revision of tricimba lioy and aprometopis becker (diptera : chloropidae) from australia and the...

Invertebr . Taxon., 1993. 7. 297-499

Revision of Tricimba Lioy and Aprometopis Becker (Diptera : Chloropidae) from Australia and the Papuan Region

55 Lashford Lane. Dry Sandford. near Abingdon. Oxfordshire. OX13 6DZ. U.K.

Contents page

Abstract .................................................................................................................... 297 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 298 Methods .................................................................................................................. 300 Discussion ..................... .. ........................................................................................ 301 Taxonomy ................................................................................................................. 315 Key to Genera ............................................................................................................ 315 Key to Species ............................................................................................................ 315 Pseudotricimba, gen . nov ............................................................................................. 322 Aprometopis .............................................................................................................. 323 Tricimba ................................................................................................................... 325

................................................................................ Tricimba pallidiseta Species-group 326 T . tibialis Species-group ............................................................................................... 329 T . selachopina Species-group ........................................................................................ 332 T . angustigena Species-group ........................................................................................ 349 T . cardamomi Species-group ......................................................................................... 352 T . lutea Species-group ................................................................................................. 356 T. lineella Species-group .............................................................................................. 366 T . antennata Species-group ........................................................................................... 405 T . scutellata Species-group ......................................................................................... 430 T . similata Species-group ............................................................................................. 437 T . nitens Species-group ................................................................................................ 443 T . biseta Species-group ................................................................................................ 454 T . longigena Species-group ........................................................................................... 458 T . calcarula Species-group ............................................................................................ 463 T . convexa Species-group ............................................................................................. 474 T . quadriseta Species-group .......................................................................................... 486 Tricimba Unplaced Species ........................................................................................... 491 Acknowledgments ....................................................................................................... 493 References ................................................................................................................. 494 Index ........................................................................................................................ 496

Abstract

The genus Tricimba. in its broadest sense. is revised from Australia. New Guinea. and Bismarck and Solomon Islands and Vanuatu . In all. 66 species are recorded from Australia. 39 from New Guinea and the Bismarck Archipelago. five from the Solomon Islands and two from Vanuatu . A total of 96 species is included in the keys: seven described species. 87 new species of Tricimba (T . aberrans. T . acuta.

T. acuticercalis, T. aliciae, T. angustigena, T. antennata, T. approximata, T. aurata, T. aureopilosa, T. auriculata, T. biannulata, T. biloba, T. biseta, T. breviradialis, T. cana, T. calcarula, T. cardamomi, T. concava, T. difficilis, T. digitata, T. distigma, T. diversa, T. edentata, T. elongata, T. excavata, T, exsinuata, T. exvittata, T. facialis, T. flaw, T. flavigena, T. flavitibia, T. flavoscutellata, T. fusciseta, T. grevei, T. hardyi, T. katepisternalis, T, lactipennata, T. laevigata, T. languida, T. lata, T. latigena, T. liepae, T. longicercalis, T. longigena, T. longiseta, T. lutea, T. maculata, T. major, T. melanochaeta, T. minuta, T. monochaeta, T. monosticha, T. muitiseta, T. nigriseta, T. nitens, T. nitidifrons, T. nitidissima, T. obscura, T. occidentalis, T. oligochaeta, T. pandanicola, T. papuensis, T. parksorum, T, pendula, T, pilioculata, T. pilosa, T. pinguiseta, T. planiscutellata, T. pleichaeta, T. priori, T. propinqua, T. pubiantennata, T. quadriseta, T. rectiantennata, T. scrobiculata, T, simplex, T. solomonensis, T. tasrnanensis, T. tenuis, T. thistletoni, T. tibialis, T. tomentosa, T. tuberoscula, T. uniseta, T. vanuatensis, T. vulgaris, T. wauensis), one new species of Aprometopis (A. australis) and one new genus and species (Pseudotricimba anomala). Tricimba steatodae Hickman, 1971 is newly synonymised with T. convexa Malloch, 1927. The species considered are grouped into three genera and 17 species-groups within Tricimba. The relationships of the species-groups with each other and with extra-limital species-groups, and the relationships of the genera are tabulated and discussed. The genera Nartshukiella, Euhippelates, Eutricimba and Crassivenula are considered to correspond to the level of species-groups of Tricimba in this revision and are synonymised with Tricimba. The relationships of the tribes Tricimbini and Incertellini are discussed.

Introduction

Tricimba has been distinguished from other genera of the Oscinellinae by the presence of 3-5 deeply impressed longitudinal grooves on the scutum. There are about 170 described species from all zoogeographic Regions, including those described here. In this paper the species from Australia, New Guinea, the Bismarck and Solomon Is are considered. One species from Vanuatu is included for completeness. Becker (1911) produced the latest comprehensive revision of the Region. Malloch (1924, 1925, 1927) and Hickman (1971) considered the Australian species, and no named species are recorded from the islands considered here. Spencer (1977) revised the New Zealand species, and Cherian (1970, 1976, 1989b) described species from India. Further undescribed Oriental species are available but are not treated here. Beschovski (1981) considered the division of the genus. Kanmiya (1983) discussed the relationships of Tricimba and revised the Japanese species.

Terminology The teminology in this paper follows that of McAlpine et al. (1981). Some explanation

of characters given in the key and descriptions is required. The cuticle of Chloropidae offers many helpful taxonomic characters. It may be smooth and entirely free of surface vestiture or dusting and is then termed 'shining'. Where the surface is minutely ridged or grooved it is termed 'microstriate'. The appearance of dusting is probably caused by microtrichia, cuticular outgrowths that obscure the surface, reducing reflected light or causing the surface to appear entirely dull. Where the cuticular outgrowths are larger and can be seen under the high power of a stereomicroscope, they have been referred to as pubescence. Larger outgrowths with a basal socket are macrotrichia; these may be small irregularly arranged setae, here called setulae, or larger setae which have received individual names in the entomological literature, though in the Chloropidae some (such as the orbital setae) may be difficult to distinguish from setulae.

The term 'frontal triangle', widely used in literature on Chloropidae, was replaced by 'ocellar triangle' in McAlpine et al. (1981); the latter is used in this paper. The triangular area delimited by the ocelli has also been termed the 'ocellar triangle', and in this paper it is termed the 'ocellar tubercle', since it is usually slightly raised above the level of the frons of the Chloropidae. The ocellar triangle is indistinct in many Tricimba, and it is particularly difficult to measure its length; often there is a triangular basal part, here termed the 'main' part, and a linear extension towards the anterior margin of the frons. Where the length of the ocellar tubercle was used in descriptions, it was measured from the posterior margin of the posterior ocelli to the anterior margin of the anterior ocellus. The ocellar triangle was measured from the posterior margin of the posterior ocelli to the apex of the main part of

Revision of Tricimba and Aprometopis 299

the ocellar triangle. The head width was measured across the widest points of the eye. The head length was measured from the level of the posterior of the head horizontally to the level of the furthest extent of the anterior margin of the frons or eye, excluding the antenna; the depth similarly from the level of the most dorsal part of the head to the most ventral, excluding palpus and proboscis, the head being in an often imaginary 'rest7 position. The frons length was measured from the posterior margin of the posterior ocellus to the anterior margin of the frons, the width across the dorsal posterior corners of the eye where the frons is widest. The number of orbital setae is difficult to judge in many species where the setae are little differentiated from the frons setulae and merge with them. Therefore, the number of setae that can be distinguished from the frons setulae was counted and expressed as 'about x orbital setae' since it cannot be a precise count. However, some species have 1-3 pairs of enlarged orbital setae. The terminology used for the relative proportions of the first flagellomere is that the length is taken to be the longitudinal dimension, the depth is taken to be the vertical dimension, and the breadth the transverse dimension; thus, a broad first flagellomere is more globular. The face may be flat centrally, with a faint central ridge or a high membrane separating the antennae, or a broad ridge between the antennae. The key and descriptions depend largely on an accurate assessment of the development of this facial carina. The microtrichia on the eye offer a useful early division in the key but the character is a difficult one to interpret without experience or comparative material. In the species considered in couplets 15 to 26, the eye has dense microtrichia over the whole surface, easily seen at x40 with good lighting. In the remaining species there may be short scattered microtrichia over all or part of the eye. One species is included in both sections since it has dense but short microtrichia. The width of the gena is the greatest width, usually from a lateral ventral view; the gena may therefore appear narrower in figures than stated in the text, since the figures of the head were drawn from a lateral aspect.

The length of the scutum was measured from the level of the anterior margin to the suture with the scutellum, its width between the widest points anterior to the wing base. The form of the scutal longitudinal grooves provides many useful characters in Tricimba. They are here referred to as the central, intermediate and lateral grooves, the last not always being developed. The intermediate groove is at about, but not exactly, the line of the dorsocentral setae. The grooves vary from being faintly incised to being very deeply incised and have rows of associated setulae which may arise from punctures. The setulae may be in one, two or more rows. Measurements of costal ratios are from the basicosta of the wing to the point where rl touches the costa, then similarly to rzt3, r4+5 and m,. The scutellum was measured from the suture with the scutum to the tip of the scutellum, excluding any tubercles, and across the two lateral ridges at the base where they cross the scutal-scutellar suture. It would be difficult to estimate the total width of the scutellum since it is not well differentiated from the rest of the thorax laterally.

The terminology of the sclerites lateral to the aedeagus of the male is not clarified. McAlpine et al. (1981) used the term 'gonopod', and Andersson (1977) used 'pregonites' and 'postgonites'. The latter terms are used here since there is evidence in some Tricimba of a division into two sclerites.

It is difficult to give an indication of absolute size since total length varies, the abdomen being telescopic, while wing length may give an inaccurate indication because of differences in body proportions between species. Therefore, two measurements have been given for each holotype or representative specimen; the head width measured across the outer margins of the compound eyes, and the wing length measured from the basicosta to the wing tip.

One of the major problems with this group of genera is that superficially similar species may be quite distantly related. Most older descriptions are inadequate to separate the known taxa. Since there are many further undescribed taxa from other Regions known to the author, the descriptions given are very full. Where there are several closely related species, one has been described comprehensively and the remainder by comparison. The subdivision of the genus is particularly difficult since though there are some distinct groups, there are also annectant species. Species have been grouped into species-groups which do not always correspond to the divisions of the key, which is artificial. Specific relationships have been considered in the main text, and the subdivisions of the genus in the discussion.

Methods The male genitalia of specimens examined in this work were prepared as follows. Specimens were

placed in a humidity chamber for 1; h and the end of the abdomen removed with iridectomy scissors. The abdomen was soaked in 10% potassium hydroxide overnight, washed in 70%, 90% and 97% ethyl alcohol (several changes), and placed in clove oil for several hours. The epandrium and one surstylus were removed, the hypandrium dissected away from the remainder of the abdomen, and the dissection mounted in Canada Balsam on a coverslip attached to a card rectangle with a punched hole by Canada Balsam. The orientation of the epandrium was facilitated by using very thick Canada Balsam. After the mountant had dried, another piece of coverslip was added to the mount with a further drop of Canada Balsam, and the mount placed on the same pin as the specimen.

Abbreviations used in the text are as follows:

A.C.T. AM AN ANIC

BMNH

BPBM

Ck DEH DHC DKMcA DL DPS DVL EDE EFR EJF E JR GAH GAS GB GD GFG GHH GM GMN HC HH HP HWY I. IDN IFBC IRB J AH JCC JLG JS JWI km KONE

KRN L.

Australian Capital Territory Australian Museum, Sydney A. Newton Australian National Insect Collection,

Canberra British Museum (Natural History),

London Bernice P. Bishop Museum,

Honolulu Creek D. E. Hardy D. H. Colless D. K. McAlpine D. Lindsay D. P. Sands D. V. Lacis E. D. Edwards E. F. Riek E. J. Ford E. J. Reye G. A. Holloway G. A. Samuelson G. Bornemissza G. Daniels G. F. Gross G. H. Hardy G. Monteith G. M. Nishida H. Clissold H. Holtmann H. Petersen Highway Island I. D. Naumann I. F. B. Common I. R. Bock J. A. Herridge J. C. Cardale J. L. Gressitt J. Sedlacek J. W. Ismay kilometre Central Reference Insect Collection,

Konedobu K. R. Norris Lake

LWQ MG mi MS MSU MT Mt(s) NF NLHK N.S.W. N.T. PA Pen. Pk Pltn PR PS Pt QDPI

Qld QM R. Ra. RH RIV-W RJ RL RP RS S.A. SAM SFMcE SJP Tas. TCM USNM

Val. Vic. Vill. W.A. WCG WWB WWW ZL

L. W. Quate M. Gressitt mile M. Sedlacek M. S. Upton M. Thayer Mountain(s) N. Forrester N. L. H. Krauss New South Wales Northern Territory P. Aitken Peninsula Park Plantation P. Ranson P. Shanahan Point Queensland Department of Primary

Industry, Brisbane Queensland Queensland Museum, Brisbane River Range R. Hornabrook R. I. Vane-Wright R. Jenkins R. Lindsay R. Pullen R. Straatman South Australia South Australian Museum, Adelaide S. F. McEvey S. J. Paramonov Tasmania T. C. Maa United States National Museum,

Washington Valley Victoria Village Western Australia W. C. Gagne W. W. Brandt W. W. Wirth Z. Liepa

Revision of Tricimba and Aprometopis

Discussion

The classification of the Chloropidae has undergone many changes in the last few decades, partly due to Andersson's (1977) attempt to apply phylogenetic systematics to the family. The essence of the method is the delimitation of monophyletic groups. This is particularly difficult in the Chloropidae where morphological characters are highly variable and the same character state may occur in many apparently distinctly related genera. The examination of the type species of genera alone will not produce a stable classification, and in many genera the majority of species are undescribed. In this paper the approach has been to associate related species into species-groups which can then be tested for monophyly and combined into genera. It is therefore necessary to consider the characters used in this review. Andersson (1977) discussed the ground-plan condition of the Chloropidae and the direction of some character transformations. Table 1 shows changes in classification.

The distinction between dusted (dull) and shining Oscinellinae is a complex situation, where there are evidently cases of closely related species differing widely in this character. The ground-plan condition for both Oscinellinae and Tricimba is dusted, Tricimba being more heavily dusted than most genera of Oscinellinae, and the strongly shining body of some species of Tricimba is considered an apomorphic character.

There are several genera of Oscinellinae in which the head and thoracic setae are reduced in length and broadened. The plesiomorphic state is almost certainly slender setae, but whether the broadened condition has arisen more than once is unclear. Most Tricimba have broadened setae but the T. convexa-group has slender setae. The broadened setae are found in many species-groups of Tricimba and are considered to be a character of the ground-plan of Tricimba. The slender setae of the T. convexa-group are considered an apomorphic character.

The ocellar triangle of Tricimba is dull and difficult to distinguish from the remainder of the frons. It is also difficult in most svecies to determine whether the small setulae on the frons are inside or outside the lateral margin of the ocellar triangle. The ground-plan condition is considered to be a small ocellar triangle dusted as frons. Reduction of the ocellar triangle and strong differentiation from the surface of the frons are both considered to be apomorphic characters.

The orbital setae in Chloropidae are usually small and even in size, about 6-10 commonly being developed. Where fewer, larger setae are developed, this is considered to be an apomorphic character.

Nearly all Oscinellinae have an arista and this is taken to be the ground-plan condition. The reduced arista and long microtrichia on the first flagellomere of the antenna in some species of the T. antennata-group is considered an apomorphic character. A ground-plan condition of the Chloropidae is the lack of strong sexual dimorphism; the dimorphism of T. antennata and T. hardyi is thus an apomorphic character. A similar case is that of Kurumemyia ongamea Kanmiya, 1983, the female of which lacks the arista. There are other instances in the Diptera where New Guinean taxa show stronger sexual dimorphism than do related taxa from adjacent areas, such as Achias (Platystomatidae) and Phytalmia (Tephritidae).

The facial carina is a very useful character in the identification of genera and species- groups, but is quantitative rather than qualitative. Many species have a faint carina, and a series can easily be seen from no carina to a complete, broadened carina. The functional significance of the carina is not known, but it might reduce the area of the antenna in contact with the environment. Species with a strong carina also often have projecting frons or vibrissal angle. The ground-plan condition of the Oscinellinae and Tricimba is considered to be the lack of a facial carina, and its presence to be an apomorphic character that has arisen more than once.

In three species-groups considered here, the T. cardamomi, T. lutea and T. angustigena species-groups, the eye is covered with dense microtrichia. Andersson (1977) considered the ground-plan condition for Chloropidae to be few rnicrotrichia on the eye, with an entirely bare eye and a densely pilose eye both being apomorphic characters.

The ground-plan condition of the proboscis is short, and the elongate proboscis of the T. cardamomi species-group is considered an apomorphic character.

The species considered in this paper have 2-5 well or poorly developed scutal grooves. Similar, less well-developed grooves occur in other genera of Oscinellinae (e.g. Aphano- trigonum). The ground-plan condition of the Oscinellinae is here considered to be a smooth, ungrooved scutum, and the grooved condition to be an apomorphic character of Tricimba and some related genera (Aprometopis, Pseudotricimba).

Andersson (1977) considered that the ground-plan condition for the notopleural setae of Chloropidae is 1 + 1 setae, but that it is 1 + 2 setae for the Oscinellinae. Thus, the trans- formation series for Tricimba would be 1 + 2 -* 1 + 1 + 0 + 1. This is a very variable character within Tricimba and between Tricimba and related genera (Table 5). It is not possible to decide whether 1 + 1 or 1 + 2 setae is the ground-plan condition for Tricimba.

The form of the scutellum has been widely used in this revision. The ground-plan condition for Tricimba would appear to be a simple, short, rounded scutellum with apical and subapical pairs of marginal setae neither strongly approximated nor widely separated and not on strong tubercles. Apomorphic character states derived from this occur in species-groups of Tricimba and in other genera and are considered to represent parallel evolution. Thus, an elongate scutellum is found in the T. pallidiseta species-group and in Pseudogaurax Malloch; marginal scutellar setae on elongate tubercles in the T. lineella and T. antennata species-group and in Dactylothyrea de Meijere and Elachiptera Macquart; the apical scutellar setae are widely separated in five species-groups of Tricimba and some species of Aphanotrigonum. The concave disc of the scutellum of many species in the T. antennata species-group is also an apomorphic character.

Marked wings, whether black- or white-marked, are considered an apomorphic character. The ground-plan condition of Oscinellinae is unmarked wings. Wing markings appear to have arisen independently in all three subfamilies of Chloropidae.

The apical ventral spur of the posterior tibia of the T. pallidiseta and T. tibialis species- groups is considered to be an apomorphic character, and the ground-plan condition of the genus is a lack of a tibial spur.

The femoral comb is lacking in most species of Tricimba, but is found in many related genera. It is considered to be present in the ground-plan of the Oscinellinae and in Tricimba.

Functional Morphology The functional significance of many of the characters noted above is not understood.

Characters such as the posterior tibial spur recur many times in the Chloropidae and other families of insects and may be of use in jumping or moving through dense microhabitats. The heavy dusting appears to be more pronounced in species from drier habitats or in those associated with water margins.

The strong wing and body markings of species such as Tricimba maculata, T. vulgaris and T. auriculata may be related to the habits of the adult. All are found on the rainforest floor and can be swept in numbers from dead leaves with little or no green vegetation. The leaf-litter layer consists of greatly abraded and broken leaf and stem fragments, and the markings of these Tricimba are considered to be cryptic. Other Diptera from the same habitat have similar markings, including some Leptocera sensu lato (Sphaeroceridae) described by Richards (1973), and some small Empididae. Similarly, the dorsally directed scutellar setae of the T. antennata-group may have the same function, by breaking up the outline of the insect.

Genera Aprometopis is here considered to be a genus separate from Tricimba. The scutal grooves

are more weakly developed than in most Tricimba and it has the combination of a strong facial carina, 1 + 1 notopleural setae, open hypandrium and the femoral comb is a strongly developed patch of setae (the male characters are derived from extra-limital species since only one female is known from the area under review). The only character that consistently seems to separate the genera is that Aprometopis has the setulae on the gena directed more ventrally than in Tricimba. Mr J. C. Deeming has kindly pointed out that the puparium of Aprometopis flavifacies Becker is unusual in that the posterior end bears two short curved horns.


Pseudotricimba differs from Tricimba in that the intermediate grooves are poorly formed and the central groove is almost lacking. The combination of closed hypandrium, femoral comb a row of setae, facial carina not developed ventral to antennae, eye bare of microtrichia and about six orbital setae developed does not occur in Tricimba. Pseudotricimba has the marginal setae placed near the ventral margin of the scutellum and the head and thoracic setae are broadened, both characters which occur in the T. lineella species-group. Weakly developed scutal grooves are a character of the Nearctic T. melancholica (Becker) but the central groove is developed, and on other characters the species is placed in the T. cincta species-group. Aprometopis has weak scutal grooves, including the central groove, but has an open hypandrium, femoral comb a patch of setae and a very strong, broad facial carina. Pseudotricimba is considered generically distinct from the remainder of the taxa considered here, mainly on the basis of the poorly developed scutal grooves, and the new genus has therefore been erected.

Table 1. List o f genera, species-groups and extra-limital taxa* in discussion

Andersson, 1977 Kanmiya, 1983 Nartshuk, 1983 Ismay, present study

Aphanotrigonum genus-group

Siphunculina Aprometopis Aphanotrigonella * Aphanotrigonum Tricimba Echimba * Crassivenula * Conioscinella

Aphanotrigonum genus-group

Siphunculina Aprometopis Aphanotrigonella * Aphanotrigonum Tricimba Echimba * Crassivenula * Conioscinella Meijerella

Tribe Tricimbini

Siphunculina

Aphanotrigonella *

Tricimba Echimba * Crassivenula *

Tribe Incertellini Incertella Aphanotrigonum Nartshukiella * Apallates * Biorbitella * Malloewia *

Tribe Tricimbini Siphunculina Aprometopis Aphanotrigonella * Tricimba: species-groups T. pallidiseta group (Euhippelates) T. tibialis group T. selachopina group T. angustigena group T , cardamomi group T. set osa * T. lutea group T. cincta group (Nartshukiella) T, tofinistrigata * (Pen tanotaulax) T. virgulata* (Pentanotaulax) T. lineella group T. antennata group T. scutellata group T. similata group T. nitens group T. biseta group (Eutricimba) T. tinctipennis* T. flaviseta * T. longigena group T, calcarula group T. convexa group T, quadriseta group T. setulosa * T. brachyptera * (Crassivenula)* Echimba * Tricimbomyia * Pseudotricirnba

Tribe Incertellini Aphanotrigonum Incertella Meijerella Apallates* Biorbitella * Malloewia *

The Species-groups of Tricimba It should be clear from Tables 2-5 that the species considered here show a complex

arrangement of characters and are difficult to relate to existing genera. The genus, as currently defined, is large and rich in species in most Regions. For these reasons the species have been grouped into species-groups which are here compared with each other and with extra-limital species. Further work in other Regions may show that some of these groups deserve the status of subgenera or genera. Some of the important characters used in defining the species-groups are summarised in Table 4.

The primary division of the genus most recently used (Beschovski 1981; Nartshuk 1983) is between those species that resemble the type species, T. lineella, and are therefore retained in Tricimba, and those species related to T. cincta, which have been placed in Nartshukiella in the tribe Incertellini. However, Cherian (1989b) placed all Indian species in Tricimba.

Table 2. Distribution of some character states in the Tricimba cardamomi and T. lutea species-groups and species of Aprometopis

Species Characters l A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

T. cardamomi T. obscura T. edentata T, longicercalis T. setosa T. solomonensis T. sp. (Sumatra) T. tofinistrigata T. cincta T. lutea T. pilosa T. flavigena T. flavitibia T. nitidifrons Aprometopis flavofacies A. australis

A List of characters and character states used in Table 2. 1: +, hypandrium closed; ? +, hypandrium incompletely or narrowly closed;

-, hypandrium open. 2: P, femoral comb present as a patch of setae; R, femoral comb present as

row of setae; -, no femoral comb. 3: B, facial carina present to ventral margin of first flagellomere and slightly

broadened; +, facial carina present to ventral margin of first flagellomere but not broadened, knife-like; -, facial carina absent or reduced to low ridge below level of pedicel.

4: +, 1 + I notopleural setae; -, 1 + 2 notopleural setae. 5: >, cell rl broader than cell r2+3 at level of tip of rl; =, cell rl equal to cell

rz+3 at level of tip of rl; <, cell rl narrower than cell r2+3 at level of tip of rl.

6: +, proboscis with both labella and labrum strongly sclerotised, long, geni- culate, as long as oral cavity; -, proboscis shorter than oral cavity.

7: +, marginal scutellar setae placed close to ventral margin of scutellum; -, marginal scutellar setae placed at apex or close to dorsal surface of scutellum; +/-, marginal setae intermediate in position.

8: +, eye viewed at magnification of x50 with numerous microtrichia; -, eye viewed at magnification of x50 with scattered, or very short, or no microtrichia.

ND: no data.


The T. cardamomi and T. lutea species-groups Within the present work, three species-groups are separated out which share the character

of eye with dense, long microtrichia (the T. angustigena-, T. cardamomi- and T. lutea- groups). The last two may be more closely related to T. cincta (Meigen), which has short microtrichia on the eye, much less well-developed than in the Australian and New Guinean species considered here. T. angustigena is considered later. Beschovski (1981) separated T. cincta into a new subgenus, Nartshukiella, which Nartshuk (1983) considered to be of generic rank and transferred to the tribe Incertellini. The Incertellini was considered to differ from the Tricimbini in the lack of a facial carina and the presence of a femoral comb, 1 + 2 notopleural setae and a closed hypandrium. There are Palaearctic and Nearctic species similar to T. cincta; T. humeralis (Loew), T. brunnicollis (Becker) and T. melancholica (Becker) agree well, but in other Regions the distinctions break down. Some of the relevant characters are shown in Table 2. In the species considered in the present paper, the species of the T. cardamomi species-group, excluding T. solomonensis, have a narrowly closed

Table 3. Distribution of some character states in the Tricimba lineella species-group

Species Characters l A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1

T. vulgaris T. biannulata T. auriculata T. maculata T. pandanicola T. distigma T. papuensis T. vanuatensis T. liepae T. lactipennata T. cana T. facialis T. diversa T. aureopilosa T. propinqua T. breviradialis T. pinguiseta T. approximata T. difficilis T. digitata T. aurata T. acuticercalis T. thistletoni T. lineella

A List of characters and character states used in Table 3. 1: +, marginal scutellar setae displaced towards ventral margin of scutellum; -, marginal scutellar

setae at level of disc of scutellum. 2: +, 0+ 1 notopleural setae; -, 1 + 1 notopleural setae. 3: +, facial carina extended to ventral margin of first flagellomere; -, facial carina absent or not

extended to level of ventral margin of first flagellomere. 4: number of pairs of marginal scutellar setae. 5: +, intermediate groove diverging anteriorly to postpronotal lobe; -, not so. 6: +, wing marked (even if only at tip of rl); -, wing clear. 7: +, 1-3 pairs of orbital setae enlarged; -, orbital setae even in size. 8: +, costal sector 2 <3 (rz+3 short); -, , costal sector 3 < 2. 9: +, scutellum raised to apical peak; -, scutellum not raised to peak.

10: +, scutellum convex, not peaked; -, scutellum not evenly convex. 11: +, scutellar disc flat with angled margins; -, scutellar disc not flat.

A L

ist

of c

hara

cter

s an

d ch

arac

ter

stat

es u

sed

in T

able

4.

1:

+, c

entr

al g

roov

e of

scu

tum

pre

sent

; -, c

entr

al g

roov

e ab

sent

. 2

: +,

hyp

andr

ium

clo

sed;

-,

hypa

ndri

um o

pen.

3:

+,

fem

oral

com

b pr

esen

t; -,

fem

oral

com

b ab

sent

. 4:

+,

eye

with

num

erou

s m

icro

tric

hia

whe

n vi

ewed

at

mag

nifi

cati

on o

f x5

O;

-, e

ye v

iew

ed a

t m

agni

fica

tion

of

x50 w

ith s

catt

ered

or

very

sho

rt o

r no

m

icro

tric

hia.

5:

+,

tibi

al s

pur

pres

ent

on p

oste

rior

tib

ia; -, w

itho

ut p

oste

rior

tib

ial

spur

. 6:

+,

faci

al c

arin

a pr

esen

t to

mou

th e

dge

and

broa

dene

d; -,

faci

al c

arin

a pr

esen

t bu

t no

t br

oade

ned

or a

bsen

t.

7:

+, fa

cial

car

ina

pres

ent

on d

orsa

l pa

rt o

f fa

ce a

t le

ast

to l

evel

of

vent

ral

mar

gin

of f

irst

flag

ello

mer

e; -,

faci

al c

arin

a ab

sent

or n

ot e

xten

ding

to v

entr

al

mar

gin

of f

irst

fla

gell

omer

e.

8:

+, 1

+2

not

ople

ural

set

ae -,

not

so.

9:

+, 1

+ 1

noto

pleu

ral

seta

e; -, n

ot s

o.

10:

+, 0+ 1

not

ople

ural

set

ae; -, n

ot s

o.

11:

+, a

pica

l scu

tell

ar s

etae

wid

ely

spac

ed; -, a

pica

l scu

tell

ar s

etae

mor

e cl

osel

y pl

aced

tha

n th

eir

sepa

rati

on f

rom

lat

eral

mar

gin

of s

cute

llum

.

+, se

tula

e o

n i

nter

med

iate

gro

ove

of s

cutu

m u

nise

rial

; -, s

etul

ae o

n in

ter-

g

med

iate

gro

ove

of s

cutu

m m

ulti

seri

al,

at l

east

pos

teri

orly

. 5.

g.

+, oc

ella

r tr

iang

le s

hini

ng; -, o

cell

ar t

rian

gle

dust

ed.

+, 2

or

3 or

bita

l se

tae

enla

rged

; -, o

rbit

al s

etae

eve

n in

siz

e o

r in

crea

sing

'

in s

ize

post

erio

rly.

2,

+, v

ibri

ssal

ang

le a

nd p

ostg

ena

enla

rged

; -, v

ibri

ssal

ang

le o

r po

stge

na n

ot

2 en

larg

ed.

S' +,

setu

lae

on s

cutu

m l

ong;

-,

setu

lae

on s

cutu

m s

hort

. 8

+, po

stgo

nite

s ex

tend

ing

beyo

nd m

argi

n of

hyp

andr

ium

; -, p

ostg

onit

es n

ot

$ ex

tend

ing

beyo

nd m

argi

n of

hyp

andr

ium

. a

+, m

argi

nal

scut

ella

r se

tae

set

clos

e to

ven

tral

mar

gin

of s

cute

llum

; b

b

-, m

argi

nal

scut

ella

r se

tae

set

clos

e to

lev

el o

f di

sc o

f sc

utel

lum

. i

+, p

robo

scis

elo

ngat

e an

d sc

lero

tise

d; -, p

robo

scis

not

elo

ngat

e an

d la

bell

um

%

not

scle

roti

sed.

Q 2

+, su

rsty

lus

serr

ate

or d

igit

ate

apic

ally

; -, s

urst

ylus

not

ser

rate

or

digi

tate

ap

ical

ly.

+, c

ell

rl b

road

er t

han

cell

r2+

3 at

lev

el o

f ti

p of

rl;

=,

cell

rl e

qual

to

ce

ll r2

+3

at l

evel

of

tip

of r

l; -, c

ell

rl n

arro

wer

tha

n ce

ll r

~+

~

at l

evel

of

tip

of r

l.

hypandrium, femoral comb a patch of setae, not rows as in T. cincta, a broadened facial carina, 1 + 1 notopleural setae, elongate proboscis and marginal setae placed ventrally on the scutellum. The species in the T. cardamomi-group share with the T. lutea-group the long microtrichia on the eye. Five species close to T. lutea have the marginal scutellar setae intermediate in position, whereas in T. solomonensis the setae are placed ventrally. Although very different in habitus, T. setosa Lamb (Afrotropical Region) also has a closed hypandrium, femoral comb in a patch and 1 + 1 notopleural setae. It differs from the T. cardamomi-group in the 3-4 enlarged orbital setae, short proboscis, eye with short, scattered setulae and marginal scutellar setae at the level of the disc of scutellum. The remaining species with dense microtrichia on the eye that are considered here (except for T. angustigena) are placed in the T. lutea species-group which is characterised by the short

Table 5. Distribution of some character states in genera and species-groups related to Tricimba

Genus/species-group Characters l A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1

1 + 1 Siphunculina - - + - - - + 1 1 2

- -/+ -

Aprometopis F B 1 + 1 - P - - + = + - Aphanotrigonella F B 1 + 1 - - - - - = + - Eutricimba tinctipennis G - 1 + 1 - - - - + = + - Crassivenula brachycera G + 1 + 1 - - * - Echim ba G B 1 + 1 ND ND ND ND Tricimbomyia G - 1 + 1 ND ND - ND

o + 1 'Tricimba' G B+/- 1 + 1 - - -/+ -/+

1 + 2 Tricim ba setulosa G - 1 + 2 + P - - Tricimba cardamomi group G B 1 + 1 ? + P - -

Tricimba lutea group 1 + 1

+I- 1 + 2 - R/- - -

Pentanotaulaxtofinistrigata G - 1 + 2 - R - - - - - + - Tricimba cincta group G - 1 + 2 + R - - - - + - Pseudotricimba anomala F - 1 + 1 + R - - - - + ?

Aphanotrigonum F / - -/+ + R/- - - + -/+ - + - 1 + 2

Incertella - - 1 + 2 + R - - - = + - Meijerella - - 1 + 1 + R - - - - + - Apallates - - 1 + 2 + -/R - + - + - -

Biorbitella - - 1 + 1 + R - - + + - -

Malloewia - + 1 + 2 + R - - - - - - -

Conioscinella - - 1 + 2 - R - - - = + -

A List of characters and character states used in Table 5. 1: G, scutum with strong central groove; F, scutum with faint central groove; -, scutum without

central groove. 2: B, facial carina broadened; +, facial carina present; -, facial carina absent. 3: number of notopleural setae, anterior first. 4: +, hypandrium closed; -, hypandrium open. 5: P, femoral comb setae in a patch; R, femoral comb setae in rows; -, no femoral comb. 6: +, vein r2+3 short, costal sector 3>2; -, vein r2+3 long, costal sector 2>3. 7: +, posterior tibia with ventro-apical spur; -, posterior tibia without ventro-apical spur. 8: +, 1-4 orbital setae enlarged; -, orbital setae even in size or increasing in size posteriorly. 9: -, cell rl broader than cell r2+3 at level of tip of rl; =, cell rl equal to cell r2+3 at level of tip

of rl; -, cell rl narrower than cell r2+3 at level of tip of rl. 10: +, ocellar triangle dusted; -, ocellar triangle shining. 11: +, marginal scutellar setae displaced towards ventral margin of scutellum; -, marginal scutellar

setae at level of disc of scutellum. *, brachypterous species; ND, no data; +/-, more species + than -; -/+, more species - than +; t , intermediate.


proboscis and 1 + 2 notopleural setae, although T. solomonensis may be considered annectant between the groups, and the T. lutea-group is heterogeneous in other characters. An apparently undescribed species collected by the author in Sumatra appears to be close to T. lutea but has marginal setae placed at the level of the disc of the scutellum, no facial carina, 1 + 2 notopleural setae, open hypandrium, femoral comb setae in two rows and dense but short microtrichia on the eye. Unlike the other Tricimba considered in Table 2, cell r, is slightly narrower than r ~ + ~ at the level of the tip of rl. It is considered to belong to the T. lutea species-group.

The Neotropical Tricimba (Pentanotaulax) tofinistrigata (Enderlein) has been studied. It has a femoral comb of setae in two rows, and the cerci are large and narrowly separated, similar to those of T. cincta. The hypandrium is open but narrowly so, the arms almost touching in the mid-line. The eye has dense microtrichia, there are 1 + 2 notopleural setae though the dorsal posterior seta is smaller than the ventral, numerous (more than 10) fine orbital setae, long frons and scutal setulae and a flattened scutellum with the marginal setae close to the level of the disc. Except for the narrowly open hypandrium and more pubescent eye, it agrees well with T. cincta and has the same combination of characters as the species from Sumatra referred to above. No specimen of T. virgulata (Enderlein), the type species of Pentanotaulax, was available for study, but if that species agrees with T. tofinistrigata, Nartshukiella and Pentanotaulax are the same concept.

Andersson (1977) notes under Echimba that there are undescribed Afrotropical species that cannot be placed in the T. lineella- or T. cincta-groups since they have varying combinations of marginal setae placed close to the level of the disc of the scutellum, eye with microtrichia, broad setae and 1 + 1 notopleural setae. Tricimbomyia Cherian 1989a has a pilose eye and marginal setae placed ventrally on the scutellum.

The characters used by Nartshuk and Beschovski appear to be present in different combinations in different Regions. It is therefore considered that Nartshukiella should be placed as a synonym of Tricimba, and the species placed in the T. cincta species-group, while Pentanotaulax may be used at subgeneric level for Neotropical species until the type species, T. virgulata, is examined. T. cardamomi and T. lutea are placed in separate species-groups.

The T. lineella species-group The core of the genus is probably a large assemblage of species closest, fortunately, to

the type species, T. lineella. They have 1 + 1 notopleural setae, marginal scutellar setae usually placed close to the level of the ventral margin of the scutellum, no femoral comb, broadened head and thoracic setae and may have an arched, convex scutellar disc and wing markings. In both this and the T. cincta-, T. cardamomi- and T. lutea-groups, the facial carina may or may not be developed. Species belonging to this group are known from all Regions of the world. There is great diversity in the male genitalia; often the surstylus is serrate and the cerci may be separate or fused, even in apparently closely related species. Two species described here, T. breviradialis and T. diversa, are unusual in that the gonite appears secondarily divided longitudinally. In most Tricimba there is one apparent gonite, the apex bearing small setae so that it probably represents fusion of the pre- and postgonites. There is a graduation from species with 1 + 1 to 0 + 1 notopleural setae, the anterior being equal to the posterior or reduced in size to no larger than a setula. In T. lineella the intermediate scutal groove is broad and diverges anteriorly to the postpronotal lobe, as in Fig. 178. This character is present in seven of the 22 species found in this group, but does not appear to correlate well with other characters. There is slight correlation between marked wings (10 species) and enlarged orbital setae (four species, all with marked wings), but the remaining characters do not correlate. Several small groups of closely related species can be distinguished; T. pandanicola, T. distigma, T. papuensis and T. vanuatensis form one such group, and T. difficilis, T. digitata, T. aurata, T. acuticercalis and T. thistletoni another, the latter best distinguished by characters of the male genitalia. Since there is no clear dichotomy, all species are placed in the T. lineella-group, which is equivalent to the subgenus Tricimba of Beschovski (1981). The characters of the group are summarised in Table 3.

Several species considered here in the T. lineella-group have enlarged head and thoracic

setae on more or less enlarged bases or tubercles. Two described genera, Echimba Duda and Tricimbomyia Cherian, have further thickened setae on larger tubercles; both also have dense microtrichia on the eye, a character associated with species close to T. cincta. Tricimbomyia has marginal scutellar setae set close to the ventral margin o f the scutellum and lacks ocellar setae (data from description, specimens not seen). Echimba has the marginal scutellar setae at the level o f the disc o f the scutellum and has ocellar setae (data from descriptions and figures). The status o f these two genera is not considered here since they are extra-limital to the present study, but they appear to be closest to the T. lineella species-group.

The T . selachopina species-group The T. selachopina-group is characterised by the form o f the facial carina, which is

broadened for its entire length, and the anterior genal seta is placed more dorsally than in other species o f the genus. Most species have a strongly projecting anterior margin o f the frons. Although the species-group is distinct and appears confined to Australia, there is no reason to accord it generic status. The broadened facial carina is known in a less-developed form in other Tricimba, including T. cana described here, in the T. cardamomi-group from New Guinea, in an undescribed Malaysian species and in the related genera Aprometopis and Aphanotrigonella. In Aprometopis, the vibrissal angle is projected anteriorly almost to the level o f the anterior margin o f the frons, and the anterior genal seta is placed apically; also, the setulae on the gena are directed more ventrally than in Tricimba. Aprometopis also resembles the T. selachopina-group in that the scutal grooves may be weakly incised, but it has 1 + 1 notopleural setae and a femoral comb in a patch, while the T. selachopina- group has 1 + 2 notopleural setae and lacks a femoral comb. The puparium o f Aprometopis, as noted above, is unusual, but nothing is known o f the early stages o f the T. selachopina- group, and it is concluded that the resemblances with Aprometopis are due to convergence.

The T . pallidiseta and T . tibialis species-groups Malloch (1925) erected the genus Euhippelates for a species (pallidiseta) with a spur

on the posterior tibia and an elongate, narrowed scutellum. A closely related species, T. wauensis, is described here. Two further species in the T. tibialis-group have a posterior tibial spur but shorter scutellum and yellow ground colour, while a third apparently distantly related group contains one species (T. calcarula) with a shorter tibial spur. A posterior tibial spur is found in some species o f the related genus Aphanotrigonum (A. femorella Collin), while in the remainder o f the family there are many apparently distantly related genera (some Apotropina, Ceratobarys, Cadrema, Apallates, Hippelates, Opetiophora, Liohippelates, Lioscine[la and Arcuator) in many genus-groups which have a posterior tibial spur, so that its systematic value would appear small. One character in common between the T. pallidiseta- and T. tibialis-groups is that they have 1 +2 notopleural setae while the majority o f Tricimba have 1 + 1 setae. It is concluded that all species should be included in Tricimba, and Euhippelates is a synonym o f Tricimba, T. pallidiseta and T. wauensis being placed in the T. pallidiseta species-group, while T. tibialis and T. flavoscutellata are placed in the T. tibialis species-group. Both species-groups are known from New Guinea and Australia.

The T . antennata species-group Most o f the species placed in the T. antennata-group have 0+ 1 notopleural setae;

there is often a minute anterior seta and a smaller posterior seta, as in Fig. 318, but the appearance o f the notopleuron is very characteristic. The character occurs, apparently independently, in two other species-groups, the T. lineella- and T. nitens-groups. The species o f the T. antennata-group are o f long slender habitus with sparse setulae, and the marginal setae may be directed above the level o f the disc o f the scutellum. No species has a developed facial carina, and the male genitalia are characterised by the very long postgonite extending beyond the base o f the aedeagus, a character also noted in the T. longigena species-group, and in Zncertella albipalpis (Meigen) (Palaearctic Region), Apallates coxendix (Fitch) (Nearctic Region), Aphanotrigonum meijerei (Duda) (Palaearctic Region) and


Pseudogaurax cassideus Ismay (New Guinea). The species-group is further divided in characters of the male genitalia where known, one group having greatly reduced cerci which are widely separated and the surstylus apically pointed, whereas in the other group the cerci are more approximated and larger and the surstylus is broadly rounded. The former group includes species with highly modified male first flagellomere, with reduced arista and long microtrichia. The group is here recorded from New Guinea, the Bismarck and Solomon Islands and tropical Queensland; most species whose habitat is known are from tropical rainforest, and the distribution is therefore of rainforest species probably spread over New Guinea and Australia before the inundation of Torres Strait. T. aberrans is known from further south in Australia and differs from the remaining species in having 1 + 1 notopleural setae. The species is described from one female, but its habitus and structure of the scutellum are characteristic of the T. antennata-group. It may be considered as an aberrant species or close to the ancestral form of the remainder of the species-group. The species- group is distinct and relatively easily defined, but there is no good reason to accord it more than subgeneric rank. It is retained, at present, as a species-group.

