAIR TRIALS OR SENT TO FORCED LABOR CAMPS

• CHINA: 18,000 EXECUTIONS IN 1990S

Page 89: Rey Ty   Human Rights And Armed Conflict Powerpt Geography Class

1999ASIA

• JAPAN: 5 EXECUTED; MANY HELD FOR DEATH SENTENCE IN SOLITARY CONFINEMENT

• S. KOREA: SOLITARY CONFINEMT

• N. KOREA: 100s CROSS INTO CHINA FOR FOOD; N. KOREAN SECURITY FORCES SHOT SOME

Page 90: Rey Ty   Human Rights And Armed Conflict Powerpt Geography Class

1999ASIA

-MYANMAR: 200 SENTENCED TO LONG PRISON TERMS; 1,200 EXISTING POL. PRISONERS; MIL. INVOLVED IN FORCED RELOCATION, FORCED PORTERING, & KILLING OF ETHNIC MINORITIES; ICRC VISIT DETAINEES

-CAMBODIA: NEGOTIATIONS W/ U.N. ON BRINGING KHMER ROUGE TO TRIAL FOR HRVs

Page 91: Rey Ty   Human Rights And Armed Conflict Powerpt Geography Class

1999ASIA

• SOUTH ASIA: WOMEN SUBJECTS TO ACID ATTACKS & HONOR KILLINGS

• PAKISTAN: GOVT FAILED TO INVESTIGATE HONOR KILLINGS OF 100s OF GIRLS & WOMEN & TRAFFICKING OF WOMEN

• BANGLADESH: GOVT FAILED TO PROTECT WOMEN FROM ACID ATTACKS & DOWRY-RELATED MURDERS OR INVESTIGATE RAPE IN CUSTODY BY POLICE; SOME POLICE ASK FOR BRIBE TO INVESTIGATE

Page 92: Rey Ty   Human Rights And Armed Conflict Powerpt Geography Class

1999ASIA

• INDIA: ATTACKS ON DALITS & TRIBALS APPARENTLY W/ CONNIVANCE OF POLICE & LOCAL AUTHORITIES; WOMEN W/ PROBLEM TO ACCESS JUSTICE; HR WORKERS BECOME VICTIMS THEMSELVES

• SRI LANKA: EXHUME 15 REMAINS OF THOSE MISSING SINCE MID-1996; LTTE KILLED MPs & LOCAL COUNCILLORS

Page 93: Rey Ty   Human Rights And Armed Conflict Powerpt Geography Class

1999ASIA

• NEW ZEALAND: NEW LAW DETAINS ASYLUM-SEEKERS ARRIVING W/O PAPERS

• AUSTRALIA: 4,000 REFUGEE APPLICANTS & BOAT PEOPLE WERE W/O JUDICIAL CONTROL

Page 94: Rey Ty   Human Rights And Armed Conflict Powerpt Geography Class

HUMAN RIGHTS IN ASIAN COUNTRIES

1995-1999Rey Ty

0

5

10

15

20

25

1995 1996 1997 1998 1999

POL. KILLINGS

MISSING

TORTURE

TORTURED TODEATHPOCs

UNFAIR TRIAL

ARB. DETENTION

EXECUTION

DEATH SENTENCE

ARMEDOPPOSITION ABUSE

Page 95: Rey Ty   Human Rights And Armed Conflict Powerpt Geography Class

HUMAN RIGHTS IN ASIAN COUNTRIES

1995-1999Rey Ty

0

5

10

15

20

25

POL.KILLING UNFAIR TRIALS

19951996199719981999

Page 96: Rey Ty   Human Rights And Armed Conflict Powerpt Geography Class

CONSTRAINTS OR CONSTRAINTS OR CHOICE?CHOICE?

Rey TyRey Ty

1 ABUSE RESPECT

2GROSS VIOLATIONS OFHUMAN RIGHTS

INDIVIDUAL PETITION

3ALTERNATIVE TOURISMORECO-TOURISM

ECO-TERRORISM

456

Page 97: Rey Ty   Human Rights And Armed Conflict Powerpt Geography Class

RECOMMENDATIONS

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