revisiting vav systems - 10-2015.pdf

8/19/2019 Revisiting VAV Systems - 10-2015.pdf

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PG&E P ACIFIC ENERGY CENTER OCTOBER 2015 1


Site 1 Monitored CFM vs DP from 12/20/01 to 9/16/02

(with perfect system curve nd !i"e!y ctu! system curve#

0

0$%

1

1$%

2

2$%

&

&$%

'

0 20000 '0000 60000 )0000 100000 120000 1'000 0

*ot! CFM (SF+1 , SF+2#

P r e s s u r e D r o p - c r o s s F

n ( . / 2 0 #

-ctu! Dt

Perfect System Curve (i$e$ SP reset#

Desin Point (1'%000 CFM t '$0.#

i"e!y -ctu! System Curve (3o SP 4eset#

95

2&5

&5

%25

665

Revisiting Variable AirVl!"e Re#eat$%ste"s

e'' $tein( PE( Prin)i*al

Ta%lr Engineering( ++C

,stein-ta%lr.engineering/)"

#tt*/ta%lr.engineering/)"


+gisti)s

$a'et%

Restr"s

Re)%)ling

Cell *#ne eti3!ette

+!n)#

Revie 'r"s

4ebinar eti3!ette

PG&E Res!r)es

Rebates

Tl +en6ing +ibrar%

7arlene Vgelsang 8"9v:-*ge/)";


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PG&E P ACIFIC ENERGY CENTER OCTOBER 2015 <

Agen6a

4el)"e an6 Overvie

$%ste" $ele)tin

=ne Cntrls

VAV B9 Cntrl

>CV & O))!*an)% $ensrs

$*e)ial )ase ?nes )n' r"s( )"*!ter r"s( tilet r"s

7in O$A

Air E)n"i?ers

$!**l% Press!re Reset

VAV Re#eat vs >OA$

Fiel6 Resear)# Energ% an6 O))!*ant C"'rt

PG&E P ACIFIC ENERGY CENTER OCTOBER 2015 @

an6!ts

Y! )an get a )*% ' t#e #an6!ts in P>F 'r"at as'lls

T%*e t#e 'lling lin int %!r eb brser

o #tt*/ta%lr.engineering/)"'t*PECClassan6!ts/#t"l

Cli) n t#e lin 'r Revisiting VAVD t 6nla6 t#e A)rbat 'ile ' t#e *resentatin/


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A!6ien)e & Ob,e)tives

T *r"te e''i)ient *ra)ti)al 6esigns t#at a6van)estan6ar6 *ra)ti)e

F)!s n Cali'rnia )li"ate

F)!s n air si6e ' VAV s%ste"s

Base6 n t#e NBI PIER Pr,e)t t#at *r6!)e6 t#e E>RVAV >esign G!i6e 8200; #tt*tin%!rl/)"esign an6$*e)i'i)atin G!i6e 8200; #tt*tin%!rl/)"%e


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PG&E P ACIFIC ENERGY CENTER OCTOBER 2015

VAC $%ste" O*tins

$ingle ?ne vers!s "!lti*le ?ne

7e)#ani)al )ling an6r

• >ire)t eva*rative )ling

• >ire)t H in6ire)t eva*rative )ling

• eat an6 vent nl%

7e)#ani)al )ling

• Pa)age6 >

• C#ille6 4ater

7!lti*le ?ne air s%ste"s

• VAV re#eat

• >!al 6!)t


Title 2@ Baseline 7a**ing


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Eva*rative Cling Cli"ate Anal%sis



10


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11


VAC $%ste" $ele)tin 7atri9

Ea)# attrib!te gets a eig#t/

Ea)# s%ste" gets a ran 'r ea)# attrib!te/

Attrib!tes

• First Csts

o VAC First Cst

o I"*a)t n Ot#er Tra6es General Cntra)tr

o

I"*a)t n Ot#er Tra6es Ele)tri)al Cntra)tr • Flr $*a)e Re3!ire"ents

• Ceiling $*a)e Re3!ire"ents

• Energ% E''i)ien)% . Nr"al O*eratin 8re3!ires *ara"etri) si"!latin anal%sis;

• Energ% E''i)ien)% . O''.#!r O*eratin

• $"e Cntrl 8 str% b!il6ings;

• A)!sti)al I"*a)t

• In6r Air J!alit%

• C"'rt

• 7aintenan)e Csts an6 Reliabilit%

• Fle9ibilit%


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PG&E P ACIFIC ENERGY CENTER OCTOBER 2015 1<


Performanc

e Attribute

Weig

ht

VAV Reheat System Ran

k

Dual Fan Dual Duct System Ran

k

HVAC First

Costs

20 Low shell & core costs. Highest zone

costs.

8 Low zone costs usually offset higher shell &

core cost resulting in slightly lower overall

costs comare! to VAV reheat

8

"mact #C. $0 %mallest euiment rooms or wel ls

an! shafts. Furre! columns reuire!

for hot water iing.

$0 Larger enthouse sace reuire! for heating

fans.

'

"mact (lec. ) Fewer units to wire mechanically. * %lightly higher cost comare! to reheat !ue to

a!!e! heating fan+ often offset ,y eliminating

,oiler.

*

Floor %ace

-euirements

) %mallest shafts reuire!. $0 %omewhat larger shafts reuire! for

a!!itional heating !uct.

'

Ceiling %ace

-euirements

) ' sually e/tra heating !uct can fit into same

sace as cooling !uct with cross1overs

,etween ,eams ,ut will not wor3 well with

flat sla, structure.

8

(fficiency 4

5ormal 6er.

$0 -eheat system causes higher heating

costs.

* -e!uce! reheat an! heat recovery from

recesse! lights re!uces overall energy costs

comare! to reheat system

8

7aintenance

Costs an!

-elia,ility

$0 6nly roofto euiment reuires

freuent maintenance VAV ,o/es

occasional maintenance. -is3 of

water !amage !ue to iing a,ove

ceiling.

8 5o water a,ove ceiling re!uces ris3 of water

!amage. 9ual !uct ,o/es reuire slightly less

maintenance than reheat ,o/es.

$0

Fl e/ i, il it y ) A ny n um,e r o f zon es may , e u se !+ , ut

at high cost er zone.

* Any num,er of zones may ,e use! an! zone

costs are less than for reheat

8

:otal $00 8$0 8$)

PG&E P ACIFIC ENERGY CENTER OCTOBER 2015 1@


It )an )"bine 3!antitative 8e/g/ 'irst )st; an6 3!alitative8e/g/ i"*a)t n t#er tra6es; assess"ents

Ea)# *er'r"an)e attrib!te nee6s a eig#t

Cnstrain t#e eig#ts t s!" t 100

Rans are n t#e basis 10 'r t#e best it# t#er rans

assesse6 relative t t#e best Ttal s)res are t#e s!" ' t#e rans ti"es t#e eig#ts

'r ea)# alternate s%ste"/ T#e #ig#est s)re ins/

T#is in#erentl% 6)!"ents an6 )""!ni)ates t#e 6esignintent/

It #as "re rigr t#an si"*l% )#sing a s%ste" base6n e9*erien)eD/


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Variable Air Vl!"e it# Re#eat

PG&E P ACIFIC ENERGY CENTER OCTOBER 2015 1:

=ne Cntrls

=nal $%ste" T%*e $ingle 6!)t re#eat Cling nl% Fan *ere6 b9 Parallel $eries

=ne Cntrls

CO2 >e"an6 Cntrl Ventilatin O))!*ant $ensing 4in6 $it)#es

Cntrl $e3!en)es $ingle vs >!al 7a9i"!" Cntrllable "ini"!" air'l set*int Ti"e Average6 Ventilatin 8TAV;


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>e"an6 Cntrl Ventilatin


Title 2@ >CV Re3!ire"ents

Re3!ire6 'r ea)# 6ensel% ))!*ie6 s*a)e 8K@0 't2*ersn; i' AL #as an !t6r air e)n"i?er $ingle ?ne s%ste" r "!lti*le ?ne it# >>C t t#e ?ne

E9e"*tins )lassr"s( #ealt#)are( K 10 *e*le( et)/

7ini"!" rate M Table 120/1A )'"'t2 area

CO2 $et*int M a"bient H :00 **"

A"bient )an be eit#er @00 **" ass!"e6 A"bient CO2 sensr

$ensr +)ate6 in t#e s*a)e beteen < 't an6 : 't abve t#e 'lr 5 **" a))!ra)% at 1000 **" Fa)tr% r 'iel6 )alibrate6 Re3!ire re)alibratin n "re 're3!entl% t#an ever% 5 %ears Cntin!!s 6is*la% an6 re)r6e6D n >>C s%ste"s