The T. convexa species-group The T. convexa species-group has a distinct, slender habitus similar to that of the

T. antennata-group, but has 1 + 2 notopleural setae and a smoothly rounded scutellum possibly more characteristic of the ground-plan of the Oscinellinae than in most Tricimba. The setulae are long, as in the T. cincta-group, but the hypandrium is open in the T. convexa-group and there is no femoral comb. The species-group is recorded only from Australia and its relationship to the remainder of the genus is unclear.

The T. calcarula and T. quadriseta species-groups Two species-groups, the T. calcarula- and T. quadriseta-groups, have the habitus of the

T. lineella-group (short, broad species with dense broadened setulae), but have a different scutellum and, in the case of the T. calcarula-group, 1 + 2 notopleural setae. Although the number of notopleural setae is used extensively in the higher taxonomy of Chloropidae, it has been shown here to vary between even quite closely related species. The scutellum of the T. calcarula-group is probably close to the ground-plan condition for the genus group: scutellum smoothly rounded, disc flat to slightly convex and marginal setae not displaced towards the ventral margin of the scutellum. The scutellum of the T. quadriseta-group could be derived from the T: scutellata-group or the T. lineella-group, but would extend the definitions of either; since the habitus is nearer to that of T. lineella, both groups are placed tentatively near to the T. lineella-group. Both groups are recorded only from Australia except for T. pubiantennata from New Guinea.

The T. angustigena species-group T. angustigena has an eye with dense though short microtrichia, an open hypandrium

and no femoral comb. It does not fit well with the T. cincta species-group and is here placed in a separate species-group. It may be more closely related to T. lineella, having short but broad setae. The most distinctive character, the narrow gena, is probably of only specific value.

The T. scutellata and T, similata species-groups The character of widely spaced scutellar setae is a useful key character, but it appears

that five species-groups are represented in the present study. All have 1 + 1 notopleural setae.

The T. scutellata-group is a compact group distinguished by the uniserial setulae of the intermediate groove, but in other characters is not distinctive. The T. similata-group has a general resemblance in habitus to the T. scutellata-group, but the setulae on the posterior part of the intermediate groove are multiserial. They are generally more heavily dusted and the notopleural setae are more equal in size, whereas in the T. scutellata-group the anterior notopleural seta is markedly smaller than the posterior. The relationships of the two groups

to the remainder o f the genus are not clear, but they may be most closely related to the T. lineella-group; at least some species have the marginal scutellar setae ventral to the level o f the disc o f the scutellum.

The T . biseta species-group The T. biseta-group is defined by the widely spaced apical scutellar setae and the enlarged

orbital setae. A male specimen o f Tricimba (formerly in Eutricimba) tinctipennis Malloch from New Zealand (Ohakune, May-July 1923, T . R. Harris, in BMNH) has been examined. It differs from T. biseta in having short microtrichia on the eye, cell rl about equal to r2+3 at the level o f the tip o f r1 and the wing marked at apices o f veins and cross-veins. It also has an adventitious cross-vein between costa and rl. T. biseta and T. tinctipennis both have widely separated apical scutellar setae, 2-3 enlarged orbital setae and 1 + 1 notopleural setae. Two further New Zealand species collected by the author have also been studied. One is probably T. flaviseta Malloch and has short microtrichia on the eye and a faint mark on the apex o f rl . It does not have a cross-vein between the costa and rl . The second species is probably undescribed; it has faintly infuscated cross-veins and vein apices and a cross-vein between rl and r2+3. Both species have widely separated apical scutellar setae and several longer orbital setae. These five species studied have a similar habitus and the male genitalia, while distinct, show no major divergence. Since the character o f the extra cross-vein o f Eutricimba appears variable, the synonymy o f Eutricimba with Tricimba is supported by this study. They are here placed in the T. biseta species-group, which contains the five species considered above and two more (not examined) described by Spencer (1977). Longer orbital setae occur in other species o f Tricimba considered here: T. vulgaris, T. biannulata, T. auriculata and T. maculata in the T. lineella-group and also in the Afrotropical T. setosa.

The T . nitens species-group The T. nitens species-group has a very different habitus to the other groups; the species

included are almost entirely shining and include species that have very reduced scutal grooves. Other Tricimba may be partly shining; T. humeralis has a shining spot anterior to the anterior ocellus, as do several species o f the T. selachopina-group, while T. laevigata (T. convexa-group) has a shining ocellar triangle and scutum, and T. scutellata is shining through thin dusting. In related genera, many Sipunculina are mainly shining. Most species in the T. nitens-group have 1 + 1 notopleural setae, some have 0 + 1 as in most T. antennata- group and some T. lineella-group. The intermediate groove has uniserial setulae as in the T. scutellata-group. There are no important differences in the male genitalia, but the elongate female syntergite 1 + 2 is an unusual feature in Tricimba. T. nitens has been reared from mushrooms, while other Tricimba have been reared from fungi (Stubbs and Chandler 1978). The more unusual characters o f the group are not represented in all species and some occur elsewhere in the genus, so it is considered best to retain the species in a group in Tricimba rather than add another genus to the literature.

The T . longigena species-group The T. longigena species-group is defined by the elongate gena. The elongate postgonites

o f the group are similar to those o f the T. antennata species-group, but the affinities o f the T. longigena-group are unclear.

Crassivenula brachyptera (Thalhammer 1913) is a brachypterous species with poorly developed scutal grooves and widely separated marginal scutellar setae. The uniserial grooves are similar to those o f the T. scutellata-group, but the grooves may be reduced in size because the thorax is reduced in size. There are no important differences between C. brachyptera and Tricimba (Table S ) , and therefore Crassivenula is reduced to a synonym o f Tricimba (syn. nov.).


Relationships of Tricimba and Related Genera The above discussion shows that a broad definition of Tricimba is probably the most

parsimonious interpretation of the variation in character states between the species-groups considered (Table 5). Accordingly, Nartshukiella, Euhippelates, Eutricimba and Crassivenula are regarded as synonyms of Tricimba. Echimba and Tricimbomyia are close to the concept of Tricimba used here, but need further study. Aprometopis differs from Tricimba in the setulae on the gena being directed more ventrally and possibly in characters of the puparium. Pseudotricimba differs from Tricimba in the almost undeveloped central groove of the scutum. Aphanotrigonella differs from Tricimba in having a very strong facial carina, faint scutal grooves and elongate distiphallus. Siphunculina has a short vein r2+3 and is usually more shining than Tricimba.

The Tribal Classifcation Nartshuk (1983) defined the Tricimbini as having 1 + 1 notopleural setae, no femoral

comb, facial carina developed and hypandrium open. The Incertellini were defined as having 1 + 2 or 1 + 1 notopleural setae, femoral comb in rows, facial carina not developed and hypandrium closed. These characters vary greatly (Table 5), and to maintain the distinction between the two tribes requires many cases of apomorphic characters having reverted to the plesiomorphic state. There is a graduation in characters from the T. lineella species- group to the T. cincta species-group. Nartshukiella is synonymised with Tricimba, and Tricimbomyia and Pseudotricimba are placed in the Tricimbini. This leaves Aphanotrigonum, Zncertella, Meijerella, Apallates, Biorbitella and Malloewia in the Incertellini, but future work may well show that all these genera should be included in the Tricimbini.

Biology The Chloropidae are a major component of the dipterous fauna of many habitats in

most Regions, yet their biology is poorly understood. In the Holarctic, many species have been reared from grasses (Nye 1958), but at least in the Old World tropics the greatest diversity of species is associated with rainforests. Species may cause primary damage to plants or live in decayed tissue resulting from attack by other organisms. Von Tschirnhaus (1981) showed that the unifying factor in the biology of the Chloropidae may be an association with certain micro-organisms. Many plant associations in the data on material examined are not regarded as significant. Adult Chloropidae feed regularly on flowers when available and this does not imply a larval association with the plant.

The rearing records given in this revision are summarised in Table 6 . The records of T. cardamomi indicate secondary attack after damage by a lepidopteran larva. Records of T. nitens and T. quadriseta show an association with fungi, while in the Palaearctic Region T. lineella and T. cincta are also known from fungi (Stubbs and Chandler 1978). The rearing of T. convexa indicates primary attack on spider eggs (Hickman 1971; Austin 1985), known in other genera of Chloropidae (Pseudogaurax, Speccafrons). It is not clear from the data whether T. oligochaeta causes primary or secondary damage on sorghum.

Table 6. Rearing records of Tricimba from Australia and New Guinea

Species Host

Tricimba cardamomi Decayed stem of ginger and cardamom bored by lepidopteran larva

Tricimba convexa (as T. steatodae Hickman) Eggs of Steatodea livens (Simon) (Arachnida) Tricimba nitens Bred from mushrooms Tricimba oligochaeta Bred from larvae in sorghum seedlings exhibiting

'dead hearts' Tricimba quadriseta Ex fungus (puffballs) on rock

Habitat Preferences The habitat preferences o f Tricimba are not well known. Specimens collected by the

author in Papua New Guinea were associated with major habitats and some were found to have a limited distribution. Specimens collected by other collectors and from Australia may have more limited data and have been interpreted more cautiously, while most species recorded from few localities or specimens have not been considered here.

Species recorded from lowland New Guinea rainforest at low storey levels or rainforest floor: Tricimba angustigena, T. antennata, T. auriculata, T. biannulata, T. concava, T. difficilis, T. lutea, T. maculata, T. minuta, T. multiseta, T. vulgaris.

Species recorded from montane rainforest in New Guinea (altitude in metres): T. approximata (2100 m), T. flavigena (2760 m), T. minuta (400-2200 m), T. parksorum (1800-2000 m), T. thistletoni (2760 m).

Species recorded from lowland grasslands or disturbed ground in New Guinea: T. scutellata, T. tomentosa.

Species recorded from coastal vegetation in New Guinea: T. pandanicola, T. tomentosa. Species recorded from mangroves in Australia: T. liepae.

Biogeography Many o f the species and species-groups revised here are known from very few specimens

and caution must be exercised in interpreting their distributions. It is particularly probable that more species described from the New Guinea lowlands will be found to occur in northern Australia. Aprometopis is known from the Afrotropical and Oriental Regions, Japan and now Australia. This is therefore a widely distributed, but apparently species-poor, genus from the Old World tropics. Pseudotricimba is known from one species from New Guinea and Australia. Tricimba is known from all Regions o f the world; although nearly half the described species are now known from Australia and the Papuan Region, there are many undescribed Oriental species.

The Tricimba lineella-group probably has the widest distribution, all Regions, but i f the T. cincta-group were extended to include the T. lutea- and related groups, it would also cover both Old and New Worlds as far east as Australia. The remaining species-groups have a more limited distribution. The T. pallidiseta, T. tibialis, T. lutea, T. antennata and T. scutellata species-groups are distributed in New Guinea and Australia. The T. angustigena and T. cardamomi species-groups are found only in New Guinea. The T. selachopina, T. sirnilata, T. nitens, T. longigena, T. calcarula, T. convexa and T. quadriseta species- groups are found only in Australia. The T. biseta species-group is found in Australia and New Zealand.

At the species level, the most striking feature o f the fauna is its isolation from the Oriental fauna and the high proportion o f lowland New Guinea species (9) found in northern Australia. Eight o f these may be associated with rainforest on either side o f the Torres Strait. The remaining species, T. scutellata, is found in eastern and northern Australia and in savannah areas o f New Guinea. Related species are purely Australian and it is suggested that this species originated in Australia and reached New Guinea relatively recently.

Only one species, T. vulgaris, is presently known to have a wide distribution through south-east Asia, New Guinea and Australia; it is considered to be confined to tropical rainforest.

Two species, T. angustigena and T. multiseta, are known from New Guinea and the Solomon Islands. One species, T. solomonensis, appears to be endemic to the Solomon Islands and another, T. vanuatensis, to Vanuatu.

There are cases in better studied groups o f organisms where closely related pairs o f species are known from lowland and highland New Guinea. Two possible examples are recorded in the present work: T. lutea (lowland) and T. flavigena (highland); T. antennata (lowland) and T. hardyi (highland).


Within Australia there is one case of a trans-Tasman species-pair distribution: T. biseta (mainland Australia, many specimens) and T. tasmanensis (Tasmania, three specimens). There are too few records of most Australian species to detect clear patterns; many species have a wide distribution on the east coast of Australia, but this may represent collecting bias. In the T. selachopina species-group, T. selachopina and T. caringacies are widespread in the east, T. occidentalis is known mainly from Western Australia, and T. pleichaeta from Queensland, Northern Territory and Western Australia. In the T. nitens-group, T. nitens is known from New South Wales and Queensland, and T. nitidissima from Western Australia, but records of these species are very sparse.

The two largest species-groups considered here have evidently undergone extensive speciation within the area, but their patterns of distribution are very different. The T. lineella-group is very widely distributed and is species-rich in other Regions. It is found over New Guinea and mainland Australia, but does not seem to have a centre of endemism. On the other hand, the T. antennata-group is centred in New Guinea and the rainforest areas of northern Queensland, presumably having reached the area and commenced radiation before one of the inundations of the Torres Strait, since two species are found in Australia and New Guinea.

Taxonomy

Key to Genera of Oscinellinae from Australia and the Papuan Region with Longitudinal Grooves on the Scutum

Central groove of scutum not developed ............................. Pseudotricimba, gen. nov. Central and intermediate grooves of scutum developed ............................................ 2 Gena with setulae directed ventrally (Fig. 83); facial carina complete and broadened, vibrissal

angle strongly acute ............................................................ Aprometopis Becker Facial carina either absent or, if present and broadened, without the above combination of

characters .................................................................................. Tricimba Lioy

Key to Genera and Species of Tricimba, Aprometopis and Pseudotricimba from Australia and the Papuan Region

Posterior tibia (Figs 12-14) with a ventral spur as long as or longer than tibia is broad .................................................................................................................. 2

Posterior tibia without a ventral spur or spur shorter than tibia is broad (Fig. 548) ..... 5 Scutellum long and narrow (Figs 1, 3), lateral margins almost straight, apical setae stout,

strongly developed, approximated, subapical setae poorly developed; facial carina present to ventral margin of face (Fig. 7); ground colour black ...................................... 3

Scutellum broader, lateral margins convex or angled, apical setae less approximated, subapical usually more developed (Figs 4-6); facial carina not developed on ventral part of face

........................................................................ (Fig. 8); ground colour yellow 4 ............. Setulae on scutellar disc (Fig. 3) distributed evenly Tricimba wauensis, sp. nov.

.............. Setulae on scutellar disc (Fig. 1) absent centrally T. pallidiseta (Malloch, 1925) ................ Spur on posterior tibia arising at $ length and extending beyond tip (Fig. 13)

......................................................................................... T. tibialis, sp. nov. Spur on posterior tibia arising at f-$ length of tibia and extending beyond tip (Figs 12, 14)

............................................................................... T. flavoscutellata, sp. nov. Facial carina strongly developed into a broadened keel separating antenna1 foveae (Fig. 9)

approximately as broad as palpus; scutellum either flattened on disc or gently convex, not ....................................................................................................... peaked 6

Facial carina absent or blade-like and not broadened (Figs 7, 8), if narrowly broadened .................... (narrower than palpus) scutellum strongly peaked at apex (Fig. 194) 15

Scutellum with apical setae approximated, subapical setae small (Figs 28, 31, 34, 37, 40) .................................................................................................................. 7

............ Scutellum with more strongly developed subapical setae (Figs 43, 46, 49, 89) 12 Gena broad (Fig. 26), yellow, setulae over more than ventral f; frons yellow except for black

............................... ocellar tubercle and narrow central line T. pleichaeta, sp. nov. Gena with setulae confined to less than ventral 4 (Fig. 29) ....................................... 8

J. W. Ismay

Katepisternum dusted on margins, shining area of posterior margin extended to centre of ................................ katepisternum leaving crescent-shaped dusted mark (Fig. 93) 9

Katepisternum more heavily dusted, shining area of posterior margin not extended to centre ............................................................................ of katepisternum (Fig. 94) 11

Orbital setae minute, not longer than frons setulae; notopleuron with many setulae on ventral margin (Fig. 22); legs yellow .............................................. T. biloba, sp. nov.

Orbital setae longer than frons setulae (Fig. 29); notopleuron with few setulae on ventral margin (Fig. 78); legs darkened ..................................................................... 10

Gena i height of eye (Fig. 32) ............................................... T. latigena, sp. nov. Gena ; height of eye (Fig. 29) ....................................... T. carinifacies Malloch, 1927 Setae short, outer vertical seta about as long as separation of posterior ocelli (Fig. 79)

........................................................................ T. selachopina (Thomson, 1869) ......... Setae longer; outer vertical seta longer than separation of posterior ocelli (Fig. 77)

................................................................................... T. occidentalis, sp. nov. Setae on dorsal surface of head and thorax black ................. T. melanochaeta, sp, nov. Setae on dorsal surface of head and thorax pale ................................................... 13 Vibrissal angle greatly developed, acute (Fig. 83); meron dusted; 1 + 1 notopleural setae

......................................................................... Aprometopis australis, sp. nov. Vibrissal angle not produced, obtuse (Fig. 41); meron shining; 1 + 2 notopleural setae

................................................................................................................. 14 Inner vertical and postocellar setae shorter than distance between them; pleura yellow with

darker markings on ventral anepisternum and anepimeron, anterior meron and central ...................................................................... katepisternum T. major, sp, nov.

Inner vertical and postocellar setae longer than their separation; pleura brown with obscure darker markings ............................................................... T. longiseta, sp. nov.

Eye with numerous microtrichia visible under magnification of x 25-40 (Figs 109, 11 1); head, scutum and scutellum usually with long fine setulae; vein forming posterior margin

................................................... of cell bm+dm with faint flexure on basal f 16 Eye appearing bare or with a few scattered microtrichia under magnification of x25-40;

................................ usually without the above combination of other characters 27 Apical scutellar setae (Fig. 430) more widely separated than their separation from subapical

setae, closer to lateral margin of scutellum than its mid-line ... T. pilioculata, sp. nov. Apical scutellar setae more approximated, closer to mid-line of scutellum than to lateral

margins ..................................................................................................... 17 Gena (Fig. 95) practically linear, less than i width of anterior tibia; r2+3 (Fig. 99) subparallel

..................................................... to costa for central i T. angustigena, sp. nov. Gena broader than f width of anterior tibia ......................................................... 18 1 + 1 notopleural setae ...................................................................................... 19 1 + 2 notopleural setae ...................................................................................... 23 From scarcely produced beyond eye margin anteriorly; vibrissal angle not projecting beyond

level of anterior margin of eye; proboscis and palpus short, not extending beyond epistoma (Figs 117, 119); scutellar disc (Fig. 118) raised centrally, flattened laterally and from posterior, with slender pale setulae; middle and posterior tibiae yellow ..................... ................................................................................. T. solomonensis, sp. nov.

Frons and gena produced beyond level of margin of eye; proboscis elongate, extending beyond anterior margin of frons (Figs 111, 115); scutellum flat on disc (Fig. 112), setulae small, stout, brown; middle and posterior tibiae with 2 dark rings (Fig. 100) ................. 20

Scutellum, anterior part of frons except lateral corners and anterior coxa yellow; scutellum (Fig. 113) with fewer, larger setulae, particularly on more convex lateral margins; femora yellow with small black central band .......................................................... 21

Scutellum, most of frons except for central anterior margin and anterior coxa brown; femora brown except at base and tip; scutellum with more numerous smaller setulae (Fig. 116) ................................................................................................................. 22

Cerci of male genitalia widely divergent, short (Fig. 144) .......... T. cardamomi, sp. nov. Cerci of male genitalia elongate, longer than broad (Fig. 150) ... T. longicercalis, sp. nov. Cell rl broader than cell r2+3 at level of tip of r, (Fig. 110); male genitalia as Figs 152, 155

........................................................................................ T. obscura, sp. nov. Cell rl subequal to cell rz+3 at level of tip of rl ; male genitalia as Figs 155, 154 ............

...................................................................................... T. edentata, sp. nov.

Revision of Tricimba and Aprornetopis 317

Facial carina present, blade-like, extending from insertion of antennae to mouth edge; cell rl broader than cell r2+3 at level of tip of rl ............................................. 24

Facial carina not developed, cell rl subequal to cell r2 + 3 at level of tip of rl ............ 26 Scutum, frons except anterior margin, haltere and middle and posterior femora brown

...................................................................................... T. flavigena, sp. nov. Scutum yellow with longitudinal black stripes, most of frons and all haltere and middle

and posterior femora yellow ......................................................................... 25 Scutum and pleura pale yellow with distinct and highly contrasting black markings ....

............................................................................................ T. lutea, sp. nov. Scutum and pleura dark yellow with less contrasting darker markings .......................

.......................................................................................... T. pilosa, sp. nov. Scutellum (Fig. 128) convex on disc; femora entirely and base of middle and posterior tibia

black, remainder of tibia and tarsi pale yellow ...................... T, flavitibia, sp. nov. Scutellum flat on disc; legs yellow ......................................... T. nitidifrons, sp. nov. Facial carina (Fig. 7) present, blade-like, extending from insertion of antennae to level of

ventral margin of first flagellomere or mouth edge ......................................... 28 Facial carina absent (Fig. 8) or short, extending below pedicel only as a low or faint ridge

on face ..................................................................................................... 49 Costa without dark mark; scutellum convex at apex in lateral view, not raised to a peak

(Figs 201, 202); 1 + 1 notopleural setae ................................... T. facialis, sp. nov. Without the above combination of characters; either costa marked or scutellum raised to an

apical peak ................................................................................................ 29 Costa with dark mark at tip of rl; or scutellum (Figs 193, 187) with distinctly peaked or

convex apex and marginal setae set low on scutellum ...................................... 30 Costa unmarked, scutellum flat on disc, marginal setae arising little below level of disc of

scutellum ................................................................................................... 38 Scutellum with 3 pairs of marginal setae, basal pair more than length of subapical pair

(Fig. 194) .................................................................................................. 3 1 Scutellum with 2 pairs of marginal setae, a much smaller basal pair present in some specimens

(Figs 184, 192) ........................................................................................... 36 Costa with dark mark at tip of r4+5 .................................... T. lactipennata, sp. nov. Costa without dark mark at tip of r4+5 .............................................................. 32 Second costal sector more than 1.25 x length of third costal sector (Fig. 164); wing membrane

......................................................................................................... clear 33 Second costal sector less than 1.25 x third costal sector; wing with faint transverse darkening

at level of cross-veins .................................................................................. 35 Anterior and middle femora yellow with faint darker markings; wing veins yellow to yellow-

brown; scutal grooves shallowly incised; scutal dusting tinged yellow; scutellum and tubercles yellow to brown ............................................................................ 34

Anterior and middle femora black, wing veins tinged brown; scutal grooves, particularly intermediate groove, deeply incised; scutal dusting grey; scutellum and tubercles black ............................................................................................ T. cam, sp. nov.

Lateral margin of scutellum slightly convex, not indented, scutellum (Fig. 196) longer; tip of rl faintly infuscated; veins yellow-brown; r2+3 longer (Fig. 164) .............................. ................................................................................... T. vanuatensis, sp. nov.

Lateral margin of scutellum indented, scutellum shorter (Fig. 188); tip of rl more strongly infuscated, contrasting with pale yellow veins; vein r2+3 shorter (Fig. 159) ................

................................................ .............................. .. T. pandanicola, sp. nov. Costa with dark mark at tip of r ~ + ~ ; tip of r2+3 more sinuate, joining costa at larger angle

(Fig. 160); apical scutellar setae more widely separated from subapical setae (Fig. 190) ....................................................................................... T, distigma, sp. nov.

Costa without dark mark at tip of r2.3; tip of rz.3 less sinuate, joining costa at smaller angle (Fig. 161); apical scutellar setae less widely separated from subapical setae (Fig. 191) ..................................................................................... T. papuensis, sp, nov.

Costa with dark marks at tip of r2+3 and slightly at tip of r4+ S; rdf5 strongly curved to costa so fourth costal sector longer than third (Fig. 158); scutellum (Fig. 192) black, very strongly peaked, deeper at peak than near base; orbital setae even in size (Fig. 228) ........................................................................................... T. liepae, sp. nov.

Costa (Figs 156, 157) without dark marks at tip of rz+3 and r4+5; third and fourth costal sectors subequal; scutellum no deeper at apex than near base (Figs 185, 189); several larger posterior orbital setae developed (Figs 222, 224) ................... .. ..................... 37

Tubercle of subapical seta of scutellum (Fig. 186) longer than seta, tubercle yellow and disc of scutellum yellow, dusted yellow; wing (Fig. 157) with diffuse dark bands extending transversely between r-m and dm-cu and beyond tip of r2+3; katepisternum dusted on ventral ........................................................................ T. auriculata, sp. nov.

Tubercle of subapical seta of scutellum (Fig. 184) shorter than seta, tubercle black and disc of scutellum black, dusted brown except at base, which is grey dusted; middle transverse band of wing strongly darkened (Fig. 1561, broken by pale areas in base of cell r 4 + ~ and

......................... apex of cell dm-cu; katepisternum shining except for ventral corner ...................................................................................... T. maculata, sp. nov.

Scutellum (Fig. 619) broad, short, quadrate, posterior margin with 2 almost equal pairs of marginal setae on tubercles; anepisternum and anepimeron dusted on dorsal part,

........ katepisternum rugose on central part, shining on anterior and posterior margins .................................. .. ......................................... T. quadriseta, sp. nov.

............ Scutellum not quadrate, setae differently arranged; katepisternum not rugose 39 Dorsal strongly convex part of katepisternum shining, with few setulae on dorsal margin;

1 + 2 notopleural setae ................................................................................. 40 Katepisternum dusted on dorsal part; 1 + 1, 0 + 2 or 1 + 2 notopleural setae; if katepisternum

shining, then 1 + 1 notopleural setae ............................................................... 42 Scutellum (Fig. 551) with 2 larger equal pairs of widely spaced marginal setae; orbital setae

(Fig. 560) shorter; posterior tibia with ventral spur f as long as tibia is broad (Fig. 548) ..................................................................................... T. calcarula, sp. nov.

Scutellum (Figs 553, 555) with smaller, more closely placed marginal setae less distinguished ...... from setulae; orbital setae (Figs 563, 565) longer; without posterior tibia1 spur 41

Scutellum (Fig. 553) with apical setae straw-yellow, twice length of subapical setae; scutum with thin brown dusting, slightly shining; pleura dark brown .................................. ............................................................................... T. planiscutellata, sp. nov.

Scutellum (Fig. 555) with several pairs of marginal setae decreasing slightly in size from apical setae; scutum densely grey dusted, browner on grooves; pleura black ....................... .......................................................................................... T. aliciae, sp. nov.

1 +2 notopleural setae (Fig. 545); scutellum (Figs 557, 559) with small subapical setae close to apical setae; r4+5 slightly curved to costa at tip ........................................... 43

1 + 1 or O+ 1 notopleural setae; scutellum (Figs 212, 214, 216) with strong subapical setae well separated from apical setae; r4+5 strongly curved to costa over apical f ......... 45

Gena narrower than anterior femur ............................................ T. simplex sp. nov. Gena as broad or broader than anterior femur ..................................................... 44 Broadest part of cell br at base of r2+3 equal in width to adjacent part of cell bm+dm

................................................................................. T. carinata Malloch, 1924 Broadest part of cell br at base of r2+3 broader than adjacent part of cell bm + dm .......

............................................................................... T. katepisternalis, sp. nov. r4+5 p ig . 171) less strongly curved to costa, third costal sector longer than fourth; scutellum

(Fig. 216) short with smaller marginal setae, less than f length of scutellum; gena (Fig. 250) broader ..................................................................... T. thistletoni, sp. nov.

r4+5 (Figs 169, 170) more strongly curved to costa, fourth costal sector equal to or longer than third; scutellum (Figs 212, 214) with longer marginal setae; gena (Figs 246, 248) narrower ................................................................................................ 46

Male: tibia with 2 dark bands; scutellum (Fig. 212) shorter; cerci fused (Fig. 289); surstylus serrate apically (Figs 289, 290) ............................................. T. difficilis, sp. nov.

Male: tibiae yellow; scutellum (Fig. 214) longer .................................................... 47 Surstylus digitate (Figs 292, 295); cerci a fused low central lobe, not pointed (Fig. 292)

.................................................................................... T. digitata, sp. nov. Surstylus serrate (Figs 297, 301); cerci with 1 or 2 projecting lobes .......................... 48 Cerci with 2 small lobes (Fig. 296) .............................................. T. aurata, sp. nov. Cerci with a central pointed projection (Fig. 301) ................... T. acuticercalis, sp. nov. Costa with dark mark at tip of rl and r2+3 (Figs 162, 165) .................................... 50 Costa without dark mark at tip of both rl and r2+3 ............................................. 51 Scutellum dull black except for grey dusted base; scutum with 2 pairs of black marks, one

between central and intermediate grooves at base of prescutellar dorsocentral seta, other, larger mark, at length of scutum; tibiae darkened centrally ..... T, vulgaris, sp. nov.

Scutellum brown-bronze dusted except for darker extreme apex; scutum unmarked; tibiae with 2 narrow dark bands ................................................ T. biannulata, sp, nov.


Scutellum (Figs 204, 206, 210) with 2 pairs of marginal setae, apical pair approximated and widely separated from subapical pair .............................................................. 52

Scutellum with differently arranged marginal setae or 3 pairs of marginal setae ......... 54 Katepisternum shining on dorsal part; a few setulae along dorsal margin; intermediate groove

of scutum uniserial at anterior margin, not divergent to meet inner posterior margin of postpronotal lobe (Fig. 175) ........................................... T. approximata, sp. nov.

Katepisternum dusted at least on convex dorsal part; intermediate grooves biserial and diverging to meet inner posterior margin of postpronotal lobe (Fig. 178) .............. 53

First flagellomere brown, yellow at base, smaller, tibiae with 2 dark bands; vertical setae on raised mounds (Fig. 237) ...................................................... T. diversa, sp. nov.

First flagellomere yellow, larger; tibiae yellow; vertical setae not on raised mound (Fig. 241) ................................................................................. T. propinqua, sp. nov.

1 posterior notopleural seta developed, any other seta on notopleuron small and hair-like (Fig. 318) .................................................................................................. 55

1 + 1 or 1 + 2 notopleural setae developed, anterior seta may be smaller than posterior but stout, not hair-like ...................................................................................... 68

Ocellar triangle (Fig. 415) shining black, long, ocellar tubercle and small patches lateral to anterior ocellus dusted ................................................................................. 56

Ocellar triangle dusted or shining through thin dust .......................... .. .............. 57 Scutellum with widely separated apical scutellar setae, subapical setae on smaller tubercles

relative to apical setae (Fig. 415) ............................................. T, nitens, sp. nov. Scutellum with more evenly spaced apical and subapical setae, subapical setae on tubercles

larger relative to apical (Fig. 411) .................................. T. scrobiculata, sp. nov. Marginal setae of scutellum (Fig. 332) reduced to 1 pair on long, slightly curved tubercles,

longer than rest of scutellum; frons and scutum strongly silver dusted; legs yellow, posterior femur with or without a darker band .......................... T. grevei, sp. nov.

2 pairs of marginal setae; without remaining combination of characters .................... 58 First flagellomere (Fig. 309) twice as long as deep, dorsal margin straight, tip angular;

marginal setae of scutellum on long tubercles (Fig. 323); scutellum with long fine pubescence ............................................................... T. rectiantennata, sp. nov.

First flagellomere differently shaped, if elongate then with long microtrichia; scutellum without long pubescence .............................................................................. 59

Katepisternum dusted over all dorsal convex part ...................... T. tomentosa, sp. nov. Katepisternum shining on dorsal convex part, any dusting confined to dorsal margin ... 60 Orbital setae smaller, darker and more numerous (Figs 362, 363) ............................ 61 Orbital setae larger, paler and less numerous (Figs 358, 367) .................................. 62 Scutellum with setulae on disc close to base (Fig. 336); ocellar triangle (Fig. 361) little wider

than ocellar tubercle and dusted grey, scarcely shining; scutum densely dusted grey .................................................................................... T. multiseta, sp. nov.

Scutellum without setulae on disc close to base (Fig. 338); ocellar triangle (Fig. 365) twice width of ocellar tubercle at base, ocellar triangle and scutum lightly shining through thin dust .................................................................................... T. priori, sp. nov.

First flagellomere (Fig. 306) large, longer than deep, with microtrichia twice as long as basal diameter of arista; arista as long as eye; head (Fig. 347) deep in profile, face long; r4+5 strongly curved to costa (Fig. 313) (9 only known) ........... T. pendula, sp. nov.

First flagellomere smaller or arista reduced; without remaining combination of characters ................................................................................................................. 63

Orbital setae (Figs 351, 352) strongly curved posteriorly; posterior notopleural seta yellow- brown; male with arista very reduced and microtrichia on first flagellomere very long (Figs 351, 352) .......................................................................................... 64

Orbital setae, particularly posterior setae, more upright and straighter (Figs 369, 358); posterior notopleural seta black or brown; male with shorter rnicrotrichia on first flagellomere (Figs 354, 358, 369) ................................................................... 65

Apical scutellar setae on tubercles less than twice as long as broad (Fig. 326); haltere brown ..................................................................................... T. antennata, sp. nov.

Apical scutellar setae on tubercles more than twice as long as broad (Fig. 325); haltere yellow ............................................................................... T. hardyi, sp. nov.

Cell br conspicuously broader at middle than at tip (Figs 314, 317) ......................... 66 Cell br scarcely broader at middle than at tip (Fig. 304) ....................................... 67

Gena (Fig. 354) narrower than anterior tibia; frons black or slightly brown anteriorly; first flagellomere of male with reduced arista and microtrichia as long as first flagellomere

............................ (Fig. 311); posterior notopleural seta black T. nigriseta, sp. nov. Gena (Fig. 367) subequal to anterior tibia in width; frons yellow-brown anteriorly, male first

flagellomere slightly elongated on anterior dorsal corner, microtrichia little longer than basal diameter of arista, longest on anterior dorsal corner; arista fully developed (Fig. 310); posterior notopleural seta brown ....................................... T. parksorum, sp. nov.

Apical scutellar setae on shorter tubercles (Fig. 344); gena narrower than anterior tibia ...... (Fig. 369); first flagellomere with distinct pubescence (Fig. 3 12); haltere darkened

T. minuta, sp. nov. ......................................................................................... Apical scutellar setae on longer tubercles (Fig. 334); gena subequal to anterior tibia in width

...... (Fig. 358); first flagellomere with very short pubescence (Fig. 358); haltere yellow T, concava, sp. nov. ........................................................................................

Apical scutellar setae more widely separated than their separation from subapical setae and posterior margin of scutellum concave, rarely straight, or if no subapical setae developed

.......................... apical setae nearer to lateral margin than mid-line of scutellum 69 Apical scutellar setae closer together or posterior margin of scutellum convex, smoothly

rounded .............................................................................................. 85 2 or 3 pairs of orbital setae greatly enlarged (Figs 480, 482) ................................... 70 Orbital setae smaller, even in size (Figs 459, 472) ................................................. 71 Scutellum (Fig. 448) yellow-brown with 2 pairs of dark marginal setae, disc with 2 pairs of

dark brown setae subequal to marginal setae; frons yellow on anterior f, with 3 pairs of enlarged orbital setae ................... ... ............................ T. tasrnanensis, sp. nov.

Scutellum (Fig. 446) black with 2 pairs of black marginal setae and no longer setae on disc; frons yellow on anterior : at least on mid-line; with 2 pairs of enlarged orbital setae

T. biseta, sp. nov. ........................................................................................... ...... Ocellar triangle shining, area anterior to anterior ocellus without trace of dusting 72

Ocellar triangle dusted anterior to anterior ocellus ................................................ 74 Scutum and scutellum dusted ..................................................... T. lata, sp. nov. Scutum shining, scutellum dusted ....................................................................... 73 Apical scutellar setae (Fig. 438) shorter, ocellar triangle (Fig. 475) longer, almost to anterior

margin of frons ........................................................ T. tuberoscula, sp. nov. ...................... Apical scutellar setae (Fig. 440) longer; ocellar triangle (Fig. 473) shorter

T. nitidissima, sp. nov. .................................................................................... Katepisternum continuously dusted from dorsal margin to ventral corner over central convex

part; vibrissal angle produced anteriorly (Figs 486, 488); occiput swollen posteriorly ................................................................................................................ 75

Katepisternum largely shining over central convex part; vibrissal angle not produced (Fig. 463); occiput not swollen ..................................................................................... 77

................. Posterior margin of scutellum between apical setae deeply concave (Fig. 449) T. excavata, sp. nov. .......................................................................................

Posterior margin of scutellum slightly concave (Figs 452, 455) ................................ 76 Posterior margin of tergites 3 and 4 concave (Fig. 532) and strongly grey dusted, contrasting

with brown dusting of remainder of tergite .......................... T. longigena, sp. nov. Posterior margin of tergites 3 and 4 nearly straight (Fig. 534) and tergites with uniformly dark

dusting .......................................................................... T. exsinuata, sp. nov. ............ Setae on posterior part of intermediate groove more than uniserial (Fig. 41 1) 78 ............. Setae on posterior part of intermediate groove uniserial (Fig. 410); eye bare 82

Scutellum as Fig. 435, marginal setae brown, on longer tubercles; orbital setae short; eye bare ................................................................................ T. fusciseta, sp, nov.

Scutellum with more widely separated apical setae on smaller tubercles, marginal setae pale ........................... to dark yellow (Figs 430, 432, 433); eye with short pubescence 79

Subapical scutellar seta not developed (Fig. 649); legs yellow, middle and posterior femora darkened centrally ........................ .. ......................... T. monochaeta, sp. nov.

Subapical scutellar setae well developed, at least f length of apical seta and on small tubercles .............................................................................................................. 80

Posterior tibia strongly dark banded, anterior and middle tibiae usually banded; scutum grey dusted, brown on grooves; scutellum grey dusted centrally, lateral margins broadly brown

.................. dusted; frons brown dusted, grey on ocellar triangle and lateral margins ............................................................................. T. similata Malloch, 1927

Legs yellow, only middle and posterior femora dark banded; scutum and scutellum almost .................................. uniformly grey-brown dusted, scarcely darker on grooves 81

Revision of Tricirnba-and Aprornetopis 321

Posterior margin of scutellum, excluding apical tubercles, nearly straight (Fig. 430); apical setae on small tubercles, set near level of disc of scutellum (Fig. 431) ...................... .................................................................................... T. pilioculata, sp. nov.

Posterior margin of scutellum more strongly concave, apical tubercles larger (Fig. 433), set ventral to level of disc of scutellum ...................................... T. exvittata, sp. nov.

............. Subapical scutellar setae (Fig. 427) scarcely developed, little longer than setulae ......................................................................................... T. uniseta, sp. nov.

...... Subapical scutellar setae well developed (Figs 422, 425), placed on small tubercles 83 Pleura and scutellum yellow ..................................................... T. flava, sp. nov. Pleura and scutellum black ............................................................................. 84 Head and thoracic setae yellow; scutum with yellow dust largely obscuring shine; setulae on

scutellum (Fig. 425) absent medially near base .................... T. monosticha, sp. nov. Head and thoracic setae white; scutum and ocellar triangle slightly shining through thin

grey dust; setulae on scutellum (Fig. 422) over most of disc ................................ ............................................................................. T. scutellata Malloch, 1925

Yellow species with brown-yellow markings, postnotum black; central scutal groove not developed, intermediate groove represented by discontinuities in scutal setulae (Fig. 641); wing veins yellow with rl and adjacent part of costa darkened ................................ ........................................................... Pseudotricirnba anomala, gen. et sp. nov.

Black species with 3 distinct scutal grooves and tip of rl not darkened in comparison with other veins ............................................................................................... 86

1 + 1 notopleural setae; marginal setae on tubercles (Figs 198, 320, 619) ................... 87 1 + 2 notopleural setae; if second posterior notopleural seta not clearly visible then marginal

scutellar setae not on tubercles .................................................................... 93 Scutellum with 3 pairs of marginal setae ............................................................. 88 Scutellum with 2 pairs of marginal setae ........................................................... 89 Scutellum (Fig. 200) more elongate, apical setae more widely spaced from subapical than latter

separated from basal setae; notopleural setae stouter ............. T. pinguiseta, sp. nov. Scutellum (Fig. 198) less elongate, scutellar marginal setae equally separated; notopleural setae

more slender (Fig. 172) ................................................ T. aureopilosa, sp. nov. Second costal sector much shorter than third (Fig. 167); intermediate groove of scutum

biserial anteriorly, divergent to meet inner posterior margin of postpronotal lobe (Fig. 178) .................................................................................. T. breviradialis, sp. nov.

Second costal sector longer than or subequal to third; intermediate scutal groove uniserial anteriorly, not divergent to meet inner posterior margin of postpronotal lobe ....... 90

Katepisternum smooth and lightly dusted on dorsal convex part, setulae confined to dorsal margin ............................................................................ T. aberrans, sp. nov.

Katepisternum rugose but undusted on dorsal convex part, with setulae down central line ................................................................................................................. 91

First flagellomere (male only known) with long microtrichia (Fig. 626) ......................... ............................................................................... T. pubiantennata, sp. nov.

First flagellomere with barely perceptible microtrichia (Figs 622, 624) ....................... 92 Anterior part of gena with multiserial setulae (Fig. 622); setulae on frons (Fig. 623) and

scutellum (Fig. 619) denser ............................................. T. quadriseta, sp. nov. Anterior part of gena with uniserial setulae (Fig. 624); setulae on frons (Fig. 625) and

scutellum (Fig. 620) less dense ......................................... T. oligochaeta, sp. nov. Gena (Fig. 594) broader than width of anterior tibia ....................... T. acuta, sp. nov. Gena (Fig. 590) narrower or subequal to width of anterior tibia .............................. 94 Disc of scutum shining; ocellar triangle shining; anterior angle of gena produced (Fig. 596)

....................................................................................... T. laevigata, sp. nov. Disc of scutum dulled, at least in part; ocellar triangle partly or entirely dusted; anterior angle

.................................................................... of gena not produced (Fig. 590) 95 Apical scutellar setae less than length of scutellum (Fig. 635); scutal grooves and punctures

weakly impressed .......................... .. ................................ T. languida, sp. nov. Apical scutellar setae more than f length of scutellum (Fig. 581); scutal grooves and punctures

more strongly impressed ............................................................................... 96 Orbital setae straighter (Fig. 598); cell br narrower (Fig. 576) ........... T. tenuis, sp. nov. Orbital setae curved (Figs 590, 592); cell br broader (Fig. 575) ................................ 97 Disc of scutum uniformly lightly dusted; anepimeron dusted on more than dorsal over

anterior part (Fig. 578) ............................................. T. convexa Malloch, 1927 Disc of scutum very lightly dusted or shining except for posterior f between intermediate

grooves; anepimeron dusted on less than dorsal f over anterior part (Fig. 579) .......... ..................................................................................... T. elongata, sp. nov.

