Revolutions in AsiaNew Governments & Nations 1911-1949

China

The Qing Dynasty ruled China from 1644-1911

The Qing dynasty weakened throughout the 19th century, the defeat in the Opium War, the Taiping Rebellion, & the Boxer Rebellion all challenged the authority of the Emperor

In 1911, the Revolutionary Alliance (later the Kuomintang) overthrew the 6 year old emperor and 2000 years of absolute dynastic rule

SUN YIXIANLEADER OF THE REPUBLIC OF CHINA

Republic of China

The new government failed to unify China, warlords controlled much of the country

Civil war broke out between the Kuomintang, led by Jiang Jieshi, & the Communists, led by Mao Zedong, in 1927

The Communists & Nationalists united to fight the Japanese 1937-1945

The Communists win in 1949 because of peasant support & corruption within the Kuomintang

End of the Chinese Revolution

Jiang Jieshi & the Kuomintang flee to Taiwan & establish a government

1.8-3.5 million people died in the civil war

No armistice or peace treaty has ever been signed to end the Chinese Civil War

The governments of Beijing & Taiwan both claim to rule China

Indian IndependenceNon-violent Revolution

Crown Jewel

East India Company governed India 1757-1858

The Sepoy (Soldier) Mutiny forced the British government to take control of India

Several groups developed to fight for independence after 1858, the Indian National Congress formed in 1885 became the leading voice for “home-rule”

In 1907 the INC slit into 2 factions, one supported armed revolution the other peaceful “home-rule”

Gandhi & Jinnah

Leaders of Indian Independence

Post WWI

A major problem was the division between the Hindus & Muslims in India, neither trusted each other

Gandhi returned to India from South Africa in 1915, he began travelling the country & advocating for independence

Gandhi spoke for economic & political non-cooperation, the British could not control the Indians if they refused to follow

Independence

The independence movement quieted but did not stop during WWII

On August 14, 1947 Pakistan became an independent Muslim nation

August 15, 1947 India became an independent nation

Mass migrations & violence along the border marked the beginning of the new nations

India & Pakistan still dispute the border of the Kashmir region & do not get along to this day

Ottoman Empire to TurkeyA secular Muslim nation

End of Ottoman Empire

The Allies partitioned the Ottoman Empire at the end of WWI, Greece, Armenia, Britain, France, & Italy all had a piece

Constantinople was a strategic location that everyone wanted to control

Mustafa Kemal became the commander of the remains of the Ottoman Army & began a fight for independence

OccupationOttoman Territory 1919

Turkey

The Republic of Turkey was declared on October 29, 1923

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk was elected the 1st president

Atatürk believed Turkey had to be a secular modernized nation-state to succeed

Atatürk's reforms westernized Turkey, adopting the Latin alphabet, ending the Caliph, outlawing traditional clothing, and requiring last names

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk Turkish Nationalist