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>CV 7!lti*le =ne Cntrl $e3!en)e

P.nl%

0Q at 00 **" CO2

100Q at 1(000 **"

O!t*!t "a**e6

0.50Q reset ?ne "ini"!" 'irst 'r" Table 120/1A 80/15)'"'t2; t "a9 !n6er )ntrl

50Q.100Q reset AL O$A "ini"!" *sitin 'r" Table120/1A !* t 15 )'" *er *ersn base6 n "st 6e"an6ing

?ne


CO2 Cntrl at =ne 87!lti?ne;

PID Loop Output

Vmin

0% 50% 100%

Vcoo!

m"#

MinimumAi$ o&

'(tpoint

Minimum

V(nti"tion

Ai$)o&

M"#imum

*ooin+

Ai$)o&

L"$+(,t -on( .(m"n.

u,(. "t A )o$ $(,(t

o) minimum O'A

on( (( $(,(t

Min O'A D(,i+n

O'A


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CO2 $ensrs

Gas 7le)!les

Intera)tive$ensr Ele"ent

Re6!)tin

8Vltage O!t*+ig#t E"issin

J!en)#ing

8Clr C#ange;

Resistan)e C#ange

O9i6atin

1/25

Custom Designed

Infrared Filters

Reference Target Gas

Patented Waveguide

Incandescent

Infrared Source

Microprocessor

Diffusion MembranesDual Beam

Micro-MachinedThermopile Detec

Solid State Infrared


Carbn >i9i6e Trans"itters

NDIR Photometric Principle

Problem: A+(in+ o) i+t

,ou$c( c"u,(, .$i)t


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CO2 Trans"itters

Re'eren)ingCalibrating Te)#nlg%

A!t"ati) Ba)gr!n6 Calibratin Peri6i)all% sel'.)alibrate !sing lest rea6ing ver a *eri6 ' ti"eass!"e6 t be S@00 **"

>!al avelengt# 7eas!re lig#t trans"issin at se)n6avelengt# #ere CO2 an6 t#er )""n )"*nents 'air 6 nt absrb lig#t

>!al bea" $e)n6 lig#t s!r)e !se6 t assess ageing '*ri"ar% lig#t s!r)e


CO2 Trans"itters

Single Beam – Dual Wavelength, 2 Detector


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CO2 Trans"itters

Single Beam – Dual Wavelength !"#PI

$%2

Light source

with reflector

Sample cell

FPI chip

IR detector

Airga*

L**er"irrr

+er"irrr

$ili)n s!bstrate

*ou$t(, V"i,""

Appin+ .i))($(nt ot"+(, tun(,

)it($ to .i))($(nt &"((n+t,


CO2 Trans"itters

Dual Beam – Single Wavelength

'(con. i+t ,ou$c( pu,(. in)$(u(nt to ,o& it, "+(in+


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CO2 Re)""en6atins

Fr 2@ ))!*an)ies !se nl%

$ingle Bea" it# >!al 4avelengt#

Fr nn.2@ ))!*an)ies

$ingle Bea"( $ingle 4avelengt# it# ABC


Ret!rn $ensrs >nt 4r 'r 7!lti.=ne LnitsU


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O))!*an)% $ensrs



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PG&E P ACIFIC ENERGY CENTER OCTOBER 2015 r $it)#es in ne9t Title 2@ versin

Title 2@ 201: *res)ri*tivel% re3!ires VAC interl) i'in6s are *erable t#at 6isable "e)#ani)al #eatingan6 )ling #en an% s!)# *ening is *en/ 7e)#ani)al)ling "a% re"ain enable6 #en an *ening is *en i'!tsi6e air te"*erat!re is bel s*a)e te"*erat!re/

E9)e*tins

E9its it# a!t"ati) )lsers

An% s*a)e it#!t a t#er"stat

E9isting b!il6ings

T2@ "6eling r!les 6 nt #ave *erable in6s inbase)ase/ Pr*se6 gets a bn!s i' it #as *erablein6s it# sit)#es an6 a *enalt% i' n sit)#es/



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PG&E P ACIFIC ENERGY CENTER OCTOBER 2015 is*la%s

A6vi)e In6i)atr +ig#t

Green M ?ne is in )ling an6 t#e !tsi6e air te"*erat!reis less t#an t#e s*a)e te"*erat!re( *ening t#e in6n ill save )ling energ%D

Re6 M ba6 t *en t#e in6( *ening t#e in6 nill t!rn '' t#e #eating)lingD

76e In6i)atr +ig#t

Green M #eating)ling nt 6isable6D

Re6 M #eating)ling is 6isable6 be)a!se a in6 is*enD



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PG&E P ACIFIC ENERGY CENTER OCTOBER 2015 @1

$trateg% CV

Can re6!)e ventilatin t Table 120/1A val!es 80/15)'"'t2;

>es nt "ae sense 'r nat!rall% ventilate6 s*a)es

7a% be better t#an $trateg% 2 8O))!*an)% $ensrs;sin)e it als rs t re6!)e energ% #en t#e s*a)e islig#tl% la6e6

ever CO2 sensrs 6 6ri't an6 s#!l6 !se A!t"ati)Ba)gr!n6 Calibratin 8ABC;/ $ee resear)# 'r" +BN+

an6 Ia $tate Energ% Center#tt*tin%!rl/)"


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PG&E P ACIFIC ENERGY CENTER OCTOBER 2015 @<

VAV 7ini"!" Vl!"e it# $eries Fan.Pere6 B9es

$!**l%Vl!"e

$#!t.'' Valve .N 7ini"!" Re3!ire6U

Ttal $!**l% AirFl Rate

Cling $!**l% Air Fl Rate

$*a)e Te"*erat!re

I>EA+ FORINTERIOR

CONFERENCEROO7$U

PG&E P ACIFIC ENERGY CENTER OCTOBER 2015 @@

Tilet R"s


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PG&E P ACIFIC ENERGY CENTER OCTOBER 2015 @5

Tilet R"s

PG&E P ACIFIC ENERGY CENTER OCTOBER 2015 @:

Tilet R"s


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Tilet R"s


VAV Re#eat B9es


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VAV B9es 7ain Pints

$i?e VAV re#eat b9es 'r 0/5D ttal *ress!re 6r*

All b9es s#!l6 be at 0/5D as )riti)al *at# varies ver t#e %ear

Lse >!al 7a9i"!" )ntrl se3!en)e

7in M "a98b9 "in( ventilatin "in;

Fan b9es generall% nl% "ae sense 'r ver% #ig# ventilatinr ver% #ig# #eating la6s

Re'eren)es

$teve Ta%lr( e'' $tein( $i?ing VAV B9es( A$RAE !rnal(7ar)# 200@ 8#tt*tin%!rl/)"a'


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VAV B9 $i?ing $i"!latin Res!lts

C"*are6 TP 'r" 0/


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VAV B9 $i?ing $a"*le Cal)/

3omin!si7e

8n!etdi$(in$#

ut!etwidth(in$#

ut!etheiht

(in$#

SP(in$

w$$#:

;P(in$

w$$#

*P(in$

w$$#

M<CFM

4dited3C:

@ @ 12 G 0/0G 0/@2 0/50 2


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VAV B9 $i?ing Nise

Nise 6e)reases at *art la6

Nise 6e)reases it# stati) *ress!re reset

Nise )an be "itigate6 it# ins!latin( g%*s!" bar6(an6 )lever b9 l)atin


VAV B9 Inlet >!)t


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VAV B9 >is)#arge >!)ts 8base6 n D inlet b9;


VAV B9 Cntrl $ingle 7a9i"!"

Reheat Valve Position

a!imum

"irflow Setpoint

inimum

"irflow Setpoint

#eating Loop $ooling Loop

"irflow Setpoint

%ead

&and

'shaded area ( reheat)

10/5/2015 10 10 AM


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VAV B9 Cntrl >!al 7a9i"!"

Suppl* "ir +emperature Setpoint

're,uires discharge temp- sensor)

a!imum

#eating

"irflow

Setpoint

a! $ooling

"irflow Setpoint

inimum

"irflow

Setpoint


a!imum

Suppl* "ir+emperature

"irflow Setpoint

%ead

&and


PG&E P ACIFIC ENERGY CENTER OCTOBER 2015 :0

>!al 7a9Cnstant Vl!"e eat Pr#ibite6

Reheat Valve Position

a!imum"irflowSet oint

50.


"irflowSetpoint

%ead&and

20.