Pseudotricimba, gen. nov.

Type species: Pseudotricimba anomala, sp. nov., by present designation.

Diagnosis Ocellar triangle poorly distinguished from frons; first flagellomere of antenna rounded;

larger head and thoracic setae stout, short; facial carina not extending ventral to bases of antennae; eye bare, long axis oblique. Scutum with intermediate grooves shallowly developed, central groove absent; 1 + 1 notopleural setae; 1 pair of dorsocentral setae; anepisternum bare; marginal setae of scutellum set ventral to level of disc of scutellum. Legs with femoral comb a single row of few setae; posterior tibia without apical ventral spur, with tibia1 organ. Male epandrium with discrete cerci, hypandrium closed. Female with ovipositor membranous, not heavily sclerotised.

Remarks Pseudotricimba differs from Tricimba in having only the intermediate grooves developed,

the central groove not being developed. It also has .a combination of the following characters: hypandrium closed, femoral comb a row of setae, facial carina not developed ventral to antennae, eye bare of microtrichia and about 6 orbital setae present. This combination of characters is not found in any Tricimba considered here.

Pseudotricimba anomala, sp. nov. (Figs 639-648)

Material Examined

Holotype. o , Papua New Guinea, Central Province, 20 krn SE. Port Moresby, bushes, 30.xii.1984, J. W. Ismay, BMNH.

Paratypes. Papua New Guinea, Central Province: 7 o 59 , same data as holotype, AM, ANIC, BMNH; l o 1 9 , same data but 27.xii.1981, BMNH; 20, same data but l.i.1982, BMNH; 3 o 1 Q ,

same data but 9.i.1982, BMNH; 2 o , same data but 30.i.1982, BMNH; l o 19 , same data but 6.ii.1982, BMNH; 19 , same data but 28.vii.1984, BMNH; 39, same data but 23.xii.1984, BMNH; 4 0 39 , same data but 29.xii.1984, BMNH, KONE, USNM; 4 o 5 9 , same data but 5.i.1985, BMNH, KONE, USNM; 90 109, same data but 6.i.1985, AM, ANIC, BMNH; 4 o 29, same data but 20.i.1985, BMNH, KONE, USNM; 4 0 29, same data but 26.i.1985, BMNH; l o , same data but 9.ii.1985, BMNH; l o , Blaney's Garden nr Rouna, forest, 27.ii.1983, JWI, BMNH; l o , Crystal Rapids nr Sogeri, grasses, 25.viii.1985, JWI, BMNH. East New Britain Province: l o , Gazelle Pen., Bainings, St Paul's 350 m, 4.ix.1955, JLG, BPBM. Australia, Queensland: 19 , Mt Webb Natl Pk, 15°04'S.,145007'E., 29 . i~ . 1980, DHC, ANIC.

Male Head (Figs 642, 643) broader than long, about as long as deep (22: 15 : 15). Frons yellow,

dull, about as long as broad (13: 12), lateral margins convergent anteriorly, slightly convex anteriorly, not produced anterior to anterior margin of eye. Ocellar tubercle black, dusted, little raised above level of remainder of frons. Ocellar triangle difficult to distinguish from frons, indications of a large bare ocellar triangle extending $ distance from anterior ocellus to anterior margin of frons. Surface of frons with very few small pale setulae. Ocellar setae shorter than separation of posterior ocelli, upright, parallel, black. Postocellar setae slightly larger, convergent. Outer vertical seta longer than separation of posterior ocelli, inner vertical smaller, both black. About 6 even dark yellow small orbital setae developed. Antenna yellow, first flagellomere darkened apically with distinct pubescence equal to that on arista. Arista pale yellow at base, brown over most of length, pubescence about equal to basal diameter of arista. Face yellow, dusted, deeply concave, facial carina present only between antenna1 bases. Eye bare, long axis oblique, about 45" to vertical. Gena broader than anterior femur, yellow, dusted, slightly produced at vibrissal angle, setulae pale, 1 longer anteriorly and posteriorly. Postgena narrow, yellow with darker mark on lower part. Epistoma yellow. Proboscis and palpus yellow with pale pubescence. Occiput brown with yellow margins.


Scutum (Fig. 641) about as long as broad (19: IS), yellow, with obscure darker marks on central line to scutellum and along margins of postpronotal lobe and notopleuron to above wing base. No central groove to scutum, but setulae in 2 rows in position of central groove in Tricimba. A shallow, unpunctured groove at position of dorsocentral seta, with a double row of setulae. Scutal setulae sparse, stout, pale, darker dorsal to wing base. Postpronotal lobe and notopleuron paler yellow than scutum, postpronotal seta small, yellow. 1 + 1 stout black notopleural setae developed. Prescutellar dorsocentral and supra-alar setae stout, black. Pleura yellowish brown with darker markings on all pleura, shining, dusted on anepisternum except ventral and anterior margins, dorsal anterior corner of anepimeron and ventral corner of katepisternum. Scutellum (Figs 639, 640) about as long as broad (17 : 16), base expanded ventrally, but disc longer than broad, yellow, darkened apically, dusted, disc slightly convex, with small stout dark setulae, about 12 on disc. Four equally spaced marginal scutellar setae, apical setae only slightly longer, set below level of disc of scutellum, on minute tubercles. Subscutellum well developed, dusted, dark yellow. Postnotum short, shining black.

Legs pale yellow, dark bands on all femora near apex and tibiae near base. Femoral comb (Fig. 647) a single row of few setae. Posterior tibial organ poorly developed. Wing (Fig. 641) clear, short, broad, veins yellow except for dark rl and adjacent area of costa, r2+3 curved to costa only near tip, cell r1 narrower than r2+3 at level of tip of rl, r , + ~ curved to costa, dm-cu strongly oblique, cell br narrow, vein forming posterior margin of cell bm + dm almost without flexure. Costal ratios 41 : 36: 30: 18. Haltere yellow.

Abdomen brown, paler at base and margins of tergites, epandrium (Figs 644, 646) yellow- brown, rounded, with few setulae. Cerci discrete, triangular, small, inner parts separated. Surstylus (Fig. 645) slightly curved, longer than broad, apically pointed. Hypandrium (Fig. 648) closed, postgonite with process directed over aedeagus.

Female Resembling male, first flagellomere more extensively darkened, abdomen with pale

ovipositor, cercus dark brown.

Wing length 1.0 mm, head width 0 . 4 mm.

Remarks This species is distinguished from the others considered here by the poorly developed

scutal grooves. Tricimba adamsoni Malloch (1933) also has poorly developed scutal grooves, but it is much darker in coloration and has a differently shaped scutellum.

Genus Aprometopis Becker

Aprometopis Becker, 1910: 438. -Duda, 1934: 56 (misidentification).

Type species: Aprometopis flavofacies Becker, 1910, by original designation.

Diagnosis Antenna with first flagellomere rounded, arista simple; posterior orbital setae enlarged;

ocellar setae convergent; face short, very concave in vertical plane, with facial carina complete and broadened; vibrissal angle strongly acute; ventral margin of gena with setulae directed ventrally; eye almost bare of microtrichia, strongly oblique. Scutum with 3 weak longitudinal grooves, 1 + 1 notopleural setae, 1 pair of dorsocentral setae; anepisternum bare. Legs with femoral comb in male a dense patch of enlarged setae; with tibial organ. Male epandrium with fused cerci and serrate surstylus, hypandrium open. Female with ovipositor membranous, not heavily sclerotised.

Remarks Aprometopis is recorded from the Afrotropical and Oriental Regions (including Japan).

The species examined or known from descriptions have the setulae on the ventral surface

of the gena directed ventrally and anteriorly, while in the species of Tricimba that have either an acute vibrissal angle or a broadened facial carina these setulae are directed more anteriorly. Aprometopis punctipennis Duda, 1934 is now placed in the genus Caviceps (Malloch, 1936).

Aprometopis australis, sp. nov. (Figs 83-86, 89)

Material Examined Holotype. Q , Australia, N. Qld, Junction of Goldmine and Davies Cks, Kuranda-Mareeba Rd,

3.v.1967, D. H. Colless, ANIC.

Female Head (Figs 83, 84) broader than deep and about as deep as long (37: 26: 22). Frons about

as long as broad (21 : 21), lateral margins convergent anteriorly, anterior margin scarcely produced beyond level of anterior margin of eye, yellow, dusted pale yellow, with numerous pale setulae. Ocellar tubercle black, slightly raised above level of frons, pale dusted. Ocellar triangle probably represented by bare area lateral to ocellar tubercle and extending narrowly to f distance from anterior ocellus to anterior margin of frons. Setae (Fig. 86) and setulae pale yellow. Ocellar seta slightly longer than separation of posterior ocelli, convergent. Postocellar setae longer than ocellar seta, divergent. Outer vertical seta shorter than postocellar, inner vertical not distinguished. About 7 orbital setae developed, merging into frons setulae anteriorly and posterior to level of anterior ocellus, 3-4 central setae longer. Antenna small, yellow, first flagellomere deeper than long, rounded, with short pubescence. Arista yellow at base, darker apically, shorter than eye, distinctly pubescent. Face yellow, facial carina well developed, shining, nearly vertical, ventral part of face nearly horizontal, equal in length to carina, dusted. Eye with long axis strongly oblique, with sparse but general short microtrichia. Gena yellow, dusted, as wide as anterior femur below eye, greatly produced into vibrissal angle, with strong anterior seta at vibrissal angle and smaller posterior seta, setulae uniserial directed ventrally, gena very broad at posterior. Postgena broad, yellow, dusted. Palpus yellow and proboscis dark yellow, with pale setulae. Occiput black at centre, broadly yellow at margins, pale dusted, slightly concave.

Scutum slightly longer than broad (35:33), yellow, with black stripes between central and intermediate grooves from anterior margin to level of posterior notopleural seta and lateral to intermediate groove for central of length, pale dusted with numerous small pale setulae. Grooves lightly impressed, central groove biserial, becoming indistinct posterior to level of wing base, intermediate groove biserial and sinuous anteriorly, broadening at level of transverse suture and converging posteriorly, indistinct beyond level of supra-alar seta. Lateral groove scarcely developed. Setulae multiserial between central and intermediate grooves. Postpronotal lobe yellow, dusted as scutum, seta little smaller than postocellar seta. Notopleuron with 1 + 1 setae, posterior larger, both larger than postpronotal seta. Pre- scutellar dorsocentral and supra-alar setae equal to posterior notopleural setae. Pleura yellow, with distinct black marks on more than ventral f of katepisternum and ventral posterior corner of meron. Pleura lightly but evenly dusted except for area around pro- thoracic spiracle and anterior margin of katepisternum. Katepisternum with setulae on dorsal margin. Scutellum (Figs 85, 89) broader than long (14: 12), yellow, dusted as scutum, with sparse pale setulae, bare on midline, flat on disc. Apical scutellar setae about length of scutellum, separation more than that of posterior ocelli and of length of subapical setae, which are smaller than apical setae; 2 pairs of subapical setae developed, all pale, inserted little below level of disc of scutellum. Subscutellum not strongly developed, subscutellum and postnotum black, lightly dusted.

Legs yellow, middle tibia with central dark mark on anterior face, posterior tibia with narrow pale yellow tibia1 organ. Wing clear, veins yellow, cell r l little narrower than cell r2+3 at level of tip of r l , r4+5 scarcely curved to costa at tip, almost parallel to ml, cell br broad, dm-cu nearly straight, vein forming posterior margin of cell bm+dm with distinct flexure at more than f length. Costal ratios 35: 40: 15 : 11. Haltere yellow.


Abdomen yellowish brown, yellow on centre of syntergite 1 + 2 and posterior margins of tergites 4 and 5, ending in slender pale brown cerci, setulae pale.

Male Unknown.

Wing length 2.0 mm, head with 0.7 mm.

Remarks This species is most similar to the Afrotropical A. flavofacies and the Japanese

A . spectabilis Kanmiya, 1983. A. spectabilis has several short setae on the vibrissal angle while A . australis has one. A . australis is a more orange-yellow species than the clear yellow A . flavofacies. The head of A . australis is proportionately much shorter than that of A. flavofacies, and the head setae are shorter. In A. australis the orbital setae increase evenly in size posteriorly, but in A. flavofacies several are irregularly enlarged. The scutal setulae are equal in size to the setulae in the scutal groove in A . australis, but the setulae in the grooves are longer in A . flavofacies. The postpronotal lobe of A . flavofacies has several longer dorsal setulae, not developed in A . australis. The dark mark on the middle tibia of A. australis is absent in A . flavofacies. In A . flavofacies the apical scutellar setae are little shorter than the flat disc, but are much shorter in A. australis.

Genus Tricimba Lioy

Tricimba Lioy, 1864, 1125.-Malloch, 1924: 356; Malloch, 1925: 337; Malloch, 1927: 442; Harrison, 1959: 345; Spencer, 1977: 453.

Notonaulax Becker, 1903: 153. Pentanotaulax Enderlein, 1911: 197. Neuropachys Thalhammer, 191 3: 342. Euhippelates Malloch, 1925: 96, syn. nov.-Malloch, 1940: 267. Microchaetaspis Duda, 1930: 77. Hammaspis Duda, 1930: 76. Apteroscinis Malloch, 1931: 407.-Harrison, 1959: 338; Spencer, 1977: 453. Eutricimba Malloch, 1931: 408, syn. nov.-Harrison, 1959: 344; Spencer, 1977: 455. Echimba Duda, 1935: 27. Syphonerina Stguy, 1938: 361. Crassivenula Sabrosky, 1941: 751, syn. nov. Nartshukiella Beschovski, 1981: 120, syn. nov.

Type species: Tricimba: Oscinis lineella FallCn, 1820, subsequent designation by Enderlein, 1911: 207. Type species of Notonaulax: Oscinis lineella Fallen, 1820, subsequent designation by Enderlein, 1911: 207. Type species of Pentanotaulax: Pentanotaulax virgulata Enderlein, 191 1 by original designation. Type species of Neuropachys: Neuro- pachys brachyptera Thalhammer, 1913, by monotypy. Type species of Euhippelates: Euhippelates pallidiseta Malloch, 1925, by original designation. Type species of Microchaetaspis: Microchaetaspis crassiseta Duda, 1930, subsequent designation by Duda, 1931: 165. Type species of Hammaspis: Tricimba spinigera Malloch, 1913, by monotypy. Type species of Apteroscinis: Apteroscinis deansi Malloch, 1931, by original designation. Type species of Eutricimba: Eutricimba tinctipennis Malloch, 1931, by original designation. Type species of Echimba: Echimba annulipes Duda, 1935, by original designation. Type species of Syphonerina: Siphonerina armata SCguy, 1938, by original designation. Type species of Crassivenula: Neuropachys brachyptera Thalhammer, 1913, by original designation. Type species of Nartshukiella: Chlorops cincta Meigen, 1930, by original designation.

Diagnosis Antenna usually simple, first flagellomere rounded to elongate, arista reduced in some

species; orbital setae small in most species, rarely 1-4 pairs enlarged; ocellar setae parallel

to convergent, upright to reclinate; face with central carina in some species; vibrissal angle obtuse to acute; eye bare or with microtrichia. Scutum with 3-5 longitudinal grooves developed; 0 + 1 to 1 + 2 notopleural setae; 1 pair of dorsocentral setae; scutellum modified in some species, marginal setae on tubercles in many species; anepisternum bare. Legs simple, femoral comb developed in some species; posterior tibia with or without an apical ventral spur, with tibia1 organ. Male epandrium with cerci separate to more or less fused; hypandrium open in most species; pre- and postgonites indistinctly separated. Female with ovipositor membranous, not heavily sclerotised.

Remarks The genus Tricimba is used here in the broad sense and is divided into species-groups,

some of which, as indicated, correspond to taxa in synonymy above.

Tricimba pallidiseta species-group

Euhippelates Malloch, 1925: 96. - Malloch, 1940: 267.

Type species of Euhippelates: Euhippelates pallidiseta Malloch, 1925, by original designation.

Diagnosis Orbital setae small; face with carina present to level of ventral margin of first flagello-

mere; vibrissal angle obtuse; eye bare. 1 + 2 notopleural setae developed; scutellum elongate. Legs without femoral comb; posterior tibia with strong apical ventral spur. Male genitalia with open hypandrium.

Remarks The discussion above shows that Euhippelates is of equal rank with the species-groups

of Tricimba considered in this paper. Euhippelates is therefore synonymised with Tricimba and, to achieve internal consistency, the species-group is called the Tricimba pallidiseta species-group.

Tricimba pallidiseta (Malloch), comb. nov.

Euhippelates pallidiseta Malloch, 1925 : 96. Euhippelates pallidiseta var. pallipes Malloch, 1925: 97, syn. nov.

Material Examined

Holotype of Euhippelates pallidiseta, Sydney, 24.vi.1924, in AM. [Type locality: Australia, Sydney.]

Holotype of Euhippelates pallidiseta var. pallipes, Sydney, 30.xi.1924, in AM. [Type locality: Australia, Sydney.]

Other material examined. 130 239 (all material from Australia). Australian Capital Territory: Black Mtn, 9.x.1979, ZL, ANIC. New South Wales: Billabong Ck, 1 km W. of Wanganella, 25- 27.iv.1978, ZL, ANIC; Church Pt, Sydney, 19.i.1981, DKMcA, AM; Elizabeth Beach, 21 km S. of Forster, 27.iv.1979, IFBC, ANIC; Katoomba, 17.x.1957, GHH, AM; Minnamurra Falls, 5.vii.1961, DHC, ANIC; Natl Pk, 19.iii.1957, DKMcA, AM; same data but 30.x.1965, AM; Otford, 26.i.1959, DKMcA, AM; same data but 29.i.1959, AM; Sassafras Gully, Springwood, Blue Mts, 17.xi.1956, DKMcA, AM; Shoalhaven R., nr Braidwood, 22.x.1952, SJP, ANIC; Wentworth Falls, Blue Mts, 29.xi.1958, DKMcA, AM; Mt Wilson, Blue Mts, 18.viii.1966, DKMcA, AM; Wombat, nr Young, 13.xi.1966, ZL, ANIC. Queensland: Mt Glorious, nr Brisbane, 4.i.1961, DKMcA, AM. Tasmania: The Lea, 42°56'S.,147019'E., 5.ii.1983, IDN and JCC, ANIC. Victoria: Lake Albacutya, nr Rainbow, 6.ix.1974, ZL, ANIC; 20 km NE. Edenhope on Wimmera Hwy, 17.x.1987, JWI, BMNH.

Some features not included in the original description follow.


Male Head (Fig. 21) broader than deep, deeper than long (22: 17: 14). Frons as long as broad

(12: 12), lateral margins slightly convergent anteriorly, anterior margin strongly convex. Ocellar tubercle slightly raised above level of remainder of frons, ocellar triangle poorly defined, slightly broader than ocellar tubercle and extending narrowly anterior to ocellus as bare area; ocellar tubercle and triangle and posterior margin more grey dusted than remainder of frons. Ocellar setae convergent, reclinate, as long as separation of posterior ocelli. Postocellar setae larger than ocellar setae, convergent. Outer vertical seta little larger than postocellar seta, inner vertical smaller than postocellar setae. About 10 small reclinate orbital setae developed. Arista brown, yellow at base, shorter than eye. Eye deeper than long, long axis nearly vertical. Gena broader than anterior tibia, narrowed anteriorly, setae at anterior and posterior corners shorter than narrowest part of the gena is deep. Palpus yellow, very slender, proboscis darker yellow, both with pale setulae.

Scutum slightly broader than long (21 : 18), central groove uniserial ending anterior to level of prescutellar dorsocentral seta, intermediate groove parallel to central groove, more than uniserial, ending anterior to central groove. Lateral groove not developed. 1 + 2 notopleural setae (Fig. 10). Anepisternum dusted except on narrow anterior and ventral margins, dorsal of anepimeron dusted, katatergite slightly dusted, katepisternum dusted on ventral angle, with setulae along dorsal margin. Scutellum (Figs 1, 2) longer than broad (13 : 9). Subscutellum poorly developed, dusted. Postnotum shining black.

Wing with cell r, narrower than cell r2+3, r4+5 curved to costa and divergent from straight m,, cell br broad, dm-cu oblique. Costal ratios 51 : 34 : 29 : 20.

Epandrium (Fig. 15) slightly broader than deep, slightly angled in outline, with fine pubescence, cerci separated by narrow indentation, surstylus strongly serrate apically, broad in lateral view (Fig. 16). Hypandrium (Fig. 17) open, aedeagus little broader at base than at tip, lateral margins slightly concave.

Wing length 1.3 mm, head width 0.4 mm.

Remarks Malloch (1925) described a variety pallipes of T. pallidiseta distinguished only by the

entirely yellow legs. A range of male specimens has been dissected and there appears to be no difference between those with darkened and yellow femora. Malloch (1925) described T. pallidiseta as having 'all femora broadly infuscated in middle', but the material examined in this study varied from all femora darkened, to only posterior femora darkened, to yellow femora. The var. pallipes is therefore considered to be a synonym of T. pallidiseta. The specimens also varied in the size of the posterior tibia1 spur and the degree of convexity of the scutellum in the longitudinal plane, usually more convex in specimens with darkened femora. Some specimens had brown markings on the middle part of the intermediate groove of the scutum. The scutal dusting may be more or less silver, yellow or grey tinted. There was considerable variation in the proportions of the scutellum in the material examined and in the depth of the central groove, which was bare in some specimens but had a few setulae in others (Fig. 1). Since no constant differences were found between any of these forms they are considered to belong to one species unless biological differences are found.

Tricimba wauensis, sp. nov. (Figs 3, 19)

Material Examined

Holotype. Q , Papua New Guinea, Morobe Province, Mt Missim, 2000 m, south side, Lithocarpus 330, 13.vi.1984, W. Gagne, BPBM.

Paratypes. Morobe Province: 1 o* 1 Q , same data as holotype, BPBM, BMNH; 1 Q , Mt Missim, 1300 m, 7-14.xii.1966, GAS, BPBM; 19, Wau, Hospital Ck, 1200 m, malaise trap, 22.v.1965, JS, BPBM.

Female Head broader than deep and deeper than long (35 : 28: 22). Frons slightly longer than

broad (20: 18), yellow, dusted yellow, anterior margin convex, produced anterior to anterior margin of eye. Ocellar tubercle slightly raised above level of remainder of frons, black. A black triangle less than f length of frons may represent ocellar triangle, but it is covered with setulae up to ocellar tubercle and is not texturally distinguishable from frons. Frons setulae pale, short, stout but dense. Ocellar setae reclinate, convergent, equal to separation of posterior ocelli, postocellars larger, convergent, smaller than outer vertical. Inner vertical small, directed medially and slightly posteriorly close to surface of head, outer vertical larger. More than 10 small upswept pale orbital setae developed. Antenna yellow-brown, arista brown, short pubescent. Antenna1 foveae deeply concave, facial carina well developed, extending almost to epistoma. Eye bare, large, long axis slightly oblique. Gena yellow, slightly wider than anterior tibia at middle of gena, broader posteriorly, dusted, with a row of yellow setulae, larger anteriorly and posteriorly. Postgena narrow, black dorsally, yellow ventrally, dusted. Epistoma yellow. Palpus and proboscis yellow with pale setulae. Occiput black, dusted grey, flat.

Scutum about as wide as long (39:37), black, densely dusted grey, with small pale setulae. Longitudinal grooves almost straight, intermediate groove deeper than central groove, no area of punctures above wing base representing lateral groove. Postpronotal lobe and notopleuron dusted, 2 longer postpronotal setae, 1 + 2 notopleural setae, 1 supra- alar, 1 prescutellar dorsocentral and smaller intra-alar setae. Pleura black, paler on proepisternum, shining, coarsely dusted on anepisternum except ventral margin and dorsal f of anepimeron, katatergite and posterior side of ventral angle of katepisternum. Scutellum (Fig. 3) longer than broad (25: 17), tapered, narrow at tip which is width at base, lateral margins nearly straight, black, dusted, yellow at tip. Surface with numerous dark setulae set on prominent bases, uniformly distributed but sparse on anterior margin, disc of scutellum flat and without groove. Apical scutellar setae stout, divergent, dark yellow. Two minute subapical setae set on small tubercles and setulae extending over lateral margins of scutellum. Scutellum less and more brownly dusted than scutum.

Legs dark yellow, coxae and most of posterior femur brown. Posterior tibia with a strong curved dark yellow ventral preapical spur, slightly longer than greatest diameter of tibia, tibia1 organ well developed. Wing hyaline, veins dark yellow, brownish at level of r-m, posterior margin of cell bm+dm almost without flexure, cell br broad, rzt3 and r4+5 well separated, r4+5 and m, divergent over most of length of apical section. Costal ratios 40: 32: 18 : 14. Haltere yellow, stem darker.

Abdomen black, lightly dusted, yellow on tergites 1 + 2 and ovipositor.

Male Resembling female but epandrium (Fig. 19) about as broad as deep, outline rounded,

cerci separated by narrow indentation, surstylus slightly serrate apically. Hypandrium similar to that of T. pallidiseta.


Remarks The species is very similar to T. pallidiseta, but the scutellum is less arched than in most

specimens of T. pallidiseta and has more numerous setulae centrally, with faint indications of a central groove. In T. pallidiseta the setulae on the scutum are less dense and more strongly white reflecting than in T. wauensis. The male genitalia are close to those of T. pallidiseta, but the outline of the epandrium, seen in apical view, is more rounded in the single male of T. wauensis examined than in the specimens of T. pallidiseta and T. pallidiseta var. pallipes.

Revision of Tricimba and Aprornetopis

Tricimba tibialis species-group Diagnosis

Ground colour mainly yellow. Orbital setae small; face with carina not extending to level of ventral margin of first flagellomere; vibrissal angle obtuse; eye bare. 1 + 2 notopleural setae developed; scutellum not elongate. Legs with femoral comb not developed; posterior tibia with strong apical ventral spur. Male genitalia with open hypandrium.

Tricimba tibialis, sp. nov. (Figs 4, 11, 13)

Material Examined Holotype. cr , Papua New Guinea, Central Province, 5 km S. Sirinumu Dam, forest, 600-800 m,

15.vi.1986, .I. W. Ismay, BMNH.

Male Head broader and deeper than long (26: 18: 16), yellow. Frons about as broad as long

(13 : 13), lateral margins convergent anteriorly, anterior margin slightly convex, frons yellow, only ocellar tubercle darkened, greased, details of dusting and extent of ocellar triangle not distinguished, but frons not shining. Setulae small and sparse, absent from a narrow area from sides of ocellar tubercle to near anterior margin, all setae and setulae yellow. Ocellar tubercle slightly raised, ocellar setae short, equal to separation of posterior ocelli, upright, parallel. Postocellar setae longer, convergent but not crossed, outer vertical scarcely longer than postocellar, inner vertical slightly larger than ocellar. Orbital setae damaged, probably less than 8 developed, reclinate, longer posteriorly. Antenna yellow, first flagellomere small, deeper than long, arista darker yellow, pubescence longer than basal diameter of arista. Facial carina not distinguished, face concave, yellow, broader than deep. Eye rounded, long axis oblique, with scattered minute pubescence. Gena narrower than anterior tibia at narrowest point, somewhat broader posteriorly, yellow. Postgena narrow, yellow dusted. Proboscis yellow, palpus yellow, slender, slightly curved and pointed. Occiput brown, dusted, slightly concave.

Scutum yellow, darkened on grooves anterior to scutellum and posterior to postpronotal lobe, about as broad as long (24: 23), slightly convex, shining through thin dusting, setulae and setae yellow. Scutal grooves weakly impressed but setulae in strong punctures, central and intermediate grooves reaching to level of prescutellar dorsocentral seta, central groove with setulae uniserial, intermediate grooves slightly convergent anteriorly and with more than uniserial setulae anterior to transverse suture, lateral groove scarcely distinguishable. Setulae between central and intermediate grooves little more than uniserial. Postpronotal seta developed but small. 1 + 2 notopleural setae, anterior and dorsal posterior setae smaller than postpronotal setae, ventral posterior seta much larger and stouter (Fig. 11). Notopleural depression deep. Prescutellar dorsocentral seta scarcely larger than setulae, supra-alar seta larger but smaller than largest notopleural seta. Pleura yellow, darkened ventral to notopleuron, on dorsal margin of katepisternum and ventral margins of anepisternum and anepimeron, shining except for dorsal part of anepisternum and anepimeron and katatergite. Scutellum (Fig. 4) rather longer than broad (22 : 20), yellow, darker at apex with sparse but stout setulae over disc, pale, darker near apex, bare at base and on lateral margins, dusted as scutum. Shape rounded triangular, lateral margins slightly angled at subapical setae, disc flat to near apex. Marginal setae set low down on scutellar margin, apical setae about length of scutellum, separated by less than their length, stout, yellow, arising from enlarged bases, slightly divergent. Subapical setae set slightly nearer to apex of scutellum than to base, 1 i as long, on enlarged base. Ventral side of scutellum yellow, dusted. Subscutellum small, yellow, dusted. Postnotum yellow, shining.

Legs yellow, darkened only on basal of posterior femur. Posterior tibia (Fig. 13) with long dark yellow ventral spur arising at f length of tibia, nearly straight on basal % then curved, extending beyond tip of tibia. Wings clear, veins dark yellow, paler at wing base and tip of rl darker, rz+, curved to costa, cell rl broad at base, r 4 + ~ curved to costa and divergent from ml apically, posterior margin of cell bm+dm almost without flexure. Costal ratios 52: 27 : 30: 23. Haltere pale yellow.

Abdomen yellow, tergites 3-5 brown, lightly dusted, epandrium yellow.

Figs 1, 3-6. Scutellum, dorsal view: 1, T. pallidiseta; 3, T. wauensis; 4 , T. tibialis; 5 , T. flavoscutellata Q ; 6, T. flavoscutellata w. Fig. 2 . Scutellum, lateral view, T. pallidiseta. Figs 7-9. Head, anterior view: 7, T. pallidiseta; 8, T. flavoscutellata; 9, T. selachopina. Figs 10, 11. Notopleuron, lateral view: 10, T. pallidiseta; 11, T. tibialis. Scale lines: 0.1 mm.


Female Unknown.


Remarks The posterior tibial spur of this species is longer than in any Tricimba. The scutellum is

most similar to that of Pseudotricimba anomala but the scutal grooves are well developed. It is easily distinguished from T. flavoscutellata by the longer posterior tibial spur and more angular scutellum. The male genitalia of the holotype were unfortunately lost during preparation.

Tricimba flavoscutellata, sp. nov. (Figs 5, 6, 14, 18, 20)

Material Examined

Holotype. w , Australia, N.S.W., Natl Pk, 6.xii.1958, D. K. McAlpine, AM.

Paratypes. New South Wales: 10 , Bruxner Pk (3), 19.iv.1970, DHC, ANIC; 19 , Bruxner Pk, nr Coff's Harbour, 28.i.1961, DKMcA, AM; l u , Mosman, light trap, 9.iii.1957, WWW, USNM. Queensland: 2w, Mt Tamborine, 2.ii.1961, DKMcA, AM.

Male Head broader than deep or long (37:24: 19), frons longer than broad (16: 14), anterior

margin not produced anterior to anterior margin of eye, lateral margins slightly convergent anteriorly, curved ventrally at extreme anteri~r margin, flat on disc, dull yellow dusted. Ocellar tubercle brown, dull, slightly raised above level of remainder of frons. Ocellar triangle not easily distinguishable, a row of short stout setulae from inner vertical seta along margin of ocellar tubercle to midline of frons, this narrow space more shining than frons and perhaps representing ocellar triangle. Remainder of frons with numerous similar setulae. Ocellar setae upright, parallel, equal to separation of posterior ocelli. Postocellar setae placed slightly outside level of lateral ocelli, upright but slightly convergent (convergent in a paratype), shorter than distance separating them. Outer vertical seta longest, directed outwards, inner vertical shorter than postocellar, convergent. About 7 orbital setae developed, anterior small, larger posteriorly, reclinate. Antenna yellow, arista darker yellow, first flagellomere small, deeper than long, rounded with short pubescence, arista with setulae shorter than basal diameter of arista. Face strongly concave, dusted, facial carina a low ridge. Eye brown, long axis nearly vertical, setulae distinguishable but very short. Gena equal in width to anterior tibia, upcurved and slightly produced anteriorly, setae small. Postgena yellow, narrower than gena. Palpus yellow, narrow, slightly curved, proboscis shining yellow-brown with pale setulae. Occiput brown, slightly concave, dusted.

Scutum about as broad as long (30:30), yellow-brown, shining dully through light dusting, with 5 longitudinal grooves, not deeply incised, parallel, all ending before scutellum at level of supra-alar seta, central groove uniserial, irregular at posterior end, intermediate biserial except anteriorly and lateral irregularly biserial; all grooves dark brown. Postpronotal lobe dark yellow, postpronotal seta scarcely developed. 1 + 2 notopleural setae, ventral posterior seta slightly larger. Prescutellar dorsocentral and supra-alar setae well developed, slightly smaller than notopleural setae. Pleura yellowish brown, shining, dorsal posterior part of anepisternum and dorsal anterior part of anepimeron, katatergite and ventral corner of katepisternum dusted. Scutellum (Fig. 6) shield-shaped, about as long as wide (26:25), slightly convex on dorsal surface, without angled margin at sides, yellow-brown with even small setulae arising from roughened bases, almost extending to base, extending over lateral margins. Apical scutellar setae at tip of scutellum, slightly below level of disc, on small tubercles, separation equal to that of posterior ocelli, slightly convergent, 4 length of scutellum, yellowish brown. Two smaller subapical setae developed, anterior beyond 4 length of scutellum. Subscutellum small, dusted. Postnotum yellow brown.

Legs yellowish brown, middle tibia with small, slightly curved ventral preapical spur. Posterior tibia swollen centrally, tibial organ narrow but well developed, tibia with ventral spur (Fig. 14) arising at about $length, close to tibia, slightly curved, yellowish brown, darker than other setae, extending slightly beyond end of tibia. Wing clear with yellowish brown veins, cell rl about equal to cell r2+3 at level of tip of rl, r 4 + ~ curved to costa on apical f , m, straight, r-m nearer level of tip of r1 than stem of r2+3 and rdt5, cells br and bm + dm narrow, dm-cu oblique. Costal ratios 62 : 47 : 38 : 21. Flexure in vein forming posterior margin of cell bm + dm scarcely discernible. Haltere pale yellow.

Abdomen brown, dusted, epandrium (Fig. 20) yellow-brown, slightly shining with minute pubescence, slightly broader than deep, with few setae. Cerci fused into central lobe with straight ventral margin. Surstylus not strongly curved in apical view, apex not serrate. Hypandrium (Fig. 18) open, anterior margin narrow, aedeagus slightly broadened apically.

Female As male, but scutellum (Fig. 5) longer.

Wing length 1 -6 mm, head width 0.7 mm.

Remarks This species is distinguished from T. tibialis by the shorter tibial spur. The six specimens

are assigned to the same species, though there is variation in colour, one paratype (Bruxner Pk, 28.i.1961) having a darkened ocellar triangle. The shape of the scutellum is also variable; in males (Fig. 6) it is shorter and more rounded than in females (Fig. 5), but there is variation within the sexes and 1-3 pairs of marginal setae may be developed. The males examined had pale scutal setulae but the females were darker. No differences were noted in the genitalia of the three males dissected.

Tricimba selachopina species-group

Diagnosis Frons extended anteriorly in most species; orbital setae small; face with complete carina,

broadened; anterior genal seta more dorsally placed than vibrissal angle; eye bare. 1 + 2 notopleural setae developed: scutellum short, rounded. Legs with femoral comb not developed, posterior tibia without apical ventral spur. Male genitalia with open hypandrium.

Remarks The nine species included here form a species-group known only from Australia. It is

characterised by the strongly developed facial carina (Fig. 9), broadened anteriorly, entirely separating the deep antenna1 foveae, with the anterior genal seta displaced dorsally towards this carina. The group may be further divided into species with a flattened scutellum, approximated apical setae and a broad surstylus, and those with convex scutellum, more widely separated apical setae and narrower surstylus.

Tricimba pleichaeta, sp. nov. (Figs 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 50, 51, 52, 53, 75)

Material Examined

All material from Australia.

Holotype. 0, N.T., Magela Ck, 9 km SSE. of Mudginbarry HS, on blossom, 7.xi.1972, D. H. Colless, ANIC.

Paratypes. Northern Territory: 29, same data as holotype, ANIC; I Q , same data but at light, ANIC; 10- 29, same data but 6.xi.1972, ANIC; 19 , Cooper Ck, 19 km E. by S. of Mt Borradaile, 2.xi.1972, DHC, ANIC; 2 0 , same data but on eucalyptus blossom, 5.vi.1973, ANIC; 19, Koongarra, 15 km E. of Mt Cahill, 30.x.1972, DHC, ANIC; 10- 49, same data but 15.xi.1972, ANIC, BMNH;


3 0 l ~ , same data but at light, 6-9.iii.1973, ANIC, BMNH. Queensland: 30, Bilyana, 25.7 km SW. of Tully, 15.vii.1971, ZL, ANIC. Western Australia: 1 0 , Carson encampment, 14°49'S.,126049'E., 9-15.viii.1975, IFBC and MSU, ANIC.

Male Head (Figs 26, 27) broader than deep, deeper than long (47 : 37 : 31). Frons longer than

broad (28 : 22), lateral margins slightly divergent anteriorly, anterior margin strongly convex, produced anterior to anterior margin of eye, frons flat posteriorly, convex anteriorly, yellow, with dense strong setulae and yellow dusting. Ocellar tubercle hardly raised above level of remainder of frons, black, dusted grey. Ocellar triangle little longer than ocellar tubercle, a narrow grey dusted band along lateral margins of ocellar tubercle continued narrowly down centre of frons, reaching indistinctly to anterior margin of frons, basal with darker ground colour. Setae (Fig. 75) and setulae white to pale yellow. Ocellar setae reclinate, convergent, about as long as separation of posterior ocelli. Postocellar setae longer than ocellar setae, parallel, directed posteriorly. Outer vertical seta as large as postocellar, inner vertical over $ length of outer. About 12 small curved reclinate orbital setae developed, equal to frons setulae in size. Antenna yellow, first flagellomere deeper than long, minutely pubescent. Arista yellow, short, as long as gena is broad, minutely pubescent. Face yellow, dusted, facial carina strongly developed on dorsal of face, shining yellow, separating deep antenna1 foveae. Ventral of face narrower than dorsal, flat. Eye almost circular, slightly longer on an oblique dorso-posterior to ventro-anterior axis, bare. Gena broad, more so than anterior femur, with small setulae over more than basal i, yellow, dusted, ventral margin shining yellow-brown. One longer seta at posterior corner, 1 at anterior corner set dorsally near level of ventral end of facial carina, both shorter than first flagellomere. Postgena yellow, narrow, dusted. Palpus slender, yellow, proboscis pale brown, small, both with fine pale setulae. Occiput brown with paler margins, concave, dusted.

Scutum (Fig. 25) about as long as broad (44:46), black, heavily grey dusted. Scutal grooves strongly developed, less dusted than disc of scutum. Central groove with setulae more than uniserial, extending posteriorly nearly to suture with scutellum, becoming indistinct posteriorly. Intermediate groove parallel to central, becoming very wide posteriorly, indistinct anterior to suture with scutellum, broadened abruptly at level of transverse suture. Lateral groove broad and indistinct above wing base. Setulae small and dense, more than 4 between central and intermediate grooves. Postpronotal lobe short and broad due to elevated disc of scutum, brown, dusted as scutum, postpronotal seta poorly developed, shorter than outer vertical seta. Notopleuron black, dusted as scutum, 1 + 2 notopleural setae (Fig. 24), longer than outer vertical seta, posterior notopleural setae equal in size. Prescutellar dorsocentral seta and supra-alar setae about as long as outer vertical seta. Pleura brown, larger sclerites black centrally. Proepisternum shining. Anepisternum dusted except for ventral and anterior margins. Anepimeron dusted, shining broadly on ventral and posterior margins, dorsal posterior part of dusting pubescent in texture. Katatergite dusted. Katepisternum broadly dusted ventrally, dorsal margin with small setulae, remainder not dusted but dulled by microsculpture, shining on anterior and posterior margins. Meron dusted ventrally. Scutellum (Fig. 28) about as long as broad (17 : 18), rounded triangular in shape, flat on disc, with even setulae over surface except extreme base, extending over lateral margins, dusted, dark yellow. Apical scutellar setae small, length of scutellum, approximated, bases closer than separation of posterior ocelli, bases scarcely enlarged, little below level of disc of scutellum. At least 3 pairs of smaller subapical setae on small bases developed. Ventral surface of scutellum yellow, dusted. Subscutellum small, dusted dorsally. Postnotum long, black, shining.

Legs yellow, femora vaguely but broadly darkened, anterior and middle tibiae vaguely narrowly darkened, posterior tibia more strongly and broadly darkened. Posterior tibia with broad, well developed tibia1 organ, yellow. Wing (Fig. 25) membrane slightly tinted yellow, veins yellow, cell rl narrower than r2+3 at level of tip of r l , r2+3 curved to costa only at tip, rdt5 and ml nearly parallel, cell br narrow, vein forming posterior margin of cell bm + dm slightly sinuous, dm-cu almost straight. Costal ratios 48 : 38 : 23 : 11. Haltere yellow.

Abdomen yellow, tergites 2-5 with brown mark on lateral margins centrally, posterior margins paler, dusted yellow, setulae smaller and finer than those on scutum. Epandrium (Figs 50, 52) yellow, short, about as wide as deep with few, short setae. Cerci fused, almost quadrate, with numerous smaller setae and narrow inner parts. Surstylus (Fig. 53) rounded, little longer than broad, not serrate apically and curved posteriorly. Hypandrium (Fig. 51) open, lateral margins diverging slightly from base, ventral margin narrow, inner arm nearly straight, aedeagus long, narrow.

Figs 12-14. Posterior tibia, lateral view: 12, T. pallidiseta; 13, T. tibialis; 14, T. flavoscutellata. ~ i g s 15, 19, 20. Epandrium, apical view: 15, T. pallidiseta; 19, T. wauensis; 20, T. flavoscutellata. Fig. 16. Epandrium, lateral view, T. pallidiseta. Figs 17, 18. Hypandrium, ventral view: 17, T. wauensis; 18, T. flavoscutellata. Scale lines: 0.1 mm.


Female As male but abdomen ending in slender dark yellow cerci with long pale setulae.

