revisiting uganda’s inorganic fertilizer supply chain swaibu mbowa maaif agricultural input...
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Revisiting Uganda’s Inorganic Fertilizer Supply Chain
Swaibu Mbowa
MAAIF
Agricultural Input Quality in Uganda – New Research, Private Sector Solutions & Policy Directions Protea Hotel, 16 September 2015
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Are Farmers in Uganda able to Access & Use inorganic Fertilizer of the Right Quality?
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Outline of Presentation
•Methodology•Study Finding
Moisture contentRe-packaging effectsNutrient content
•Conclusions •Way Forward
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Regions -2 Districts Purposively Selected Based on Level of Fertilizer Use: Central [Kampala; Masaka]Eastern [Mbale; Kapchorwa]Northern [lira; Gulu]Western [Kisoro; Masindi]
Importers/WholesalersRandomly Picked 4 Firms (Kampala)
Retailers (Agro-input Dealers)
3 shops per district
Category MAAIF Registered UNADA members Unregistered (illicit)
Methodology
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Targeted Commonly used Fertilizers:
UreaDAP NPKMOP CAN
Samples procured by disguised research team from each category: MAAIF registered
UNADA MembersUnregistered (Illicit)
Transported to Laboratory at MAK immediately & Stored
in safe place awaiting analysis
A Follow-up Team visits similar shop(s) for additional
information
Methodology Cont……
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Study Findings - Results
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Moisture Content
Recommeded
Importer Retailer (Stockist)
Re-packed (Retail)
1.5
1.85 1.92
2.18
Figure 1: Recorded Average Moisture Content of fertilizers
Mois
ture
Con
ten
t (%
)
Acceptable Range of 0.5-1.5% [Draft Fertilizer Control Regulations, 2012].
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Weight of Bulky Samples(50kg Bag) Permissible ±0.5 kg
weight range
Importer Retail
49.8 50.0 48.4 43.4
52.0 54.4
Range Weight of 50 kg Fertilizer Bags
Mean Min Max
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Moisture & Weight Compliancy
Importers Illicit MAAIF UNADA -
20
40
60
80
100
33 35
20 32
Proportion of Compliant Bulky(50kg) Samples
Supply Chain Actor
Perc
enta
ge (
%)
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6 of the 12 bulky Samples from
Importers were Compliant
CAN
DAP
DAPDAP
DAP
MOP
NPK
NPK
NPK
Urea
Urea
Urea
01
23
4M
ois
ture
Con
ten
t (%
)
48 49 50 51 52
Weight (Kg)
IMPORTED FERTILIZERS
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Nutrient Content Value indicated on the Label Compared with Analytical
Content
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Nitrogen Content in Urea & DAP
KamMas
MasMbaKap
Gul
KamMas
MasMbaKap
Gul
ImpImpImpImp
Reta
iler (
Smal
l 1-2
kg p
...Re
taile
r (50
Kg
...Im
port
ers (
50kg
...
45.745.3
34.746.5
40.242.541.7
52.4
046.2
4646.647.245.645.4
46.6
0
42.541.7
43.842.2
43.3
06
45.847.8
4645.8
5547.8
0
41.744.444.145.7
42.543.3
14.2
047.8
43.545.4
464647.8
44.6
044.2
4646.7
Urea
MAAIF UNADA ILLICIT
% N KampalaMasaka
KisiroMasindi
MbaleKapchorwa
Lira Gulu
KampalaMasaka
KisiroMasindi
MbaleKapchorwa
Lira Gulu
Importer-MImporter-NImporter-OImporter-Q
Reta
iler
(50 K
g b
ag)
15.0
15.4
8.5
17.3
15.8
11.8
-
2.4
14.2
17.3
17.3
16.9
15.8
14.2
-
7.1
17.3
19.3
11.0
17.3
-
12.4
7.1
20.6
9.1
15.7
18.7
-
20.1
6.3
19.7
16.2
52.8
-
19.4
16.5
21.5
7.9
17.5
18.1
-
18.2
17.2
18.0
18.7 DAP
MAAIF UNADA ILLICIT% N
Acceptable Min Range: Urea - 45-46% DAP - 18%
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KMKiMMKLG
KMKiMMKLG
II
ImIm
Reta
iler
(50
Kg
bag
)
15.8
10.2
18.9
12.6
16.5
11.8
12.6
0
14.8
8.5
3.6
0
0
13.4
10.2
17.3
15
0
12.1
8.5
4.8
7.3
0
8.7
13.4
10.2
13.4
0
14.6
7.9
9.7
10.9
0
9.4
7.3
6
8.9
NPK 17:17:17
MAAIF UNADA ILLICIT
Nitrogen Content in NPK 17:17:17
& CAN
Masaka
Masindi
Kapchorwa
Gulu
Masaka
Masindi
Kapchorwa
Gulu
Importer-N
Importer-Q
Ret
ailer
(50 K
g b
ag)
19.7
9.4
8.5
12.1
2.4
11.5
18.9
13.6
0
10.3
9.7
0
11.1
0
8.7
0
CAN
MAAIF UNADA ILLICIT% N
Acceptable Min Range: NPK 17:17:17 –
17% CAN - 26%
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Conclusions:• A farmer purchasing a 50kg fertilizer bag from an Agro-
input dealer across the country is likely to pick a bag:below or above the threshold weight (of 49.5 kg); & with moisture levels above the recommended threshold range
(between 0.5-1.5percent).
• The inconsistencies in nutrient content are more prevalent with DAP, NPK and CAN fertilizers.
• It is difficult to underpin the most critical level where fertilizer quality is tampered with because deviations in quality were widespread along the entire supply chain.
• Re-packaging fertiliser is justifiable on grounds that it enables small-holder farmers to access fertiliser. However, the practice leads to
Moistening; and loss of nutrient like nitrogen in the fertilizer.
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Way Forward• Possibility of Re-packaging (1-2kg packs) to be
undertaken by fertiliser manufacturer (like sugar)! Has cost implications?
• The fertiliser inspection department at MAAIF needs to be strengthened enough to impose controls & regulations along the fertiliser supply chain.
• The three fertiliser policy documents: Fertiliser Policy, Regulations, and Strategy
• Adopted by MAAIF’s TPM need to be approved & operationalized by government
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Summary of Findings• Existing gaps in the regulatory and control system inhibit
enforcement of proper handling and storage of fertilizers by key players.
• Key players include: importers, wholesalers, and retailers in the fertilizer supply chain.
• The effect: farmers are not guaranteed access to fertilizer of the right quality.
• Fertilizer samples procured from both MAAIF registered Agro-input dealers and illicit trading shops revealed that low quality fertilizers in terms of moisture content and weight are on the Ugandan market.
• The fertilizer quality inspection department in MAAIF should be strengthened in order to enable it to impose controls and regulations along the entire fertilizer supply chain.
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Farmers being helped by Men in Uniform need Quality
Fertilizer among other key inputs to increase
agricultural Productivity in Uganda
The “Rain-fed revolution” has Failed
Let us try the “Green Revolution”
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