Onc( in ("tin+ mo.( t( cooin+ o".

mu,t (#c((. 50% o) .(,i+n cooin+ o". to

un,tic t( -on( )$om ("tin+ mo.(

10/5/2015 10:10 AM


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>!al 7a9 $i"!ltane!s . Pr#ibite6 in [email protected]<

^$!""ari?e #at e believe t%*i)al *ra)ti)e is/ As 'r 'ee6ba) n #et#er t#is is )rre)t/_

Reheat Valve

50. or vent-

a! $ooling

"irflow Setpoint

20./ or vent-


"irflow Setpoint

%ead

&and


00.


VAV B9 7in Fl

Fr $ingle 7a9 7!st be #ig# en!g# t "eet *ea#eating la6 it#!t s#rt.)ir)!iting 8at s!**l%te"*erat!re K 0`F; O'ten re3!ires 50Q r #ig#er "ini"!" 'ls

Fr >!al 7a9 8r interir ?nes; 7eet t#e ventilatinan6 be abve b9 )ntrllable "ini"!" 'l O'ten 10Q r less ' 6esign 'l T "eet $t6/ :2/1 e''i)ientl% t#e ?ne "ini"!" s#!l6 be

abve t#e ?ne "ini"!" !tsi6e air

10/5/2015 10:10 AM


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PG&E P ACIFIC ENERGY CENTER OCTOBER 2015 :<

>!al 7a9 Arg!"ents an6 Reb!ttals

Against >!al 7a9 Fr >!al 7a9$t!''inessD A$RAE 55 n "in air s*ee6

ne)essar% 'r )"'rtD/ C"*laintsare !s!all% relate6 t te"*erat!re/

Pr air )#ange e''e)t iveness >!al "a9i"!" is better air )#angee''e)tiveness is nl% an iss!e #en$AT 5XF 8A$RAE :2( Persil%( et);

$#rt.)ir)!iting >!al "a9i"!" is better )ntrlling$AT "ini"i?es s#rt )ir)!iting

>!"*ing G6 A>PI an6 )"'rt at 1Q 'l8Fis( Ba!"an( et)/;

>es nt r 'r all b9 t%*es 8i/e/(*ne!"ati)( ele)trni) r*re*rgra""e6 6igital;/

$*e)i'% '!ll% *rgra""able >>C)ntrllers

PG&E P ACIFIC ENERGY CENTER OCTOBER 2015 :@

B9 Cntrllabilit% + Can Y! G

$tabilit% is i"*rtant b!t nt a))!ra)%

7an!'a)t!rers re)""en6e6 "ini"!"s are relate6 ta))!ra)%( nt stabilit%

Cal)!late t#e )ntrllable "ini"!" 'r"

A"*li'i)atin ' t#e 'l *rbe

A)t!al )ntrller

10/5/2015 10:10 AM


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VAV B9 Fl $ensing

Ampi)in+ P$o(

PG&E P ACIFIC ENERGY CENTER OCTOBER 2015 ::

Fl Prbes

;$u(+($


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/ /

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PG&E P ACIFIC ENERGY CENTER OCTOBER 2015 :

F

VP v

m

m4005=

AvVmm

=

"ir

Flow

Flow

Pro1e

"mplifiedvelocit*

pressure

signal

+rans

ducer "3%

$onv-

"nalog

electronic

'420m")

%igital

Input

$ontr

oller

""ctuator

one $ontroller

0 1it

"3%0-0046

a VAV B9 4rs

VP m

( inimum Velocit* Pressure Signal 'in- w-g-)

F ( "mplification Factor vm

( inimum Velocit* 'FP)

V m

( inimum "irflow '$F)

" ( area 'ft2)


4#% Nt !st + in t#e VAV B9 Catalg

=itu,

Aout 30% o) .(,i+n *M )o$ tpic" o# ,((ction,

10/5/2015 10:10 AM


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35


4#% Nt !st + in t#e VAV B9 Catalg

004 i, po,,i(


Fl Prbe A"*li'i)atin

229

&%)

%1%

02

916

1160

1'&2

2062

&66%

000

2)06

' inch

% inch

6 inch

inch

) inch

9 inch

10 inch

12 inch

1' inch

16 inch

22 inch

10

100

1000

10000

0$01 0$1 1

F!ow Pro=e ;e!ocity Pressure Sin! (8nches >$?$#

C

F

M

C

F

M

@

n

e

8

n

c

h

Si

n

!

8

n

!

e

t

S

i

7

e

2

4005

=

K

A F

? "mpi)ic"tion )"cto$

; ? "ctu" )o& in *M "t )o& p$o(

output o) 1>0 &>c>

A ? i, t( nomin" in(t "$(" in )t 2

10/5/2015 10:10 AM


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36


Ta%lr Engineering>i)er#'' Resear)# Tit!s Prbe

V e

l )

i t %

^ ' * "

_

All "eas!re6 >ata PintsFl Gri6 Press!re ̂ i)_

7 e a s /

> a

t a

b M

G :

T i t ! s

b ' a )

t r M

0 @

7eas!re6 Pints Tit!s N"inal Calibratin

7eas!re6 Calibratin

1/5/1/05/01/005/001

50

100

200

500

1000

2000

7-24005

2

=

∗=

K

A F

@(c" t"t Ampi)ic"tion B

co$$(,pon., to

;!"cto$ *M "t 1>0 ,i+n"B


Ta%lr Engineering>i)er#'' Nailr Res!lts

V e l ) i t % ^ ' * " _

All "eas!re6 >ata PintsFl Gri6 Press!re î)_

7 e a s ! r e 6 b

M

5

N a i l r N " i n a l b

M 1 0 0

7eas!re6 Pints 7eas!re6 Calibratin Nailr N"inal Calibratin

1/5/1/05/01/005/001

50

100

200

500

1000

2000

? 2>3

10/5/2015 10:10 AM


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TE>i)er#'' B9 Onl% Cn)l!sins

A"*li'i)atin is stable an6 )nstant 6n t ver% l'ls

Nt a''e)te6 b% 6a"*er *sitin


4#% is A))!ra)% at + Fl $ >i''i)!lt

0/00

0/05

0/100/15

0/20

0/25

0/


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38


TE>i)er#'' Cntrller Res!lts $!""ar%

Contro!!er C!i=rtion Arrors Bero Drift Ded=nd Softwre 8ssues

$ie"ens8*ress!re.base6;

Ina))!rate bel 0/001DZ#ig#l% a))!rate abve 0/001D

$igni'i)ant te"*.)rrelate6 6ri't8)an be eli"inate6it# *tinalb%*ass it;

Nne..res!lts in"an%6a"*er"ve"ents

Nne

#nsn 8*ress!re.base6;

Ina))!rate bel 0/001DZ#ig#l% a))!rate abve 0/001D

7ini"al 6ri't varies6e*en6ingn signalnise 8S15CF7;

In)rre)tl% re.?ere6t#e 6a"*er res!ltingin ''set errr 8)an beeli"inate6 it#*tinal b%*ass it;

Alertn 8#t.ire; ig#l% a))!rate at )alibratin*ints 8n 'l an6 6esign'l;( !n6eresti"ates a)t!al'l at t#er val!es

N nti)eable 6ri't


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39


A$RAE RP.1


40/128

40


>!al >!)t $na* A)ting Cntrls it# a $ingle $ensr nt#e O!tlet


>!al >!)t B9 $i?ing Beare ' O66 $i?esU

10/5/2015 10:10 AM


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41


Cling Onl% B9es =er 7ini"!"