Wing length 2 . 2 mm, head width 1 . 0 mm.

Remarks ,-

The species shows very little variation, the scutellum being darker in some specimens. It may be distinguished from the remaining species in the group by the extensive setulae on the ventral gena and the notopleuron, while the nearly quadrate fused cerci of the male genitalia are unlike those of related species.

Tricimba biloba, sp. nov. (Figs 22, 54, 55, 76)

Material Examined Holotype. w, Australia, N. Qld, Kuranda, 22.v.1958, D. K. McAlpine, AM.

Closely resembles T. pleichaeta but differs as follows.

Male Head broader than deep or long (41 : 35 : 30). Inner vertical setae (Fig. 76) much smaller

than outer vertical, more slender and slightly curved. Frons with only very faint trace of grey dusted central line. Gena broader than first flagellomere is deep, with setulae along ventral margin only.

Scuturn 1ength:width 48:47. Intermediate groove gradually broadened at level of transverse suture. Notopleuron (Fig. 22) with fewer setulae than T. pleichaeta. Central area of katepisternum shining, not dulled by microsculpture. Meron shining. Scutellum length: width 17: 18. Marginal scutellar setae on smaller tubercles than in T. pleichaeta. Costal ratios 46 : 42 : 25 : 11.

Legs yellow. Abdomen yellow, disc of tergites 3-5 darkened with margins yellow. Epandrium (Fig. 54)

with slightly squared outline and few setae. Cerci nearly fused into bilobed mesolobus. Surstylus slightly curved, apex serrate. Hypandrium (Fig. 55) open, short and broad, anterior margin indented. Postgonite with pointed inner process, aedeagus with basiphallus broadening to apex.

Wing length 2 . 3 mm, head width 0 . 8 mrn.

Female Unknown.

Remarks The species most closely resembles T. pleichaeta in general appearance, but has narrower

gena, with setulae only along the ventral margin and a smaller more curved inner vertical seta. The male genitalia are distinct from those of T. pleichaeta, which has completely fused cerci and the surstylus not serrate apically. They are very similar to those of T. carinifacies, differing only in the slightly more rounded outline of the epandrium, broader inner parts of the cerci and postgonite with a pointed inner process. T. biloba is much paler than T. carinifacies with grey dusting on the scutum and shorter head setae.

Tricimba occidentalis, sp. nov. (Figs 38, 39, 40, 56, 57, 58, 59, 77)

Material Examined


Holotype. w , W.A., 24 mi NW. of Walpole, 7.x.1970, D. H. Colless, ANIC.

Paratypes. Queensland: 1 Q, Eidsvold, 17.viii. 1981, IRB, ANIC; 1 Q, 7-14 mi W. of Herberton, via Watsonville, 1.v.1967, DHC, ANIC; 20, Rocky Ck, 7 mi N, of Atherton, 3.v.1967, DHC, ANIC. South Australia: 30 19 , Cape Jervis, Lands End, lO.x.1975, ZL, ANIC. Western Australia: l o , same data as holotype, ANIC; 1 m 1 Q, Augusta, 3.x. 1970, DHC, ANIC; 1 Q, 27 mi N. of Bunbury, coast road, 1.x.1970, DHC, ANIC; 19, Channybearup, nr Pemberton, 5.x.1970, DHC, ANIC; l o 19 , Mt Chudalup, S. of Northcliffe, 6.x.1970, DHC, ANIC; l o , Mt Frankland, N. of Nornalup, 7.x.1970, DHC, ANIC; I D IQ, 1 mi E. of Jewel Cave, Augusta, 3.x.1970, DHC, ANIC; l o 29, 6 mi SW. of Manjimup, 5.x.1970, DHC, ANIC; 2 o 2 ~ , Cape Naturaliste, 1.x.1970, DHC, ANIC; BMNH; 10, Nornalup, 8.x.1970, DHC, ANIC; 30, 5 mi E. of Nornalup, 8.x.1970, DHC, ANIC, BMNH; 19, 9 mi W. of Pemberton, 4.x.1970; DHC, ANIC; l o , Pimelia, nr Pemberton, 5.x.1970, DHC, ANIC; l o , Rest Pt, Walpole, 9.x.1970, DHC, ANIC; l m , 5 mi E. of Waikiki, S. of Fremantle, 1.x.1970, DHC, ANIC.

Male Head (Figs 38, 39) broader than deep and about as long as deep (42:31:32). Frons as

long as broad (25 : 25), lateral margins slightly convergent, anterior margin strongly convex, greatly produced anterior to anterior margin of eye, concave on disc, brown, paler on anterior $ centrally, setulae strong and dense, dusted yellow-brown. Setae (Fig. 77) and setulae yellow. Ocellar tubercle raised above level of remainder of frons, ocellar triangle very narrow, little broader than ocellar tubercle, extending as narrow groove over frons almost to anterior margin, ocellar tubercle and basal part of ocellar triangle, posterior and lateral margins of frons greyer dusted than remainder of frons. Ocellar setae reclinate, convergent, as long as separation of posterior ocelli. Postocellar setae larger than ocellar, reclinate, nearly parallel. Outer vertical seta as large as postocellar, inner vertical smaller. About 7 orbital setae developed, posterior ones larger. Antenna yellow, first flagellomere darkened around insertion of arista, deeper than long, broad, minutely pubescent. Arista shorter than eye, brown, paler at base, minutely pubescent. Face dark yellow, dusted, facial carina broadly developed over dorsal of face, shining pale brown, completely separating deep antenna1 foveae, ventral part of face narrow. Eye nearly circular, bare. Gena broader than anterior femur, brown, dusted, bare except for setulae on ventral margin, seta on anterior corner at about distance from mouth edge to ventral end of facial carina. Postgena broad, dark brown, dusted. Palpus yellow, slender, proboscis small, brown, both with pale setulae. Occiput black, dusted, concave centrally, bulging along posterior margin of eye.

Scutum about as broad as long (41 : 39), black, yellow-grey dusted with slightly bronzed reflections, margins greyer. Scutal grooves strongly developed. Central groove more than uniserial, ending indistinctly anterior to suture with scutellum. Intermediate groove parallel to central groove, broadening considerably posterior to transverse suture, ending indistinctly anterior to level of prescutellar dorsocentral seta. Lateral groove represented by diffuse rows of roughened setulae above wing base and notopleuron. Postpronotal lobe dusted as scutum, with one longer seta, distinct from setulae, as long as inner vertical seta. Notopleuron more grey dusted than scutum, 1 + 2 notopleural setae developed, as long as postocellar setae. Prescutellar dorsocentral seta larger than supra-alar seta, smaller than notopleural setae. Pleura black, proepisternum dark brown, shining. Anepisternum dusted except for narrow anterior and ventral margins. Anepimeron dusted except for broad ventral and posterior margins, dusting dense and slightly pubescent in texture. Katatergite dusted. Katepisternum lightly dusted from dorsal margin to ventral corner on central convex part of katepisternum, anterior and posterior margins shining and dorsal margin with setulae. Scutellum (Fig. 40) broader than long (14: 12), rounded, disc flat with even setulae with roughened bases, margins rounded, disc grey dusted. Apical setae about length of scutellum, convergent, bases approximated, separated by less than separation of posterior ocelli and not enlarged. Subapical marginal setae little larger than setulae. Subscutellum not expanded, dusted. Postnotum shining black.

Legs dark yellow, coxae darker, femora brown except at ends, tibiae dark ringed, broadly so on posterior tibia, which has a narrowly developed tibia1 organ. Wing faintly brown tinted on membrane, veins brown, cell r, narrower than cell r z f 3 at level of tip of rl, rz+3 scarcely curved to costa at tip, r,+, and ml slightly divergent at tip, cell br narrow, vein forming posterior margin of cell bm + dm slightly sinuous, dm-cu slightly curved. Costal ratios 48 : 38 : 25 : 13. Haltere yellow, stem darker.


Abdomen black, dusted brown, paler at base of tergites 1 +2, with pale setulae. Epandrium (Figs 57, 59) brown, rounded, with few short setae. Cerci fused, rounded, ventral margin slightly concave with numerous small setae. Surstylus (Fig. 58) short and broad, serrate on posterior apical margin, strongly curved posteriorly. Hypandrium (Fig. 56) open, more parallel-sided than that of T. pleichaeta and ventral margin broader. Postgonite broad apically, with strong setae. Aedeagus long, slightly constricted near base.

Female Similar to male but abdomen ending in pale brown cercus with pale setulae.


Remarks This species resembles T. pleichaeta, but is darker, with setulae only on ventral margin

of the gena and the frons has a central groove.

Tricimba carinifacies Malloch (Figs 23, 29, 30, 31, 60, 61, 62, 65, 78, 93)

Tricimba carinifacies Malloch, 1927: 443.

Material Examined

Holotype. 9 , Australia, Tas., Burnie, 22.x.1922, A. Tonnoir, ANIC. [Type locality: Australia, Tas., Burnie.]

Other material examined. 1 2 a 289 (all material from Australia). Australian Captital Territory: Jervis Bay, 7.xi.1956, EFR, ANIC. New South Wales: 4 mi N. of Bateman's Bay, 14.x.1965, ZL, ANIC; Brown Mts, Bega Dist., 10.iii.1961, DHC, ANIC; same data but 8.iii.1963; Mt Keira, nr Wollongong, 4.vii.1971, GAH, AM; Kurrajong, 23.ix.1961, DKMcA, AM; Kurrajong, nr Richmond, 8.ix.1970, DKMcA and GAH, AM; Natl Pk, 30.x.1965, DKMcA, AM; New England Natl Pk, 13.x.1962, DHC, ANIC; 4 mi E. of Nimmitabel, 8.iii.1963, DHC, ANIC; Otford, 4.iv.1958, DKMcA, AM; same data but 26.i.1959; Rutherford Ck, Brown Mts, 9.viii.1962, ZL, ANIC; Wentworth Falls, Blue Mts, 29.xi.1958, DKMcA, AM; Mt Wilson, Blue Mts, 8.x.1960, DKMcA, AM; Wootton (North Coast), 10.x.1962, DHC, ANIC; Wright's Lookout, New England, Natl Pk, 31.iii.1961, DKMcA, AM; same data but l.ix.1961. Queensland: Bell Bird Lookout, Lamington Natl Pk , 30.v.1966, ZL, ANIC; Mulgrave R., 4 mi W. of Gordonvale, 4.i.1969, DKMcA, AM. Tasmania: 5 km W. Buckland, 42"37'S.,147"39'E., 27.i.1983, IDN and JCC, ANIC; St Helens, 21.i.1960, DKMcA, AM; 2 mi E. of Tonganah, 23.i.1960, DKMcA, AM; Tyanna R. nr Natl Pk, 400 ft (132 m), 12.i.1960, DKMcA, AM.

Male Head (Figs 29, 30) broader than deep, as deep as long (47:35:35). Frons little longer

than broad (30: 28), slightly concave, lateral margins slightly convergent centrally, anterior margin convex, produced beyond level of anterior margin of eye, yellow, darker on posterior margin, with dense setulae, dusted yellow-brown, greyer on posterior and lateral margins. Setae (Fig. 78) and setulae yellow. Ocellar tubercle raised above level of remainder of frons, black, dusted grey, ocellar triangle indistinct, little broader than ocellar tubercle, anterior to anterior ocellus a black line extending $ distance from anterior ocellus to anterior margin of frons, shining basally, dusted apically and continued as a shallow groove to anterior margin of frons. Ocellar setae reclinate, slightly convergent, as long as separation of posterior ocelli. Postocellar setae reclinate, parallel, longer than ocellar setae. Outer vertical seta about equal to postocellar, inner vertical smaller, equal to ocellar. About 10 orbital setae developed, most as small as setulae, but several posterior setae irregularly enlarged. Antenna yellow, first flagellomere darkened on dorsal margin, deeper than long, minutely pubescent. Arista brown, shorter than eye, pubescence shorter than basal diameter of arista. Face yellow, dusted, carina occupying slightly more than depth of face, shining dark yellow, broad, completely separating deep antenna1 foveae. Gena slightly broader than anterior femur at anterior end, broader posteriorly, dark yellow dusted, posterior corner

right angled, longer seta nearly as long as narrowest breadth of gena, anterior seta placed at $ distance from anterior corner of gena to level of ventral tip of facial carina, little shorter than posterior seta, ventral margin of gena with smaller setae. Postgena dark yellow, broad, dusted. Palpus slender, yellow, proboscis brown, small, both with pale setulae. Occiput slightly concave, brown, dusted.

Scutum about as long as broad (46:46), black, dusted yellow-grey, more shining with slight metallic reflections and more brown dusted on an area extending posterior to level of

Figs 21,25. Head, thorax and wing: 21, T. pallidiseta; 25, T. pleichaeta. Figs 22-24. Notopleuron, lateral view: 22, T. biloba; 23, T. carinifacies; 24, T. pleichaeta. Scale lines: 0.1 mm.


postpronotal lobe over intermediate groove and above notopleuron, ending above wing base and anterior to suture with scutellum, leaving greyer dusting on margins of scutum and narrow stripe along central groove. Scutal grooves lightly incised. Central groove more than uniserial, becoming indistinct anterior to level of prescutellar dorsocentral seta. Intermediate groove parallel to central, broadening posteriorly and becoming indistinct at level of prescutellar dorsocentral seta. Postpronotal lobe brown, dusted grey as scutum, with 1 longer seta equal to outer vertical in length, slightly thicker. Notopleuron (Fig. 23) with 1 + 2 setae, slightly longer than postpronotal and thicker, a much smaller seta dorsal to anterior seta. Prescutellar dorsocentral and supra-alar setae smaller than postpronotal seta. Pleura brown, black on anterior and ventral margin of anepisternum, anterior and ventral anepimeron, anterior meron and most of central katepisternum, dusted on anepisternum except ventral and anterior margins, anepimeron except broad ventral margin, katatergite and katepisternum (Fig. 93) except dorsal, anterior and posterior margins, with shining patch extending anteriorly from posterior margin. Posterior part of dusting on anepimeron slightly pubescent, setulae along dorsal margin of katepisternum. Scutellum (Fig. 31) slightly wider than long (18 : 15), rounded, disc flat with rounded margins, dusting yellow-brown, with dense setulae except at base. Apical setae strongly approximated, closer together than posterior ocelli, parallel, on scarcely enlarged bases. Subapical marginal setae no larger than setulae. Subscutellum weakly developed, dusted. Postnotum shining black.

Legs yellow, middle and posterior femora and posterior tibia darker yellow centrally, posterior tibia with broad dark yellow tibia1 organ. Wings slightly yellow tinted, veins pale brown, cell rl narrower than cell r2+3 at level of tip of r l , r2+3 straight except at tip, rz+3 and r4+* slightly divergent, cell br narrow, vein forming posterior margin of cell bm+dm with distinct bend at little over length. Costal ratios 50: 50: 25 : 18. Haltere yellow.

Abdomen pale brown, lightly dusted though thinly shining, with long pale setulae, particularly strong on lateral margin. Epandrium (Figs 60, 65) dark yellow, short, slightly squared in outline, almost as deep as broad, with few short setae. Cerci fused, ventral margin scarcely indented, with many smaller setae. Surstylus (Fig. 61) short, broad, curved posteriorly, serrate on apical posterior margin. Hypandrium (Fig. 62) open, anterior margin narrow, postgonite with small inner process. Aedeagus shorter than in T. occidentalis, slightly narrowed near base of basiphallus.

Female Resembles male but abdomen ending in slender dark yellow cercus with pale setulae.

Wing length 2.6 mm, head width 1 -0 mm.

Remarks This species resembles T. occidentalis, but has a narrower gena, much longer head and

thoracic setae and paler legs. It differs from T. major in having a narrower gena and shining posterior patch on katepisternum, besides the differently coloured dusting on the scutum. The type specimen is in good condition though the right middle and posterior legs are lost. It agrees with the majority of specimens examined and the above description, except that the apical scutellar setae are rather more widely separated than the separation of the posterior ocelli.

Tricimba latigena, sp. nov. (Figs 32, 33, 34, 81)

Material Examined Holotype. Q , Australia, A.C.T., Gibralter Ck, 18.x.1967, Z. Liepa, ANIC.

Female Differs from T. carinifacies as follows.

Head (Figs 32, 33) broader than deep, as deep as long (57 : 42: 42). Frons about as long as broad (35 : 34). brown. Setae as Fig. 81. First flagellomere almost entirely brown except

at base. Anterior part of gena, ventral part of face and parafacial darkened, gena depth of eye. Postgena and occiput black. Thoracic setae, particularly supra-alar, stronger than in T. carinifacies, postpronotal lobe with some longer setae on dorsal surface. Pleura black, dark brown on ventral proepisternum, dusting as T. carinifacies. Legs dark yellow, femora and tibiae brown except at ends. Wing with brown veins, r 4 + ~ slightly curved posteriorly. Costal ratios 63 :65: 34: 18. Scutellum as Fig. 34.

Abdomen dark brown. Wing length 3.4 mm, head width 1.2 mm.

Remarks This species is very similar to T. carinifacies and may only be a variety of it, but while

T. carinifacies is rather variable, T. latigena appears to be sufficiently outside the colour variation and gena width of T. carinifacies to warrant description. The species have similar scutellum, dusting patterns on pleura and scutal coloration.

Tricimba selachopina (Thomson) (Figs 9, 35, 36, 37, 63, 64, 66, 68, 79, 92, 94)

Oscinis selachopina Thomson, 1869: 605. Tricimba se1achopina.-Sabrosky, in Evenhuis, 1989: 660. Tricimba pollinosa. - Malloch, 1927: 443.

Material Examined

Holotype o f 0. selachopina. 0 [Australia] labelled 'Sydney "Typus" Oscinis selachopina' in Riksmuseum, Stockholm. [Type locality: Australia, Sydney.]

Holotype o f T. polhosa. 0 [Australia] labelled 'Hawkesbury Sandstone bush "Woy W o y Sept 2" 23 Nicholson', in AM. [Type locality: Australia, N.S.W., W o y Woy.]

Other material examined. 180 129 (all material from Australia). Australian Capital Territory: Mt Majura, 10.iv.1961, DHC, ANIC. New South Wales: nr Mt Banks, Blue Mts, 17.iii.1961, DKMcA, AM; Colo Heights, Putty Rd, 6.ii.1968, DHC, ANIC; Heathcote, nr Sydney, 24.x.1970, DKMcA, AM; West Head, Ku-ring-gai Chase, 30.i.1971, DKMcA, AM; 10 k m N. o f Rylstone, 26.iii.1978, ZL, ANIC; 91 k m SW. o f Singleton, Putty Rd, 29.vi.1976, ZL, ANIC. Queensland: Gunshot Ck , Cape York, 11°45'S.,142028'E., mixed heath, cypress and mesic vegetation, 14-15.vii. 1975, GM, ANIC; 3 k m NE. o f Mt Webb, 15°03'S.,145009'E., 30.iv.1981, DHC, ANIC. Victoria: c. 20 k m NE. o f Edenhope on Wimmera Hwy, sandy heath, 17.x.1986, JWI, BMNH.

Other material considered close to T, selachopina. 7 0 4 9 . Australian Capital Territory: Mt Majura, 10.iv.1961, DHC, ANIC. New South Wales: Royalla, 29.iii.1961, DHC, ANIC; Shoalhaven R., nr Braidwood, 22.x.1952, SJP, ANIC; 91 k m SW. o f Singleton, Putty Rd, 29.vi.1976, ZL, ANIC; Vaucluse, 6.xi.1961, DKMcA, AM. Queensland: Mulgrave R., 4 mi W . o f Gordonvale, 29.xii.1958, DKMcA, AM; 1 k m N. o f Rounded Hill, 15"17'S.,145"13'E., at light, 5.v.1981, DHC, ANIC. Western Australia: Carnac I . , 19.ix.1934, KRN, ANIC.

Male Head (Figs 35, 36) broader than deep and about as long as deep (40: 33 : 34). Frons

longer than broad (30: 23), slightly concave, lateral margins nearly parallel, anterior margin strongly convex and greatly produced anterior to level of anterior margin of eye, brown, paler on anterior i, with dense setulae and brown-grey dusting. Setae (Fig. 79) and setulae pale. Ocellar tubercle raised above level of remainder of frons, ocellar triangle scarcely broader than ocellar tubercle, a narrow, more shining line extending anterior to anterior ocellus, becoming indistinct at $ length from anterior ocellus to anterior margin of frons but continued as an indistinct groove. Ocellar tubercle and triangle and central line more grey dusted than frons. Ocellar setae minute, smaller than diameter of ocellus, convergent. Postocellar setae minute, about $ as long as separation of posterior ocelli. Outer vertical seta little longer than postocellar setae, inner vertical shorter than outer. About 9 minute orbital setae present, not larger than frons setulae. Antenna dark yellow, small, first flagellomere darkened dorsally, deeper than long, minutely pubescent. Arista shorter than eye, brown, pubescence shorter than basal diameter of arista. Face dark yellow, dusted, facial carina


strongly developed, completely separating deep antenna1 foveae, dark shining yellow, extending for little less than i height of face. Ventral part of face deeper than broad. Eye slightly longer than deep, long axis nearly horizontal, bare. Gena yellow, broader than anterior femur, dusted, with small setulae on ventral margin, longer anterior seta slightly longer than outer vertical seta, placed at i distance from mouth edge to ventral end of facial carina. Postgena brown, dusted. Palpus yellow, very slender, proboscis small, brown, both with pale setulae. Occiput slightly concave, black, dusted.

Scutum longer than broad (44: 34), black, slightly shining through dusting, centre of disc of scutum dusted brown-grey, margins paler grey. Scutal grooves lightly incised. Central groove more than uniserial, ending indistinctly just posterior to level of wing base. Inter- mediate groove slightly divergent from central, broadening posterior to level of notopleuron, ending indistinctly posterior to end of central groove. Lateral groove an indistinct patch of setulae with roughened bases dorsal to wing base. Postpronotal lobe dark brown, grey dusted, setae small, poorly differentiated from setulae. Notopleuron with 1 + 2 small setae, little larger than separation of posterior ocelli but larger than outer vertical seta, anterior seta with a much smaller seta dorsally. Prescutellar dorsocentral seta small, little larger than outer vertical seta, supra-alar seta no larger than setulae. Pleura black except for brown proepisternum, shining, anepisternum dusted except on anterior margin, anepimeron dusted except narrowly on ventral margin, katatergite dusted, katepisternum pig. 94) broadly dusted from dorsal margin to ventral corner except narrowly on anterior and posterior margins and meron dusted posteriorly. Scutellum (Figs 37, 92) broader than long (16: 12), rounded triangular, black, dusted grey, disc flat with rounded margins, setulae dense except at base, extending over lateral margins. Apical setae minute, about length of scutellum, subparallel, separation slightly less than that of posterior ocelli, bases not enlarged, subapical setae no larger than setulae. Subscutellum poorly developed, dusted. Postnotum shining black.

Legs yellow, coxae slightly darkened, femora darkened except at ends and tibiae dark banded, posterior tibia with broad tibia1 organ. Wing membrane slightly brown tinted, veins brown, cell r, narrower than cell r2+3 at level of tip of r,, r2+, curved to costa only at tip, r4+5 and ml slightly divergent, cell br narrow, vein forming posterior margin of cell bm + dm with slight flexure at more than i length. Costal ratios 46 :41: 23 : 13. Haltere yellow, stem darker.

Abdomen brown, lightly dusted, setulae pale, epandrium (Figs 63, 68) dark yellow with pale setulae, about as wide as deep, long, with few short setae. Cerci nearly fused, separated by shallow indentation, rounded, with many small setae. Surstylus (Fig. 64) short and broad, rounded, apical posterior margin serrate. Hypandrium (Fig. 66) open, lateral margins nearly parallel, ventral margin narrow, inner arm nearly straight. Postgonite broad apically with strong setae. Aedeagus small, slightly broadened towards apex of basiphallus.

Female Resembles male but abdomen ends in slender brown cercus with pale setulae.


Remarks This species is distinguished from the others in the group by the very short setae, the

outer vertical seta being little longer than or equal to the separation of the posterior ocelli, the mainly dusted katepisternum and heavily marked femora. The male genitalia are similar to those of T. carinlfacies, but the cerci are more deeply divided. There is marked variation in the degree of production of the anterior margin of the frons, degree of infuscation of the legs and the degree of dusting. Besides the specimens considered to be T. selachopina, there are 1 1 specimens in AM and ANIC which have paler legs or longer head setae, the orbital setae being slightly longer than the frons setulae and the outer vertical setae longer than the separation of the posterior ocelli. The specimens are tentatively placed as variants of T. selachopina until more collecting or biological information resolves the problem.

Figs 26, 29, 32, 35. Head, lateral view: 26, T. pleichaeta: 29, T. carinifacies; 32, T. latigena; 35, T. selachopina. Figs 27, 30, 33, 36. Head, dorsal view, antennae omitted: 27, T. pleichaeta; 30, T. carinifacies; 33, T. Iatigena; 36, T. selachopina. Figs 28, 31, 34, 37. Scutellum, dorsal view: 28, T. pleichaeta; 31, T. carinifacies; 34, T. latigena; 37, T. selachopina. Scale lines: 0.1 mm.


Tricimba major, sp. nov. (Figs 41, 42, 43, 69, 70, 71, 74, 80, 88)

Material Examined


Holotype. a , N.S.W., Brown Mt, Bega District, 8.iii.1963, D. H. Colless, ANIC.

Paratypes. New South Wales: 29, Bruxner Pk, Coff's Harbour, l.xi.1965, MSU, ANIC; 19, Kangaroo Val., 23.iii.1961, DHC, ANIC; l a , Natl Pk, 12.iv.1925, Mackerras, Gundamah, ANIC; l a 19, Rotary Lookout, Pigeon House Ra., 12 mi NW. Milton, 12.iv.1968, ZL, ANIC; 19, Seven Mile Beach State Pk, Gerroa, sand dunes, 20.v.1976, GAH, AM; l a , Wentworth Falls, Blue Mts, 22.i.1963, DKMcA, AM, 10, Mt Wilson, Blue Mts, 17.iii.1961, DKMcA, AM; 19, Wright's Lookout, New England, Natl Pk, l.iv.1961, DKMcA AM. Queensland: 40, 2 km S. of Horseshoe Lookout, Blackdown Tableland, 22-24.iv.1981, DHC, ANIC.

Other material. Victoria: 2 0 29, Mt Tingaringy, 4747 ft (1582 m), 25.ii.1972, KRN, ANIC; 19 , Healesville, 6.iv.1969, ZL, ANIC.

Male

Head (Figs 41, 42), broader than deep, deeper than long (59:45 :42). Frons about as broad as long (34: 3 3 , dark yellow, paler anteriorly, dusted yellow, with small dense setulae, lateral margins nearly parallel, anterior margin strongly convex, produced anterior to anterior margin of eye. Ocellar tubercle slightly raised above level of remainder of frons, ocellar triangle small, little broader than ocellar tubercle and continued anteriorly as narrow strip to about i distance from anterior ocellus to anterior margin of frons. Ocellar tubercle black, ocellar triangle yellow, less heavily and more grey dusted than remainder of frons; lateral and posterior margins of frons more grey dusted. Setae (Fig. 80) and setulae yellow. Ocellar setae as long as ocellar triangle, reclinate, nearly parallel but slightly convergent. Postocellar setae longer than ocellar, parallel, reclinate. Inner and outer vertical setae about equal to postocellar setae. About 4 longer orbital setae developed, anterior setae merging with frons setulae. Antenna yellow, first flagellomere deeper than long, with minute pubescence. Arista slightly shorter than eye, with distinct pubescence. Face yellow, dusted, facial carina less than i distance from lunule to mouth edge, shining dark yellow, completely separating deep antenna1 foveae. Eye nearly circular, bare. Gena l ix width of anterior femur, yellow, dusted, setulae confined to ventral margin, longer seta on posterior corner nearly as long as first flagellomere, that on anterior corner smaller, placed at nearly $ distance from level of mouth edge to that of ventral end of facial carina. Postgena dark yellow, dusted, broad. Palpus slender, yellow, proboscis dark yellow, both with pale setulae. Occiput flat, dark yellow, dusted.

Scutum slightly broader than long (60: 56), brown, lightly dusted yellow, with dense small setulae. Scutal grooves lightly impressed but broad. Central groove more than uniserial, becoming indistinct at level of supra-alar seta. Intermediate groove more than uniserial, nearly parallel to central groove over most of length, convergent anteriorly, becoming broad posteriorly, ending indistinctly posterior to level of supra-alar seta. Lateral groove represented by an indistinct patch of setulae above wing base. Setulae dense but inconspicuous, multiserial between central and intermediate grooves. Postpronotal lobe brown, dusted as scutum, with 1 longer seta. Notopleuron with 1 + 2 setae, about equal to postpronotal seta. Supra-alar seta nearly as long as notopleural seta, prescutellar dorsocentral seta slightly smaller. Pleura brown, darkened on ventral and anterior anepisternum and anepimeron, anterior meron and central katepisternum, dusted on anepisternum except ventral margin, anepimeron except broad ventral margin, katatergite and katepisternum except anterior and posterior margins and posterior meron, Katepisternum with setulae on dorsal margin, 1 posterior setula longer. Scutellum (Figs 43, 88) broader than long (24: 19), brown, dusted as scutum, rounded, disc flat with rounded margins and dense pale setulae except on basal margin. Apical setae more than length of scutellum, bases scarcely enlarged, separated by about the separation of posterior ocelli. Two shorter more widely separated subapical pairs developed. Subscutellum short, black, dusted dorsally, shining ventrally. Postnotum shining black.

Legs yellow, posterior tibia with broad yellow tibia1 organ. Wing membrane slightly tinted yellow, veins yellow-brown, cell rl narrower than cell r2+, at level of tip of r,, r2+, curved to costa at tip, r 4 + ~ curved to costa and m, curved posteriorly at tip, cell br narrow, vein forming posterior margin of cell bm+ dm with slight flexure, dm-cu nearly straight. Costal ratios 65 : 55 : 35 : 19. Haltere yellow.

Figs 38, 41, 44, 47. Head, lateral view: 38, T. occidentalis; 41, T. major; 44, T. longiseta; 47, T. melanochaeta. Figs 39, 42, 45, 48. Head, dorsal view, antennae omitted: 39, T. occidentalis; 42, T. major; 45, T. longiseta; 48, T. melanochaeta. Figs 40, 43, 46, 49. Scutellum, dorsal view: 40, T. occidentalis; 43, T. major; 46, T. longiseta; 49, T. melanochaeta. Scale lines: 0.1 mm.


Abdomen brown, paler at base of tergites 1 + 2 and posterior margins of tergites, dusted. Epandrium (Figs 69,74) yellow, long, broader than deep, rounded and with many long setae. Cerci widely separated with deep concavity, with many long fine setae. Surstylus (Fig. 71) strongly curved posteriorly and inwardly, long, narrow apically, serrate apically. Hypandrium (Fig. 70) open, anterior margin broad, distiphallus broadened apically, postgonite with long setae.

Female Resembling male but abdomen ending in slender pale brown cercus with long pale setulae.


Remarks This species resembles T. pleichaeta in its pale coloration and broad gena, but it has less

extensive setulae on the gena and the scutellum is differently formed with less approximated, longer apical setae, more developed subapical setae and yellow legs. The two females from Mt Tingaringy differ from the type series in having almost entirely darkened pleura, but are probably a high altitude form of T. major. The female from Healesville is also dark but has longer vertical setae than the type series. These forms cannot be placed satisfactorily until further material is available.

Tricimba melanochaeta, sp. nov. (Figs 47, 48, 49, 67, 87, 90, 91)

Material Examined


Holotype. 0 , N.S.W., Rotary Lookout, Pigeon House Ra., 12 mi NW. Milton, 12.iv.1968, Z. Liepa, ANIC.

Paratypes. New South Wales: 19, same data as holotype, ANIC; l w , nr Mt Banks, Blue Mts, 17.iii.1961, DKMcA, AM.

Male Head (Figs 47, 48) broader than deep and as deep as long (54: 40: 40). Frons little longer

than broad (33: 31), lateral margins nearly parallel, anterior margin produced anterior to level of anterior margin of eye, black, dusted brown and with dense setulae, black. Setae (Fig. 87) and setulae black. Ocellar tubercle slightly raised above level of remainder of frons. Ocellar triangle indistinct, slightly broader than ocellar tubercle and extending as narrow stripe for 1 distance between anterior ocellus and anterior margin of frons, continued as groove nearly to anterior margin of frons, ocellar tubercle and triangle grey dusted and more shining than frons, with small shining patches anterior to anterior ocellus and lateral to posterior ocelli. Ocellar setae reclinate, longer than separation of posterior ocelli, slightly convergent. Postocellar setae reclinate, longer than ocellar, parallel. Outer vertical seta equal to postocellar, inner vertical shorter. About 7 orbital setae developed, longer posteriorly, slightly curved, reclinate. Antenna dark yellow, first flagellomere darker dorsally, deeper than long, minutely pubescent. Arista brown, shorter than eye, pubescence shorter than basal diameter of arista. Face brown, dusted, facial carina strongly developed, dark shining brown, completely separating deep antenna1 foveae, occupying slightly less than height of face. Eye slightly deeper than long, long axis oblique, with short scattered pubescence. Gena brown, ventral margin black, dusted, broader than anterior femur, setulae confined to ventral margin, longer seta on anterior margin shorter than first flagellomere and at distance from mouth edge to level of ventral end of facial carina. Postgena black, dusted. Palpus slender, dark yellow, proboscis small, brown, both with pale setulae. Occiput black, nearly flat, dusted.

Scutum about as broad as long (51 : 51), black, lightly shining through grey dust. Scutal grooves scarcely impressed but central and intermediate grooves shining black. Central

groove more than uniserial extending to level of supra-alar seta. Intermediate groove parallel to central, broader, broadening posteriorly and becoming indistinct at same level as central groove. Lateral groove represented by indistinct row of setulae, with roughened bases dorsal to wing base. Setulae on scutum numerous, bases slightly roughened. Postpronotal lobe and notopleuron dusted as scutum, postpronotal seta smaller than outer vertical seta. Notopleuron with 1 + 2 setae equal to outer vertical seta. Supra-alar and prescutellar dorsocentral setae slightly smaller than postpronotal seta. Pleura black, proepisternum dark brown, shining, dusted on anepisternum except anterior margin, anepimeron except ventral anterior, ventral and posterior margins, katatergite and katepisternum except anterior and posterior margins. Dusting on posterior anepimeron pubescent in texture, katepisternum with setulae on dorsal margin. Scutellum (Fig. 49) broader than long (21 : 15), rounded, disc slightly concave, with numerous setulae, slightly more densely grey dusted than disc of scutum. Apical scutellar setae $ length of scutellum, separation about equal to that of posterior ocelli, several pairs of subapical setae, less than f length of apical. Subscutellum poorly developed, dusted. Postnotum black, shining.

Legs dark yellow, coxae slightly darkened, femora black except at ends, tibiae darkened centrally, posterior tibia with small tibia organ. Wing membrane slightly brown tinted, veins brown, r2+3 curved to costa at tip, cell rl narrower than cell r2+3 at level of tip of rl, r,+, nearly straight, ml slightly concave posteriorly, cell br narrow, vein forming posterior margin of cell bm+ dm with flexure at more than f length. Costal ratios 56:45 : 27: 15. Haltere yellow, stem darker.

Abdomen brown, lightly shining through grey-brown dust, paler on tergites 1 + 2, setulae brown. Epandrium (Fig. 67) pale brown with pale setulae, similar to that of T. major but surstylus (Fig. 91) straighter. Hypandrium (Fig. 90) similar to that of T. major but ventral margin broader.

Female Resembling male but abdomen ending in brown cercus with pale setulae.


Remarks This species is the only one in the group with black setae, though in the female paratype

the shorter setae of head and scutellum are brown rather than black. The head is slightly collapsed and it is probable that the specimen is teneral. The form of the scutellum and the male genitalia, with separated cerci and narrow surstylus place the species closest to T. major, from which it may be distinguished by its darker coloration.

Tricimba longiseta, sp. nov. (Figs 44, 45, 46, 72, 73, 82)

Material Examined Holotype. a, Australia, N.S.W., nr Mt Banks, Blue Mts, 17.iii.1961, D. K. McAlpine, AM.

Male Head (Figs 44, 45) broader than deep, as deep as long (39:32: 32). Frons slightly longer

than broad (26:23), lateral margins nearly parallel, anterior margin strongly convex, produced anterior to anterior margin of frons, brown, brown dusted, with dense long setulae. Setae (Fig. 82) and setulae pale yellow. Ocellar tubercle little raised above level of remainder of frons, lightly grey dusted. Ocellar triangle little larger than ocellar tubercle, lateral margins little broader than ocellar tubercle posteriorly, dusted except for shining margin with posterior ocellus. Main part extending a distance from anterior ocellus to anterior margin of frons, shining, continued as faint groove almost to anterior margin of frons. Ocellar setae long, longer than first flagellomere, reclinate, nearly parallel, curved posteriorly. Postocellar setae longer than ocellar setae, equal to separation of postocellar and


inner vertical setae, reclinate, straight, parallel. Outer vertical setae longer than postocellar, curved laterally, inner vertical as large as postocellar, curved inwards. About 6 large, curved, reclinate orbital setae developed. Antenna dark yellow, first flagellomere darkened around insertion of arista, deeper than long, with short pubescence. Arista brown, shorter than eye, pubescence shorter than basal diameter of arista. Face dark yellow, dusted, facial carina

Figs 50, 54, 57. Epandrium, apical view: 50, T. pleichaeta; 54, T. biloba; 57, T. occidentalis. Figs 51, 55, 56. Hypandrium, ventral view: 51, T. pleichaeta; 55, T. biloba; 56, T. occidentalis. Figs 52, 59. Epandrium, lateral view: 52, T. pleichaeta; 59, T. occidentalis. Figs 53, 58. Surstylus, inner view: 53, T. pleichaeta; 58, T. occidentalis. Scale lines: 0.1 mm.

strongly developed, completely separating deep antenna1 foveae, dark shining yellow, occupying rather less than dorsal of face. Eye rather deeper than long, long axis oblique, with few scattered setulae. Gena much broader than anterior femur, dark yellow, dusted, setulae on ventral margin only, longer at posterior and anterior corners, seta on anterior corner at more than distance from mouth edge to ventral margin of facial carina. Postgena broad, brown, dusted. Palpus slender, yellow, proboscis small, brown, both with pale setulae. Occiput brown, dusted, nearly flat.

Figs 60, 63, 67. Epandrium, apical view: 60, T. carinifacies; 63, T. selachopina; 67, T. melanochaeta. Figs 61,64. Surstylus, inner view: 61, T. carinifacies; 64, T. selachopina. Figs 62,66. Hypandrium, ventral view: 62, T. carinifacies; 66, T. selachopina. Figs 65, 68. Epandrium, lateral view: 65, T. carinifacies; 68, T. selachopina. Scale lines: 0.1 mm.


Scutum about as long as broad (38:38), black, paler laterally, slightly shining through thin grey dusting. Scutal grooves poorly developed, more shining than remainder of scutum. Central groove indistinct, more than uniserial, ending about level of wing base. Intermediate grooves parallel, narrow anterior to transverse suture, broadening posteriorly and becoming indistinct anterior to level of prescutellar dorsocentral seta. Postpronotal lobe dark brown, seta curved, as long as outer vertical seta. Notopleuron with slightly heavier dusting than disc of scutum, 1 + 2 setae about equal to postpronotal seta. Prescutellar dosocentral seta curved posteriorly, equal to notopleural setae, supra-alar seta smaller. Pleura dark brown, partly shining, lightly dusted on anepisternum except anterior margin, anepimeron except anterior and ventral margins, katatergite, katepisternum except anterior and posterior margins and posterior corner of meron. Scutellum (Fig. 46) broader than long (16: 13), dark brown, rounded, disc flat with rounded margins, shining through light dust, with strong pale setulae except at base. Apical scutellar setae long, slightly shorter than scutellum, separation about equal to that of posterior ocelli, on slightly enlarged bases, a smaller subapical pair, length of apical setae, slightly closer to apical setae than latter are separated, marginal setae set slightly below level of disc of scutellum. Subscutellum poorly developed, dusted. Postnotum shining black.

Legs pale brown, ends of tibiae and tarsi except tips paler, posterior tibia with strongly developed tibia1 organ. Wing membrane slightly brown tinted, veins pale brown, cell rl almost as wide as cell r2+3 at level of tip of r,, r2+3 curved to costa only at tip, r 4 + ~ curved to costa at tip, slightly concave posteriorly on basal a, m, curved posteriorly at tip, cell ml broad basally, slightly narrowed centrally, broadening apically, cell br narrow, vein forming posterior margin of cell bm + dm slightly sinuous at about length, dm-cu nearly straight, cua hardly curved. Costal ratios 45 : 39: 22 : 15. Haltere yellow.

Abdomen yellow-brown, paler basally, slightly shining through thin dusting. Epandrium (Fig. 72) yellow-brown, broader than deep, similar to that of T. major but slightly more angular in outline. Cerci similar to those of T, major, surstylus broader than that of T. major, also serrate apically. Hypandrium (Fig. 73) open, similar to that of T. major.


Female Unknown.

Remarks The species resembles T. major in having long setae and wide cell r,, but the setae are

longer, dusting lighter, coloration darker and the central scutal groove is weakly developed. It is distinguished from T. melanochaeta by the pale setae and setulae, longer and curved outer vertical seta and longer scutellum.

Tricimba angustigena species-group

Diagnosis Orbital setae small; facial carina not extending to level of ventral margin of first

flagellomere; vibrissal angle obtuse; gena very narrow; eye with dense microtrichia. 1 + 2 notopleural setae developed; scutellum not elongate. Legs with femoral comb not developed; posterior tibia without strong ventral apical spur. Male genitalia with open hypandrium.

Tricimba angustigena, sp. nov. (Figs 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 105, 106, 107, 108)

Material Examined

Holotype. v , Papua New Guinea, Central Province, 20 km SE. Port Moresby, swept trees, 1.i.1982, J. W. Ismay, BMNH.

Paratypes. Papua New Guinea, Central Province: 1 Q , same data as holotype, ANIC; 1 Q , same data but swept bushes, 12.iv.1983, ANIC; l v , same data but 12.ix.1983, AM; l o , same data but

J. W. Ismay

Figs 69, 72. Epandrium, apical view: 69, T. major; 72, T. longiseta. Figs 70, 73. Hypandrium, ventral view: 70, T. major; 73, T. longiseta. Fig. 71. Surstylus, inner view, T. major. Fig. 74. Epandrium, lateral view, T. major. Figs 75-82. Head, apical view, longer head setae: 75, T. pleichaeta; 76, T. biloba; 77, T. occidentalis; 78, T. carinifacies; 79, T. selachopina; 80, T. major; 81, T. latigena; 82, T. longiseta. Scale lines: 0.1 mm.


bushes, 29.xii.1984, AM; 10, same data but 20.i.1985, USNM; l a l g , same data but 26.i.1985, BMNH; 1 Q , same data but 9.ii.1985, USNM; l a , same data but 6.vii.1985, BMNH; l a , same data but 1.i.1986, BMNH; 19, 5 km NW. Brown R. Bridge, forest, 6.ix.1984, JWI, BMNH; l a , Laloki, under trees, 23.iii.1986, JWI, BMNH. Solomon Is, Vella Lavella: l o , Gingola, 60 m, 17.xi.1963, PS, BPBM; 19, Pusisama, 17-18.xi.1963, PS, BPBM.

