rey ty. (2014). hofstede's cultural dimensions
TRANSCRIPT
Gerard Hendrik
(Geert)
Hofstede’s Cultural
DimensionsRey Ty
http://my.fit.edu/~gabrenya/cultural/bigshots/hofstede.jpg
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Introduction
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Problem•With so many different cultures around the world, how can we effectively negotiate with people in business, economy, politics, and international law?
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Objective•To understand one way of viewing cultures across countries so that we can use these tools to negotiate effectively with people in business, economy, politics, & international law.
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Hofstede•Focus on Hofstede’s cultural analysis.
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Webster’s Definition1. CULTURE: the beliefs, customs, arts,
etc., of a particular society, group, place, or time.
2. a particular society that has its own beliefs, ways of life, art, etc.
3. a way of thinking, behaving, or working that exists in a place or organization (such as a business).
http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/culture
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Literature Review
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Literature Review
Inglehart
Fukuyama
Huntington
Lewis
Hofstede
Freedom House
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FukuyamaEnd of History?
Capitalism Socialism Capitalism
Markets Planned Economy Markets
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HuntingtonClash of Civilizations?
http://orcnselcuk.files.wordpress.com/2013/02/clash_civilizations1.gif
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The Lewis cultural model (Source: crossculture.com)
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The Lewis cultural model (Source: crossculture.com)
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Analysis of Hofstede’s Cultural
Dimensions
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Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions
National Culture
Organizational Culture
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Hofstede’s Definition1. Culture: “This programming influences patterns of
thinking which are reflected in the meaning people attach to various aspects of life and which become crystallised in the institutions of a society.”
2. Differences between individuals. 3. The law of the big numbers and social control. 4. Statements about one culture on the level of
“values” do not describe “reality”; generalisationsand are relative.
5. “Without comparison, a country score is meaningless.”
Source: http://geert-hofstede.com/countries.html
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Culture Compass™•Go online: “Select a country in the dropdown menu above to see the values for the 6 dimensions. After a first country has been selected, a second and even a third country can be chosen to be able to see a comparison of their scores.”
SOURCE: http://geert-hofstede.com/countries.html
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Dimensions of National Culture1. Power Distance (PDI)
2. Individualism versus Collectivism (IDV)
3. Masculinity versus Femininity (MAS)
4. Uncertainty Avoidance (UAI)
5. 1991 Long-Term Orientation (LTO)
6. 2010 Indulgence vs. Restraint (IND)
SOURCE: http://geert-hofstede.com/dimensions.html
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Hofstede’s Cultural DimensionsIndividualism Collectivism
Masculinity Femininity
High Uncertainty Avoidance Low Uncertainty Avoidance
Lo Power Distance Hi Power Distance
Short-Term Orientation Long-Term Orientation
Indulgence RestraintSOURCE http://hofstede-cultural-dimensions-theory.wikia.com/wiki/Hofstede_cultural_dimensions_theory_Wiki :
SOURCE: http://geert-hofstede.com/national-culture.html
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http://image.slidesharecdn.com/understandingculturehofstedemktg2000sp14otc-140415113716-phpapp02/95/understanding-global-culture-hofstedes-indeces-overview-8-638.jpg?cb=1397579898
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Cultural DimensionsLow Power
Distance
Collectivism
FemininityLow
Uncertainty Avoidance
Long-Term Orientation
Restraint
High Power Distance
Individualism
MasculinityHigh
Uncertainty Avoidance
ShortTermOrientation
Indulgence
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http://laofutze.files.wordpress.com/2010/01/iri.png?w=700
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Hofstede’s Cultural Dimension
1
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www.niklasblanke.com/uploads/1/0/2/6/10267120/869
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INDIVIDUALISM. http://www.google.com.ph/imgres?imgurl=http://www.targetmap.com/ThumbnailsReports/9826_THUMB_IPAD.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.targetmap.com/viewer.aspx?reportId%3D9826&h=640&w=1024&tbnid=BT6pnT3xrcs9mM:&zoom=1&docid=BF