A**li)atins

N ventilatin re3!ire"ents e/g/ tele)" )lset

In )"binatin it# #eating b9es in large ?nes e/g/*en ''i)e it# )ling.nl%( ?er.st* b9es in t#e interiran6 re#eat b9es at t#e *eri"eter/

Oversi?e n re#eat *enalt%

1


B9 T%*e E9a"*le

10/5/2015 10:10 AM


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42


A!9iliar% +a6s

I>F Clsets

Ele)tri)al R"s

$e)!rit% R"s


A!9iliar% +a6 $trategies

1/ C#ille6 4ater Fan Cils

2/ 4ater.Cle6 AC Lnits


43/128

43


$trateg% 1 C#ille6 4ater Fan Cils

7!st 6esign C4 *lant t !nla6 e''i)ientl%

C!l6 integrate #eat re)ver% r ater.si6e e)n"i?er

Generall% e9*ensive

Ver% in'le9ible t )#anges

7!st be VAV Title 2@ 201< ^81@0/@8);@( 1@0/@8"; an6Table 1@0/@.>;_


$trateg% 2 >e6i)ate6 4ater Cle6 AC Lnits

$#!l6 #ave #ea6 *ress!re )ntrl 'r AC !nits

>esign ter 'r 'l t!rn6n

Can #ave e)n"i?er *re.)ling )il r #eat re)ver%

Ver% 'le9ible 6esign

Ptential 'r #eat re)ver% i' s*a)es #ave 4+Ps

$*e)i'% it# 2.*sitin islatin valves interl)e6 t t#e)"*ressrs/ T#is is a Title 2@ re3!ire"ent/

It is re)""en6e6 t se*arate 4CACP !nits it# a*late an6 'ra"e t *revent '!ling ' )n6ensers/

E9*ensive b!t )sts )an be 6e'erre6 t tenants ins*e)!lative b!il6ings

10/5/2015 10:10 AM


44/128

44


$trateg%


45/128

45


Title 2@ E)n"i?er E9)e*tin 8srt '; 'r $"allC"*!ter R"s


Fan Pere6 VAV B9es an6 A**li)atins

'($i(, "n P"$"( "n

10/5/2015 10:10 AM


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46


Parallel.$t%le Fan.Pere6 VAV B9


Parallel.$t%le Fan.Pere6 VAV B9$)#e"ati)

10/5/2015 10:10 AM


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47


$e3!en)e ' )ntrl

Supply Air Temperature Setpoint

Cooling Maximum

Minimum Airflow setpoint

Heating PID Signal Cooling PID Signal

Parallel fan

O*tinal i'7inK"inOA 'l


$eries.$t%le Fan.Pere6 VAV B9

'($i(, "n

10/5/2015 10:10 AM


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48


$eries.$t%le Fan.Pere6 VAV B9$)#e"ati)

5


$e3!en)e ' )ntrl

Supply Air Temperature Setpoint

Cooling Maximum

Heating PID Signal Cooling PID Signal

Series fan

10/5/2015 10:10 AM


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49


Fan Pere6 B9 Iss!es an6 A**li)atins

Fan *ere6 b9es are nis%( e9*ensive( ine''i)ient an6#ig# "aintenan)e

Cnsi6er series b9es 'r #ig# "ini"!"s

Interir )n'eren)e r"s

s*a)es *en t abve

Cnsi6er *arallel b9es 'r

7a9 #eating 'l 50Q ' 6esign 'lo e/g/ nrt# 'a)ing( *eri"eter ?nes

I' !sing ele)tri) #eat

Cnsi6er ?er "ini"!"s n *ri"ar% air 'r 'an b9es i'interir ?ne )ling la6s )an be )!nte6 n t *rvi6een!g# *ri"ar% 'l t a)#ieve "in OA 'r t#e b!il6ing


T%*i)al Title 2@ >>C =ne

10/5/2015 10:10 AM


50/128

50


$#!l6 T2@ A6*t A$RAE 1/1 Re#eat E9)e*tin

A$RAE $tan6ar6 1/1 Re#eat E9)e*tin =nes 'r #i)# t#e vl!"e ' air t#at is re#eate6(

re)le6( r "i9e6 is n greater t#an t#e larger ' t#e'lling

o 81; t#e 6esign !t6r air'l rate 'r t#e ?ne( r

o 82; 15Q ' t#e ?ne 6esign *ea s!**l% rate/

T#is e''e)tivel% *r#ibits VAV re#eat b9es an6 re3!ires*arallel 'an b9es r s"et#ing si"ilar/


Parallel Fan.Pere6 B9es

Energ% $ave6 it# FPB

. +ess #t ater re3!ire6 less biler an6 less*!"* energ%

. +ess *ri"ar% air less

)entral s!**l% 'an energ%. 4 )ils nt in *ri"ar%

air strea" ler)entral s!**l% 'an energ%

10/5/2015 10:10 AM


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51


Cst >ata 8*er ?ne;

In)l!6es )ntra)tr "ar!* $!r)e C""!ni)atins it# VAC an6 )ntrls

)ntra)trs

&'& reheat #an po!ered &'&

o# E210 E798

In,t""tion E1765 E2132

*ont$o, E1086 E1217


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52


Energ% 76el Res!lts

B9es at "ini"!" "a,rit% ' ti"e 8n energ% savings'r 'an.*ere6 b9es;

Fe #!rs abve 50Q 8#i)# 6es nt "eet T2@ r 0/1;


Energ% 76el Res!lts

Ann!al Energ% Lse

10/5/2015 10:10 AM


53/128

53


Energ% 76el Res!lts 8Ass!"es 500 't2?ne( e9)l!6es'ilter "aintenan)e;

se!ine v!ue ;rition

Svins

(/sEft#

ers to

py=c"Baseline . . d0/0: 5:/1

+ lig#ting( l *l!gla6s( an6 l))!*an)% levels

+ig#ting 0/ 4s3'tPl!g la6s 2/0 4s3'tO))!*an)% 100 s3't*ersn

+ig#ting 0/< 4s3'tPl!g la6s 0/ 4s3'tO))!*an)% 2: s3't*ersn d0/12 2/

Ove rs i?e 6 s %s te" Ave ra ge 0/@ )'"s3 't s!** l% ai rAve ra ge 1/@ )'"s3 't s!* *l% ai r d 0/10 < @/<

$!**l% air te"*erat!re)ntrl

55XF )nstant s!**l% airte"*erat!re in )ling

$!**l% air te"*erat!re resets'r" 55XF t 5XF d0/05 :/0

!rs ' *eratina" . *"( 7n6a% t#r!g#Fri6a% 2@ #!rs6a%( 6a%see d0/05 :/

ig# ?ne "ini"!" 20Q b9 "ini"!" !al "a9i"!" se3!en)e$ingle "a9i"!" se3!en)e it#50Q "ini"!"s d0/@1 /


Cn)l!sin

Parallel 'an *ere6 b9es are nt )st.e''e)tive an6 arent re3!ire6 in Title 2@ 201<

10/5/2015 10:10 AM


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54


F!t!re =ne Cntrls Ti"e Average Ventilatin 8TAV;

Ignre t#e )ntrllable "ini"!" #en )al)!lating t#e 6esire6air'l set*int

e/g/ in 6ea6ban6 6esire6 set*int M ventilatin "ini"!"

4#en 6esire6 air'l set*int is bel t#e )ntrllable"ini"!" t#en )%)le t#e a)t!al 'l set*int beteen 0 CF7an6 t#e )ntrllable "ini"!" s!)# t#at t#e ti"e average6'l M 6esire6 set*int/

E9a"*le

Cntrllable "ini"!" M 100 )'"

Ventilatin "ini"!" M 25 )'"

$et*int in 6ea6ban6 M 100 )'" 'r < "in!tes( t#en 0 )'" 'r "in!tes( t#en 100 )'" 'r < "in!tes( et)/


F!t!re =ne Cntrls Ti"e Average Ventilatin 8TAV;

A**li)able t 6!al "a9i"!" an6 single "a9i"!" se3!en)es

Pilt *r,e)ts at LC Berele% an6 $an 7ate C!nt%

One 6is)ver% =ne )%)le startst*s nee6 t bestaggere6ran6"i?e6 t "itigate large sings in AL CF7/

I' s!))ess'!l e ill *r*se re"ving t#e 20QD 'r" Title 2@6ea6ban6 "a9i"!"/

10/5/2015 10:10 AM


55/128

55


>e6i)ate6 Interir AL $t!6% 'r" Title 2@ 201<

Re3!ire interir an6 *eri"eter ?nes t be serve6 b%se*arate air #an6lers

T#is !l6 re6!)e re#eat b% alling t#e *eri"eter !nitt #ave )l6er 8s!""er; an6 #tter 8inter; $AT t#an t#einterir !nit/


T%*i)al Pra)ti)e 'r 7!lti*le =ne ALs

$"all b!il6ings ne "ain air #an6ler

+arger b!il6ings

One AL3!a6rant

One AL'lr

$e*arate *eri"eterinterir ALs 8nt )""n;

10/5/2015 10:10 AM


56/128

56


Energ% 76el Ass!"*tins

10000 ,)t ,in+( ,to$

4 H 15 .((p p($im(t($ -on(, 1 int($io$ -on(

GG@: 38%

LPD: 0>9 G/,)t

ot

&"t($ )o$ $(("t "t -on(>

M"# $(("t .(t" =: 35J

*im"t( on( 3 O""n.B


Energ% 76el Ass!"*tins

Baeline Propoed

'in+( A Int($io$ on(, A

P($im(t($ on(,

A

on( cooin+ ,(tpoint 74J 74J 74J

'i-( -on(, "cco$.in+ to ,upp

"i$ t(mp($"tu$(

61J Int($io$ -on(,

57J P($im(t($

-on(, 62J 57J

'upp "i$ t(mp($"tu$( 57J 62J 57J

'upp "i$ t(mp($"tu$( $(,(t

",(. on -on(

o"., t(mp($"tu$(

)i$,t )$om 57J to

65J

",(. on -on(

o"., t(mp($"tu$(

)i$,t up to 65J

",(. on -on(

o"., t(mp($"tu$(

)i$,t up to 70J

10/5/2015 10:10 AM


57/128

57


Ann!al Energ% Lse

0>0000

0>0100

0>0200

0>0300

0>0400

0>0500

0>0600

0>0700

0>0800

'p"c( ("tin+

(n($+

t h e r m " ( f t

",(in(

P$opo,(.