Male Head (Figs 95,96) broader than deep, deeper than long (31 : 24: 20). Frons slightly longer

than broad (31 :25), slightly narrowed anteriorly, black, slightly curved in profile, anterior margin yellow, dusted bronze, with dense tiny pale setulae. Ocellar triangle not distinguishable from surface of frons, which is covered with setulae except for slightly raised, more shining ocellar tubercle. Ocellar setae about equal to separation of posterior ocelli, reclinate, slightly convergent. Postocellar setae larger than ocellar, convergent, lying outside line of posterior ocelli. Inner vertical seta small, outer vertical larger, longer than ocellar tubercle. Head and thoracic setae pale. About 12 pale orbital setae developed, even in size, similar to frons setulae. Antenna yellow, darker on apex of first flagellomere, which is about as long as deep, arista yellow, short, setulae shorter than basal diameter of arista. Face deeply concave, yellow, dusted, without conspicuous carina. Eye very large in profile, occupying nearly all of head, long axis vertical, surface with short setulae. Gena linear, yellow, dusted, setae very reduced. Postgena very narrow, black, dusted. Proboscis yellow, palpus long, slender, yellow. Occiput black, dusted.

Scutum about as long as wide (30: 31), black, paler on margins and in grooves, lightly bronze dusted, with pale setulae. Central groove more than uniserial, intermediate divergent anteriorly, parallel posteriorly, more than uniserial, broadened at level of wing base. A small area of punctures above wing base representing lateral groove. Postpronotal lobe black, dusted, with 1 longer seta, smaller than notopleural seta. Notopleuron dusted, with 1 + 2 setae. Prescutellar dorsocentral and supra-alar setae equal to notopleural setae. Pleura brown, black on ventral anepisternum and anepimeron and most of katepisternum, yellow on proepisternum, dusted, shining on ventral margin of anepisternum and anepimeron, proepisternum and anterior and posterior margins of katepisternum, dorsal margin of katepisternum with setulae. Scutellum (Figs 97, 98) broader than long (23:20), rounded, slightly convex on disc, brown, with pale setulae basally, dark apically, apical setae approximated, broad and set on small tubercles, setae more than length of scutellum, subapical setae much shorter. Subscutellum strongly developed, black, dusted. Postnotum black, shining.

Legs yellow, posterior tibial organ developed, broad, yellow. Wing (Fig. 99) short and broad, hyaline with yellowish-brown veins, r2+3, r4+5 and ml nearly parallel, dm-cu short, cell br narrow, cell rl slightly narrower than cell r2+, at level of tip of rl, vein forming posterior margin of cell bm+ dm with distinct flexure basal to level of r-m.

Abdomen short, broad, yellowish brown with dark setulae on disc. Epandrium (Figs 105, 107) yellow, rounded in outline, with many longer setae. Cerci well developed, lobes widely separated, divergent, inner parts small. Surstylus (Fig. 108) broad, hooked at posterior apex. Hypandrium (Fig. 106) rounded, open, anterior margin narrow. Basiphallus narrowed centrally. Postgonite long, with shallow inner process.

Female Resembling male but abdomen ending in slender dark yellow cercus.


Remarks The species is easily distinguished by the head profile, the eye being large and the gena

linear. The setulae on the eye indicate a relationship with the two following species-groups, but the femoral comb is not developed and the male genitalia have lobular and projecting cerci. In habitus the species is more similar to the T. lineella-group.

Tricimba cardamomi species-group Diagnosis

Orbital setae small, very numerous; facial carina extending to mouth edge and broadened in most species; vibrissal angle strongly acute in most species; eye with dense microtrichia; proboscis elongate and strongly sclerotised in most species. Scutal grooves deeply incised; 1 + 1 notopleural setae developed; scutellum flat to centrally peaked. Legs with femoral comb developed in most species; posterior tibia without strong ventral apical spur. Wing with cell rl equal to cell rz+3 at level of tip of r,. Male genitalia with closed or open hypandrium.

Tricimba cardamomi, sp. nov. (Figs 100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 109, 111, 112, 113, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148)

Material Examined

All material from Papua New Guinea.

Holotype, a , Western Highlands Province, Baiyer R., from puparia in wild ginger, 5.xii.1982, B. M. Thistleton, BMNH.

Paratypes. Central Province: 4 0 , Aieme R., reared from decayed stem of ginger bored by lepidopteran larva, Dec. 1982, JWI, BMNH, ANIC.

Other material. Central Province: 10, Aieme R., rotten stem of ginger (wild) damaged by lepidopteran larva, 31.xi.1982 em. 14.xii.1982, JWI, BMNH; 59 , Aieme R., reared from decayed stem of ginger bored by lepidopteran larva, Dec. 1982, JWI, BMNH, ANIC; 1 0 , Aieme R., forest, 19.xii.1982, JWI, BMNH. Manus Province: l g , Momota, 24.vii.1959, TCM, BPBM. Morobe Province: l g , Lae, ck, 15.viii.1982, JWI, BMNH; I Q , Wau, 1250 m, 25.vii.1961, JS, BPBM; l a , Wau, 1200 m, 6.vii.1965, JS and MS, BPBM; 19 , Wau, 1250 m, 25.viii.1965, JS and MS, BPBM. Simbu Province: 2?, Karimui, ex cardamom, 14.xii.1972, PR, KONE. Western Highlands Province: 29 , same data as holotype, BMNH; 19 , Mt Hagen, forest, 1600 m, 6.xi.1985, JWI, BMNH.

Male Head (Figs 109, 111) broader than long, longer than deep (45: 30: 29). Frons slightly

longer than broad (26:25), yellow, dusted, with dense pale long setulae, produced anterior to level of anterior margin of eye, darkened on midline on basal and on anterior margin lateral to insertion of antennae. Ocellar tubercle scarcely raised above level of remainder of frons, black, dusted. Ocellar triangle apparently represented by faint black line anterior to anterior ocellus. Ocellar setae minute, equal to separation of posterior ocelli, dark, convergent, upright. Postocellar setae larger, pale, convergent, upright. Inner vertical setae small, equal to ocellar, outer vertical setae large, both pale, a strong concavity between bases of vertical setae and eye margin. Orbital setae numerous, more than 10 developed, merging into frons setulae, pale. Pedicel brown, first flagellomere black, pale yellow ventrally and on inner side at base, kidney-shaped. Arista yellow at base, remainder brown, pubescence longer than basal diameter of arista. Face brownish yellow, short, with complete slightly broadened carina between deeply concave antenna1 foveae. Eye with long axis strongly oblique, with short very dense microtrichia. Gena slightly broader than anterior tibia, yellow, coarsely pale dusted, anterior angle greatly produced and acute, so sides of face are strongly concave; a strong pale seta at vibrissal angle and multiserial setae along ventral margin of gena, longer posteriorly. Postgena broad ventrally, brown, dusted. Proboscis elongate, slender, stiff, twice as long as head when extended, prementum brown, shining, labellum longer than prementum, stiff and slender, with dark setae. Occiput black, dusted, rugose.

Scutum (Fig. 109) longer than broad (45 : 43), black, dusted, setulae dark set on small tubercles. Grooves deeply incised, central groove broad, with pale setulae set in regular biserial punctures, intermediate groove almost parallel to central, slightly broader, slightly broadened posteriorly, both ending at level of prescutellar dorsocentral seta, a further broad punctured area dorsal to wing base extending to transverse suture and across dorsal margin of notopleuron representing lateral groove. Postpronotal lobe black, brown centrally, dusted, seta pale, smaller than notopleural seta. Notopleuron black, dusted, with 1 + 1 setae. Pleura brown, black on much of anepisternum, anepimeron, katepisternum and meron,


shining, coarsely dusted on anepisternum except broad anterior and ventral margin, dorsal 4 of anepimeron, ventral i of katepisternum and posterior % of meron, dorsal margin of katepisternum with long setulae. Scutellum (Figs 112, 113) as long as broad (18: 17), pale whitish yellow, rounded, broadest just posterior to base, narrowed to a rounded apex. Disc of scutellum slightly concave. Setulae black, large, set on small black tubercles, larger than those on scutum, sparse on margins. Apical scutellar setae less than i length of scutellum, pale, 2 subapical pairs developed, smaller, all on small tubercles.

Anterior coxa and all trochanters yellow, middle and posterior coxae brown. All femora yellow with a broad dark preapical band, tibiae (Fig. 100) with 2 dark bands and darkened tip, tarsi yellow. Femoral comb represented by indistinct patch of more numerous shorter setae (Fig. 146). Posterior tibia1 organ present. Wing (Fig. 109) hyaline with brown veins, cell r1 equal to cell r2+3 at level of tip of rl, r,,, and m, slightly divergent apically, cell br narrow, vein forming posterior margin of cell bm+dm with flexure before length. Costal ratios 53 : 39: 27 : 17. Haltere yellow.

Abdomen yellow on tergite 1 + 2 and base of tergite 3, remainder black with black setulae. Epandrium (Figs 144, 148) short and broad, with numerous setae. Cerci low, widely separated by concave ventral margin, with several long setae. Surstylus (Fig. 145) slightly curved, strongly serrate on inner margin. Hypandrium (Fig. 147) rounded in outline, narrowly closed, anterior margin broad. Postgonite broad. Aedeagus with large basiphallus.

Female (by association with male) As male but abdomen ending in long yellow cercus, darkened apically.

Wing length 2.5 mm, head width 0 .9 mm.

The puparium is shown in Figs 101, 102, 104, and the cephalopharyngeal skeleton extracted from a puparium in Fig. 103.

Remarks The four species, including T. cardamomi, are closely related and best separated by

differences in the male genitalia. Other characters used worked for the limited material available, but may prove unreliable when more specimens are available for study. The type series of these species have been restricted to dissected males.

The type specimen (?holotype) of Tricimba fascipes Becker, 1911, was examined. It is labelled 'Formosa Sauter' 'Chip Chip 09. I' 'Notonaulax fascipes B. det. Becker Typus' 'TYPUS', and is in good condition, though the antennae are missing. The eye is rubbed, but pile is visible on some areas and there are 1 + 1 notopleural setae as in T. cardamomi. T. fascipes differs from T. cardamomi and related species in having widely separated apical scutellar setae, less elongate vibrissal angle and proboscis (not extending beyond epistoma) and tibiae with one dark band.

A further male and 14 females of T. cardamomi have been examined from Central, Manus, Morobe and Western Highlands Provinces, associated with cardamom (Greve and Ismay 1984) or ginger, or swept. It has been reared from stems of wild gingers and cardamom (Zingiberaceae), but is considered to be a secondary invader after attack by Dichocrocis punctiferalis GuenCe (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae). The moth larva bores the centre of the plant stem causing a dead-heart. Larvae and puparia of T. cardamomi were found in the decayed apical part of the stem among and above the part damaged by D. punctiferalis. In all cases where T. cardamomi was found, the characteristic borings of D. punctiferalis were also noted.

Tricimba longicercalis, sp. nov. (Figs 150, 151)

Material Examined Holotype. 0 , Papua New Guinea, Morobe Province, Bubia, forest, 1.v.1986, J. W. Ismay,

BMNH.

Male

Differs from T. cardamomi as follows.

In T. cardamomi cerci transverse, low, apices widely separated (Fig. 144), in T. longicercalis cerci longer than broad, less widely separated (Fig. 150). Surstylus of T. longicercalis (Fig. 151) less serrated and narrower than that of T. cardamomi (Fig. 145).


Female Not known.

Remarks The species is distinguished from T. cardamomi by the male genitalia. No information

on biology is available, but all male specimens reared from ginger and cardamon stems were T. cardamomi and the females are considered to be that species by association.

Tricimba obscura, sp. nov. (Figs 110, 115, 116, 149, 152, 155)

Material Examined Holotype. a , Papua New Guinea, East New Britain Province, Keravat, forest, 8.ii.1983, J. W.

Ismay, BMNH.

Male

Differs from T. cardamomi as follows.

Darker, frons except for paler midline dark brown, first flagellomere with more dark area than pale, proboscis except tip dark, frons with stronger, darker orbital and vertical setae. Gena (Fig. 115) narrower than in T. cardamomi (Fig. 11 1).

Scutum dark brown with lighter dusting than in T. cardamomi, pleura dark brown with dusting as in T. cardamomi, all coxae dark brown, femora dark brown, paler at base and apex, femoral comb present (Fig. 149). Scutellum (Fig. 116) black, lateral margins less convex than in T. cardamomi and with more numerous smaller setulae set on less prominent tubercles. Disc of the scutellum with smaller setulae. Basal abdominal tergites brown. Cell rl broader than cell r2+3 at level of tip of r,.

Epandrium (Fig. 152) short, broad, with many longer setae. Cerci narrow, widely separated and divergent, blunt at apex, ventral margin concave between lobes with long pubescence, inner parts small. Surstylus (Fig. 155) pointed, dorsal surface with 1 angle. Hypandrium probably narrowly closed, inner arm broad, anterior margin broad. Postgonite long, narrow, curved, apex rounded. Aedeagus small, broadest at base.


Female Unknown.

Remarks The species closely resembles T. cardamomi but is darker and has a slightly different

scutellum. The male genitalia are very different; T. obscura having narrower cerci, surstylus with a single dorsal point and narrower postgonite. The holotype was swept from wild gingers in a remnant of secondary forest.


Tricimba edentata, sp. nov. (Figs 114, 153, 154)

Material Examined

Holotype. v , Papua New Guinea, Morobe Province, Wau, 1200 m, malaise trap, 20.vii.1961, J. Sedlacek, BPBM.

Other material. Morobe Province: 19, same data as holotype but 1250 m, 15.i.1963, BPBM.

Male

Differs from T. obscura as follows.

Head broader than long or deep (53 : 37: 35). Frons setae stronger and darker, setulae lateral to ocellar tubercle and on anterior paler part of frons stronger than in T. obscura. Gena (Fig. 114) broader than in T. obscura. First flagellomere and proboscis missing in holotype but present in female and similar to T. obscura. Cell r1 subequal to cell rzC3 at level of tip of rl, as in T. obscura. Costal ratios 59: 46: 35 : 18. Scutellum longer than in T. cardamomi or T. obscura, length: width 24: 24. Apical scutellar setae brown.

Epandrium (Fig. 154) rounded with many longer setae, but cerci differently shaped to those of T. obscura, though widely separated and divergent. Surstylus (Fig. 153) rounded, broadest at centre, not serrate or pointed as in T. cardamomi or T. obscura.


Remarks The species is most closely related to T. cardamomi and T. obscura and shows characters

of each (the darker coloration of T. obscura and the narrower cell r, of T. cardamomi) but it has stronger head setae and a longer scutellum than either. The cerci of the male genitalia are differently shaped and the surstylus is without serrations or points.

Tricimba solomonensis, sp. nov. (Figs 117, 118, 119, 134, 135, 136)

Material Examined

All material from Solomon Islands.

Holotype. a , Guadalcanal, nr Tetere, Rorowi, 24.v.1960, C. W. O'Brien, BPBM.

Paratypes. Guadalcanal: 10, Mt Austin, 300 m, 25.iv.1964, RS, BPBM; I Q , Roroni, 35 km E. of Honiara, 10 m, light trap, 9.v.1964, RS, BPBM.

Male Head (Figs 117, 119) broader than deep and deeper than long (49: 33 : 26). Frons slightly

longer than broad (27:22), dark yellow, lateral margins slightly converging to anterior margin, anterior margin convex, extended anterior to level of anterior margin of eye, frons thickly covered with long pale setulae. Ocellar tubercle black, dusted, raised above level of remainder of frons. Ocellar triangle apparently reduced to narrow streak anterior to anterior ocellus, shorter than tubercle and also black, but shining. Ocellar setae longer than ocellar tubercle, postocellar seta longer, both upright and apparently nearly parallel (no specimen has these setae undisturbed). Longer head and thoracic setae pale yellow. Outer vertical seta equal to postocellar, inner smaller and little larger than adjacent setulae. Orbital setae numerous, more than 12 developed, upright, longer than frons setulae, longer posteriorly. Antenna dark yellow, first flagellomere shorter than deep, with long pubescence, arista yellow, pubescence longer than basal diameter of arista. Eye rounded, long axis oblique, with dense pubescence. Face short, dark yellow, antennae separated by a narrow carina. Gena as broad as anterior tibia anteriorly, broader posteriorly, yellow, darker posteriorly, pale dusted, a strong line of setae on ventral margin, longer at anterior and posterior ends. Postgena broad ventrally, brown. Proboscis shining dark brown with pale setulae, palpus yellow, short, setulae pale. Occiput dark brown, dusted.

Scutum slightly broader than long (45 : 42), dark brown, grooves nearly as wide as dusted black interstices, which have multiserial setulae. Grooves deep, punctures strong, dense and irregular, multiserial, setulae long and pale. Central groove extending from anterior margin to level of prescutellar dorsocentral seta, intermediate grooves slightly divergent anteriorly, gradually broadened posterior to transverse suture, lateral groove represented by strong large punctured area dorsal to wing base for length of scutum. Postpronotal lobe dark brown, dusted as scutum, with a pale seta ventrally and smaller seta dorsally. Notopleuron dark brown, dusted, with 1 + 1 pale setae. Prescutellar dorsocentral seta large, placed outside line of intermediate groove. Pleura dark brown, anepisternum coarsely dusted except for narrow ventral margin, anepimeron dusted on small area ventral to wing base, katepisternum shining with setulae along dorsal margin and proepisternum shining yellow. Scutellum (Fig. 118) slightly broader than long (18: 17), dark brown, rounded, disc raised at base and along centre, sloping posteriorly and laterally, with long pale setulae. Apical scutellar setae large, approximated, little shorter than scutellum, subapical setae scarcely larger than setulae. Subscutellum not strongly developed, black, shining. Postnotum black, shining.

Legs stout, yellow, all femora brown except apex, femoral comb not developed. Posterior tibia1 organ difficult to distinguish. Wing hyaline, veins yellow, cell rl equal in width to cell r2+3 at level of tip of rl, r4+5 and ml nearly parallel, cell br very narrow, vein forming posterior margin of cell bm + dm curved but without distinct flexure. Costal ratios 34 : 27 : 18 : 11. Haltere pale yellow.

Abdomen short and broad, dark yellow with pale setulae. Epandrium (Fig. 134) rounded, with many long setae. Cerci minute, widely separated and with few long setae, inner parts small. Surstylus (Fig. 135) strongly pointed at apex, triangular, broadest near base, dorsal margin nearly straight, bare, ventral margin slightly convex with small setae and pubescence, bare otherwise. Hypandrium (Fig. 136) rounded in outline, inner arms strongly curved. Postgonites long, narrow, curved, apex rounded and minutely serrate. Aedeagus broadened to apex of basiphallus.

Female Similar to male but abdomen ending in very slender dark yellow cercus.

Remarks This species stands apart from the four related to T. cardamomi in its less-developed

vibrissal angle and proboscis and the lack of a femoral comb, but is similar in the very deep scutal grooves and densely pubescent eye.

Tricimba lutea species-group Diagnosis

Orbital setae small; facial carina present to mouth edge and broadened or narrow or not extending to ventral margin of first flagellomere; vibrissal angle obtuse to slightly acute; eye with dense rnicrotrichia. 1 + 1 or 1 + 2 notopleural setae developed; scutellum short, rounded. Legs with femoral comb developed; posterior tibia without strong apical ventral spur. Wing with cell rl broader than or equal to cell r2+3 at level of tip of rl. Male genitalia with open hypandrium.

Tricimba lutea, sp. nov. (Figs 123, 124, 125, 131, 137, 138, 139, 140, 141)

Material Examined

All material from New Guinea.

Holotype. a , Papua New Guinea, Central Province, 20 km SE. Port Moresby, swept bushes, 20.iii.1983, J. W. Ismay, BMNH.

Paratypes. Central Province: 1 w 29, same data as holotype, BMNH; 1 a , same data but 27.xii. 1981, BMNH; l a , same data but swept trees, 30.i.1982, BMNH; l a , same data but swept bushes, 20.ii.1982, ANIC; l a , same data but 27.ii.1982, ANIC; 1 9 , same data but swept low vegetation,


17.vii.1982, AM; 20, same data but swept bushes, 26.ii.1983, AM; l o 19 , same data but ll.iii.1983, USNM; 3 o , same data but 15.iii.1983, BMNH; 30. 2 p , same data but 19.iii.1983, BMNH; l o , same data but 26.iii.1983, BMNH; 1 o , same data but 30.iii.1983, BMNH; l o 1 Q, same data but 31.iii.1983, BMNH; l o I Q , same data but 12.iv.1983, BMNH; 2 o , same data but 16.iv.1983, BMNH; 19 , same data but 28.iv.1984, ANIC; 1 o same data but 27.v.1984, ANIC; 1 9 , same data but 23.vi.1984, AM; IQ , same data but 20.i.1985, AM; l o 1 0 , same data but 9.ii.1985, USNM; l o , Aieme R., forest edge, 7.xi.1982, JWI, BMNH; 1 9 , same data but forest, 5.xii.1982, BMNH; l o , same data but 19.xii.1982, BMNH; l o , Eilogo, 23.x.1980, JWI, BMNH; l o , nr Eilogo, swept rainforest, 23.viii.1981, JWI, BMNH; 1 9 , Iomari Ck, N Brown R., ck, 12.ii.1982, JWI, BMNH. Morobe Province: l o 10, Wau, 1200 m, 17-20.i.1963, JS, BPBM. East Sepik Province: 19 , Angoram, 19-20.iv. 1965, RS, BPBM.

Other material. Morobe Province: l g , Wau, malaise trap, l.xi.1965, PS, BPBM. Irian Jaya: l o , Biak I., Mangrowawa, 50-100 m, sweeping, 30.v.1959, TCM, BPBM.

Male Head (Figs 124, 125) broader than deep and deeper than long (41 :26:25). Frons longer

than broad (23 : 19), slightly narrowed anteriorly, yellow, dusted, anterior margin slightly

Fig. 83. Head, lateral view, Aprometopis australis. Fig. 84. Head, dorsal view, antennae omitted, A. australis. Figs 85, 88, 92. Scutellum, lateral view: 85, A. australis; 88, T. major; 92, T. selachopina. Figs 86, 87. Head, apical view, longer head setae: 86, A. australis; 87, T. melanochaeta. Fig. 89. Scutellum, dorsal view, A. australis. Fig. 90. Hypandrium, ventral view, T. melanochaeta. Fig. 91. Surstylus, inner view, T. melanochaeta. Scale lines: 0.1 mm.

convex. Surface with dense pale setulae. Ocellar tubercle slightly raised above level of remainder of frons, black, shining but slightly dulled by rugosity. Ocellar triangle apparently represented by a darker, dusted line extending from anterior ocellus to $ length of frons, not wider than an ocellus. Ocellar setae small, slightly divergent, upright, longer than separation of posterior ocelli. Postocellar setae larger, crossed. Outer vertical seta equal to its separation from postocellar seta, inner vertical seta smaller. Orbital setae reclinate, slightly larger than frons setulae, numerous, more than 15 developed, larger posteriorly, grading into frons setulae anteriorly. All longer setae dark yellow. Antenna yellow, first flagellomere darkened around margin, deeper than long. Arista brown, paler basally, pubescence longer than basal diameter of arista. Face short, broad, yellow, dusted, with a complete narrow facial carina. Eye long axis oblique, with dense pale rnicrotrichia. Gena as broad as anterior tibia, vibrissal angle acute, yellow, dusted, with pale setulae, one longer anteriorly and several posteriorly. Postgena narrow, yellow. Proboscis dark yellow, shining, straight and stiff, with sparse pale setulae. Palpus pale yellow, long, slightly curved, with pale setulae. Occiput dark brown, yellow at margins, dusted.

Scutum little longer than broad (44: 37), black with light dusting on disc, grooves yellow, setulae biserial on central and intermediate grooves, multiserial on lateral groove above wing base. Intermediate groove widening and diverging slightly posteriorly. Setulae long, dense, pale, more than uniserial between central and intermediate grooves. Postpronotal lobe and notopleuron yellow, dusted. One dark postpronotal seta and several enlarged setulae on the dorsal margin, 1 + 2 pale notopleural setae, notopleuron with pale setulae over whole surface and black spot anterior to anterior notopleural seta. Pleura yellow, with shining black marks on ventral anepisternum and anterior anepimeron, most of katepisternum black, meron with black mark, pleura shining, dusted coarsely on anepisternum except ventral margin, ventral margin of anepimeron, dorsal, anterior and posterior margins of katepisternum, katepisternum with setulae on midline from dorsal margin to $ depth, then bare, then setulae on ventral corner. Prescutellar dorsocentral seta smaller than notopleural, supra-alar seta slightly larger than notopleural, both dark yellow. Scutellum (Fig. 123) about as broad as long (21 : 18), yellow, rounded, disc flat, with long dense pale setulae arising from minute tubercles, extending over rounded lateral margins. Apical setae large, yellow, approximated, arising from small tubercles. Subapical setae decreasing in size anteriorly, about 2 pairs larger than setulae, apical and subapical setae below level of disc of scutellum. Subscutellum slightly developed. Postnotum long, shining black.

Legs yellow with long dense pale setulae, femoral comb (Fig. 141) 2 rows of about 9 setae. Posterior tibia1 organ well developed, elongate, dull. Wing (Fig. 131) clear, veins dark yellow, cell rl much broader than cell r2+3 at level of tip of rl, r2+, convergent to costa for most of length, similarly divergent from r 4 + ~ , r4+5 and ml almost parallel, cell br narrow, vein forming posterior margin of cell bm+ dm with flexure at less than length. Costal ratios 39: 32: 22: 12. Haltere yellow.

Abdomen yellowish brown, paler at base, with dark setulae. Epandrium (Figs 138, 140) yellow, shallow and broad, with numerous setae. Cerci partly fused with many setae. Surstylus (Fig. 137) long, slender, slightly curved. Hypandrium (Fig. 139) lyre-shaped, broadest anteriorly, lateral arms narrow, incurved. Postgonite slender. Aedeagus with small, short basiphallus.

Female Resembling male but ovipositor yellow, cercus elongate, darkened.

Wing length 2 .0 mm, head width 0.8 mm.

Remarks T. lutea has a distinctive colour pattern which recurs in several related species. T.

quadristriata Cherian, 1976, from India has many similarities, but has a broadened facial carina as in Aprometopis and the T. selachopina group of this paper, brownish yellow antennae, four orbital setae developed, eye with fine microtrichia, no dark marking on lateral part of scutum or anepisternum and the central black scutal stripes are shorter in


T. quadristriata (known from description only). The facial structure of T. quadristriata is close to that of Aprometopis.

The specimen from Biak has darker ground colour than typical T. lutea, the head and thorax being brownish yellow with pale yellow first flagellomere and most of legs. The male

Figs 93, 94. Pleura, dusting stippled, black shining: 93, T. carinifacies; 94, T. selachopina. Fig. 95. Head, lateral view, T. angustigena. Fig. 96. Head, dorsal view, T, angustigena. Fig. 97. Scutellum, dorsal view, T. angustigena. Fig. 98. Scutellum, lateral view, T. angustigena. Fig. 99. Wing, T. angustigena. Fig. 100. Posterior tibia, posterior view, T. cardamomi. Scale lines: 0.1 mm.

genitalia agree with those of T. lutea. The specimen from Wau is considerably darker, scutum almost black, most of frons, pleura and scutellum dark brown and femora brown. The marginal scutellar setae are dark brown and more subapical pairs are developed than in T. lutea. The specimen is in poor condition and further material is needed to determine whether this is a higher altitude form of T. lutea or a distinct species.

Tricimba flavigena, sp. nov. (Figs 120, 121, 122)

Material Examined Holotype. Q , Papua New Guinea, Western Highlands Province, Mur Mur Pass, forest, 2760 m,

15.iii.1986, J . W. Ismay, BMNH.

Female Head (Figs 121, 122) broader than long or deep (42 : 25 : 29). Frons slightly longer than

broad (22:21), lateral margins parallel, anterior margin convex, dark brown except for yellow anterior margin, disc slightly concave, with numerous pale setulae. Ocellar tubercle small, black, more shining than frons. Ocellar triangle apparently represented by a very narrow area from ocellar tubercle to about $ length of frons, free of setulae. Head setae and setulae yellow. Ocellar setae reclinate, convergent but not crossed, shorter than separation of posterior ocelli. Postocellar setae longer than ocellar tubercle, crossed. Inner vertical seta slightly smaller than postocellar seta, outer vertical longest. About 8 orbital setae distinguishable from frons setulae, more upstanding and longer than setulae, equal in size except at anterior end, smaller. Pedicel yellow, first flagellomere yellow, darkened on margins, deeper than long. Arista brown, setulae longer than basal diameter of arista. Antennae separated by narrow pale carina extending to epistoma. Gena almost as broad as anterior femur, whitish yellow, dusted on dorsal part, ventral margin dark brown with pale setulae. Vibrissal angle obtuse but extended beyond level of anterior margin of frons. Postgena dark brown, broadened ventrally, slightly rugose but shining. Proboscis dark yellow, palpus yellow, with pale setulae. Occiput dark brown, shining but striate.

Scutum longer than broad (48 :45), dark brown, shining through thin dusting, setulae pale. Scutal grooves broad and deep, central and intermediate extending posterior to level of prescutellar dosocentral seta, broadly multiserial, setulae arising from strong punctures. Intermediate groove convex on posterior $. Lateral groove represented by a broad area of punctures extending from posterior to transverse suture to level of prescutellar dorsocentral seta, scarcely developed anterior to transverse suture. Setulae between grooves scarcely more than uniserial. Postpronotal seta long, dark brown. Transverse suture shallowly incised, 1 + 2 pale notopleural setae developed, slender, longer than postpronotal seta. Prescutellar dorsocentral seta black, supra-alar seta long, pale, longer than dorsocentral seta. Pleura brown, darkened on ventral anepisternum, anepimeron and katepisternum except dorsal and posterior margins. Meron centrally darkened. Pleura shining except pale part of anepisternum, dorsal anepimeron and dorsal and posterior margins of meron, all of which have short adpressed pile-like dusting. Scutellum (Fig. 120) slightly longer than broad (18 : 17), surface shining but rugose, lateral margins convex, disc concave, with lateral margin raised, disc and dorsal part of lateral margin with large dark setulae on raised bases, in addition to which scutellum clothed with dense fine pile f length of setulae. Apical marginal setae dark brown, slender, length of scutellum, on small tubercles. Subapical marginal setae little larger than setulae. Subscutellum scarcely developed. Postnotum long, black, shining.

Legs yellow, femora, particularly posterior femur darker, with pale setulae. Posterior tibia with narrow darker tibial organ, part of dorsal side of tibia distal to tibial organ pale whitish yellow. Wing clear, veins brown, yellow at wing base, cells rl and r2+3 broad, rz+3 and r4+5 smoothly divergent, cell br narrow, vein forming posterior margin of cell bm + dm with distinct flexure. Costal ratios 50 : 5 1 : 30 : 17. Haltere dark brown, stem paler.

Abdomen brown with fine pale setulae, cercus slender, dark yellow.


Male Unknown.

Remarks The species would appear to be most closely related to T. lutea, having similar develop-

ment of the scutal grooves and scutellum.

Tricimba pilosa, sp. nov. (Figs 126, 130)

Material Examined Holotype. Q , Australia, N. Qld, Bramston Beach, nr Innisfail, (Rainforest fringe), 30.iv.1967,

D. H. Colless, ANIC.

Female Head broader than deep and slightly deeper than long (34:24:21). Frons about as long

as broad (20: 19), dark yellow posteriorly, yellow on anterior $ and along lateral margins, lateral margins slightly convergent, anterior margin produced beyond anterior margin of eye. Ocellar tubercle black, small, shining, ocellar triangle probably represented by a grey-dusted margin to ocellar tubercle, extended anterior to anterior ocellus as grey stripe reaching nearly to anterior margin of frons, best seen in anterior view. Frons with dense long yellow setulae. Head and thoracic setae and setulae yellow. Ocellar setae small, as long as ocellar tubercle, upright, parallel. Postocellar setae longer than ocellar, convergent. Inner vertical shorter than postocellar, outer vertical longer. About 8-9 longer reclinate orbital setae developed, merging into frons setulae. Antenna yellow, slightly darkened on distal margin of first flagellomere, which is deeper than long and broadened. Arista dark yellow, pubescence as long as basal diameter of arista. Face as broad as deep, yellow, carina reaching nearly to epistoma. Eye deeper than long, long axis oblique, with dense microtrichia. Gena broader than anterior tibia, yellow, dusted, vibrissal angle slightly produced, with strong setulae along vertical margin, several longer setulae at posterior angle and 1 longer seta at anterior angle. Postgena yellow, darkened dorsally, broadening ventrally. Palpus yellow, proboscis darker yellow, both with pale setulae. Occiput yellow- brown, dull, slightly concave.

Scutum about as long as wide (35:35), dark yellow, black on disc except for yellow grooves. Central groove multiserial, extending closer to scutellum than intermediate groove. Intermediate grooves slightly converging on anterior i, multiserial. Lateral groove broadest, narrowing anteriorly to point at transverse suture and not continued dorsal to notopleuron. Postpronotal lobe dark yellow. Postpronotal, 1 + 2 notopleural, prescutellar dorsocentral and supra-alar setae similar in size. Scutum with long yellow setulae multiserial between grooves. Proepisternum yellow, dusted dorsally. Other pleura dark yellow, with black marks on ventral anepisternum and anepimeron (both small), larger black marks on central katepisternum to ventral corner and central meron. Anepisternum and anepimeron dusted except for ventral margins, meron dusted and ventral part of katepisternum dusted, but lightly so and remaining slightly shining. Dorsal margin of katepisternum with pale setulae. Scutellum (Fig. 126) slightly broader than long (15: 14), yellow, triangular and rounded at apex, disc flat and margins rounded, slightly shining with long dense setulae, many extending from disc over edge of scutellum. Apical setae approximated, set on small but distinct tubercles, seta more than f length of scutellum. Several pairs of subapical setae developed, decreasing in size anteriorly, longest f length of apical setae.

Legs yellow with pale setulae, posterior tibia with narrow darker yellow tibia1 organ. Wing (Fig. 130) hyaline, veins yellow-brown, cell r l very broad, cell br so narrow as to be nearly parallel-sided, r4+5 and ml scarcely diverging apically, cell bm+dm broad, posterior margin sinuous. Costal ratios 38 : 30 : 20 : 11. Haltere yellow.

Abdomen brownish yellow, dull, with pale setulae except at lateral margins of tergites, which have some brown setulae. Cercus dark yellow.


Male Unknown.

Remarks This species is close to T. lutea, but the scutellum is less strongly flattened, the disc has

more and larger setulae which do not extend so far over the margins in T. lutea, the ground colour of the scutum and pleura is much darker and does not contrast so strongly with the black markings. The scutum is more strongly darkened in T. pilosa.

Fig. 101. Puparium, dorsal view, T. cardamomi. Fig. 102. Puparium, ventral view, T. cardamomi. Fig. 103. Cephalopharyngeal skeleton, lateral view, T. cardamomi. Fig. 104. Posterior spiracles, puparium, T. cardamomi. Fig. 105. Epandrium, apical view, T. angustigena. Fig. 106. Hypandrium, ventral view, T. angustigena. Fig. 107. Epandrium, lateral view, T. angustigena. Fig. 108. Surstylus, inner view, T. angustigena. Scale lines: 0.1 mm.


Tricimba flavitibia , sp . nov . (Figs 127, 128, 129, 133)

Material Examined Holotype. Q , Australia, Qld, Gap Ck, 5 km ESE. Mt Finnigan, 15°50'S.,145020'E., malaise trap,

14.v.1981, D. H. Colless, ANIC.

Female Head (Figs 127, 129) broader than deep and deeper than long (37:25 : 21). Frons slightly

longer than broad (19: 16), lateral margins parallel, anterior margin scarcely produced anteriorly, posterior margin black, posterior f of frons brown, anterior yellow, dull, with yellow setulae anteriorly, brown posteriorly. Ocellar tubercle scarcely raised above level of remainder of frons, shining black, ocellar triangle probably represented by shining black line extending anterior to anterior ocellus f distance to anterior margin of frons. Ocellar setae slightly convergent, upright, about as long as (small) ocellar tubercle. Postocellar setae long, upright, crossed. Outer vertical seta slightly longer than postocellar, divergent. Inner vertical smaller than postocellar. About 11 small reclinate orbital setae developed. Longer head setae brown, except paler anterior orbital setae. Antenna yellow, first flagellomere darkened dorsally, deeper than long, rounded. Arista not as long as eye, yellow at base, brown distally, with long pubescence longer than basal diameter of arista. Eye deeper than long, posterior margin more convex than in related species, axis oblique. Face dark yellow, dusted, facial carina developed only on dorsal f, low. Gena about as wide as anterior tibia, broadened posteriorly, yellow, with long pale setulae, one on rounded vibrissal angle no longer than first flagellomere. Postgena black, dusted, broader ventrally. Palpus clear yellow, proboscis pale brown, both with pale setulae. Occiput black, concave, slightly shining.

Scutum about as long as wide (35 : 3 9 , black, central groove biserial, intermediate groove nearly parallel to central, biserial anteriorly, multiserial posteriorly, both extending to level of prescutellar dorsocentral seta posteriorly. Lateral groove occupying a broad area above wing base, narrowed to transverse suture and not extended beyond. Setulae on scutum numerous, multiserial between central and intermediate grooves, dark, surface of scutum shining very slightly through thin dusting. Postpronotal lobe dusted as scutum, with one longer dark seta. Notopleuron more heavily dusted ventrally and posteriorly, with 1 + 2 dark setae slightly larger than postpronotal seta. Pleura dark brown to black on ventral part of most sclerites, mainly shining, anepisternum lightly dusted except for broadly shining ventral margin, anepimeron shining except for lightly dusted dorsal and postero-dorsal margins, katepisternum dusted at ventral corner and with pale setulae along dorsal margin. Meron with light dusting. Scutellum (Fig. 128) triangular, rounded, disc convex with numerous dark setulae arising from rugose bases, base of scutellum deeply separated from posterior margin of scutum by deep groove. Apical setae nearly as long as scutellum, pale brown, about as widely separated as posterior ocelli, on small tubercles. One pair of dark brown subapical setae developed, f length of apical. Subscutellum scarcely developed, dusted, postnotum long, shining black.

Legs dark brown, tibiae and tarsi pale yellow except for darkened basal a of middle and posterior tibiae. Posterior tibia1 organ narrowly developed, yellow. Setulae brown on brown parts, yellow on yellow parts. Wing (Fig. 133) hyaline, very slightly darker tinted, veins brown, cell r l as wide as cell r2+3 at level of tip of r l , r2+3 slightly curved to costa at tip, r4+, slightly curved to costa, ml concave posteriorly so cell r4+5 broader near base than at middle. Cell br very narrow, cell bm + dm broad, posterior margin sinuous. Costal ratios 74 : 62 : 42 : 30. Haltere yellow.

Abdomen brown, yellow at base of tergite 1 +2, setulae brown, slender, cercus small, brown, slender with short setulae.


Male Unknown.

Remarks This species may be closest to T. flavigena, which is similarly coloured but has a facial

carina and flattened scutellum, while the venation is different and T. flavitibia has yellow haltere and narrower gena.

Tricimba nitidurons, sp. nov. (Figs 132, 142, 143)

Material Examined

Holotype. a, Australia, Qld, L. Eacham Natl Pk, swept from foliage, Dec. 1974, I . R. Bock, ANIC.

Paratype. Queensland: 1 a, Barron R. , nr Crater, Atherton Tablelands, 3.i. 1959, DKMcA, AM.

Male Head broader than deep and deeper than long (30:25:20). Frons longer than broad

(20: 15), black posteriorly, grading to yellow on anterior i, lateral margins straight very slightly converging anteriorly, anterior margin almost straight, scarcely produced anteriorly. Setulae on frons numerous but shorter than in T. pilosa. Ocellar tubercle black, scarcely raised above level of remainder of frons, dusted grey. Ocellar triangle not distinguished, a bare area extending narrowly from anterior ocellus to near anterior margin of frons but not otherwise distinguished. Setae and setulae dark yellow. Ocellar setae upright, parallel, about as long as ocellar tubercle. Postocellar setae longer than ocellar, convergent. Outer vertical seta about as long as postocellar, inner vertical smaller. Orbital setae well developed, reclinate, about 1 1 distinguishable from frons setulae. Antenna yellow, first flagellomere not darkened, orbicular, slightly deeper than long, with distinct pubescence. Arista darker yellow than first flagellomere, short, shorter than eye, with long pubescence, more than twice basal diameter of arista. Face deeper than broad, yellow, dusted, no trace of facial carina. Eye deeper than long, long axis slightly oblique, with dense microtrichia. Gena about as wide as anterior tibia, yellow, with long setulae on ventral margin, one at produced anterior corner almost as long as first flagellomere. Postgena yellow, narrow, even on ventral part. Palpus narrow, yellow, curved, proboscis darker yellow, both with pale setulae. Occiput brown, dull, slightly concave.

Scutum about as long as broad (31 : 31), disc black, grooves and margins dark yellow- brown. Central groove uniserial, intermediate groove uniserial anteriorly, becoming multiserial posteriorly, almost parallel. Lateral groove multiserial above wing base, not extending anterior to transverse suture. Setulae multiserial between central and intermediate grooves. Surface of scutum shining through thin dust. Postpronotal lobe yellow with black dorsal spot and 1 long seta. Notopleuron yellow-brown, dusted, 1 + 2 setae. Prescutellar dorsocentral seta longer than supra-alar seta. Proepisternum yellow, shining, remaining pleura black with sutures and margins yellow. Anepisternum and anepimeron dusted lightly except on ventral margin, narrowly shining on anepisternum and broadly shining on anepimeron. Katepisternum lightly dusted on ventral corner and with setulae along dorsal margin. Katatergite dusted. Scutellum about as long as broad (13: l l ) , rounded, yellow, darkened on basal and central parts of flattened disc, shining through thin dusting, with many setulae. Apical setae about as widely spaced as posterior ocelli, on minute tubercles, about $ length of scutellum. Two pairs of much shorter subapical setae developed. Subscutellum scarcely developed, dusted. Postnotum long, shining.

Legs yellow, posterior tibia1 organ developed. Middle and posterior tibiae with a strong dorsal fringe of setulae. Wing (Fig. 132) with membrane hyaline, base yellow, veins except at base dark yellow, cell r1 about as broad as cell r2+3 at level of tip of rl, r2+3 curved to costa only near tip, r4+5 slightly curved to costa, almost parallel to ml. Cell br narrow, cell bm + dm narrow, broadening apically, dm-cu strongly oblique. Posterior margin of cell bm + dm sinuous. Costal ratios 63 : 49 : 28 : 21. Haltere yellow.