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Hofstede’s Cultural Dimension
2
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Hofstede’s Cultural Dimension
3
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www.niklasblanke.com/uploads/1/0/2/6/10267120/2703569_orig.jpg
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http://www.searchenginepeople.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/clip_image012_thumb.jpg
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Uncertainty Avoidance
• https://www.targetmap.com/ThumbnailsReports/30152_THUMB_IPAD.jpg
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Hofstede’s Cultural Dimension
4
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POWER DISTANCE: http://www.google.com.ph/imgres?imgurl=http://www.targetmap.com/ThumbnailsReports/6648_THUMB_IPAD.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.targetmap.com/viewer.aspx?reportId%3D6648&h=640&w=1024&tbnid=r8DFW0UTkK--JM:&zoom=1&docid=57eoOzB82wil-M&ei=TLeeVNKDBo-
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Hofstede’s Cultural Dimension
5
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http://www.niklasblanke.com/uploads/1/0/2/6/10267120/5669852_orig.jpg
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http://www.searchenginepeople.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/clip_image014_thumb.jpg
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http://gbr.pepperdine.edu/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/lto.gif
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http://www.equipaje.fr/sites/default/files/images/orientation%20long%20terme.jpg
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Long-Term Orientation
• SOURCE: http://www.google.com.ph/imgres?imgurl=http://www.targetmap.com/ThumbnailsReports/19697_THUMB_IPAD.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.targetmap.com/viewer.aspx?reportId%3D19697&h=640&w=1024&tbnid=JQs1jnQOUek0YM:&zoom=1&docid=eeFOfSc9A4gSKM&ei=TLeeVNKDBo-QuASkh4H4CQ&tbm=isch
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Hofstede’s Cultural Dimension
6
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http://image.slidesharecdn.com/7-140813102147-phpapp01/95/72-cultural-modeling-15-638.jpg?cb=1408574792
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SOURCE: http://www.communicaid.com/cross-cultural-training/blog/indulgence-vs-restraint-6th-dimension/#.VJ6nBCq89
Indulgence vs.
Restraint
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Two-Country
Comparison
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http://compliance.saiglobal.com/community/images/Meacham%20Blog.png
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http://www.parinaz-e.com/images/infodesign/markets.png
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Organizational
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Organizational Culture1. Process-Oriented vs. Results-Oriented
2. Employee-Oriented vs. Job-Oriented
3. Parochial vs. Professional
4. Open System vs. Closed System
5. Loose Control vs. Tight Control
6. Pragmatic vs. Normative
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Conclusion
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Hofstede’s Cultural Dimensions
NationalCulture
Organi-zationalCulture
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Individualism -Collectivism
Masculinity -Femininity
Uncertainty Avoidance
Power Distance
Short- & Long-Term Orientation
Indulgence -Restraint
Summary of National Culture
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Summary of Organizational Culture
Process & Result-
Oriented
Employee & Job-Oriented
Parochial & Professional
Open & Closed System
Loose & Tight Control
Pragmatic & Normative
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International Applications
Understanding ExpectationsDifferent
Customs & Laws
Communication
Negotiation Trade Management Administration
MarketingCustomer
ServicePolitics etc.
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Your
critique?
Reflection:
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Critique National Culture
Organizational Culture
*Group culture?
*Missing Individual Culture?
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Critique
Sampling
Level of Analysis
Synchronic
only
Static, immutable
MasculinityStereotype
Gender?
Binary caricature
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Critique1.Pioneering: Great contribution!2. Sampling: Limited to IBM; later improved; but still not
representative sampling; elite; women?3. Ecological Fallacy: Level of Analysis4. Later improvements: + 2 Dimensions5. But synchronic only; can be diachronic6. Static, immutable7. “Masculinity” & “Femininity” stereotypes8. What about gender?9. Binary carricatures only10. Is the economy not a good variable to include?
(Inglehart included it).
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