0>000

0>100

0>200

0>300

0>400

0>500

0>600

0>700

0>800

0>900

% "n (n($+ * ooi n+

(n($+

Pump (n($+

) W h " ( f t

",(in(

P$opo,(.

Ann!al Ele)tri)it% $avings d0/005@s3't Ann!al Gas $avings d0/005s3't


Cn)l!sins

Energ% savings is s"all )"*are6 t e9*e)te6 )st '"eas!re/

>is)ntin!e anal%sis 'r t#is "eas!re/

10/5/2015 10:10 AM


58/128

58


>!)te6 vs Ln6!)te6 Ret!rn Air


Ln6!)te6 8Plen!"; Ret!rn

A6vantages ' Ln6!)te6

Re6!)e6 VAC )st 8S15Q ' ttal VAC )st;

Re6!)e6 )st t t#er tra6es 8e/g/ ler 'lr'lr #eig#t;

S25Q 'an energ% savings

N balan)ing

+ess )rsstal

>isa6vantages ' Ln6!)te6 Ptential 'r "il6e in #!"i6 )li"ates i' b!il6ing *ress!re

is alle6 t g negative/

Nt a real iss!e it# Ln6!)te6

Partiall% 6!)te6

Lnbalan)e6 ret!rn 6ea6 s*ts

10/5/2015 10:10 AM

$ l Ai T t C t l


59/128

59


$!**l% Air Te"*erat!re Cntrl


$AT $et*int Reset

Cler te"*erat!re

• >e)reases 'an energ%

4ar"er te"*erat!re

• E9ten6s e)n"i?er*eratin 8"re #!rsit# )ling s%ste" '';

• Re6!)es re#eat at ?nelevel

4#at is t#e best )ntrl

10/5/2015 10:10 AM

$AT $ t i t R t


60/128

60


$AT $et*int Reset

$i"!late6 Cntrl O*tins1/ Cnstant 55XF

2/ Reset b% ?ne 6e"an6 it#in range 855XF t :5XF;


61/128

61


Re)""en6e6 $AT Reset +gi)

Reheat Economizer SAT Logic

None None Constant SAT at design (~55ºF)

Low(e.g. F!

"an#$owered

%A%)

&es

Constant SAT at design. A''ow to "'oat

$ * 'oc+ing ot coo'ing nti' zone

re,est indicates need "or C-

/edim

to -igh(e.g. %A%R-)

&es

Reset * zone coo'ing demand dring

coo' weather (055ºF to 12ºF 3SA)! then

ram$ down to design SAT in warm

weather (412ºF to 2ºF 3SA)


Re)""en6e6 $e3!en)e ' O*eratins VAV.Re#eat

10/5/2015 10:10 AM

8)ntin!e6;


62/128

62


8)ntin!e6;

4#ere

T"in A )nstant 8e/g/ 5< XF ;

T"a9 Ranges 'r" 55XF t :5XF base6 n?ne 6e"an6 8)ling l* val!es;8E9a)t se3!en)e 6is)!sse6 bel;


VAV Re#eat $%ste"$AT Reset +gi)

>!ring ))!*ie6 "6e( t#e set*int is reset 'r" T."in 85


63/128

63


Per'r"an)e Oversi?e6 =nes

52

5@

5:

5G

:0

:2

:@

52 5@ 5: 5G :0 :2 :@

utdoor -ir *emperture (oF#

S

u p p ! y - i r * e m p e r t u r e S e t p o i n t ( o F #


Per'r"an)e Rg!e =nes

52

5@

5:

5

:0

:2

:@

52 5@ 5: 5 :0 :2 :@ :: :

utdoor -ir *emperture (oF#

S u p p ! y - i r * e m p e r t u r e S e t p o i n t ( o F #

10/5/2015 10:10 AM

T#e F!t!re ' $AT Reset 76el Pre6i)tive Cntrl


64/128

64


At ea)# ti"e ste*( )"*are t#e esti"ate6 VAC energ% )st at t#e)!rrent $AT it# t#e esti"ate6 energ% )st at alternative $ATs 8e/g/ne 6egree ar"er an6 ne 6egree )ler; an6 a6,!st t#e set.*intin t#e 6ire)tin ' t#e ler )st/

=ne re3!ests 'r )l6er $AT taes *ririt% ver t#e energ% )stsignals/

Re3!ires 6etaile6 "6els 'r 'ans( )#iller *lant( biler *lant( >)"*ressrs( et)/

In*!ts ea)# ti"e ste* )!l6 in)l!6e 7eas!re6 la6 an6 re#eat at ea)# ?ne 8base6 n >AT an6 CF7; OA>BOA4B Fan s*ee6( ]P C#iller *lant la6

Biler *lant la6 Ltilit% rates


O!tsi6e Air Cntrl

10/5/2015 10:10 AM

O!tsi6e Air


65/128

65


Cntrl ' 7ini"!" !t6r air 'r VAV $%ste"s

>esign ' Airsi6e E)n"i?er $%ste"s

E)n"i?er Te"*erat!re Cntrl

E)n"i?er ig#.+i"it $it)#es

PG&E P ACIFIC ENERGY CENTER OCTOBER 2015 1a"*er Psitin


66/128

66



67/128

67

PG&E P ACIFIC ENERGY CENTER OCTOBER 2015 1!al 7ini"!" 7itigatin

7ini"!" 6a"*er *sitin is set *r*rtinall% base6 n'an s*ee6 beteen set*ints 6eter"ine6 #en t#e 'an isat '!ll s*ee6 an6 "ini"!" s*ee6

+ )st

A''e)te6 b% in6( sta) e''e)tive( 'ilter la6ing

P$oiit(. in =24 2013



68/128

68

PG&E P ACIFIC ENERGY CENTER OCTOBER 2015 1(> "t min O'AB

DD*

A % M '

ot @(comm(n.(.

10/5/2015 10:10 AM

In,e)tin Fan AF7$


69/128

69


It &i not &o$ &it "

"$i"( ,p((. )"n "on( ",

t( DP &i "$ "c$o,, t(

)"n>

A % M '

PG&E P ACIFIC ENERGY CENTER OCTOBER 2015 1e6i)ate6 7ini"!" O!t6r Air $e)tin it# AF7$

'i+n" )$om 'A= *ont$o($

Out.oo$ Ai$

@(tu$n Ai$

Go$, ut ,p"c( n((.(. )o$ AM'

DD*

@(comm(n.(.

10/5/2015 10:10 AM

Fi9e6 7ini"!" OA >a"*er Plen!" Press!re Cntrl


70/128

70

PG&E P ACIFIC ENERGY CENTER OCTOBER 2015 1 o&(($ t(

cont$o ,(u(nc( c"n ( comp(# "n./o$ )"n (n($+ inc$(",(.

,i+t> ot "ccu$"t( &(n t( min> O'A "i$)o& ,(tpoint i, $(,(t(>+> )o$ D*VB>

DD*

@(comm(n.(.

PG&E P ACIFIC ENERGY CENTER OCTOBER 2015 1@0

Fi9e6 7ini"!" OA >a"*er Plen!" Press!reCntrl

O*en "ini"!" !t6r air 6a"*er #en t#e s!**l% air'an is *rven n an6 t#e s%ste" is nt in ar".!*( )l.6n( set!*( r setba) "6e/ >a"*er s#all be )lse6t#erise/

T#e "ini"!" 6i''erential *ress!re set*int a)rss t#e"i9e6 air *len!" 87in>P; is 6eter"ine6 b% t#e airbalan)er as t#at re3!ire6 t "aintain 6esign "ini"!"