Abdomen brown, dull, with pale setulae, dark at apex laterally. Epandrium (Fig. 143) yellow, with short setulae, cerci low in profile, fused, inner parts small, narrow. Surstylus


Fig. 109. Head, thorax and wing, T. cardamomi. Fig. 110. Wing, anterior part, T. obscura. Figs 111, 115. Head, lateral view: 111, T. cardamomi; 115, T. obscura. Fig. 112. Scutellum, dorsal view, T. cardamomi. Figs 113, 116. Scutellum, lateral view: 113, T. cardamomi; 116, T. obscura. Fig. 114. Gena, lateral view, T. edentata. Scale lines: 0 .1 mm.

narrow and nearly straight in apical view. Hypandrium (Fig. 142) open, lateral arms straight, postgonite short with apical extension about equal to main part, aedeagus narrow with angulate base.

Female Unknown.

Remarks This species resembles T. pilosa in coloration, but has narrower cells rl and bm+ dm,

setulae in central groove uniserial, scutellum with shorter setulae and a more pubescent arista. The paratype differs from the holotype in that the head in profile is rather longer and the gena narrower, but no differences were found in the male genitalia.

Tricimba lineella species-group

Tricimba Beschovski, 1981: 119 (as subgenus).

Diagnosis Orbital setae small or several setae enlarged; face with carina developed to mouth edge

and broadened, or narrow, or not extending to ventral margin of first flagellomere; vibrissal angle obtuse; eye bare. 1 + 1 or 1 + 2 notopleural setae developed; scutellum raised centrally in many species, peaked, marginal setae close to ventral margin of scutellum, on strong tubercles in many species. Legs with femoral comb not developed; posterior tibia without apical ventral spur. Wing with strong dark or pale markings in some species. Male genitalia with open hypandrium.

Tricimba vulgaris, sp. nov. (Figs 162, 163, 177, 180, 181, 182, 218, 221, 252, 253, 254, 255)

Material Examined

Holotype. a , Papua New Guinea, Central Province, Eilogo, 23.x.1980, J. W. Ismay, BMNH.

Paratypes. Papua New Guinea, Central Province: 7 w 1 Q, same data as holotype, BMNH, KONE, USNM, QM; 2 a , same data but rainforest, 28.vi.1981, BMNH; 3 a , nr Eilogo, rainforest, 17.v.1981, BMNH; 3 a , same data but 27.vi.1981, BMNH; l a 19, Eilogo Ck, 9.xi.1980, JWI, ANIC; 4 0 I Q , same data but rainforest, Dec. 1980, BMNH; 5 a 10, same data but 500 m, rainforest, 18.xi.1984, BMNH; 9 a , Bereina, swept under trees, 29.i.1981, JWI, BMNH; l ~ , Bereina Rd, 8 km SE. Aroa R., swept grass, 29.i.1981, JWI, BMNH; 20, same data but swept rainforest floor, KONE; 20, Blaney's Garden, nr Rouna, forest, 275.1983, JWI, BMNH; 30. 19, Brown R., dry riverbed, 30.viii.1959, TCM, BPBM; 19, Daradae, nr Jawarere, Musgrave R., 100 m, 4.x.1958, JLG, BPBM; 2 a , 38 km SE. Kwikila, rainforest, 7.ii.1981, JWI, BMNH; 19, 20 km SE. Port Moresby, stream side, 18.vii. 1981, JWI, BMNH; 1 Q , same data but swept bushes, 27.xii.1981, ANIC; 1 a , same data but 20.iii. 1983, ANIC; 19, same data but 23.xii.1984, AM; l a , same data but 20.i.1985, AM; 3 a 49, same data but 9.ii.1985, BMNH. Eastern Highlands Province: la l ~ , Okapa, Okasa, 4500 ft (1500 m), 15.xii.1964, RH, BPBM. East Sepik Province: l a , Maprik area, 160 m, 26.viii.1957, DEH, BPBM; l a , same data but 27.viii.1957, BPBM; 1 a , same data but 14.x.1957, JLG, BPBM; 2 a , same data but 15.x.1957, BPBM; 1 Q , same data but 21.iii.1964, DHC, ANIC; 1 Q, same data but 22.iii.1964, ANIC; 1 Q, Slutmerl, Sepik R., 16.iii.1964, DHC, ANIC; l a 1 Q, Wewak, palm, 2-20 m, 13.x.1957, JLG, BPBM. Madang Province: 2 a , Alexishaven, 25.vii.1981, JWI, BMNH. Morobe Province: la 29, Bubia, under coffee, 30.iv.1986, JWI, BMNH; 2 0 19 , Lae, 10 m, 6.vii.1957, DEH, BPBM; 2 a , Lae, ck, 15.viii.1982, JWI, BMNH; l a , 6 mi NW. Lae, rainforest, 9.vii.1957, DEH, BPBM; l a 1 Q , Mindik, 1200-1600 m, Sept. 1968, NLHK, BPBM; 1 Q, Mt Missim, bamboo, 1800 m, 22.vii. 1957, JLG, BPBM; 40, Wampit Val. nr Gurakor Vill., 950 m, 7.vii.1957, DEH, BPBM; 3 0 I Q , Wau, Hospital Ck, 1250 m, 5.v.1965, JS, BPBM; 3p, Wau, Big Wau Ck, 1300 m, Nov. 1965, PS, BPBM; 3 a , Wau, 1200 m, 6.ix.1981, JWI, BMNH; l a , same data but 10.ix.1981, USNM; l a , same data but ll.ix.1981, USNM. Oro Province: 19, Boikiki, forest, 500 m, 27.vii.1985, JWI, BMNH; 19, Maj-u R., SW. Wanigela, July 1972, RP, BPBM; 19, Mamba, forest, 3.iii.1983, JWI, BMNH; l a , Managalese, SSW. of Popondetta, 2500-3000 ft (830-1000 m), Aug. 1964, RP, BPBM;


2 a , Managalese area, nr Toma, SSW. of Popondetta, Bariji R., Val., c. 2000 ft (660 m), Sept. 1964, RP, BPBM. Southern Highlands Province: 20, Peregai, forest, 1250 m, 16.iii.1986, JWI, BMNH. Western Province: l a , Kiunga, Fly R., 9.ix.1957, WWB, BPBM; l a , Tapila, forest, 12.iii.1981, JWI, BMNH. West Sepik Province: l a , Green R., forest, 17.xi.1985, JWI, BMNH. Irian Jaya: 19, Bokondini, 40 km N. of Baliem Val., c. 1300 m, 16-23.xi.1961, LWQ, BPBM; l a , Guega, W. of Swart Val., 1200 m, 14.xi.1958, JLG, BPBM; l a , same data but 15.xi.1958, BPBM; l a 10, Ifar, E. end Cyclops Mts, 1150 m, 18.x.1957, JLG, BPBM; 2 a , Vogelkop, Manokwari, 75 m, 18.vii.1957, DEH, BPBM; l a , same data but 19.vii.1957, BPBM; l a , Hollandia area, Sentani, ?Heliconia, 90+ m, 15-18.vi.1958, JLG, BPBM; 4 a 19, Sentani, malaise trap over stream, 18.vi. 1959, JLG and TCM, BPBM; 80 19, same data but malaise trap along stream, BPBM. East New Britain Province: 39, Keravat, forest, 8.ii.1983, JWI, BMNH; Giailuve, Nakapai Mts, 1050 m, 25 .vii. 1956, EJF, BPBM. West New Britain Province: 29, Dami, beach, 4.vii.1986, JWI, BMNH; 29, Tamari Ck, forest, 6.vii.1986, JWI, BMNH. New Ireland Province: l a , Ridge above 'Camp Bishop', 15 km up Kait R., 275 m, 12.vii.1956, JLG, BPBM; l a , same data but 250-750 m, 14.vii. 1956, BPBM. Solomon Islands, Gizo: 1 a , Gizo, 0-100 m, Dec. 1975, NLHK, BPBM. Guadalcanal: 19, Honiara, 0-100 m, Dec. 1976, NLHK, BPBM; l a , Poha R., 5 m, 2.vii.1956, JLG, BPBM; 19, Tadhimboko, 0-100 m, Dec. 1972, NLHK, BPBM. New Georgia: 2 a 19, Munda, 0-200 m, Jan. 1974, NLHK, BPBM; l a , same data but Nov. 1975, BPBM. Sun Cristobal: 1 Q , Kirakira, 0-100 m, Dec. 1976, NLHK, BPBM. Santa Cruz: l a , Graciosa Bay, 0-50 m, Dec. 1976, NLHK, BPBM.

Other material. Australia, Queensland: 7 a 29, Crystal Cascades, Cairns, 19.iv. 1967, DHC, ANIC; 3 a , Gap Ck, 5 km ESE. Mt Finnigan, 15°50'S.,145020'E., 15.v.1981, DHC, ANIC; l a , Gillies Hwy, 2 mi W. Little Mulgrave, 18.iv.1967, DHC, ANIC; 9 0 29, Kuranda, 19.v.1958, DKMcA, AM; 2 a 29, same data but 21.v.1958, AM; 19, same data but 22.xii.1958, AM; 30, same data but 23.xii.1958, AM; 2 a , same data but 27.xii.1958, AM; 9 0 19, same data but 28.xii.1958, AM; l a 29, Kuranda Ra. State Forest, 7-8 mi Black Mt Rd, 20.iv.1967, DHC, ANIC; 20, Mossman Gorge, 23.iv.1967, DHC, ANIC; 3 0 19, Upper Mulgrave R., 10 mi Goldsborough Rd, 9.v. 1967, DHC, ANIC; 1 Q, Lake Placid, nr Cairns, 26.v. 1958, DKMcA, AM; 1 Q , Shiptons Flat, 18.x.1980, DHC, ANIC; 2 a , Station Ck, 7 km WSW. of Hope Vale Mission, 15°19'S.,145003'E., 10.v.1981, DHC, ANIC; l a IQ, Uhr Ck-Mulgrave R., junct., 13 km SW. Gordonvale, swept rainforest, 26.iv.1980, SFMcE, ANIC; 3 0 19, Mt Webb Natl Pk, 29.ix.1980, DHC, ANIC; l a , same data but 30.ix.1980, ANIC; 30, same data but 29.iv.1981, ANIC; l a , same data but 15O04'S., 145"07'E., 28.iv.1981, ANIC; l a 10, Whitfield Ra. Forest Reserve, Cairns, 19.iv.1967, DHC, ANIC; l a , Wongabel State Forest, 5.v.1967, DHC, ANIC; 19, same data but 7.v.1967, ANIC; l a , Yungaburra (State Forest 452), 29.iv.1967, DHC, ANIC. Singapore: l a , Bukit Timah, forest, 21.x.1983, JWI, BMNH. Philippines, Negros Oriental: 4 a , Amian Falls, 25-28.viii.1980, RIV-W, BMNH.

Male Head (Figs 218, 221) broader than deep and deeper than long (22: 18: 16). Frons as

broad as long (13: 12), lateral margins slightly convergent, anterior margin slightly produced anteriorly. Anterior f of frons yellow, middle f brown, posterior f grey, entirely dusted. Setulae on surface of frons pale, short and sparse. Ocellar tubercle dull, black, strongly raised above surface of remainder of frons. Ocellar triangle difficult t o distinguish from surface of frons, probably represented by slightly more shining area broader than ocellar tubercle and extending about distance from anterior ocellus to anterior margin of frons. Ocellar setae black, upright, slightly divergent, slightly longer than separation of posterior ocelli. Postocellar setae pale and slightly convergent, upright, about equal t o ocellars in length. Outer vertical not distinguished from setulae, inner vertical large, stout, black. One strong posterior orbital seta and a smaller one anterior t o it, both black, and several much smaller anterior setae varying in development. Orbital setae set on ridge slightly above level of remainder of frons. Antenna yellow, first flagellomere deeper than long, darkened around base of arista, arista brown, pubescence equal t o basal diameter of arista. Face (Fig. 180) short, narrowed towards mouth edge, yellow, dusted, concave, a faint carina between antenna1 foveae on dorsal $. Eye occupying most of head in profile, long axis nearly vertical, bare. Gena as broad as anterior tibia, dusted, with pale setulae and 1 longer stout pale anterior seta. Epistoma shining brown. Proboscis and palpus yellow with pale setulae. Occiput black, grey dusted, slightly concave.

Scutum about as long as broad (21:22), grey dusted, strongly convex. Central and

intermediate grooves uniserially punctured, extending to level of prescutellar dorsocentral seta and nearly parallel, a diffuse area of similar punctures lateral to these above wing base representing lateral groove. Prescutellar dorsocentral seta long, strong, pale and thickened, set in a small dark patch; larger pair of dark patches at middle of scutum between central and intermediate grooves. Postpronotal lobe without a distinguishable seta, 1 posterior notopleural seta strongly developed, brown, anterior seta equal to setulae, notopleural area (Fig. 177) and suture depressed into thorax, dorsal notopleuron brown dusted, ventral part grey. Proepisternum yellow-brown, remainder of pleura brown, black marked, dusted on dorsal of anepisternum, dorsal and posterior of anepimeron and katatergite, remainder of pleura shining. Scutellum (Figs 181, 182) about as broad as long (9:9), rounded apically, convex dorsally and rising to a smoothly rounded peak above apical setae, surface of scutellum dusted golden grey at base changing to black at apex, with numerous stout black setulae arising from punctures. Two pairs of pale thick marginal setae set below level of disc of scutellum, set on black tubercles, apical pair more closely spaced than their separation from lateral subapical pair which are at about k length of scutellum, both about & length of scutellum. Subscutellum well developed, dusted grey. Postnotum shining black.

Coxae and trochanters, femora except tips brown, middle and posterior tibiae, at least, with brown ring, tarsi pale. Posterior tibia1 organ well developed, black, broad. Wings (Figs 162, 163) short and broad, membrane slightly darkened, tip of r1 and adjacent part of costa, tip of r2+3 and adjacent part of costa black, apical black part of rl raised above wing membrane in a low keel, costa and r, adjacent to black parts white. Membrane of wing between tip of r1 and r2+3 darkened, r 4 + ~ curved smoothly to costa, dm-cu oblique, cell br broad, vein forming posterior margin of cell bm + dm almost without flexure. Costal ratios 37 : 28 : 33 : 18. Haltere pale yellow.

Abdomen broad, black, heavily dusted brown with sparse setulae. Epandrium (Figs 252, 255) pale, rounded, with few setae. Cerci discrete, widely separated, elongate, narrow, rounded apically, inner parts narrow. Surstylus (Fig. 253) curved, broadly rounded apically. Hypandrium (Fig. 254) with lateral margins nearly parallel, lateral arms straight, aedeagus large and broad.

Female Similar to male but slightly larger, tip of abdomen and ovipositor white, cercus brown.


Remarks The species is described from material from New Guinea, the Bismarck and Solomon

Islands. Further material has been seen from Singapore and northern Australia, male specimens have been dissected and the genitalia do not differ from those of the type series. Since this is a variable species, it is possible that more detailed biological studies may show that more than one species is represented.

T. vulgaris varies in size, females usually being larger than males in the same series. All specimens had similar costal markings and raised last section of rl, but the degree of development of the faint infuscation of the wing membrane varied from absence to moderate development. The darker scutal patches vary from absence to strong development, and whereas in some cases this could be attributed to abrasion, other specimens lack markings but have a full complement of setae.

This species has notopleural setae as in T. biannulata but has a different hypandrium, while the wing markings resemble those of T. maculata which has 1 + 1 notopleural setae.

Tricimba biannulata, sp. nov. (Figs 165, 183, 219, 220, 256, 257, 259, 260)

Material Examined

Holotype. a, Papua New Guinea, Central Province, 20 km SE. Port Moresby, swept bushes, 19.iii.1983, J. W. Ismay, BMNH.


Paratypes. Papua New Guinea, Central Province: 3 a 29, same data as holotype, BMNH; 1 9, same data but 19.vii.1981, AM; 4 0 29, same data but 27.xii.1981, BMNH, AM, ANIC; 2 a , same data but swept mud, KONE; 3 a , same data but swept trees, 1.i.1982, BPBM; 60 lg , same data but swept bushes, 9.i.1982, BMNH, USNM; l a , same data but swept trees, 30.i.1982, BMNH; l a , same data but swept bushes, 6.ii.1982, BMNH; l a , same data but ll.iii.1983, BMNH; 39, same data but 15.iii.1983, BMNH; 2 a , same data but 20.iii.1983, BMNH; l a 29, same data but 29.xii. 1984, BMNH; 19, same data but 30.xii.1984, BMNH; l a , same data but 6.i.1985, BMNH; 20- 49, same data but 20.i.1985, BMNH; 19, same data but 26.i.1985, KONE; 19, 23 km SE. Kwikila, rainforest, 7.ii.1981, JWI, BMNH; l a , Laloki, low vegetation, 13.vii.1982, JWI, BMNH; 20, same data but under trees, 19.ix.1985, BMNH; l a , same data but 23.iii.1986, BMNH; l a , Motupore I., forest, 12.iii. 1986, JWI, BMNH. West New Britain Province: 1 Q , Kumbango, under oilpalm, 4.vii. 1986, JWI, BMNH; l a , Tamari Ck, forest, 6.vii.1986, JWI, BMNH. Solomon Islands, Guadalcanal: 29, Honiara, 0-100 m, Oct. 1970, NLHK, BPBM; 39, same data but Dec. 1976, BPBM. Australia, Queensland: l a , Earl Hill, N. of Cairns, 8.v.1967, DHC, ANIC.

Male Head (Figs 219, 220) broader than deep and deeper than long (19: 16: 13). Frons rather

longer than broad (10: 9), sides almost parallel, black with broad yellow anterior margin. Frons dusted grey on ocellar tubercle, posterior and lateral margins; middle of frons dusted brownish grey. Ocellar tubercle strongly raised above level of remainder of frons. Ocellar triangle not easily distinguishable from remainder of frons, probably extending from around ocellar tubercle f distance to anterior margin of frons. Setae and setulae on head, thorax and scutellum short, pale, reduced but stout. Frons with a few sparse setulae. Ocellar setae small, about equal to separation of posterior ocelli, postocellar setae larger, both convergent and upright. Inner vertical small, outer vertical larger than postocellar and set on raised area. Three larger orbital setae developed, posterior seta larger than other 2, several smaller setae anteriorly. Antenna yellow, first flagellomere darkened on outer side, about as long as deep, arista dark yellow, pubescence shorter than basal diameter of arista. Face yellow, dusted, deeply concave, carina distinct between pedicels, indistinct ventrally. Eye with long axis nearly vertical. Gena as broad as anterior tibia, yellow, dusted, setae small. Postgena black, dusted grey. Proboscis and palpus yellow. Occiput black, dusted grey, slightly concave.

Scutum broader than long (18: 16), black, slightly shining through bronze-grey dusting. Central groove with uniserial setulae, ending with intermediate groove at level of prescutellar dorsocentral seta. Intermediate groove curved laterally anterior to postpronotal lobe, broad, biserial, setulae between central and intermediate grooves few, scattered. Several rows of setulae in punctures above wing base representing lateral groove. Postpronotal lobe and notopleuron dusted. Postpronotal seta not developed, 1 + 1 notopleural setae, anterior minute, scarcely longer than setulae, posterior large with swollen base. Pleura black, dusted grey except shining ventral proepisternum, narrow ventral margin of anepisternum, broader ventral margin of anepimeron and all meron. Scutellum (Fig. 183) about as long as broad (8 : 8), produced to a peak at apex, marginal setae set on tubercles low down on scutellum. Scutellum rugose above, setulae set on small tubercles, dusted grey, black at apex. Apical scutellar seta long, stout, set on small tubercles narrowly separated. One pair of smaller subapical scutellar setae mounted on larger tubercles at about & length of scutellum. Subscutellum strongly developed, dusted. Postnotum shining black.

Legs yellow, all femora darkened centrally, all tibiae with 2 dark bands. Wing (Fig. 165) hyaline with yellow veins, costa at end of r l and rzt3 darkened, r4+5 strongly curved to costa, ml slightly curved to costa, dm-cu oblique, cell br broad, vein forming posterior margin of cell bm + dm almost without flexure. Costal ratios 31 : 21 : 23 : 16. Haltere yellow.

Abdomen black, lightly shining through thin dusting, setulae short, brown. Tergites convex in longitudinal section. Epandrium (Figs 257, 260) black, dusted, slightly deeper than broad, with few setulae, dorsal margin straight. Cerci not projecting, inner parts elongate and slender. Surstylus (Fig. 256) slender, tapering, finger-like. Hypandrium (Fig. 259) grossly modified, with apparently reduced lateral arms, elongate projecting postgonites and minute aedeagus.

Female Resembling male but with pale ovipositor, cerci short, yellow.


Remarks This species is closely related to T. stigma Kanrniya from Japan, which is more elongate

in form, lacks a black mark on the apex of r 4 + ~ and in profile the tip of the scutellum is less sharply peaked. T. batucola Sabrosky, 1964, from Malaysia also has an undarkened wing membrane but lacks a black mark at the tip of r,,,, has a shorter scutellum and more extensively yellow frons. The male genitalia are more similar to those of T. batucola, which differ in having a broader surstylus and slightly projecting cerci, but a similar hypandrium. The male genitalia of T. stigma have projecting cerci and a different hypandrium, and the surstylus is nearly as long as broad.

Tricimba auriculata, sp. nov. (Figs 157, 186, 189, 222, 223, 258, 261, 262, 263)

Material Examined

Holotype. a, Papua New Guinea, Central Province, 20 km SE. Port Moresby, bushes, 30.xii. 1984, J. W. Ismay, BMNH.

Paratypes. Papua New Guinea, Central Province: 60 49, same data as holotype, BMNH; l a , same data but stream bank, 19.vii.1981, BMNH; l a , same data but swept bushes, 27.xii.1981, BMNH; 10 79, same data but swept trees, l.i.1982, AM, ANIC, BMNH; 2 a , same data but 30.i.1982, BPBM; 29, same data but swept bushes, 20.ii.1982, KONE; 19, same data but 26.ii.1983, KONE; 29, same data but ll.iii.1983, USNM; 19 , same data but 15.iii.1983, BMNH; 10 , same data but 20.iii.1983, BMNH; 19, same data but 31.iii.1983, BMNH; 19, same data but 8.iv.1983, BMNH; 19, same data but 27.v.1984, BMNH; 1 Q, same data but 23.vi.1984, BMNH; 19 , same data but 18.vii.1984, BMNH; 2 a 39, same data but 23.xii.1984, BMNH; 4 a 29, same data but 29.xii. 1984, BMNH; l a , same data but 5.i.1985, BMNH; l a 49, same data but 6.i.1985, BMNH; 19 , Bohanumu, forest, 500 m, 20.x.1985, JWI, BMNH; la, Mt Diamond, grasses, 5.vii.1981, JWI, BMNH; 1 Q , Eilogo Ck, swept forest, 9.viii. 1981, JWI, BMNH; 1 Q, Iomari Ck, forest, 16.viii.1981, JWI, BMNH; 19, same data but 20.ix.1981, BMNH; 1 a 39, 38 km SE. Kwikila, swept rainforest floor, 7.ii.1981, JWI, BMNH; l a , Mt Lawes, swept grasses, 29.iii.1981, JWI, BMNH; 19, 40 km N. Port Moresby, 8.xi.1980, JWI, BMNH; 19, nr Rouna, forest, 10.v.1981, JWI, BMNH; 19, same data but 7.vi. 1981, BMNH. National Capital District: 1 Q , Konedobu, on mango leaves, l4 .k 198 1, JWI, BMNH; la, Saraga, grasses, 9.vi.1981, JWI, BMNH. Irian Jaya: l a , Hollandia, light trap, 100 m, 23.viii.1955, JLG, BPBM; 5 a 119, same data but Binnen, 31.x.1958, BPBM; 29 , same data but l.xi.1958, BPBM; 4 a 59, same data but 2.xi.1958, BPBM.

Male Head (Figs 222, 223) broader than deep and deeper than long (19: 16: 14). Frons about

as long as broad (12: l l ) , yellow, dark yellow on posterior & dusted yellow, lateral margins slightly convergent, convex anteriorly. Ocellar tubercle black, dusted, raised above level of remainder of frons. Ocellar triangle not well distinguished from frons, probably represented by less dusted area anterior to anterior ocellus extending a distance to anterior margin of frons. Frons with minute scattered pale setulae. Head and thoracic setae and setulae pale and stout, setulae small. Ocellar setae minute, shorter than separation of posterior ocelli, convergent, upright. Postocellar setae larger, upright, parallel. Inner vertical seta small, equal to ocellar, outer vertical seta larger. Orbital setae represented by 3 large setae on posterior part and several smaller setae anteriorly. Antenna yellow, first flagellomere about as long as deep, arista dark yellow, pubescence shorter than basal diameter of arista. Face yellow, deeply concave, narrow carina separating deep antenna1 foveae and reaching mouth edge. Eye with nearly vertical long axis. Gena wider than anterior tibia posteriorly, narrower anteriorly, yellow, dusted, with few pale setae. Postgena black, dusted, a cavity dorsal to ridge separating gena and postgena. Proboscis and narrow palpus yellow with pale setae. Occiput brown, dusted.


Scutum rather broader than long (19: 18), black, dusted yellow. Central and intermediate grooves poorly developed, almost parallel, punctures uniserial, ending at level of prescutellar dorsocentral seta, further area of punctures dorsal to wing base representing lateral groove. Setulae between central and intermediate grooves regularly uniserial. Ppstpronotal lobe black, dusted yellow, with 1 seta, shorter than notopleural seta. Notopleuron with 1 + 1 setae, anterior seta more than 4 length of posterior. Prescutellar dorsocentral seta well developed, slightly shorter than posterior notopleural seta. Pleura brown, sclerites black centrally, except yellow-brown proepisternum, shining except for dusted dorsal of anepisternum and anepimeron and ventral corner of katepisternum. Scutellum (Figs 186, 189) about as long as broad (8 : 8), brown, dorsal surface slightly concave, yellowish brown dusted, without setulae, rising to a peak at tip, margins with sharp edge with row of setulae on small tubercles, at tip 2 setulae on fused tubercle. Lateral faces of scutellum deep, convex, deeper at base than tip, dark brown dusted, with few setulae near dorsal margin. Ventral margin of scutellum bearing 2 pairs of dark yellow thick setae on large yellow tubercles, apical pair more widely separated than their separation from subapical pair. Apical seta less than length of tubercle, which is more than twice as long as broad, tubercle and seta almost as long as scutellum, subapical seta shorter. Subscutellum well developed, dusted dorsally. Postnotum shining black.

Legs yellow, femora darkened centrally, posterior tibial organ developed. Wing (Fig. 157) membrane whitish grey basally, a darker infuscated transverse band between r-m and dm-cu, beyond this a narrow white band, tip of wing whitish grey. Apex of r, adjacent to costa and wing membrane between tip of rl and r2+3 black, r4+5 gently curved to costa, dm-cu oblique. Vein forming posterior margin of cell bm + dm almost without flexure. Costal ratios 23 : 15 : 11 : 8. Haltere yellow.

Abdomen yellow on segments 1 to 3, remainder black, lightly dusted. Epandrium (Figs 258, 261) dark yellow, dusted, broader than deep, with few setae. Cerci widely separated and scarcely developed, inner parts broad. Surstylus (Fig. 262) angulate apically, slightly curved. Hypandrium (Fig. 263) open, lateral arms straight, postgonite broad with serrate inner extension, aedeagus with angular base.

Female Resembling male, abdomen with yellow ovipositor and brown cerci with dark setulae.


Remarks This species is probably most closely related to T. maculata, but the scutellum differs

from that of all other Tricimba. The cavity on the ventral part of the postgena is also an apparently unique character of T. auriculata.

Tricimba maculata, sp. nov. (Figs 156, 179, 184, 185, 224, 227, 264, 265, 266, 267)

Material Examined

Holotype. a , Papua New Guinea, Central Province, 5 km NW. Brown R. Bridge, forest, 13.iii. 1983, J . W. Ismay, BMNH.

Paratypes. Papua New Guinea, Central Province: 1 a 2 9 , same data as holotype, BMNH; 2 a 2 9 , Eilogo, swept rainforest, 8.viii.1981, AM, BMNH; l a , Eilogo Ck, swept rainforest, 9.viii.1981, JWI, BMNH; 10, same data but 9.i.1983, AM; 19 , same data but 7.viii.1983, ANIC; l a , same data but 500 m, 2.ix.1984, ANIC; 8 a 89 , N Eilogo, rainforest, 21.xii.1982, JWI, BMNH, KONE, USNM, BPBM; 3q, same data but 500 m, 22.vii.1984, BMNH; l a 19, Iomari Ck, rainforest, 20.ix.1981, JWI, BMNH; l a 19 , 38 km SE. Kwikila, swept rainforest floor, 7.ii.1981, JWI, BMNH; 19, N

Musgrave R., forest, 800 m, 5.iv.1981, JWI, BMNH; 29 , nr Varirata, swept forest, 12.iii.1983, JWI, BMNH; 19, same data but 800 m, 3.xi.1985, BMNH. Western Province: 2 u , Tapila, forest, 12.iii.1981, JWI, BMNH. Australia, Queensland: 4 a , Iron Ra., 16.viii.1971, RJ, ANIC; 3 0 2 9 , Kuranda, 22.xii.1958, DKMcA, AM; l l a 69 , same data but 23.xii.1958, AM; 5 0 4 9 , same data

but 24.xii.1958, AM; IQ , same data but 26.xii.1958, AM; I Q , same data but 28.xii.1958, AM; 19 , 2 mi W. of Kuranda, 7.v.1967, DHC, ANIC; 19 , Upper Mulgrave R., 10 mi Goldsborough Rd, 9.v.1967, DHC, ANIC; l u , 3 km ENE. of Mt Tozer, 12"44'S.,143"14'E., 28.vi-4.vii.1986, DHC, ANIC.

Differs from T. auriculata as follows.

Figs 117, 121, 125. Head, lateral view: 117, T. solornonensis; 121, T. flavigena; 125, T. lutea. Figs 118, 120, 123. Scutellum, dorsal view: 118, T. solomonensis; 120, T. flavigena; 123, T. lutea. Figs 119, 122, 124. Head, dorsal view: 119, T. solomonensis; 122, T. flavigena; 124, T. lutea. Scale lines: 0.1 mm.


Male Head (Figs 224, 227) broader than deep, deeper than long (31 : 24 : 20). Frons about as

wide as long (16: 17), convex anteriorly. Frons and scutum dusted bright golden yellow. Frons with sparse scattered pale setulae, bases distinct against dusting. Ocellar triangle very reduced, frontal setulae close to mid-line anterior to anterior ocellus. Ocellar setae upright, parallel, longer than separation of posterior ocelli. Postocellar and outer vertical setae with distinctly enlarged bases. Inner vertical seta minute. One longer orbital seta developed and about 5 smaller ones. Head and thoracic setae yellow. Facial carina separating antenna1 foveae (Fig. 179) but not reaching mouth edge, ventral i of face without carina. Ventral postgena without cavity.

Scutum (Fig. 156) rather broader than long (31 :29). Scutal grooves not deeply impressed, central and intermediate grooves nearly parallel, diverging slightly at anterior end, uniserial, intermediate groove becoming biserial posterior to transverse suture, ending at level of prescutellar dorsocentral seta. Postpronotal lobe and notopleuron dusted as scutum, postpronotal seta scarcely developed, 1 + 1 notopleural setae, anterior smaller. Ventral i of anepimeron shining, katatergite dusted. Proepisternum shining brownish yellow. Scutellum (Figs 184, 185) slightly longer than broad (16: 13), dull brownish black except for golden dusted basal margin on dorsal and lateral surfaces. Disc of scutellum flat with scattered black setulae, dorsal and lateral surfaces of scutellum not separated by sharp edge, but rounded. Marginal setae stout, brown, mounted on tubercles about as long as broad, much smaller than in T. auriculata, situated on ventral margin of scutellum. Apical setae approximated at tip of scutellum, less than length of scutellum, subapical setae smaller, at about length of scutellum. Subscutellum well developed, dusted except on ventral margin. Postnotum black, shining.

Femora darkened dorsally except for tips, anterior and middle tibiae also darkened. All coxae and trochanters brown. Wing (Fig. 156) membrane clear basally, alula heavily infuscated. Wing with a dense dark transverse band from tip of r, through r-m, dm-cu to wing margin, broken by pale areas in base of cell r4+5 and tip of cell bm+dm. A whitish transverse band distal to dark band and tip of wing faintly infuscated. Tip of r, and adjacent part of costa most heavily darkened, last part of r, raised above level of basal, paler part, rz+3 slightly curved to costa. Costal ratios 66: 35 : 27 : 20.

Abdomen brownish black, lightly dusted. Epandrium (Figs 264, 266) yellow, golden dusted, broader than deep, with few setulae. Cerci well developed, basally fused, rounded, inner parts narrow. Surstylus (Fig. 265) broad and smoothly rounded apically. Hypandrium (Fig. 267) open, lateral arm straight, spatulate apically. Aedeagus large, angular at base.

Female Resembling male but abdomen ending in a yellow ovipositor, cercus yellow with pale

setulae.

Wing length 1.4 mm, head width 0 - 6 mm.

Remarks The heavily infuscated wing distinguishes this species from related ones. It is probably

most closely related to T. auriculata which has a similar, though less well developed, wing pattern and orbital setae, but has different male genitalia and scutellum.

The four species that follow are difficult to separate and are evidently closely related. There are subtle differences between the species that are difficult to quantify. Male specimens were examined for three species, but no constant differences in the male genitalia were found. The separation of the four species should therefore be regarded as provisional until more biological data are available and more specimens are obtained from Australia and the Solomon Islands. Since the species show some association with Pandanus, they are all named.

J. W. Ismay

Tricimba pandanicola, sp. nov. (Figs 159, 187, 188, 225, 226, 268, 269, 270, 271)

Material Examined

Holotype. a , Papua New Guinea, Central Province, Lea Lea, swept Pandanus, 23.k 1986, J. W. Ismay, BMNH.

Paratypes. Papua New Guinea, Central Province: 2 a 1 Q, same data as holotype, BMNH; 1 Q , same data but swept coastal Pandanus, 22.iii.1986, BMNH; 110 4Q, same data but 23.iii.1986, BMNH, AM, ANIC, USNM, BPBM, KONE; 19 , Bereina, swept under trees, 29.i.1981, JWI, BMNH; IQ , 20 km SE. Port Moresby, swept bushes, 9.i.1982, JWI, BMNH; 1 9 , same data but 26.ii.1983, BMNH; 1 9 , same data but 31.iii.1983, BMNH.

Other material. Australia, Queensland: 19 , Claudie R., nr Mt Lamond, 20.xii.1971, DKMcA, GAH, DPS, AM. New South Wales: 2 a , Fowlers Gap Res. Stn, 29.xi.1981, IDN, ANIC. Solomon Islands, Vella Lavella: 1 9 , Pusisama, 17-18.xi.1963, PS, BPBM.

Male Head (Figs 225, 226) broader than deep, deeper than long (25 : 20: 16). Frons slightly

longer than broad (14: 12), convex anteriorly, yellow anteriorly, black on posterior margin and an obscure ocellar triangle extending f distance from anterior ocellus to anterior margin of frons. Ocellar tubercle slightly raised above level of frons, dusted as frons. Frons yellowish grey dusted with numerous minute pale setulae over whole frons except for ocellar triangle. Setae and setulae pale yellow, stout. Ocellar setae minute, upright, slightly converging. Postocellar setae larger, stout, parallel. Inner vertical seta minute, outer vertical seta larger, equal to postocellar. About 8 minute, stout, upswept orbital setae developed, larger posteriorly. Antenna yellow, first flagellomere darkened on ventral margin, deeper than long, arista yellow, darkened apically, little longer than remainder of antenna, pubescence shorter than basal diameter of arista. Face deeply concave, brownish yellow dusted, with complete carina separating the deep antenna1 foveae and extending to mouth edge. Eye with long axis nearly vertical and few scattered short microtrichia. Gena about as wide as anterior tibia, yellow, dusted. Postgena black, dusted, narrow. Proboscis dark yellow, palpus yellow, both with pale setulae. Occiput black, heavily dusted yellowish grey, nearly flat.

Scutum about as long as broad (24:25), black, dusted yellowish grey, more yellow to either side of intermediate groove, central groove narrow, scarcely impressed, uniserial, setae directed alternately right and left, intermediate groove more strongly impressed, slightly convergent anteriorly, ending at level of prescutellar dorsocentral seta, setulae uniserial anterior to transverse suture, biserial posteriorly. Setulae above wing base in stronger punctures than on adjacent scutum, probably representing lateral groove. Setulae between central and intermediate grooves irregular, multiserial. Postpronotal lobe and notopleuron black, dusted yellowish grey. Postpronotal seta minute, 1 + 1 notopleural setae, anterior more than f length of posterior. Prescutellar dorsocentral seta smaller than anterior notopleural, supra-alar seta smaller than prescutellar dorsocentral. Pleura black, dusted yellowish grey except for yellow-brown shining proepisternum, shining anterior and narrow posterior corners of katepisternum, ventral margins of anepisternum, anepimeron and most of meron. Dorsal margin of katepisternum with sparse, stout, pale setulae. Scutellum (Figs 187, 188) about as broad as long (10: lo), yellow-brown, produced to an apical peak, three pairs of marginal setae set low on margin of scutellum, scutellum dusted yellowish grey, darker at peak. Apical setae on broad, short nearly confluent tubercles, setae about 1 length of remainder of scutellum and very stout, yellow. Two basal pairs of marginal setae set closer together than subapical pairs are separated from apical pair, tubercle of subapical seta smaller than that of apical and larger than that of basal. Apical, subapical and basal setae decreasing slightly in size, but basal nearly as long as apical. Setulae over disc except base and lateral margins, pale except on apical peak, dark. Subscutellum well developed, dusted along margin with scutellurn. Postnotum short, shining black.

Legs yellow, posterior femur dark except at apex and posterior tibia with basal dark band. Posterior tibia1 organ present, narrow. Wing (Fig. 159) membrane hyaline tinted white, apex of rl and adjacent part of costa darkened but scarcely raised above level of


costa, r4+5 curved to costa, ml nearly straight, dm-cu oblique. Vein forming posterior margin of cell bm + dm almost without flexure. Costal ratios 21 : 15 : 10: 8. Ratio of costal sectors 2/3 1 ~24-1.62, mean 1.42. Haltere yellow.

Abdomen somewhat flat on disc, slightly shining above, setulae sparse, pale, yellow at base, brown on lateral margins of second tergite and tergites 3 to 5, the latter long, convex on disc. Epandrium (Figs 269, 271) yellow, dusted, broader than deep, nearly as long as deep, setae sparse. Cerci widely shallowly separated, rounded, inner parts small, open. Surstylus (Fig. 268) short and broad, rounded, weakly serrate apically. Hypandrium (Fig. 270) open, ventral margin deeply incised, lateral arm nearly straight, postgonite straight, serrate apically, aedeagus rounded at base.

Figs 126, 128. Scutellum, dorsal view: 126, T. pilosa; 128, T. flavitibia. Fig. 127. Head, dorsal view, T. flavitibia. Fig. 129. Head, lateral view, T. flavitibia. Figs 130,132,133. Wing, anterior part: 130, T. pilosa; 132, T. nitidifrons; 133, T. flavitibia. Fig. 131. Wing, T. lutea. Scale lines: 0.1 mm.

Female As male but abdomen ending in pale ovipositor, cerci yellow with long pale setulae.


Remarks The other material noted above is tentatively assigned to T. pandanicola. The Claudie

River specimen has faint infuscation bands on the wing, pale veins, long r2+3 and almost entirely yellow posterior tibiae. The Fowlers Gap specimens are recovered from alcohol and have pale veins and posterior tibiae, but the scutellum is more convex-sided than in most T. pandanicola. The Solomon Island specimen is damaged and greased but the characters that can be seen (wings, scutellum shape and posterior tibiae) agree with T. pandanicola. While all the material from New Guinea and Vanuatu can be satisfactorily separated by the key, the above specimens will key out with difficulty to T. pandanicola.

The type series was collected mainly by vigorously sweeping the hanging live and dead fronds of coastal Pandanus.

Tricimba vanuatensis, sp. nov. (Figs 164, 195, 196)

Material Examined

All material from Vanuatu (New Hebrides).

Holotype. a , Efate, Vila, 0-100 m, Feb. 1970, N. L. H. Krauss, BPBM.

Paratypes. Efate I.: 39, same data as holotype, BPBM; 20, same data but Feb. 1969, USNM; la 29 , same data but 0-200 m, Jan. 1973, BPBM, USNM; 4 0 79, same data but 0-100 m, Jan. 1976, BPBM; l a 19, same data but Dec. 1976, BPBM; 19, same data but 0-150 m, Feb. 1977, BPBM; l a 19, same data but 0-100 m, Nov. 1978, BPBM; 19 , same data but Dec. 1978, AM. Ambryn I.: 3 o , Ranon to Mt Toyo, 0-500 m, 2.ix.1969, WCG, GMN, GAS, BPBM. Aoba I.: l o , Lone, 15°22'S.,167045'E., on Hibiscus tiliaceus, 6.ix.1979, WCG, BPBM. Efate I.: la (SW.), coast, 3 m, 13.viii.1957, JLG, BPBM; l a (NW.), Maat, Ambryn Vill., 3 m, 15.viii.1957, JLG, BPBM; l a , Sivivi, 50-150 m, 27.ii.1970, NLHK, BPBM. Epi I.: 30, Lowekewou, Pipturus, 31.viii.1979, WCG, BPBM; 40 19, same data but 0-100 m, WCG, GMN, GAS, BPBM, ANIC. Espiritu Santo I.: 2 9 (SW.), Ubaiat nr Tasmalum, 5 m, light trap, 26.viii.1957, JLG, BPBM. Lamen I.: 8 0 209, Lamen I., 0-100 m, Jan. 1976, NLHK, ANIC, BPBM, KONE, USNM; 19 , same data but Feb. 1976, BPBM. Maewo I.: 2 0 59 , Kerepei, 0-200 m, Dec. 1983, NLHK, BPBM; 10, Sounwari, 15°23'S.,168007'E., 420 m, 4.ix.1979, WCG, BPBM; 19, same data but 0-360 m, 4-5.ix.1979, WCG, GMN, GAS, BPBM. Malekoula I.: l a (S.), Port Sandwich, 0-50 m, l.ix.1979, WCG, GMN, GAS, BPBM; l a 4 9 (N.), Vao I., 0-20 m, 7.ix.1979, WCG, GMN, GAS, BPBM. Shepherd Group, Tongariki I.: 6 a 59, 0-300 m, 29.viii.1979, GMN, BPBM; l a , same data but WCG, Hibiscus tiliaceus, BPBM; 50, same data but mango blossoms, BPBM. Tanna I.: 7 a 29 , 2 km S. Ipeukeul, sweeping, 300 m, 23.viii.1979, WCG, BPBM.