!t6r air 'l rate a)rss t#e "ini"!" !t6r air6a"*er it# t#e s!**l% air 'an at 6esign air'l/

4#en t#e e)n"i?er is l)e6 !t 6!e t ar" eat#er(t#e RA 6a"*er signal is "6!late6 t "aintain6i''erential *ress!re a)rss t#e !t6r air 6a"*er atset*int( 7in>Ps*( 6eter"ine6 abve/

10/5/2015 10:10 AM

$!""ar% ' O$A Cntrl 7et#6s


71/128

71


7ETO> ACCLRACYFi


72/128

72

PG&E P ACIFIC ENERGY CENTER OCTOBER 2015 1@<

7ini"!" O$A teste6 at 6esign an6 "ini"!"'ls


73/128

73


Cntrl +* Cntrl

Ret!rn air6a"*er

C4 valve

E)n"i?erOA 6a"*er

0Q

7in OA

100Q

Q O

* e n

NCling

7a9i"!"Cling

PG&E P ACIFIC ENERGY CENTER OCTOBER 2015 1@:

E)n"i?er >esign Iss!es

>a"*er t%*es an6 si?ing8see G!i6eline 1:;

>a"*er )n'ig!ratin

B!il6ing *ress!re )ntrl

$e3!en)ing ' 'ans an6 6a"*ers

ig# li"it sit)#es

10/5/2015 10:10 AM

B!il6ing Press!re Cntrl


74/128

74


1/ Bar"etri)

2/ Relie' Fans


75/128

75


Rlling average b!il6ing *ress!re signal

> nt l)ate sensr in t#e lbb%U


Ret!rn Fan it# >ire)t Press!re Cntrl Cntrl ret!rn 'an t "aintain ret!rn *len!" *ress!re 8P.


76/128

76


Nt v!lnerable t b!il6ing *ress!re sensr r bl6g *ress!re l* vsret!rn 'an l* instabilit%


E)n"i?er >a"*er Cntrl87st C""n;

Cntrl +* Cntrl

Ret!rn air6a"*er

C4 valve

E)n"i?erOA 6a"*er

0Q

7in OA

100Q

Q O

* e n

NCling

7a9i"!"Cling

10/5/2015 10:10 AM

E)n"i?er >a"*er Cntrl87re E''i)ient;


77/128

77


Cntr l+*Cntr lRet!r nair 6a"*er C4v alveE)n"i?er O A6a"*er

0Q7inO A Q O * e n

NC ling

100Q

0Q

O!t6r Air >a"*er

Ret!rn Air >a"*er

C4 Valve

7ini"!" Psitin87inOA;

$!**l% Air Te"*erat!re Cntrl

+* O!t*!t $ignal

> a " * e r V a l v e P s i t i n (

Q O

* e n


OB> vs/ PB> #en 7i9ing

Cntr l+*Cntr lRet!r nair 6a"*er C4v alveE)n"i?er O A6a"*er

0Q7inO A Q O * e n

NC ling

10/5/2015 10:10 AM

Air E)n"i?er Cntrl

MIIMM OA


78/128

78


O=DOO@

AI@

@


79/128

79


Weather Hours

0to 1

0to 1

0to 1

0to 1

0to 1

0to 1

0to 1

0to 1

0to 1

.10 .5 0 5 10 15 20 25 r% Cling Cil

N%*+S

Suppl 'ir

Return 'ir

%utdoor 'ir


Weather Hours

0to 1

0to 1

0to 1

0to 1

0to 1

0to 1

0to 1

0to 1

0to 1

.10 .5 0 5 10 15 20 25 r%Cling Cil

N%*+S

Return 'ir

Suppl 'ir

Return 'ir

Suppl 'ir

10/5/2015 10:10 AM

ig# +i"it >evi)es

Fi9e6 >r%b!lb Te"*erat!re


80/128

80


Fi9e6 >r%b!lb Te"*erat!re

C"*ares !t6r air 6r%b!lb t a 'i9e6 set*int

>i''erential >r%b!lb Te"*erat!re

C"*ares !t6r air 6r%b!lb t ret!rn air 6r%b!lb

Fi9e6 Ent#al*%

C"*ares !t6r air ent#al*% t a 'i9e6 set*int

>i''erential Ent#al*%

C"*ares !t6r air ent#al*% t ret!rn air ent#al*%

Ele)trni) Ent#al*%

C"*ares !t6r air te"*erat!re an6 #!"i6it% t aset*int t#at is a )!rve n t#e *s%)#r"etri) )#art

PG&E P ACIFIC ENERGY CENTER OCTOBER 2015 1:0

Weather Hours

0to 1

0to 1

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10/5/2015 10:10 AM

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81/128

81


Weather Hours

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82

PG&E P ACIFIC ENERGY CENTER OCTOBER 2015 1:<

WeatherHours

117 to105

104 to92

91to79

78to66

65to53

52to40

39to27

26to14

13to1

.10 .5 0 5 10 15 20 25


83/128

83


Weather Hours

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84/128

84

PG&E P ACIFIC ENERGY CENTER OCTOBER 2015 1: A)t!al Relative!"i6it% 8Q;0 10 20 e v i a t i

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V"$i"tion o) p($)o$m"nc( (t&((n t&o ,(n,o$, o) t( ,"m( Mo.(

P$(ci,ion T$".( ±1% @ in!,itu $()($(nc( ,(n,o$


Ele)trni) Ent#al*% Cntrl

M"nu)"ctu$($:

=( A ,(ttin+ p$oi.(, t( +$("t(,t

(n($+

,"in+,>

A'@A< 90>1 "n. =it( 24:

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10/5/2015 10:10 AM

Anth!py Switch J2 Pu=!ished vs -ctu! Dt

100

Per'r"an)e $li6 $tate Ent#al*% $it)#

'ctual -et Data +nthalp !itch action curve


86/128

86


Settin D

Settin D

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Settin -

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0

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87/128

87


E)n"i?ers >nt 4r B% $teve Ta%lr an6 ang C#eng

A$RAE !rnal Nve"ber 2010

Available at #tt*tin%!rl/)"2


88/128

88


0.

20.

40.

70.

?0.

00.

0 0. 20. ;0. 40. 50. 70. @0. ?0. A0. 00.

7ercent Fan CF/

7 e r c e n t F a n + .

SP setpoint ( +SP

SP setpoint ( +SPB-@5

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Perfect System Curve (i$e$ SP reset#

Desin Point (1'%000 CFM t '$0.#

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10/5/2015 10:10 AM

$tati) Press!re Reset Cntrls PIER Resear)#

N $tati) Press!re Reset

Per'e)t $tati) Press!re Reset


89/128

89


d


90/128

90


Easier t t!ne

Can res*n6D "re 3!i)l% t#an tri"D

>es nt re3!ire nle6ge ' 6a"*er *sitin

Easier t ignre t#e 'irst 'e re3!ests

Easier t tra) rg!eD ?nes 8e/g/ r!nti"e )!nter nre3!ests( )!"!lative *er)ent re3!est #rs;

Easier t l) !t rg!eD ?nes

Easier t assign i"*rtan)e "!lti*liers

Can es)alate re3!ests 8e/g/ 1 re3!est i' ?ne is 1F abveset*int( < re3!ests i'


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0Q )!nts as ne re3!est( #ile a *sitin ' 5Q)!nts as t re3!ests/

T#e res*nse rate is a '!n)tin ' t#e n!"ber 're3!ests( e/g/ res*nse M 0/0@D ti"es t#e n!"ber 're3!ests/


T!ning Lnstable Cntrl

% M 0/:09 H 0/2:5:

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0/2

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0/:

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S t t i c P r e s s u r e S e t p o i n t

10/5/2015 10:10 AM

T!ning $table Cntrl


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92



Tri" & Res*n6 E9a"*le$tati) Press!re Reset b% >e"an6

Tri"

Res*n6

10/5/2015 10:10 AM

>e"an6 Base6 Reset Rg!e =nes

VAV2.20 VAV2.21 VAV2.11 VAV2.22 VAV2.2< VAV2.2@ VAV2.25

VAV2!9 i, i( un.($,i-(.


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93


0

20

@0

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94/128

94


% g

>es nt e9ten6 'inal 'ilter li'e 'inal 'ilters s#!l6 bere*la)e6 reg!larl% 6!e t VOCs e"itte6 'r" 6irt in t#e 'ilter

Lse 15D 7ERV 1< bag 'ilters

lasts 12 "nt#s vers!s @ "nt#s 'r a @D 7ERV 1<

Beare 2D 7ERV 1< )an lse e''e)tiveness


VAV vs/ >OA$ it# C#ille6 Bea"s

10/5/2015 10:10 AM

Overvie

A$RAE GGC $e"inar it# s!**rt 'r" CBE

T#ree VAC s%ste"s ere )"*are6 n ne b!il6ing


95/128

95


VAV re#eat

>OA$ a)tive )#ille6 bea"s

A #%bri6 ' t#e t

Cnstr!)tin )sts ere esti"ate6 b% )ntra)trs !sing$> 6)!"ents 'r" ea)# tea"

Ann!al energ% as )"*are6 !sing Energ%Pl!s


>OA$ it# Flat Panel Ra6iant

10/5/2015 10:10 AM

>OA$ it# C#ille6 Bea"s


96/128

96


Acti( *i(. ("m,

OA i, ,uppi(. t$ou+ ("m to

imp$o( c"p"cit t$ou+ in.uctionB

P",,i( ci(. ("m

@".i"tion "n.

con(ction onB


Ptential A6vantages ' >OA$ vs/ VAV

Ass!res 6esign !t6r air rates 6elivere6 t s*a)e N "!lti*le s*a)esD iss!es *er $tan6ar6 :2/1 N )n)erns ab!t "ini"!" air'l set*ints an6 )ntrls

N )"*le9 !t6r air'l "eas!re"ent)ntrl 6evi)es $ee *revi!s sli6es

N e)n"i?er an6 "i9ing *len!" N 6a"*ers t 'ree?e !*( "aintain N )il 'ree?e *rble"s 'r" i"*er'e)t "i9ing in )l6 )li"ates N Rent#al*% sensrs t "aintain

I' ?nal s%ste" is *assive 8ra6iant( )#ille6 bea"s; 7a% re6!)e 'an energ% Alls ar"er C4 s!r)e 8*ssibl% even )ling ter i' 6r%

)li"ate;

$#!l6 be 3!ieter +ess )eiling s*a)e re3!ire6 'r 6!)t "ains

10/5/2015 10:10 AM

Ptential >isa6vantages ' >OA$ vs/ VAV

Re6!)e6 ann!al !t6r air s!**l% )"*are6 t s%ste"s it# e)n"i?ers Fis st!6% s#s signi'i)ant in6r air 3!alit% an6 ass)iate6 #ealt# bene'its

'r" e)n"i?ers

ig# "aintenan)e )sts ' ?nal 'an.)ils r #eat *!"*s Filters )ils 'ans *ans et)


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97


Filters( )ils( 'ans( *ans( et)/ $l res*nse an6 l )a*a)it% i' *assive ra6iant s%ste"

ig#er 'irst )sts 6e*en6ing n 6esign 6etails Nee6 OA 6!)t( C4( an6 4 t ea)# ?ne @.*i*e 'an.)ils an6 #eat *!"*s are t%*i)all% ti)e as e9*ensive as VAV

?nes

Ra6iant *anels r )#ille6 bea"s 5 ti"es as e9*ensive as VAV ?ne +a) ' e)n"i?er !s!all% )a!ses )ling energ% !sage t be #ig#er t#an

a ell 6esigne6 VAV s%ste" in "il6 )li"ates

Fan energ% "a% be #ig#erU

Ptential 'r "l6 an6 "il6e grt# 6!e t )n6ensatin n )#ille6 bea")ling )ils

> nt r ell it# *erable in6s be)a!se ' t#e ris ' #!"i6!tsi6e air )n6ensing n t#e )#ille6 bea"s/


A$RAE $e"inar Presentatins

T#e 'lling sli6es are ,!st s!""ar% e9)er*ts

T#e '!ll *resentatins are *ste6 #ere#tt*/ggas#rae/rgse"inar

A$RAE !rnal Arti)le #tt*/ta%lr.engineering/)"6nla6sarti)lesA$RAEQ20!rnalQ20.Q20VAVRQ20vsQ20ACBH>OA$/*6'

10/5/2015 10:10 AM

A)t!al LC >avis G$B >esignTa%lr Engineering

VAV $%ste"ne s#a't

ACB $%ste"*wo s#a'ts

%bri6 $%ste"*wo s#a'ts

T#e FlrFlr eig#t is t#e sa"e 'r all < s%ste"s


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98

U

ne s#a't *wo s#a'ts *wo s#a'ts

1:D >!)t 12D >!)t 1D >!)t

7e)#ani)al $*a)e Re3!ire"ents

Ta%lr Engineering

.&'$ /+$.'NI$'0 R%%/ 'R+' 1ft2

#0%%R*ILL


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99


VAV s%ste"

Baseline )nstant vl!"e*a)age6 > it# 100Q

!t6r air

Baseline Variable vl!"e*a)age6 > !t6r air

e)n"i?er

B!t absl!te energ% !seis @0Q lerU

VAV rse t#an ACB vs/ Title 2@


Energ%Pr Title [email protected] $i"!latin Res!lts 'r G$B

=i, i, t( ",(in( )o$ "

,,t(m, in =24!2013

10/5/2015 10:10 AM

Energ% Pl!s Energ% 76el Res!lt$O7


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100



VAV Re#eat #as ler ttal 'an energ%

200

10/5/2015 10:10 AM

VAV Re#eat *rvi6es "re !tsi6e air


101/128

101



C"*arative Cst $t!6% b% $!t#lan6 In6!stries

'S'= 28612 :,>

in("$ )((t o)ci(. &"t($ 310 )((t 5963 )((t 10244 )((t

in("$ )((t o)

("tin+ ot &"t($ 2085 )((t 2330 )((t 9630 )((t

A *%M 50000 *%M 38000 *%M 36000 *%M

*o,t comp"$"ti( 'tu. o) M(c"nic" ,,t(m>

*i(. ("m ',t(m &ou. t"( 80 ("$, to p" "c i) it u,(. -($o (n($+

10/5/2015 10:10 AM

Fiel6 Resear)#


102/128

102

Fiel6 Resear)#


$igni'i)an)e

Re6!)e energ% !se ' VAV s%ste"s

Energ% )6e a6*tin 'l "ini"!" VAV )ntrl

Title [email protected]

A$RAE 0/1.201<

E9isting b!il6ings retr'it **rt!nit%it# less t#an 1 %ear *a%ba)

rriers to mr"et cceptnce

VAV )ntrller stabilit%

Reslve6 8PG&E( A$RAE RP 1


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103


Cali'rnia Energ% C""ssin . PIER

A$RAE

LC Berele% . Center 'r t#e B!ilt Envirn"ent

Method

Fiel6 $t!6% in b!il6ings

Ba)gr!n6 s!rve%

Rig#t nD s!rve% "at)#e6 t ?ne tren6s

Energ% "nitring

+abratr% $t!6% Air 6istrib!tin 'r vari!s 6i''!ser t%*es


Variable air vl!"e 8VAV; )ntrls vervie

• Diagrams exclude heating control for clarity •

6 AM 12 PM 6 PM

0

1000

2000

AI@LOG *MB

*ooin+("tin+ D("."n.

-picalVAV o# "i$)o& cont$o

567

*ooin+("tin+ D("."n.

0o! minimumVAV o# "i$)o& cont$o

.u"!m"#imumB

368267

10/5/2015 10:10 AM

Ya#U $!nn%vale Ca"*!s

B

$


104/128

104


'D

+#

9

Energ% 7eter

A(B(E(G


Ya#U $!nn%vale Ca"*!s

10< =nes


105/128

105


22 =nes

Per'rate6 >i''!serit# bla6es in 'a)e


5!15% 30% C

35!50% 5!15%

10/5/2015 10:10 AM

E9a"*le tren6 *eri"eter ?ne 'a)ing east

4

;

*ooin+ m"#imum

VAV $(("t

-on(

2000


106/128

106


A I R F + O

8 C F 7 ;

*ooin+ minimum

-on(1000

0

6 AM 12 PM 6 PM


E9a"*le tren6 interir

A I R F + O 4

8 C F 7 ;

VAV cooin+

on -on(

*ooin+ m"#imum

*ooin+ minimum

1000

500

0

6 AM 12 PM 6 PM

10/5/2015 10:10 AM

Energ% Res!lts


107/128

107

g%

21<


7eas!re6 'l 'ra)tins Ya# )a"*!s

8all 1000 ?nes 'r t#e entire st!6% *eri6;

0 20 @0 :0 G0 100

0 / 0

0

0 / 0

5

0 / 1

0

0 / 1

5

>rm Seson -!! ccupied /ours

Fl Fra)tin ^Q_

> e n s i t %

+ 7ini"!"

e n s i t %

+ 7ini"!"