Male Differs from T. pandanicola as follows.

Head broader than deep, deeper than long (24: 18: 15). Gena broader than in T. pandanicola, usually slightly broader than anterior tibia and more projecting anteriorly.

Scutum dusted yellow-brown, more brown along intermediate grooves but less contrasting than in T. pandanicola. Scutellum (Figs 195, 196) longer, yellow-brown to brown, lateral margins slightly convex, less indented near apex, less peaked near tip than in T. pandanicola.

Posterior tibia with larger dark band near base, usually about a length of tibia and tibia1 organ brown. Wing (Fig. 164) with veins yellow-brown, tip of r, less strongly darkened. Costal ratios 49 : 37 : 24 : 20. Ratio of costal segments 2/3 1.56-1.87, mean 1 72.

Abdomen brown, paler centrally at base of tergite 1 +2. Male genitalia very similar to those of T. pandanicola.


Female Similar to male but abdomen ending in slender pale cercus.

Wing length 1 * 2 mm, head width 0.5 mm.

Remarks This species can be distinguished from T. pandanicola only by the characters used in the

key; the male genitalia of single specimens of each species may seem to differ in characters such as the degree of projection of the cerci, but a longer series showed variation. Similarly, the ratios of the costal segments 2 and 3 are different but subject to overlapping variation. T. pandanicola is known only from New Guinea and possibly the Solomon Islands and Australia, while T. vanuatensis is known only from Vanuatu (New Hebrides). It is described here because of its close relationship with T. pandanicola. Both species vary in the relative length and position of the scutellar tubercles. T. vanuatensis may have infuscated anterior and middle femora and banded anterior and middle tibiae.

Tricimba distigma, sp. nov. (Figs 160, 190)

Material Examined

Holotype. Q, Papua New Guinea, Central Province, Hisiu, swept coastal Pandanus, 22.iii.1986, J. W. Ismay, BMNH.

Paratypes. Papua New Guinea, Central Province: 19, 20 km SE. Port Moresby, bushes, 23.xii. 1984, BMNH.

Female Differs from T. pandanicola as follows.

Head broader than deep, deeper than long (21: 16: 15). Frons slightly broader than long (12: l l ) , slightly produced anterior to level of anterior margin of eye, yellow, darker posteriorly, posterior margin, ocellar tubercle and a narrow triangle anterior to anterior ocellus black. About 7 orbital setae developed. Ocellar setae small, convergent. Setulae on frons sparser but longer than in T. pandanicola. Eye slightly smaller than in T. pandanicola, postgena broader and long axis of eye p o r e oblique. Gena slightly broader than in T. pandanicola and ventral margin straighier on anterior i.

Scutum slightly broader than long (22: 19), broader in proportion than in T. pandanicola and dusting yellower; dusting yellower late'ra\\to intermediate groove. Scutal grooves more deeply incised and setulae less numerous, pa\ ticularly between central and intermediate grooves. Postpronotal lobe smaller than in T. p 6. ndanicola, with fewer setulae, seta weakly developed. Scutellum (Fig. 190) broader than lqng (21: 19), dark yellow, apex with black setulae, dusted yellowish grey, longer than in T. pandanicola and apex higher in profile; viewed laterally depth at apex greater than depth at base in T. distigma, about equal in T. pandanicola. Apex more produced posteriorly than in T. pandanicola and scutellum with deeper indentation and separation between apical and subapical marginal setae.

Posterior tibia yellow. Wing (Fig. 160) membrane hyaline tinted white, when viewed from apex with faint darkening of veins and membrane between level of r1 and r2+3 apices. Tips of r1 and r2+3 and adjacent parts of costa darkened, latter more weakly darkened. Viewed from anterior tip of r, raised above level of costa. Vein r2+, shorter than in T. pandanicola and more sinuate, thus cell r, broader at apex than in T. pandanicola and second costal sector about equal to third, ratios of sectors 2/3 1 a05 and 1.08, mean 1.07. Costal ratios 39: 23 : 24: 18.


Male Unknown.

378 J. W. Ismay

Remarks The species is most easily separated from T. pandanicola by the sinuate r2+3 and dark

mark at the tip of r,,,.

Figs 134, 138, 143. Epandrium, apical view: 134, T. solomonensis; 138, T. lutea; 143, T. nitidifrons. Figs 135, 137. Surstylus, inner view: 135, T. solomonensis; 137, T. lutea. Figs 136, 139, 142. Hypandrium, ventral view: 136, T. solomonensis; 139, T. lutea; 142, T. nitidifrons. Fig. 140. Epandrium, lateral view, T. lutea. Fig. 141. Femoral comb, T. lutea. Scale lines: 0.1 mm.


Tricimba papuensis, sp. nov. (Figs 161, 191)

Material Examined

Holotype. Q , Papua New Guinea, Central Province, Laloki, under trees, 10.vii.1985, J. W. Ismay, BMNH.

Paratype. Papua New Guinea, Central Province: l a , Aroa Estate, W, of Redscar Bay, grasses, 1 m, 29.ix.1958, JLG, BPBM.

Other material. Australia, Northern Territory: 20, Black Pt, Coburg Pen., 1 1°09'S.,132"09'E., 29.i.1977, EDE, ANIC.

Female

Differs from T. distigma as follows.

Head broader than deep, deeper than long (22: 17: 14). Frons about as long as broad, slightly produced anterior to level of anterior margin of eye. Eye similar to that of T. distigma, long axis more oblique than in T. pandanicola. About 7 orbital setae developed.

Scutum about as broad as long (22:21), dusting as in T. distigma, yellower lateral to intermediate groove, setulae less numerous than in T. pandanicola. Scutellum (Fig. 191) as long as broad, dark yellow with black setulae at apex as in T. distigma but less indented between apical and subapical marginal setae. Apical setae less widely separated from subapical setae. Scutellum viewed in profile deeper at tip than at base.

Middle femur obscurely darkened centrally, posterior tibia yellow. Proepisternum dark yellow. Wing hyaline (Fig. 161) with pale veins, when viewed from apex obscurely darkened at level of tip of rl to r2+3, but tip of rz+3 without darkening. Tip of rl raised above level of costa and darkened, but rl less sinuate than in T. distigma and cell r, narrower at tip. Costal ratios 44:26:22: 18, ratio of costal sectors 2/3 1 14 and 1.18, mean 1.16.

Male Similar to female, abdomen with yellow epandrium. Male genitalia similar to those of

T. pandanicola and T. vanuatensis, cerci with lower profile and surstylus more serrate.


Remarks This species is very similar to the preceding but differs chiefly in the venation. The

characters of the spacing of the marginal setae of the scutellum and the male genitalia are subject to variation in T. pandanicola and T. vanuatensis, known from long series, and should be treated with caution. The species probably occurs in Australia; the two males noted under other material above are probably conspecific with the above species, but longer series need to be examined to clarify the best distinguishing characters for the species.

Tricimba liepae, sp. nov. (Figs 158, 192, 193, 228, 229, 272, 273, 274, 275)

Material Examined

Holotype. a , Australia, Qld, Deception Bay, 23.v.1966, Z. Liepa, ANIC.

Paratypes. Queensland: 60 29 same data as holotype, ANIC; 9 0 60 , Brighton, mangrove swamp, 19.i.1955, EJR, QM, BMNH; l u , same data but 2.ii.1955, QM; 4 a , Gladstone, 14.xii.1961, DKMcA, AM. New South Wales: 20 19, Cronulla, mangroves, 3.iv.1962, DKMcA, AM; l a , same data but 21.i.1962, AM.

Male Head (Figs 228, 229) broader than deep or long (20: 15: 14). Frons as long as broad

(11: l l ) , strongly convex anteriorly, black posteriorly, anterior $ pale yellow, heavily pale grey dusted, lateral margins parallel. All setae and setulae pale, thick and short. Ocellar

380 J. W. Ismay

tubercle rugose, black, dusted as frons, slightly raised above level of remainder of frons. Ocellar triangle small, narrow, extending about i length of frons. Ocellar setae small, upright and slightly convergent, shorter than separation of posterior ocelli. Postocellar setae convergent but not crossed, separation less than distance between postocellar and outer vertical setae. Outer vertical seta longest, directed outwards, inner verticals convergent, little larger than setulae. Orbital setae small, reclinate, slightly curved, about 7 developed. Pedicel yellow, first flagellomere darkened on outer margin, arista pale yellow with distinct pubescence, little longer than remainder of antenna. Antennae separated by narrow carina extending from lunule to below antennae where carina broadens out to mouth edge. Face yellowish brown, dusted, deeply concave. Eye with oblique long axis, bare. Gena yellow, ventral margin dark, broader than anterior tibia, setulae short. Postgena black, dusted. Palpus yellow-brown, narrow, slightly curved, proboscis yellow, shining. Occiput black, dusted.

Scutum about as broad as long (20: 20), black, grey dusted, darker lateral to intermediate groove, with small, stout, pale setulae. Central groove lightly impressed, setulae uniserial, intermediate groove more deeply impressed, setulae biserial posterior to transverse suture, convergent and broadening posteriorly, ending inside and just anterior to lateral bridge of scutellum. Setulae between central and intermediate grooves more than uniserial. Post- pronotal lobe black, dusted, prominant, postpronotal seta smaller than notopleural, 1 + 1 notopleural setae developed, posterior larger and stouter than anterior, transverse suture deep and strong. Prescutellar dosocentral seta small, upright, equal to anterior notopleural. Pleura black, proepisternum shining brown, anepisternum and anepimeron dusted except on narrow ventral margins, katepisternum dusted except on narrow dorsal, anterior and posterior margins. Katatergite dusted. Scutellum (Figs 192, 193), strongly raised, angle between posterior part of scutum and scutellum in profile approaching 90°, longer than broad (19: 16), black, more brown dusted than scutum, with small stout setulae, pale at base and on lateral margins, black on peak, posterior peaked portion darker than basal area, rounded narrowly, raised above level of marginal setae by more than f length of scutellum. Apical scutellar setae on strong basally fused tubercles, setae short and stout, subapical setae at about i length of scutellum, on strong tubercles and little smaller than apical pair. A minute third marginal seta developed in most specimens.

Coxae, trochanters and femora except extreme tips black, tibiae yellow with narrow dark band near base, tarsi yellow. Posterior tibia swollen centrally, tibia1 organ developed, narrow. Wing (Fig. 158) with membrane and veins white with two dark transverse bands, stronger distal to r, passing through apex of cell bm+dm and proximal to tip of cua. Faint indication of second transverse band at level of tip of r4+,. Costa strongly darkened at tip of r,, less at tip of r2+, and scarcely at tip of r4+,. r, slightly and r2+3 strongly curved to costa, r2+3 and r4+, strongly divergent. Cell br greatly broadened, dm-cu very oblique, vein forming posterior margin of cell dm-cu almost without flexure. Costal ratios 42 : 25 : 21 : 24. Haltere pale.

Abdomen brown, paler at base and tip, epandrium (Figs 272, 273) yellow, broad, with few setulae, cerci small and widely separated, inner parts broad. Surstylus strongly curved, serrate apically (Fig. 274). Hypandrium (Fig. 275) with straight lateral arms, straight postgonites, serrate internally and longer aedeagus than in T. pandanicola.

Female Similar to male but abdomen ending in pale yellow slender cercus with pale setulae.


Remarks There is variation in the development of a third, basal marginal scutellar seta, which may

be absent or less than i length of subapical seta and tubercle. The degree of infuscation of the anterior and middle femora also varies.


Figs 144, 150, 152, 154. Epandrium, apical view: 144, T. cardamomi; 150, T. longicercalis; 152, T. obscura; 154, T. edentata. Figs 145, 151, 153, 155. Surstylus, inner view: 145, T. cardamomi; 151, T. longicercalis; 153, T. edentata; 155, T. obscura. Figs 146, 149. Femoral comb: 146, T. cardamomi; 149, T. obscura. Fig. 147. Hypandrium, ventral view, T. cardamomi. Fig. 148. Epandrium, lateral view, T. cardamomi. Scale lines: 0.1 mm.

Tricimba lactipennata, sp. nov. (Figs 654, 655, 656, 657)

Material Examined

Holotype. a , Australia, W.A., 4 km SSW, of Cape Bertholet, West Kimberley, at light, 18.iv. 1977, D. H. Colless, ANIC.

Paratypes. Western Australia: 2 0 3g, same data as holotype, ANIC, BMNH.

Male

Differs from T. liepae as follows.

Head broader than deep and deeper than long (24: 19: 15). Wing as T. liepae but cell br slightly broader and costal ratios 45 : 28 : 21 : 22. Scutellum (Figs 654, 657) dark yellow to pale brown at peak, less strongly peaked than T. liepae, with 3 pairs of marginal setae, basal pair slightly smaller than subapical. Male genitalia resembling those of T. liepae but surstylus (Figs 655, 656) deeply divided at tip into 2 teeth.


Remarks The species is very similar to T. liepae, differing only in the structure of the scutellum

and the apex of the male surstylus; it is possible that the remaining characters may vary if a longer series were available. The two forms are geographically separated and are here considered as separate species, but if specimens become available from the intervening area the differences may prove to be of less than specific importance.

Tricimba cana, sp. nov. (Figs 166, 173, 194, 197, 230, 233, 276, 277, 278)

Material Examined


Holotype. a , S.A., Mermerna Ruins, 38.5 km N. of Hawker, 30.ix.1975, Z. Liepa, ANIC.

Paratypes. New South Wiles: l a , 116 km S. of Broken Hill, l.iv.1975, ZL, A ~ I C ; 2 a , Billabong Ck, Conargo, 23-30.iv.1978, ZL, ANIC. South Australia: 19, same data as holotype, ANIC; I Q , Allandale, 16 km SE. of Oodnadatta, 24.ix.1972, ZL, ANIC; 4 a , 9 km WNW. Andamoota HS Sandhills from flowering Acacia sp., l.xi.1975, JAH, SAM; 10, Cooper Bore (Koppermanna No. 2) 11 km NE. by N. of Etadinna HS, 20.ix.1972, ZL, ANIC; 1 a 1 Q , 23 km SW. by S. of Etadunna HS, B/ville Tract (Green Val.), 16.ix.1972, ZL, ANIC; I Q , Kings Mill Ck, Arkaroola Homestead, malaise trap, 29.x.1969, GFG, SAM; l a 29 , same data but 30.x.1969, SAM; la 29, same data but 31.x.1969, SAM; 2 a 3p, West side Murray Bridge, 16.ii.1959, PA and GFG, SAM, BMNH; l a , nr Victory Well, Everard Pk Stn, 6-7.xi.1970, GFG, SAM; 19, Wallaroo N., beach sandhills, 31.i.1964, GFG, SAM; l a 19 , Winnininnie, 17 km NE. of Yunta, 29.ix.1975, ZL, ANIC.

Male Head (Figs 230, 233) broader and deeper than long (27:21: 18), black, grey dusted.

Frons about as long as broad (15: 14), black posteriorly, paling to yellow on anterior f, lateral margins slightly convergent anteriorly, anterior margin strongly convex, all setae and setulae pale, thickened. Ocellar tubercle little raised above level of frons, ocellar setae minute, convergent, shorter than separation of posterior ocelli. Ocellar triangle apparently represented by bare dusted area extending from ocelli to 3 length of frons. Postocellar setae parallel, upright, separation less than distance to outer vertical seta. Inner vertical seta minute, directed towards midline of head, outer vertical seta large, upright, directed outwards, equal to postocellar but smaller than separation from postocellar. About 7 orbital setae developed, larger anteriorly, reclinate. Pedicel of antenna yellow, first flagellomere rounded, yellow, darkened apically, arista dark yellow, short, pubescence shorter than basal diameter of arista. Antennae separated by distinct slightly broadened carina (Fig. 173) reaching to mouth edge, antenna1 foveae deep and filled by antennae. Eye bare, long axis


slightly oblique. Gena broader than anterior tibia, dark yellow, dusted grey, ventral margin black, setae short. Postgena black, dusted. Palpus small, shorter than mouth opening, yellow. Proboscis shining brown. Occiput black, grey dusted.

Scutum slightly broader than long (27 : 25), black, dusted grey, browner lateral to intermediate groove. Central groove lightly impressed, setulae uniserial, central and intermediate grooves ending before level of prescutellar dorsocentral seta. Setulae between central and intermediate grooves more than uniserial. Intermediate grooves at least biserial except anteriorly, where they are uniserial, broadening posteriorly, slightly more widely separated than lateral bridges of scutellum, shining. Postpronotal lobe black, grey dusted, with 1 small seta directed posteriorly. Notopleuron with 1 + 1 setae, posterior seta larger and stouter. A shining black puncture on posterior notopleuron above wing base. Pleura black,

Fig. 156. Head, thorax and wing, T. maculata. Figs 157, 158, 160. Wing: 157, T. auriculata; 158, T. liepae; 160, T. distigma. Figs 159, 161. Wing, anterior part: 159, T. pandanicola; 161, T. papuensis. Scale lines: 0.1 mm.

anepisternum, anepimeron, katepisternum and katatergite dusted grey, suture at dorsal margin of katepisternum narrowly shining, proepisternum and meron shining. Scutellum (Figs 194, 197) longer than broad (1 1 : 9), triangular, tip pointed and considerably raised above level of marginal setae, dark grey dusted, darker posteriorly. Three pairs of marginal setae, all on tubercles shorter than setae, apical pair of tubercles partially fused, subapical pair nearer to basal pair than to apical, apical setae less than f length of scutellum, subapical setae shorter. Setulae pale at base and laterally, black at apical peak. Subscutellum well developed, dusted. Postnotum black, shining.

Coxae, trochanters and femora black, latter narrowly paler at tip, tibiae yellow broadly darkened basally, tarsi yellow. Posterior tibia slender, tibia1 organ present, narrow. Wing (Fig. 166) clear without markings, costa at tip of r1 and apical part of rl slightly darker than other veins, which are yellow, rz+, long, cell rl narrow, r 4 + ~ and ml nearly parallel for most of length then diverging near tip. Cell br broad, dm-cu oblique, vein forming posterior margin of cell bm + dm almost without any flexure. Costal ratios 52: 46: 27 : 18. Haltere pale.

Abdomen black, tergites 2, 3 and base of 4 paler on disc, lightly dusted. Epandrium (Fig. 276) dark, dusted, about as deep as broad, lateral margins comparatively straight, cerci fused but bilobed, low, inner parts narrow. Surstylus (Fig. 277) straight, apex weakly serrate posteriorly. Hypandrium (Fig. 278) open, lateral arm straight, postgonite gently curved, apex serrate internally, aedeagus rounded at base, long.

Female Similar to male but abdomen ending in slender brownish yellow cercus.

Wing length 1 - 4 mm, head width 0 .6 mm.

Remarks This species is probably most closely related to the T. pandanicola species-complex.

It has a similar scutellum but differs in its darker coloration and practically unmarked wing.

Tricimba pinguise fa, sp. nov. (Figs 174, 200, 203, 234, 235)

Material Examined

Holotype. 9 , Papua New Guinea, New Ireland (SW.) Ridge above 'Camp Bishop', 15 km up Kait R., 275 m, 12.vii.1956, J . L. Gressitt, BPBM.

Female Head (Figs 234, 235) broader than deep and deeper than long (33 : 25 : 23). Frons slightly

longer than broad (18: 17), parallel-sided, disc slightly concave, brown, yellow on anterior $, dusted brownish yellow, anterior margin not strongly produced anteriorly. Ocellar tubercle strongly raised, slightly less heavily dusted than frons and similar bare lightly dusted area extending narrowly down centre of frons possibly representing ocellar triangle. Remainder of frons with scattered yellowish brown minute setulae. Ocellar setae minute, not longer than diameter of an ocellus, upswept, slightly convergent. Postocellar setae larger, equal to separation of posterior ocelli, stout, upright, parallel, mounted on small tubercles posterior to ocellar tubercle. Inner vertical seta not distinguished. Outer vertical seta larger than postocellar seta and very stout, mounted on a conspicuous tubercle and with a cavity between tubercle and eye margin. About 9 orbital setae developed, little larger than frons setulae. All head and thoracic setae yellowish brown and stout. Antenna yellow, arista yellow with short pubescence, not longer than basal diameter of arista, arista about as long as remainder of antenna. Face deeply concave, yellowish brown, dusted, carina visible between antenna1 bases only, not extending below basal part of first flagellomere. Eye deeper than long, long axis nearly vertical, bare. Gena broad, nearly as broad as anterior femur, yellow, dusted, ventral margin with strong bend ventral to anterior part of eye. Setulae on ventral margin pale and well developed, 1 stouter seta anteriorly. Postgena broad, dusted


yellowish grey, setulae on raised bases. Proboscis brownish yellow, palpus yellow, both with pale setulae. Occiput black, coarsely dusted yellowish grey, surface sculptured.

Scutum about as long as broad (33 : 31), black, lightly but coarsely dusted bronze-grey. Central scutal groove uniserially punctured, lateral grooves with 2 well separated rows of setae strongly diverging anteriorly towards postpronotal lobe, ending anterior to level of prescutellar dorsocentral seta. Lateral groove diffuse but well developed posterior to postpronotal lobe and dorsal to wing base. Setulae between central and intermediate grooves not distinguished. Postpronotal lobe (Fig. 174) with a large, stout, posteriorly curved seta and a smaller one anterior to it. Notopleuron (Fig. 174) with 1 + 1 large and very stout setae, anterior about length of posterior. Prescutellar dorsocentral and smaller supra-alar

Figs 162, 165, 166, 167, 168. Wing: 162, T. vulgaris; 165, T. biannulata; 166, T. cana; 167, T. breviradialis; 168, T. approximata. Fig. 163. Costa, anterior view, T. vulgaris. Fig. 164. Wing, anterior part, T. vanuatensis. Scale lines: 0.1 mm.

setae well developed and also very stout. Pleura dark brown, black at centres of sclerites, shining on ventral margin of anepisternum and anepimeron, dusted dorsally. Katepisternum shining, slightly dusted and with few setulae on dorsal margin, dusted on ventral corner. Meron probably shining, obscured by glue. Scutellum (Figs 200, 203) longer than broad (23 : 9), dark brown, elongate, narrowed to apex and strongly convex, covered with numerous setulae on enlarged bases giving scutellum a rugose appearance, lightly dusted yellowish brown except for stronger patches of dusting laterally on bare anterior margin. Three large pairs of marginal setae developed, apical setae dorsally curved, brown, on short tubercles. Apical pair at apex of scutellum separated by less than distance to subapical setae, subapical and basal setae more closely approximated. Subscutellum strongly developed, dusted. Postnotum black, shining.

Legs yellow with minute black setulae, posterior tibia1 organ well developed. Wing membrane faintly brown tinted, veins brown, r2+3 long, r4+5 curved to costa only at tip, parallel to ml, vein forming posterior margin of cell bm+dm almost without flexure. Costal ratios 30 : 30 : 22: 9. Haltere yellow.

Abdomen short and broad, black, lightly dusted, distinctly rugose due to punctured bases of setulae on tergites.

Wing length 1-7 mm, head width 0.7 mm.

Male

Unknown.

Remarks

The elongate scutellum and broad notopleural setae should be sufficient to define this species. The holotype is considered to be a female but the cerci are missing. It is probably most closely related to the following species.

Tricimba aureopilosa, sp. nov. (Figs 172, 198, 199, 231, 232)

Material Examined

Holotype. Q , Papua New Guinea, National Capital District, Saraga, grasses, 8.vi.1981, J. W. Ismay, BMNH.

Paratype. Australia, Northern Territory: IQ, 8 km SW. by S. of Oenpelli Mission, 6.vi.1973, DHC, ANIC.

Female

Resembles T. pinguiseta, but differs as follows.

Head (Figs 231, 232) broader than deep and deeper than long (31 :24:20). Frons as broad as long (16: 16), brown, yellow on anterior $, dusted yellowish brown, grey dusted along posterior and lateral margins and on ocellar tubercle. Ocellar tubercle strongly raised above level of remainder of frons, a minute shining spot anterior to anterior ocellus. Ocellar setae shorter than diameter of an ocellus, convergent. Postocellar setae upright, slightly convergent, not mounted on conspicuous tubercles, shorter than separation of posterior ocelli. Outer vertical well developed, stout, mounted on low and less conspicuous swelling than in T. pinguiseta. About 9 pale orbital setae distinct from smaller setulae on frons. Antenna yellow, darkened on distal margin of first flagellomere, arista brown with short pubescence, not longer than basal diameter of arista. Facial carina not extending beyond base of first flagellomere.

Scutum about as long as broad (30:27), lightly and finely dusted bronze-grey. Post- pronotal lobe with a minute, straight, pale seta. Notopleuron (Fig. 172) with 1 + 1 straight pale setae, anterior seta more than length of posterior. Prescutellar dorsocentral and supra-alar setae about equal in size, pale and stout. Pleura black, proepisternum brown, ventral margin of anepimeron broadly shining on ventral part. Scutellum (Figs 198, 199) about as broad as long (13:15), black, narrowed to tip, evenly convex, covered with


numerous setulae on enlarged bases giving a rugose appearance. Three pairs of marginal setae almost equally spaced around apical of scutellum, basal and subapical pairs equal in size, apical pair longer, more than ; length of scutellum, all pale yellow, straight, on black tubercles as long as broad. Subscutellurn well developed, dusted. Postnoturn black, dusted laterally.

Figs 169, 171. Wing: 169, T. difficilis; 171, T. thistletoni. Fig. 170. Wing, anterior part, T. digitata. Figs 172, 174, 177. Notopleuron: 172, T. aureopilosa; 174, T. pinguiseta; 177, T. vulgaris. Figs 173, 176, 179, 180. Face, anterior view: 173, T. cana; 176, T. thistletoni; 179, T. rnaculata; 180, T. vulgaris. Figs 175, 178. Scutum, left half: 175, T. approximata; 178, T. breviradialis. Scale lines: 0.1 mm.

388 J. W. Ismay

Posterior femur lightly darkened on basal h, middle femur with a darker ring, remainder of legs yellow, setulae yellow, darker at apex of femora. Wing hyaline with brown veins, costal ratios 26 : 27 : 17 : 9.


Male Unknown.

Remarks The species resembles T. pinguiseta in many features and has similarly divergent inter-

mediate scutal grooves, but the setae are less thickened and the scutellum is shorter.

Tricimba facialis, sp. nov. (Figs 201, 202, 236, 239, 279, 280, 281, 283)

Material Examined


Holotype. or, N.S.W., Otford, 2.i.1965, D. K. McAlpine, AM.

Paratypes. New South Wales: l o , same data as holotype, AM; 4 0 , same data but 12.x.1957, AM, BMNH; 5 9 , same data but 26.i.1959, AM, BPBM; l p , same data but l.xii.1962, AM; l p , Airly Ck, nr Capertree, 30.viii.1956, DKMcA, AM; lor, Colo R, Putty Rd, 29.v.1976, ZL, ANIC; lor, Colo Vale, 15.iii.1957, WWW, USNM; lor, Congo, 8 km SE. by E. of Moruya, 30.x.1982, MSU, ANIC; 1 9 , Mt Coramba, Coff's Harbour (summit), 25.vi.1976, ZL, ANIC; 1 9 , below Govett's Leap, Blue Mts, 7.xii.1956, DKMcA, AM; l p , Kurrajong, ll.xii.1959, DKMcA, AM; 1 9 , Mooney Mooney Ck, nr Gosford, 20.xi.1975, DKMcA, AM; 19 , same data but 25.xi.1975, GD, AM; 10, Natl Pk, 13.xii.1956, DKMcA, AM; 19 , same data but 19.iii.1957, AM; 19 , same data but 20.iv. 1959, AM; 19 , Sassfras Gully, Springwood, Blue Mts, 17.xi.1956, DKMcA, AM; l p , 30 mi S. of Singleton, Putty Rd, 63.1968, DHC, ANIC; lor, Springwood, Blue Mts, 10.i.1956, DKMcA, AM; 1 9 , same data but 30.i.1956, AM; 10, Wentworth Falls, Blue Mts, 20.xi.1958, DKMcA, AM; 3p, Mt Wilson, Blue Mts, 29.xi.1958, DKMcA, AM; l p , same data but 14.iv.1959, AM; lor l p , same data but 28.xi. 1959, AM. Queensland: 1 Q , Binna Burra, Lamington Natl Pk, 31 .i. 1961, DKMcA, AM; l p , same data but l.i.1961, AM.

Other material. New South Wales: 19 , Blue Mts, below Govett's Leap, 7.xii.1956, DKMcA, AM.

Male Head (Figs 236, 239) broader than deep, deeper than long (33 : 25 : 24). Frons longer than

broad (19: IS), lateral margins subparallel, black, anterior f yellow, brown dusted, anterior margin slightly produced anterior to level of anterior margin of eye, disc of frons slightly concave. Extreme lateral margins of frons outside orbital setae dusted grey. Ocellar tubercle large, scarcely raised above level of surface of frons. Ocellar triangle scarcely broader than ocellar tubercle, occupying about $ posterior margin of frons, narrow, lateral margins slightly concave, main part extending little less than distance from anterior ocellus to anterior margin of frons, dusted grey, bare, strongly contrasting to surface of remainder of frons which has stout setulae. Setae and setulae pale. Ocellar setae reclinate, slightly shorter than separation of posterior ocelli. Postocellar setae about as long as separation of posterior ocelli, subparallel. Outer vertical setae longer than postocellar seta, on slightly raised base, slightly divergent, inner vertical seta little larger than frons setulae and directed inwards to posterior of ocellar tubercle. Orbital setae small, about 12 developed, reclinate. Antenna yellow, first flagellomere as long as deep, broad, rounded, dorsal and anterior margins darkened, with distinct pubescence, arista short with distinct pubescence shorter than that of first flagellomere. Face concave, dark yellow, dusted, facial carina deepest about middle of first flagellomere, ending dorsal to mouth edge. Eye deeper than long, long axis slightly oblique, surface with minute scattered setulae. Gena about as broad as anterior tibia, anterior margin slightly produced, yellow, dusted, with several longer setulae posteriorly and single row of small anteriorly directed setulae along ventral margin. Proboscis short,


brown, palpus yellow, bent near base, both with pale setulae. Postgena black, dusted, as broad as gena ventrally. Occiput black, dusted, flat, central section depressed.

Scutum about as long as broad (33:32), black, dusted grey, except for brown dusting lateral to intermediate groove and along lateral groove posterior to transverse suture. Central and intermediate grooves strongly incised, subparallel, intermediate groove becoming indistinct anteriorly, shading into strongly punctured setulae between groove and inner

Figs 181, 183, 184, 186, 188, 190, 191. Scutellum, dorsal view: 181, T. vulgaris; 183, T. biannulata; 184, T. maculata; 186, T. auriculata; 188, T. pandanicola; 190, T. distigma; 191, T. papuensis. Figs 182, 185, 187, 189. Scutellum, lateral view: 182, T. vulgaris; 185, T. maculata; 187, T. pandanicola; 189, T. auriculata. Scale lines: 0.1 mm.

posterior margin of postpronotal lobe, more than posterior ) of intermediate groove biserial, expanding anterior to level of prescutellar dorsocentral seta. Lateral groove represented by several irregular rows of enlarged setulae posterior to transverse sutur~e. Setulae strongly developed in several irregular rows between central and intermediate grooves. Postpronotal lobe dusted as scutum, postpronotal seta low on postpronotal lobe, small, less than length of anterior notopleural seta, a second seta subequal in size on dorsal side of postpronotal lobe. 1 + 1 strong notopleural setae on slightly enlarged bases, posterior seta slightly larger. Prescutellar dorsocentral seta small, supra-alar seta larger. Pleura brown, black centrally on sclerites, shining, dusted on almost all anepisternum (except for narrow anterior and ventral margins), anepimeron except for broad ventral 5, katatergite and ventral corner of katepisternum. Dorsal margin of katepisternum with small setulae. Scutellum (Figs 201, 202) about as long as broad (14: 13), elongate rounded in shape, strongly convex, lateral margins convex, with short, dark setulae with enlarged bases over all disc and sides except extreme base, surface dull, dusted, narrowly grey along dorsal margin anteriorly, more broadly grey along lateral margin anteriorly, remainder brown dusted. Three pairs of marginal setae developed, apical pair slightly more closely spaced than others, basal pair at little more than 5 length of scutellum, apical pair slightly the longest, less than ) length of scutellum, all on distinct tubercles as long as broad, set on ventral margin of scutellum. Subscutellum well developed, grey dusted. Postnotum black, shining.

Legs brown, trochanters, ends of tibiae and tarsi paler. Posterior tibia1 organ pale, long, narrow. Wing membrane slightly tinted darker, veins brown, r2+3 and r 4 + ~ curved to costa only at tips, r4+, and m, subparallel over most of length, cell br broadened, vein forming posterior margin of cell bm+dm almost without flexure, dm-cu oblique. Costal ratios 32: 31 : 18: 10. Haltere yellow.

Abdomen black, tergites dusted brown except for grey posterior margins. Epandrium (Figs 279, 281) small, brown, dusted, setulae on abdomen more slender than those on scutum, brown. Epandrium broader than deep, with few setulae, cerci fused without invagination, inner parts large, straight at apex on inner side. Surstylus (Fig. 280) short and broad, rounded. Hypandrium (Fig. 283) open, lateral arms slender, postgonite broad, aedeagus with pointed base.

Female As male but abdomen ending in yellow-brown cercus with brown setulae.

Wing length 1.7 mrn, head width 0.7 mm.

Remarks This species resembles T. aureopilosa in the form of the scutellum, but the head setae

are not on pronounced tubercles. The male genitalia are similar to those of the T. pandanicola group and T. cana. In one female specimen (Wentworth Falls), a small, basal fourth pair of marginal scutellar setae are developed.

The specimen listed under 'Other material' closely resembles T. facialis, but has a smaller, less-rounded scutellum with two pairs of marginal setae. The larger head setae and the scutal setae are smaller than those of T. facialis. This is probably a further species, but is not described because there is only one specimen and it is close to T. facialis.

Tricimba diversa, sp. nov. (Figs 204, 205, 237, 238, 282, 284)

Material Examined

Holotype. w , Australia, N.T., 11°09'S.,132009'E., Black Pt, Coburg Pen., 29.i.1977, E. D. Edwards, ANIC.

Paratype. Northern Territory: lo, same data as holotype, ANIC.


Male Head (Figs 237, 238) broader than deep and deeper than long (26:20: 18). Frons longer

than broad (14: 12), lateral margins slightly convergent anteriorly, anterior margin scarcely produced anterior to level of anterior margin of eye, black, yellow on anterior a, dusted greyish brown, with scattered, short, inconspicuous brown-yellow setulae. Ocellar tubercle raised above level of frons, dusted but slightly more shining than remainder of frons, ocellar triangle apparently represented by a narrow strip of grey and more shining surface extending from anterior ocellus to about distance to anterior margin of frons. OceUar setae shorter than diameter of an ocellus, convergent. Postocellar setae minute, little longer than diameter of an ocellus, convergent. Outer vertical seta slightly shorter than separation of posterior ocelli, on small raised prominance. Orbital setae distinguished with difficulty, about 6 developed. Antenna small, yellow, first flagellomere brown except basally and ventrally, as deep as long, arista shorter than width of frons, brown, minutely pubescent. Face yellow, dusted, carina developed between pedicels and extending as a low ridge to mouth edge. Eye deeper than long, long axis slightly oblique. Gena about as broad as anterior tibia, yellow, dusted, vibrissal angle slightly produced. Postgena black, dusted grey, not broader than gena at ventral corner. Palpus yellow, narrow at base, proboscis dark yellow, long, both with pale setulae. Occiput slightly concave, black, dull.

Scutum about as long as broad (23 : 24), black, slightly shining through greyish brown dusting. Scutal grooves deeply impressed, central groove uniserial reaching almost to base of scutellum, intermediate groove biserial and parallel to central groove for most of length except at anterior, where it expands laterally to meet inner posterior margin of postpronotal lobe. Lateral groove represented by several rows of enlarged setulae above wing base posterior to transverse suture, broadening posteriorly but ending short of scutellum; a patch of similar setulae on dorsal margin of notopleuron. Setulae sparse, brown-yellow, uniserial between central and intermediate grooves. Postpronotal lobe brown, postpronotal seta not distinguished. 1 + 1 notopleural setae, posterior little longer than ocellar tubercle but stout, anterior f length of posterior. Pleura black, proepisternum brownish yellow, shining, anepisternum and anepimeron with dense silver dusting except for ventral margin, narrowly shining on anepisternum and broadly shining on anepimeron. Katatergite dusted as anepisternum. Central part of katepisternum thinly dusted, shining on anterior and posterior margins, a few pale setulae on dorsal margin. Scutellum (Figs 204, 205) black, little longer than broad (12: lo), rounded triangular, lateral margins convex, apex rounded, disc convex without angled margins, disc with many strong dark short setulae on rugose bases, bare near base, base dusted grey as scutum, remainder dusted brown, dull. Two pairs of marginal setae set on short brown tubercles, apical pair near tip of scutellum but bases clearly separated, about $ length of scutellum, subapical at length of scutellum, slightly shorter than apical. Subscutellum well developed, dusted. Postnotum shining black.

Legs yellow, femora slightly infuscated centrally, tibiae with 2 dark bands at 4 and $ length. Posterior tibia1 organ present, narrow, yellow. Wing hyaline, veins brownish yellow, r2+3 long and cell rl narrow, curved to costa near tip, r4+, slightly curved to costa apically and slightly divergent from m,. Cell br broad, dm-cu strongly oblique, vein forming posterior margin of cell bm + dm almost without flexure. Costal ratios 42: 40: 27 : 16. Haltere yellow.

Abdomen brown, dusted brown, posterior margins of tergites 2-5 grey dusted. Tergite 5 rounded posteriorly, setulae on rugose bases. Epandrium (Fig. 284) brown, dusted, broader than deep, with few setulae. Cerci discrete, elongate, narrowly separated. Surstylus pointed apically. Hypandrium (Fig. 282) open, gonites divided longitudinally, possibly into pre- and postgonites.


Female Unknown.

Remarks The species most closely resembles T. propinqua, which also has greatly reduced head

setae, intermediate groove diverging to postpronotal lobe and punctate tergite 5, but T. propinqua has more approximated apical scutellar setae, longer first flagellomere and yellow setulae. A male paratype of T. batucola Sabrosky, 1964 has been examined. It keyed to T. diversa in the above key, with some difficulty since the specimen has been recovered from fluid and is faded. The first flagellomere and tibiae are probably darkened, but the

Figs 192, 194, 196, 198, 200, 202. Scutellum, dorsal view: 192, T. liepae; 194, T. cana; 196, T. vanuatensis; 198, T. aureopilosa; 200, T. pinguiseta; 202, T. facialis. Figs 193, 195, 197, 199, 201, 203. Scutellum, lateral view: 193, T. liepae; 195, T. vanuatensis; 197, T. cana; 199, T. aureopilosa; 201, T. facialis; 203, T. pinguiseta. Scale lines: 0.1 mm.


outer vertical seta is on a scarcely developed prominence. T. batucola also differs from T. diversa in that the frons is yellow except for the black ocellar triangle, the scutellum is proportionally shorter and the apical setae are yellow, shorter and more closely placed. There is a faint dark mark at the tip of r,. The male genitalia are very different from those of T. diversa and most closely resemble those of T. biannulata.

Tricimba propinqua, sp. nov. (Figs 206, 209, 240, 241, 285, 286)

Material Examined

Holotype. 0 , Papua New Guinea, Morobe Province, Wau, rainforest, 1170 m, 13.ix.1981, J. W. Ismay, BMNH.

Male Head (Figs 240, 241) broader than deep and deeper than long (26:21: 16). Frons about

as long as broad (12: 12), broadening anteriorly, brown on posterior $, yellow on anterior 1 5, heavily yellowish grey dusted. Frons with scattered minute pale setulae on lateral and anterior margins, a bare more grey dusted area anterior to ocellar tubercle probably representing ocellar triangle. Ocellar tubercle black, dusted, slightly raised above level of remainder of frons. Head and thoracic setae reduced in size, pale, stout. Ocellar setae minute, shorter than diameter of an ocellus, convergent. Postocellar setae small, slightly longer than diameter of an ocellus. Vertical setae apparently lost, bases not enlarged. About 8 small upswept orbital setae developed. Antenna large, pedicel yellow, first flagellomere brown, longer than broad, yellow at base, with dense pale microtrichia, longer than basal diameter of arista. Arista shorter than first flagellomere, yellow at base, brown apically, practically devoid of pubescence, appearing glabrous. Face yellow, dusted, concave, facial carina extending below pedical as low ridge. Eye large, occupying most of head in profile, long axis almost vertical. Gena narrower than anterior tibia, yellow, dusted, anterior corner about 90°, slightly produced anteriorly, seta longer than postocellar seta. Postgena black dorsally, yellow at ventral corner, dusted. Proboscis brown with pale setulae. Palpus very long, projecting beyond vibrissal angle, pointed at tip, yellow. Occiput black, dusted.

Scutum about as broad as long (22: 24), black, brown on grooves and lateral margins, yellowish grey dusted, central groove with uniserial punctures, intermediate with 2 complete and separated punctured rows, divided anteriorly so that 1 row curves towards postpronotal lobe and other ends nearly parallel to central groove. Setulae between grooves irregular but not multiserial. Lateral groove probably represented by patch of setae above wing base. Postpronotal lobe with minute seta, notopleuron with minute anterior seta and larger posterior seta, as long as ocellar tubercle. Prescutellar dorsocentral seta small, length of posterior notopleural. Pleura brown, sclerites black centrally, except dark yellow shining proepisternum. Anepisternum and anepimeron dusted except for ventral margin, katatergite dusted. Katepisternum lightly dusted except for anterior and posterior margins, with few setulae on dorsal margin. Meron shining. Scutellum (Figs 206, 209) about as long as broad (10: 1 l), dark brown, dusted brownish yellow except at sides at junction with scutum; except for a narrow central portion this suture is dusted bright yellowish grey. Dorsal surface of scutellum smoothly rounded to ventral margin, rugose, with numerous setulae. Two pairs of marginal setae developed, apical pair approximated, at apex of scutellum, more than I z length of scutellum, mounted on small tubercles. Subapical seta at about ) length of scutellum, seta $ length of apical seta, mounted on larger tubercle slightly longer than broad. Both pairs of setae stout, pale yellow. Subscutellum well developed, dusted dorsally, shining ventrally. Postnotum shining black.

Legs yellow, femora with darker yellow bands, tarsi darker than tibiae, posterior tibia1 organ large and conspicuous. Wing short and broad, hyaline with brown veins, vein forming posterior margin of cell bm+dm almost straight, r 4 + ~ slightly curved to costa on apical e, dm-cu oblique, cell r 4 + ~ very broad at base. Costal ratios 43:40:30: 18. Haltere yellow.