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108


16% 19% 9% 4% 6% Q!!!'"in+,

i+ 30%Bo& 10!15%B


+a6s are s!r*risingl% l

0>2 0>5 1 *M/=2 at 20˚F ΔT

140 Zones, 2 buildings, 1 arm month !"e#t$

10/5/2015 10:10 AM

4#at #a**ens #en la6 is less t#an 6esign "ini"!"

110Q >esign +a68VAV b9 si?e;

Cling

$et*int

eating$et*int


109/128

109


*OOLIT

LOAD

8VAV b9 si?e;

100Q 7A la6

10Q T%*i)al la6


110/128

110


0.025

#$.

? E0>025/)t2

=ot" +", C ((c ,"in+,

≈$0.10


4#at ab!t %!r b!il6ing Csts

Ne )nstr!)tin

7ini"al . Re3!ires VAV 6is)#arge air te"* sensr t#at is'ten 6esire6 'r t#er reasns/

E9isting b!il6ings

Engineering )al)!latins ' ?ne "ini"!"s

o Re3!ires )lle)tin ' ?ne 6ata

't2

O))!*ant 6ensit%

VAV b9 si?e & )ntrllable "ini"!"

O*eratr ti"e t enter ne set*ints

Esti"ate K d0/10't2 )st 'r S 1 %ear *a%ba)

10/5/2015 10:10 AM

Cn)l!sins

Conc!usions

Energ% savings is signi'i)ant an6 si"ilar t si"!latin

*re6i)tins

Vali6ates Title 2@ & 0/1 energ% )6e re3!ire"ent

$igni'i)ant retr'it **rt!nit% 'r e9isting b!il6ing it# >>C


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111


$igni'i)ant retr'it **rt!nit% 'r e9isting b!il6ing it# >>C

)ntrls/ +ess t#an 1 %ear *a%ba)/

T#er"al C"'rtRes!lts

222

10/5/2015 10:10 AM

O))!*ant )"'rt st!6%

Nuestions

4#en t#e "ini"!" 'l rate is re6!)e6 'r" #ig# t l

>i6 ))!*ants be)"e less )"'rtable

4as t#eir sense ' air "ve"ent strnger 6!e t 6!"*ingD

-pproch


112/128

112


-pproch

$!rve%e6 : Ya#U b!il6ings an6 a )!nt% legal ''i)e 800 Ferr% b!il6ing;

< s!rve%s Ya# ar" an6 )l seasns( 00 Ferr% b!il6ing ar"seasn

< @ ees ' s!rve%ing ea)# seasn

$it)#e6 beteen #ig# an6 l "ini"!" *eratin in t#e "i66le 'ea)# s!rve% *eri6 8!nnn t ))!*ants;

$!rve%s a6"inistere6 < ti"es6a%

Ab!t 10(000 res*nses re)eive6


T#er"al )"'rt 3!estins

10/5/2015 10:10 AM

Air "ve"ent 3!estins


113/128

113



Per)eive6 air 3!alit% 3!estin

10/5/2015 10:10 AM

Te"*erat!re satis'a)tin s!rve% res!lts 8an e9a"*leYa#U ar" seasn;


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114


249

1408

681

463

1793 766

0>0%

5>0%

10>0%

15>0%

20>0%

25>0%

30>0%

800 ($$ ui.in+ S"oo *oo ,(",on S"oo G"$m ,(",on

7 d i a t i f i e d o f p e o p l e

.o! atified are ou !ith the temperature in our !or)pace;<

IT min )o& $"t( LOG min )o& $"t(

800 ($$ ui.in+ G"$m ,(",on

10/5/2015 10:10 AM

?3>@7

==>C7

40%

50%

60%

IT min )o& $"t( LOG min )o& $"t(

37>4%

24>2%

T#er"al sensatins 8Ya#U ar" seasn( 1:5 vtes;


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115


=>=7

36>?7

23>=7

3@>A7

?>57

6>375>57 ?>7

3@>37 3@>7

2>C76>27

0%

10%

20%

30%

*o. !3B *oo !2B ' i+t coo !

1B

(ut$" 0B 'i+t &"$m

1B

G"$m 2B ot 3B

PG&E P ACIFIC ENERGY CENTER OCTOBER 2015 22 Lo& )o&: "($"+( ="i$ ? 73>3


116/128

10/5/2015 10:10 AM

O))!*ant )""ents ab!t s!""er ver.)ling 800 Ferr%b!il6ing( l "ini"!" *eratin;

3ct . ? @227/C+here is less 1ac8ground noise in m* office this afternoon- It is greatD6 'noise complaints were ofte n

referred to as # V"$ noise)

3ct. 2 @?8 A/ Cfeels good toda*- +he* $ount* must have turned on the heat-6

3ct. 2 ?@?2 7/CI definitel* notice a difference in the noise level in m* office- I hardl* hear it all- +han8 *ou if *ou have had

an*thing changedDD6

3ct. 8@?2 7/ Cffice is >ust right toda*D6

3ct. 8 2@82A/ Cthe temperature and noise control is perfect-6

3ct 8 5@82 7/ CI l th i t It i d t ld '"$ i th i t ) li8 it ll i 6


117/128

117



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118



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119



120/128

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121/128

121

Res!lts


+abratr% Testing $!""ar%

Pri)e In6!stries labratr%

: 6i''!ser t%*es

$P> $3!are *la3!e

P>F *errate6 it# )ntrller in 'a)e

P>N *er'rate6 it# )ntrller in ne)

$>B linear slt it# *len!"

RC> r!n6 )ne

520 #ig# si6eall

7eas!re te"*erat!re & air s*ee6( an6 )al)!late A>PI

Flrates 1Q( 2:Q(


122/128

122

PG&E P ACIFIC ENERGY CENTER OCTOBER 2015 2@<

;ertic! temperture !imit 5/@XF 'r" #ea6 t anle

-DP8 Air >i''!sin Per'r"an)e In6e9/ 7eas!re ' "i9ing/

>e!! miPI 0Q ens!res A$RAE 55 verti)al airte"*erat!re li"it *er %SHR%& Fundamentals C'( )*

-ir Chne Affectiveness (-CA# 7eas!re ' age ' air/

Perfect!y mi


123/128

123


::D

PG&E P ACIFIC ENERGY CENTER OCTOBER 2015 2@:

Vi6e

10/5/2015 10:10 AM

$lt 6i''!ser res!lts

Q 3040 )t/min

W 80% ADPI


124/128

124


'imi"$ $(,ut, )o$ " ot($ c(iin+ mount(. .i))u,($,

Q 3040 )t/min

W 80% ADPI


$i6eall 6i''!ser res!lts

Q 3040 )t/min

W 80% ADPI

Q 3040 )t/min

W 80% ADPI

10/5/2015 10:10 AM

R!n6 Cne >!)t 7!nte6 >i''!ser Res!lts

Q 3040 )t/min

W 80% ADPI


125/128

125


Q 3040 )t/min

W 80% ADPI


Te"*erat!re & Air $*ee6 6istrib!tin

Pri)e P>N *er'rate6 'a)e 6i''!ser

Te"*erat!re is "re even at ler 'l

Air s*ee6s 6e)rease at ler 'l

Air s*ee6s bel


126/128

126


.100Q A>PI at :5XF

+er air s*ee6s at l 'l

Average air s*ee6 bel A$RAE 55 still air li"it

$i6ealls )an 6!"* at 55XF an6 l 'l


Cling 76e Air C#ange E''e)tiveness 8ACE;

0500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500

0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000

$

% 2 $ o n c e n t r a t i o n 1 P P /

-ime 1

PDN 2?42?

== $#/ E==# +'-

'upp Ai$

4Y (i+t

24Y (i+t

43Y (i+t

67Y (i+t


127/128

127


$(,("$c ,o&(.

+oo. A*< .o&n

to 25%

P($)o$"t(.


Overall Cn)l!sins an6 a)nle6g"ent

Conc!usions

C!nter t t#e riginal #%*t#esis( )"'rt i"*rves rat#ert#an gets rse

>!"*ing & 6ra't 6 nt ))!r at l 'l

Ventilatin is "aintaine6

Energ% savings is signi'i)ant an6 si"ilar t si"!latin*re6i)tins

Significant retrofit opportunit for e+isting building !it' DDC

controls( ,ess t'an - ear pabac"(

-c"now!edment

CECPIER( A$RAE( an6 CBE 'r t#e '!n6ing

Ya#U 'r alling t 6 t#e st!6% in t#eir b!il6ings

10/5/2015 10:10 AM

J!estins


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128


revisiting vav systems - 10-2015.pdf

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