Abdomen short and broad, brown with light dusting, setulae minute, in small punctures. Tergite 5 bulbous. Epandrium (Fig. 285) broader than deep, with very short setulae. Cerci discrete, well separated, small. Surstylus apically pointed. Hypandrium (Fig. 286) open, broader than deep, postgonites large, aedeagus long.


Figs 204, 206, 208, 210, 212, 214. Scutellum, dorsal view: 204, T. diversa; 206, T. propinqua; 208, T. breviradialis; 210, T. approximata; 212, T. difficilis; 214, T. acuticercalis. Figs 205, 207, 209, 211, 213, 215. Scutellum, lateral view: 205, T. diversa; 207, T. breviradialis; 209, T. propinqua; 211, T. approximata; 213, T. acuticercalis; 215, T. difficilis. Scale lines: 0.1 mm.


Female Unknown.

Remarks The species is distinct in that the arista is almost glabrous (at least micropubescent in

other Tricimba) and the apical scutellar setae are greatly approximated.

Tricimba breviradialis, sp. nov. (Figs 167, 178, 207, 208, 242, 245, 287, 288)

Material Examined Holotype. a , Papua New Guinea, Central Province, 20 km SE. Port Moresby, swept mud,

1.i.1982, J. W. Ismay, BMNH.

Paratype. Papua New Guinea, Central Province: 1 Q , Laloki, under trees, l 9 . k 1985, JWI, BMNH.

Male Head (Figs 242, 245) broader than deep and deeper than long (22: 18: 16). Frons slightly

longer than broad (12: lo), parallel-sided, scarcely broadened anteriorly. Ocellar setae small, equal to diameter of an ocellus, convergent. Postocellar setae larger but less than separation of posterior ocelli, crossed. Outer vertical little larger than postocellar seta, mounted on raised tubercle. About 7 small orbital setae developed. Antenna yellow, distal margin of first flagellomere darkened, smaller than in T. propinqua and less pubescent, arista longer than first flagellomere, with very short pubescence. Palpus yellow, elongate, pointed.

Scutum (Fig. 178) about as broad as long (10: lo), dusted yellowish bronze with more deeply impressed grooves and punctures than T. propinqua. Central groove irregularly biserial anterior to scutellum. Intermediate grooves with 2 separated rows of punctures, both directed towards postpronotal lobe anteriorly. Anterior notopleural seta larger, more than f length of posterior seta. Proepisternum shining brown, katepisternum shining with central dusted patch, meron shining. Scutellum (Figs 207, 208) about as long as broad (10: l l ) , convex, black, surface with numerous short pale setulae on prominant bases, lightly dusted grey. Two pairs of marginal setae, apical pair at apex of scutellum, well separated, divergent, enlarged base merging into basal tubercle, about f length of scutellum. Subapical seta at about f length of scutellum, only slightly smaller than apical setae. Marginal setae dark yellow, very stout, in lateral view curved slightly dorsally. Subscutellum well developed, dusted dorsally, shining ventrally. Postnotum shining black.

Legs yellow, posterior femur with narrow dark band, posterior tibia with 2 dark bands. Wing (Fig. 167) hyaline with brown veins, r2+3 very short, second costal sector much shorter than third and cell r,+, very broad. Costal ratios 33 : 16: 35 : 15.

Abdomen similar to that of T. propinqua, darker in colour. Epandrium (Fig. 287) deeper than in T. propinqua, cerci low and completely fused. Surstylus toothed at apex. Hypandrium (Fig. 288) open, very short and broad, gonites apparently divided as in T. diversa. Aedeagus large, distphallus swollen.

Female Similar to male, abdomen ending in brown dorsal tergite beneath which is slender, dark

yellow cercus with brown setulae.


Remarks This species closely resembles T. propinqua, but has less-approximated apical scutellar

setae, micropubescent arista and very short r2+3. The last character would result in the species being identified as Siphunculina in many generic keys, but in other characters the species belongs in Tricimba. The apparently divided gonites, also present in T. diversa, are an unusual feature in Tricirnba.

396 J. W. Ismay

Fig. 216. Scutellum, dorsal view, T. thistletoni. Fig. 217. Scutellum, lateral view, T. thistletoni. Figs 218, 220, 222, 224, 226. Head, lateral view: 218, T. vulgaris; 220, T. biannulata; 222, T. auriculata; 224, T. maculata; 226, T. pandanicola. Figs 219, 221, 223, 225, 227. Head, dorsal view: 219, T. biannulata; 221, T. vulgaris; 223, T. auriculata; 225, T. pandanicola; 227, T. maculata. Scale lines: 0.1 mm.

Tricimba approximata, sp. nov. (Figs 168, 175, 210, 211, 243, 244)

Material Examined

Holotype, Q , Papua New Guinea, Oro Province, Myola 2, forest, 2100 m, 23.vii.1986, J. W. Ismay, BMNH.

Female Head (Figs 243, 244) broader than deep and deeper than long (35 : 25: 20). Frons about

as long as broad (17 : 17), lateral margins almost parallel, disc slightly concave, black except

Revision of Tricimba and Aprometopis 3 97

for brown anterior margin, slightly produced anterior to level of anterior margin of eye, surface with dense yellowish brown dusting, paler along lateral margins. Ocellar tubercle slightly raised above level of remainder of frons. Ocellar triangle narrow, posterior margin little more than width of posterior margin of frons, main part extending distance from anterior ocellus to anterior margin of frons, lateral margins nearly straight, surface slightly shining through thin dust greyer than that on frons. Setulae on from small, brown, setae scarcely longer, ocellar and postocellar setae shorter than interocellar separation, convergent, about 10 small upswept orbital setae developed, inner and outer vertical setae not distinguished from frons setulae, outer vertical possibly lost, all setae brown. Antenna dark yellow, darkened on dorsal margin of first flagellomere, which is deeper than long, broad, arista shorter than face, brown, minutely pubescent. Facial carina represented by a faint ridge, not developed further even between pedicels. Face concave, dark yellow, dusted, short. Eye strongly convex, bare, deeper than long, long axis almost vertical. Gena slightly broader than anterior tibia, dark yellow, dusted, little broader at posterior corner, vibrissal angle extended to level of anterior margin of eye, with 1 longer seta, a single row of curved small setulae along ventral margin. Postgena narrow, black, dusted. Palpus yellow, proboscis brown, both with pale setulae. Occiput slightly concave, black, dusted.

Scutum little longer than broad (33 : 32), black, dusted as densely as ocellar triangle but dusting slightly more yellow, disc strongly convex. Scutal grooves lightly impressed but punctures and setulae strong, central groove uniserial, intermediate groove uniserial anteriorly, becoming multiserial posteriorly and diverging from central groove, to occupy more than f distance between prescutellar dorsocentral setae. Lateral groove represented by broad area of punctures above wing base and smaller area of few rows above notopleuron. Setulae between grooves irregular and sparse. Postpronotal seta scarcely longer than setulae, notopleuron (Fig. 175) with 1 long posterior seta, as long as gena is broad, a much smaller anterior seta about as long as setulae. Prescutellar dorsocentral seta small, less than twice length of scutal setulae. Postpronotal lobe dusted. Ventral part of transverse suture shining. Proepisternum brown, shining, remaining pleura black. Anepisternum and anepimeron dusted dorsally, dusting yellow-brown and coarse, ventral margins broadly shining, katepisternum shining, dusted centrally on lower i, dorsal margin with few setulae. Kata- tergite dusted, meron shining, dusted before posterior margins. Scutellum (Figs 210, 211) triangular, about as broad as long (15: 14), lateral margins slightly convex, black, dusted as scutum but surface more rugose, with stronger setulae over almost entire disc and sides. Disc of scutellum flat, lateral margins sloping, scutellum in profile deepest at base but apical setae set ventral to level of disc. Two pairs of marginal setae developed, apical pair very closely approximated, separated by little more than their basal diameter, broken near base but stouter than subapical setae, subapical setae at f length of scutellum, short, about equal to separation of posterior ocelli. Apical and subapical setae on slightly enlarged bases, little broader than base of seta. Subscutellum well developed, dusted dorsally, shining ventrally. Postnotum shining black.

Coxae brown, femora brown paler at ends, trochanters, tibiae and tarsi yellow. Posterior tibia broadened centrally, tibia1 organ well developed, broad, darker yellow than remainder of tibia. Wing (Fig. 168) long, membrane tinted brown, veins brown, tip of r, and alula darkened, r2+3 long, curved to costa near tip, r4+5 very slightly curved posteriorly, third costal sector long, r4+5 and m, nearly parallel, cell br broad, vein forming posterior margin of cell bm + dm with slight flexure. Costal ratios 35 : 38 : 37 : 12. Haltere dark yellow, stem darker.

Abdomen black with light brown dusting, slightly shining, setulae finer and longer than on scutum, pale brown. Cercus tip yellowish brown with strong setulae.

Wing length 2 .2 mm, head width 0.7 mm.

Male Unknown.

Remarks This species may be most closely related to the T. propinqua species-complex which has

the intermediate groove biserial anteriorly and divergent to the postpronotal lobe, but the

scutellum with scarcely developed tubercles and the reduced anterior notopleural seta differ from those species.

The remaining five species in this group have a complete facial carina, 1 + 1 notopleural setae and dusted dorsal margin of the katepisternum; the scutellum is flattened dorsally, with two pairs of widely and nearly equally spaced marginal setae. One species (T. thistletoni) appears to be distinct from the remainder in details of the venation and the broader gena. The remaining species seem to be divisible into two groups on leg coloration. In one group, the males have two bands on the tibiae, shorter and broader wings and tarsi, usually equi-

Figs 228, 230, 232, 234, 236, 238. Head, lateral view: 228, T. liepae; 230, T. cana; 232, T. aureopilosa; 234, T. pinguiseta; 236, T. facialis; 238, T. diversa. Figs 229, 231, 233, 235, 237, 239. Head, dorsal view: 229, T. liepae; 231, T. aureopilosa; 233, T. cana; 235, T. pinguiseta; 237, T. diversa; 239, T. facialis. Scale lines: 0.1 mm.


distant marginal scutellar setae and more strongly curved r4+5. The last group has yellow tibiae, the posterior femur often with an obscure central band, longer and narrower wings and tarsi, usually closer apical scutellar setae and less strongly curved r 4 + ~ . The male genitalia of these species are difficult to prepare and several specimens, particularly in the second group, may represent further new species that cannot be satisfactorily characterised. Therefore, only those species that can be characterised have been named and the remainder are noted. It should be considered that there are further segregates when specimens are identified with the key and all determinations should be based on examination of the male genitalia. A common feature of the male genitalia is the small size of the membranous area surrounding the anus.

Tricimba thistletoni, sp. nov. (Figs 171, 176, 216, 217, 249, 250, 299, 300, 302, 303)

Material Examined


Holotype. O, Western Highlands Province, Mur Mur Pass, forest, 2760 m, 15.iii.1986, J. W. Ismay, BMNH.

Paratypes. Western Highlands Province: 100, same data as holotype, BMNH, BPBM, AM, ANIC, KONE.

Male Head (Figs 249,250) broader than deep or long (21 : 16: 14). Frons about as broad as long

(12 : 12), lateral margins nearly parallel, anterior margin slightly convex, black posteriorly, yellow on anterior $, surface dusted, setulae small, sparse. Ocellar tubercle slightly raised above level of remainder of frons. Ocellar triangle represented by greyer narrow triangle extending nearly to anterior margin of frons, contrasting with browner dusting of frons. All setae and setulae pale. Ocellar setae little smaller than separation of posterior ocelli, reclinate, convergent. Postocellar setae larger than ocellar, convergent but not crossed. Outer vertical seta largest, not longer than ocellar triangle. Inner vertical seta scarcely distinguishable from setulae. About 6 orbital setae developed, even in size except for most anterior, strongly curved posteriorly. Pedicel yellow, first flagellomere yellow, darkened on dorsal distal margin. Arista brown, short, broad at base, with distinct pubescence. Antennae separated by distinct pale carina (Fig. 176) extending to mouth edge. Face yellow, dusted. Eye bare, long axis oblique. Gena broader than anterior tibia, yellow, dusted. Postgena black, dusted, broader ventrally. Proboscis and palpus yellow. Occiput black, dusted.

Scutum about as long as broad (22:21), dully shining through thin dusting, black, grooves not deeply incised, central and intermediate grooves ending at level of prescutellar dorsocentral seta, central groove with uniserial setulae, intermediate groove multiserial, divergent posteriorly. Setulae between central and intermediate grooves more than uniserial. Lateral groove represented by multiserial setulae dorsal to wing base. Postpronotal seta small, curved, directed posteriorly. Notopleural setae 1 + 1, larger than postpronotal seta. Pleura black, proepisternum brown, all dusted except proepisternum, proepimeron and ventral margins of anepisternum and anepimeron and anterior and posterior corners of katepisternum. Scutellum (Figs 216, 217) broader than long (18: IS), black, dusted as scutum, disc flat with angled margins, about 10 setulae on slightly roughened bases on disc, lateral margins convex, posterior margin between apical scutellar setae straight. Apical scutellar setae brown, subparallel, less than f length of scutellum, separated by little more than their length, subapical setae slightly smaller than apical pair, directed at about 45" to long axis of body, distance from subapical to apical seta about equal to distance from subapical seta to base of scutellum and greater than separation of apical setae. Both pairs of marginal setae set below level of disc of scutellum on scarcely developed tubercles. Subscutellum well developed, dusted dorsally, shining ventrally. Postnotum shining black.

Legs yellow, middle and posterior femora and last tarsal segments darkened. Posterior tibia slender, tibia1 organ well developed, paler than remainder of tibia. Wing (Fig. 171)

clear, cell r, slightly darker than remainder of wing, veins pale brown, r2+3 curved to costa on apical i, r,,, slightly curved to costa apically, ml less curved to costa. Cell br broad, r-m long, dm-cu oblique, curved, vein forming posterior margin of cell bm+dm almost without flexure. Costal ratios 23 : 24 : 18 : 12. Haltere brown.

Abdomen brown, lightly dusted, setulae yellow-brown. Epandrium (Figs 300, 302) paler than preceding tergites, rounded, about as deep as broad, with few short setulae and small membranous area around anus. Cerci fused, small, with many small setulae. Surstylus (Fig. 299) slightly dentate apically. Hypandrium (Fig. 303) open.


Figs 240, 242, 244, 246, 248, 250. Head, lateral view: 240, T. propinqua; 242, T. breviradialis; 244, T. approximata; 246, T. difficilis; 248, T. acuticercalis; 250, T. thistletoni. Figs 241, 243, 245, 247, 249, 251. Head, dorsal view: 241, T. propinqua; 243, T. approximata; 245, T. breviradialis; 247, T. difficilis; 249, T. thistletoni; 251, T. acuticercalis. Scale lines: 0.1 mm.


Female Unknown.

Remarks The species is distinct from the following in the width of the gena and in the venation,

the genitalia being distinct only in small details.

Tricimba difficilis, sp. nov. (Figs 169, 212, 215, 246, 247, 289, 290, 291)

Material Examined


Holotype. o , Central Province, 5 km S. Sirinumu Dam, forest, 800 m, 15.vi.1986, J. W. Ismay, BMNH.

Paratypes. Central Province: 1 o , same data as holotype, BMNH; l o , Aieme R., forest, 400 m, 31.viii.1986, JWI, AM; 1 o , Eilogo Ck, rainforest, Dec. 1980, JWI, ANIC; l o , same data but 9.viii.1981, KONE; l o , same data but 500 m, 2.ix.1984, BMNH; l o , nr Eilogo, rainforest, 4.x.1981, JWI, BMNH; l o , same data but forest, 500 m, 23.vii.1984, BMNH; l o , Laloki, under trees, 25.viii.1982, JWI, BMNH; l o , 20 km SE. Port Moresby, swept bushes, 9.i.1982, JWI, BMNH; l o , same data but 29.xii.1984, BMNH. New Ireland Province: l o , Kavieng, 2.vii.1959, JLG, BPBM.


as long as broad (10:9), black, narrowly yellow anteriorly, lateral margins nearly parallel. Frons grey dusted on ocellar tubercle, posterior and lateral margins and faint central stripe; remainder of frons dusted brownish grey. Ocellar triangle not distinguishable from remainder of frons. Surface of frons with few scattered, pale, minute setulae. Ocellar setae minute, little longer than diameter of an ocellus, convergent. Postocellar setae slightly larger, convergent, inner vertical seta minute, outer vertical larger. About 7 upswept, short, slightly curved pale orbital setae developed. All setae on head, scutum and scutellum small, pale but stout. Antenna yellow, darkened on distal margin of first flagellomere, arista short, brown apically, pubescence shorter than basal diameter of arista. Face concave, yellowish brown, dusted, a complete strong carina between the deep antenna1 foveae. Eye with long axis nearly vertical. Gena about as broad as anterior tibia, yellow, dusted, setae small. Postgena black, dusted. Proboscis brownish yellow, palpus yellow, slender, both with pale setulae. Occiput black, dusted.

Scutum slightly broader than long (20: IS), black, lightly bronze-grey dusted. Central groove with uniserial setae anteriorly, biserial posteriorly, intermediate groove biserial. A single row of setulae between central and intermediate grooves. Lateral groove represented by several rows of punctures dorsal to wing base. Postpronotal lobe black, dusted bronze-grey, with 1 small seta. Notopleuron dusted, with 1 + 1 setae, anterior equal to postpronotal, posterior larger. Proepisternum yellow, remaining pleura brown, dusted except proepisternum, ventral margin of anepisternum and anepimeron, anterior and posterior corners of katepisternum, meron shining, katepisternum with few setulae on dorsal margin. Scutellum (Figs 212, 215) broader than long (15: 13), black, dusted bronze-grey, disc flat with sparse setulae. Marginal setae on small tubercles about as long as broad, apical setae slightly closer together than separation from subapical pair, tubercles of similar size, apical setae about $ length of scutellum, longer than subapical, placed ventral to level of disc of scutellum. Subscutellum well developed, dusted dorsally, shining ventrally. Postnotum black, shining.

Legs yellow, middle and posterior femora with dark band, all tibiae with indications of basal and subapical dark bands. Posterior tibia1 organ present. Wing (Fig. 169) hyaline with brownish yellow veins, costal ratios 33 : 30: 17 : 17. r4+5 strongly curved to costa, m, almost straight, r-m very short, dm-cu strongly oblique, vein forming posterior margin of cell bm+dm almost straight. Haltere yellow, capitulum darker.

Abdomen short, broad, dark brown dusted, grey dusted on lateral margins of tergites 1 + 2-5, paler at base of tergite 1 + 2, with fine pale setulae. Epandrium (Fig. 289) dark brown, dusted, as broad as deep, membranous area around anus small, cerci fused into low lobe, inner parts small. Surstylus (Fig. 290) slightly serrate apically. Hypandrium (Fig. 291) open, lateral arms triangular, aedeagus pointed at base.

Figs 252, 257. Epandrium, apical view: 252, T. vulgaris; 257, T. biannulata. Figs 253, 256. Surstylus, inner view: 253, T. vulgaris; 256, T. biannulata. Figs 254, 259. Hypandrium, ventral view: 254, T. vulgaris; 259, T. biannulata. Figs 255, 258, 260. Epandrium, lateral view: 255, T. vulgaris; 258, T. auriculata; 260, T. biannulata. Scale lines: 0.1 mm.


Female Not separated from the following species.


Remarks The type series is confined to male specimens from New Guinea and New Ireland which

have 2-banded tibiae and genitalia as described. Further material has genitalia that differ slightly but cannot be characterised. There is also variation in the comparative length of costal sectors 3 and 4; in this species sector 4 is usually slightly longer than 3 (r4+5 curved strongly to costa) but they may be almost equal, whereas in the following species the sectors are usually equal. The wing of T. difficilis is shorter and broader than in the following species. In the following species the scutellum is rather longer than in T. difficilis and the apical setae more approximated; Figs 213 and 214 show the extreme forms.

Tricimba digitata, sp. nov. (Figs 170, 248, 251, 292, 294, 295)

Material Examined

Holotype. a , Papua New Guinea, Central Province, Tapini, 900-1200 m, path, 7.vi.1986, J. W Ismay, BMNH.

Paratype. Central Province: l a , same data as holotype, BMNH.

Male Differs from T. difficilis as follows.

Head (Figs 248, 251) broader than deep and deeper than long (19: 16: 14). Scutum slightly longer than broad (23:20). Scutellum broader than long (18: 15). Apical scutellar setae set closer than their separation from subapical setae, about length of scutellum.

Legs yellow, posterior femur vaguely infuscated centrally, tibiae unbanded. Wing as Fig. 170. Costal ratios 32: 34: 25 : 19.

Male genitalia with cerci fused (Fig. 292), not projecting, inner parts long. Surstylus (Fig. 295) with long dentations. Base of aedeagus (Fig. 294) rounded.

Wing length 1 1 mm, head width 0.4 mm.

Female Not characterised.

Tricimba aurata, sp. nov. (Figs 293, 296, 297)

Material Examined

Holotype. a , Papua New Guinea, NE. W. Highlands (Western Highlands Province), Korn Farm, light trap, 1500 m, 16.~.[19]58, J. L. Gressitt, BPBM.

Paratypes. Papua New Guinea, Eastern Highlands Province: 1 a , Okapa, 12.xii. 1964, RH, BPBM. Southern Highlands Province: l a , Peregai, forest, 1250 m, 16.iii.1986, JWI, BMNH.

Other material. Australia, Queensland: l a , 3 km ENE. of Mt Tozer, 12"44'S.,143"14'E., 28.vii. 1986, DHC, ANIC.

Male Similar to T. digitata, but male genitalia differ as follows.

Cerci (Fig. 296) small, discrete lobes, surstylus (Fig. 297) with apical serrations. Hypandrium as Fig. 293.

Wing length 1 + 1 mm, head width 0.4 mm.

Figs 261,264,269. Epandrium, apical view: 261, T. auriculata; 264, T. rnaculata; 269, T. pandanicola. Figs 262, 265, 268. Surstylus, inner view: 262, T. auriculata; 265, T. rnaculata; 268, T. pandanicola. Figs 263, 267. Hypandrium, ventral view: 263, T. auriculata; 267, T. rnaculata. Fig. 266. Epandrium, lateral view, T. rnaculata. Scale lines: 0.1 mm.


Remarks The holotype has apical scutellar setae almost length of the scutellum, but it is not clear

whether this is a constant distinction from the previous species since the material of the complex examined varied in length of scutellar setae. A male specimen from Australia, 3 km ENE. of Mt Tozer, agrees with the above species except that it has less developed cerci.


Tricimbn acuticercalis, sp. nov. (Figs 298, 301)

Material Examined

Holotype. cr, Papua New Guinea, Central Province, Aieme R., forest edge, 7.xi.1982, J . W. Ismay, BMNH.

Paratype. Central Province: 1 cr, same data as holotype, BMNH.

Male Resembles T. aurata, but male genitalia differ as follows.

Cerci (Fig. 301) fused with central pointed projection. Aedeagus (Fig. 298) with pointed base.

Wing length 1 . 1 mm, head width 0 . 4 mm.


Remarks The preceding three species may be distinguished only by details of the male genitalia.

There is further material which could not be consigned to one of the above species and which appears to include several further species, mostly with genitalia in which the cerci resemble those of T. digitata, but the surstylus is not digitate. This material is deposited in the BPBM and BMNH.

Tricimba antennata species-group Diagnosis

Antenna with first flagellomere rounded to elongate, with very long microtrichia in some species, arista present or greatly reduced; orbital setae small; face with carina not extending to level of ventral margin of first flagellomere; vibrissal angle obtuse; eye bare. 0 + 1 or in one species 1 + 1 notopleural setae developed; scutellum short, concave on disc and marginal setae dorsally placed relative to disc of scutellum in many species, marginal setae on long tubercles in many species. Legs with femoral comb not developed, posterior tibia without apical ventral spur. Male genitalia with open hypandrium, postgonites projecting beyond margin of hypandrium.

Tricimba aberrans, sp. nov. (Figs 305, 316, 320, 321, 346, 348)

Material Examined

Holotype. Q , Australia, N.S.W., Cabbage Tree Ck, Clyde Mt, 22.ii.1965, D. H. Colless, ANIC.

Female Head (Figs 346, 348) broader than deep, deeper than long (22: 16: 14). Frons about as

long as broad (1 1 : 12), lateral margin nearly parallel, anterior margin not produced anterior to anterior margin of eye, black, paler anteriorly, dusted. Setae and setulae mostly black. Setulae on frons scattered, small. Ocellar tubercle slightly raised above level of remainder of frons, dusted. Ocellar triangle indistinct posteriorly, little broader than ocellar tubercle, occupying posterior margin of frons, extending less than 3 distance from anterior ocellus to anterior margin of frons, lightly shining through thin dust in contrast to strongly dusted frons, but posterior corners more strongly dusted, lateral margins nearly straight, apex acute. Ocellar setae minute, convergent. Postocellar setae longer, but shorter than separation of ocelli. Outer vertical seta longest, equal to separation of posterior ocelli. About 6 fine orbital setae developed, longer posteriorly. Antenna (Fig. 305) dark yellow basally, first flagellomere brown except ventrally at base, slightly deeper than long, with distinct pubescence. Arista brown, as long as eye, pubescence equal to basal diameter of arista. Face yellow, dusted,

406 J. W. Ismay

without carina ventral to pedicel. Eye deeper than long, long axis slightly oblique, bare. Gena as broad as anterior tibia, brown, paler dorsally, with brown setulae, 1 longer posteriorly, vibrissal angle produced anteriorly, anterior seta short, pale. Postgena black, dusted, broadened ventrally. Palpus dark yellow, proboscis brown, with paler setulae. Occiput dark brown, flat, dull.

Scutum about as long as broad (22:21), lightly shining through thin dusting as ocellar triangle, black. Central groove lightly incised, uniserial, ending posteriorly at level of prescutellar dorsocentral seta, which is near to base of scutellum, intermediate groove slightly divergent from central posteriorly, uniserial except at posterior end, irregularly multiserial. Lateral groove a faint irregular row of punctures above wing base, not extending

Figs 270, 275, 278. Hypandrium, ventral view: 270, T. pandanicola; 275, T. liepae; 278, T. cana. Figs 271, 272. Epandrium, lateral view: 271, T. pandanicola; 272, T. liepae. Figs 273, 276. Epandrium, apical view: 273, T. liepae; 276, T. cana. Figs 274, 277. Surstylus, inner view: 274, T. liepae; 277, T. cana. Scale lines: 0.1 mm.


anterior to transverse suture. Setulae on scutum sparse, minute, not arising from punctures except in grooves, dark. Postpronotal lobe dusted as scutum, anterior margin brown, with a small posterior seta, much smaller than notopleural seta. Notopleuron (Fig. 316) with 1 + 1 setae, about equal in size. Prescutellar dorsocentral and supra-alar setae smaller than notopleural setae. Pleura black, shining with light dusting on anepisternurn except narrow anterior and ventral margins, anepimeron except ventral margin, katepisternum centrally from dorsal margin to ventral corner and katatergite. Scutellum (Figs 320, 321) slightly broader than long (18: 14), narrowing apically, rounded, disc flat, dusted as scutum, with sparse setulae, lateral margins of disc convergent posteriorly, 2 pairs of marginal setae set on small tubercles longer than broad, apical pair larger, setae very small, apical setae less than a length of scutellum, subapical shorter. Tubercles with distinct though short pubescence, set on dorsal margin of scutellum and equally spaced on posterior margin. Subscutellum narrowly developed, black, dusted. Postnotum short, black, shining.

Legs yellow-brown, vaguely paler on tip of anterior coxa, ends of femora and tibiae and tarsi. Posterior tibia1 organ very narrow. Wing elongate, r2+3 long, cell rl little narrower than cell r2+3 at level of tip of r,, r 4 + ~ and ml slightly divergent apically, cell br and bm + dm narrow, vein forming posterior margin of cell bm + dm almost without flexure. Costal ratios 50 : 69 : 37 : 26. Haltere yellow-brown, stem paler.

Abdomen black, brown at base of tergites 1 + 2 , lightly shining through thin dust, with brown setulae, smooth. Cercus slender, brown, with pale setulae.


Male Unknown.

Remarks This species appears to be most closely related to the T. antennata group of species but

has 1 + 1 notopleural setae. The narrow cell br, few orbital setae and marginal setae set high on scutellum are all features in common with T. antennata.

Tricimba pendula, sp. nov. (Figs 306, 313, 322, 347, 349)

Material Examined Holotype. Q , Papua New Guinea, Central Province, Aieme R., forest, 400 m, 11.v.1986, J . W.

Ismay, BMNH.

Female Head (Figs 347, 349) broader than deep or long (24: 19: 19). Frons longer than broad

(14: 12), brown at anterior margin and paler centrally, black on posterior f, slightly but broadly produced anteriorly, disc concave with scattered black small setulae, dull, dusted. Setae and setulae dark brown to black except on first flagellomere. Ocellar tubercle slightly raised above level of remainder of frons, ocellar tubercle and triangle with sparser greyer dusting than remainder of frons, slightly shining. Ocellar triangle small, about $ breadth of frons posteriorly, lateral margins straight, extending to f length of frons. Ocellar setae minute, shorter than diameter of an ocellus, convergent. Postocellar setae little longer, convergent. Outer vertical seta small, about as long as separation of posterior ocelli, inner vertical seta not distinguished. About 5 orbital setae developed, small, equal to postocellar, curved posteriorly. Antenna (Fig. 306) large, brown, first flagellomere paler at base ventrally, large but not strongly angulate, with long pale microtrichia, longest at distal dorsal corner, equal in length to outer vertical seta. Arista long, brown, slender, microtrichia equal in length to basal diameter of arista. Bases of antennae well separated but face with scarcely developed facial carina. Face deeper than broad, narrowing ventrally, concave, dark yellow, lightly dusted. Eye rounded and protuberant, long axis nearly vertical, surface with very few scattered microtrichia. Gena narrower than anterior tibia, yellow. Postgena narrow,

brown. Proboscis and palpus pale brown, palpus broadened centrally, with long pubescence, curved. Occiput slightly concave, lightly dusted, brown.

Scutum about as long as broad (23:23), disc convex, grooves well developed, central and intermediate grooves reaching almost to scutellum, central groove uniserial, intermediate grooves uniserial anteriorly, becoming irregularly multiserial at level of transverse suture, these grooves almost parallel. Lateral groove reachirg from just posterior to transverse suture to nearly scutellum, broad posteriorly. Setulae short, sparse, dark, those between central and intermediate grooves uniserial. Surface of scutum lightly dusted, more shining than frons but duller than ocellar triangle. Transverse suture deep. Postpronotal lobe with 1 small posterior seta developed. Notopleuron with 0 + I setae, strong, yellow-brown, curved posteriorly. Pleura black, dusted on anepisternum and anepimeron except for shining ventral margin, katepisternum shining with few setulae centrally and on dorsal margin. Scutellum (Fig. 322) about as long as broad (15: 17), disc concave, lateral and posterior margins slightly angled, marginal setae set below disc. Apical setae on large tubercles, tubercle about equal to length of seta, tubercle and seta about length of scutellum and separated by about same distance, subapical seta smaller and tubercle proportionately yet smaller, setae yellow-brown, at length of scutellum. Surface dusted as scutum, few dark setulae on disc apically and with discernible but short pubescence. Subscutellum well developed, dusted. Postnotum shining black.

Legs slender, yellow, middle and posterior femora darker banded for $ length near apex, posterior tibial organ narrow and indistinct. Wing (Fig. 313) long, slightly grey tinted, veins dark, r 2 + ~ gently curved to costa at apex, r4+, strongly curved to costa on apical & very strongly divergent from m,, cell br and bm+dm very narrow, r-m very short, less than i length of first section of r4+,, vein forming posterior margin of cell bm+dm almost without flexure. Costal ratios 18 : 18 : 15 : 11. Haltere yellow-brown, long.

Abdomen brown except for paler first tergite, dusted as scutum and with brown setulae. Cercus retracted into abdomen, yellow-brown with brown setulae.


Male Unknown.

Remarks This species most closely resembles T. rectiantennata in the form of the frons, widely

separated antennae, notopleuron, pleural dusting and narrow basal wing cells. It differs in having shorter first flagellomere, not angulate, with long microtrichia, shorter scutellum and scutellar tubercles and scarcely developed posterior tibial organ. At high magnification ( X 100), no second notopleural seta could be distinguished.

Tricimba rectiantennata, sp. nov. (Figs 309, 323, 324, 350, 353)

Material Examined Holatype. Q , New Guinea, Neth. (Irian Jaya), Vogelkop, Bombani, 700-900 m, June 1959,

J. L. Gressitt, BPBM.

Female Head (Figs 350, 353) broader than deep, as deep as long (33:27:27). Frons about as

long as broad (21 : 20), dark brown, paler anteriorly, dull, anterior margin slightly produced anterior to level of anterior margin of eye, lateral margins nearly parallel, with small scattered brown setulae. Ocellar tubercle slightly raised, dully shining; ocellar triangle represented by similar area extending around ocellar tubercle for breadth of an ocellus laterally and length of ocellar tubercle anteriorly. Ocellar setae minute, equal to breadth of an ocellus. Postocellar setae larger, convergent, curved. Inner vertical seta small, outer vertical not distinguished, possibly lost. About 6 fine, posteriorly curved orbital setae, larger than frons setulae. Antenna (Fig. 309) large, elongate, dark brown, first flagellomere


paler basally, inserted dorsally on face beneath projecting anterior margin of frons. First flagellomere longer than deep (10: S ) , angled at apex, dorsal margin straight, with short pubescence. Arista arising near base of first flagellomere, long, with long pubescence, longer than basal diameter of arista. Face below antennae nearly flat, dark yellow, dusted. Antenna1 bases widely separated but facial carina not developed. Eye large, long axis slightly oblique. Gena narrower than anterior tibia, yellow, dusted. Postgena narrow, black, dusted grey. Proboscis brownish yellow, palpus dark yellow, both with pale setulae. Occiput black, dully shining, postoccipital setae in small punctures.

Scutum longer than broad (36: 30), black, lightly shining through thin dusting. Grooves deeply incised, central groove uniserial, ending anterior to level of prescutellar dorsocentral

Figs 279, 284, 285. Epandrium, apical view: 279, T. facialis; 284, T. diversa; 285, T. propinqua. Fig. 280. Surstylus, inner view, T. facialis. Fig. 281. Epandrium, lateral view, T. facialis. Figs 282, 283, 286. Hypandrium, ventral view: 282, T. diversa; 283, T. facialis; 286, T. propinqua. Scale lines: 0.1 mm.

410 J. W. Ismay

seta, intermediate groove parallel, becoming multiserial posteriorly, ending posterior to central groove. Lateral groove represented by patch of punctures dorsal to wing base. Postpronotal lobe with 1 weak seta. Notopleuron brown with 1 + 1 setae, anterior seta $ as long as posterior but slender, hair-like. Pleura brown, marked black on anepisternum, anepimeron, katepisternum and meron, shining, dusting on anepisternum except narrow anterior and ventral margins, anepimeron except ventral f , katatergite and ventral and posterior corners of katepisternum; last with setulae on dorsal margin. Scutellum (Figs 323, 324) about as broad as long (12: 13), dorsal surface longer than broad, slightly concave on disc, rounded. Two pairs of marginal setae on tubercles, apical pair of tubercles very long, about fr length of scutellum and several times as long as broad, subapical tubercle less than i length of apical and about twice as long as broad. Apical seta small, i length of tubercle, black, moderately stout, subapical seta smaller and more slender.

Legs yellow on coxae, trochanters and bases of femora; apical fr of femora and all tibiae and tarsi brown. Posterior tibial organ prominantly developed, tibia swollen centrally, organ paler than tibial surface with margins of long setulae down both sides. Wing long, infuscated, veins brown. Wings of unique type wrapped together and not separated, but cells br and bm+dm very narrow. Haltere long, yellow.

Abdomen elongate, brown, setulae brown, ovipositor dark, cercus dark with dark setulae. Wing length 2.4 mm, head width 0.7 mm.

Male Unknown.

Remarks This species resembles T. antennata but has a much larger and more pointed antenna

and longer microtrichia on the scutellum.

Tricimba antennata, sp. nov. (Figs 304, 307, 308, 318, 326, 329, 351, 371, 372, 373, 376)

Material Examined

Holotype. a , Papua New Guinea, Central Province, Eilogo Ck, rainforest, 31.i.1982, J. W. Ismay, BMNH.

Paratypes. Papua New Guinea, Central Province: 1 a 29 , same data as holotype, BMNH; 1 9 , same data but 18.vii.1982, AM; 19, same data but 9.i.1983, ANIC; 20, same data but 500 m, 24.vi.1984, AM; l a 19 , same data but 18.xi.1984, ANIC; 19 , same data but 10.ii.1985, BMNH; 19 , Aieme R., forest, 400 m, 28.vi.1986, JWI, BMNH; l a , 5 km NW. Brown R. Bridge, forest, 6.ix.1984, JWI, BMNH; 19, nr Eilogo, swept rainforest, 21.xii.1980, JWI, BMNH; l a , same data but 500 m, 22.61984, KONE; l a , same data but 23.61984, USNM; 19, 38 km SE. Kwikila, rainforest, 7.ii.1981, JWI, BMNH. Oro Province: la 19 , Afore, under cardamom, 26.vii.1985, JWI, BMNH. Irian Jaya: 6 0 2g, Neth, Vogelkop, Manokwari, 75 m, 18.vii.1957, DEH, BPBM; l a 19, same data but 19.vii.1957, BPBM; l a 59 , same data but 20.vii.1957, BPBM; 3 a , same data but 21.vii.1957, BPBM; 2 0 19, same data but 22.vii.1957, USNM; 4 a 29, same data but 23.vii.1957, BPBM; 4 0 2Q, same data but 24.vii.1957, BPBM; 3 a 19, same data but ll.viii.1957, BPBM.

Male Head (Figs 304, 307, 351) broader than deep, deeper than long (21: 16: 15). Frons as

broad as long (11 : l l ) , lateral margins slightly divergent anteriorly, disc slightly concave, black posteriorly and variably yellow on anterior entirely dusted dark yellow-brown, anterior margin scarcely produced anterior to level of anterior margin of eye. Ocellar tubercle slightly raised above level of remainder of frons. Ocellar triangle small, broad posteriorly, posterior margin occupying more than $ posterior margin of frons, extending anterior to anterior ocellus by length of ocellar tubercle, less than fr distance from anterior ocellus to anterior margin of frons, surface of ocellar tubercle and triangle lightly shining through thin dust. Setae and setulae dark yellow. Ocellar and postocellar setae minute,


smaller than separation of posterior ocelli, outer vertical setae larger, slightly longer than separation of posterior ocelli, inner vertical minute. About 6 small, posteriorly curved orbital setae developed. Antenna very large, length of first to third segments little less than that of eye, pedicel large, first flagellomere large and extended antero-distally, longer than deep, arista reduced to minute projection, microtrichia on dorsal, apical and ventral margins and adjacent sides of first flagellomere enlarged to long, fine hairs some longer than first flagellomere, pedicel brown, first flagellomere brown paler at base. Eye rounded, long axis nearly vertical, deeper than long, bare. Face deeper than broad, shallowly concave, yellow, dusted. Gena slightly narrower than anterior tibia, yellow. Postgena narrow, black. Palpus and proboscis dark yellow with paler setulae. Occiput slightly concave, black, dusted.

Scutum (Fig. 304) about as long as broad (17: 17), disc slightly convex, black, surface lightly shining through thin dust. Central groove uniserial ending at level of prescutellar dorsocentral seta. Intermediate groove slightly divergent from central groove posteriorly, both with relatively few setulae, intermediate groove irregularly more than uniserial posteriorly. Lateral groove represented by an irregular line of larger setulae posterior to transverse suture. One posterior notopleural seta developed (Fig. 318), more slender than in other species of this group, pale brown, much smaller hair-like anterior seta present. Prescutellar dorsocentral seta present, smaller than posterior notopleural seta. Postpronotal lobe and pleura dark yellow-brown with darker central area to sclerites. Pleura shining, dusted on anepisternum except ventral margin, anepimeron except broadly along ventral margin and katatergite, dorsal margin of katepisternum with pale setulae. Scutellum (Figs 326, 329) broader than long (15: l l ) , disc flat or slightly concave, dusted as scutum and with few setulae laterally. Apical marginal setae small, about f length of scutellum, on tubercles slightly shorter than seta and longer than basal diameter of tubercle. Subapical setae at f length of scutellum, shorter than apical setae, on smaller tubercles. Subscutellum developed, short, dusted. Postnotum short, shining black.

Legs yellow, faintly infuscated near apex of posterior femora, posterior tibia slightly dilated centrally with narrow but distinct tibial organ. Wing (Fig. 304) with membrane slightly darkened, veins yellow-brown, second costal sector long, cell r, narrow, vein r 4 + ~ strongly curved to costa, cells br and bm + dm narrow, vein forming posterior margin of cell bm +dm almost lacking flexure. Costal ratios 33 : 36 : 3 1 : 21. Haltere long, extending nearly to posterior margin of tergite 2, yellow, capitulum brown.

Abdomen more shining than scutum, yellow-brown at base, with finer setulae, lateral margins of tergite 3 and all tergites 4 and 5 dark brown. Epandrium (Figs 371, 373) dark brown, broader than deep, with few setulae. Cerci reduced to small lobes on deep excavation between surstyli. Surstylus (Fig. 372) long, pointed. Hypandrium (Fig. 376) with long postgonites, extending beyond base of aedeagus.

Female Differs from male as follows.

First flagellomere (Fig. 308) slightly longer than deep, dorsal margin straight for short distance beyond insertion of arista, dorsal distal corner extended. Arista normally developed, as long as eye, pubescence as long as basal diameter of arista. Frons with lateral margins nearly parallel.

Abdomen with yellow-brown cercus with long pale setulae.


Remarks There is variation in the ground colour of this species; it is usually black on the thorax

except for the yellow-brown postpronotal lobe and proepisternum, but the scutal grooves and the sutures between the pleural sclerites are more or less broadly yellow-brown. The legs vary from entirely pale yellow to obscurely darkened on the middle and posterior femora near the tip. The first flagellomere is deeper in some specimens. The apical scutellar setae are usually on tubercles slightly longer than broad, but the tubercle may be shorter or longer, but not twice as long as broad.

Figs 287, 289, 292. Epandrium, apical view: 287, T. breviradialis; 289, T. difficilis; 292, T. digitata. Figs 288, 291, 293, 294. Hypandrium, ventral view: 288, T. breviradialis; 291, T. dvficilis; 293, T. aurata; 294, T. digitata. Figs 290, 295. Surstylus, inner view: 290, T. difficilis; 295, T. digitata. Scale lines: 0.1 mm.

Tricimba hardyi, sp. nov. (Figs 325, 328, 352, 374, 375, 377, 378)

Material Examined

Holotype. w (New Guinea) Neth. (Irian Jaya), Vogelkop, Sururai Vill. area, W. shore L. Anggi Giji, 1850 m, 25.vii.1957, D. E. Hardy, BPBM.

Paratypes. Irian Jaya: 1 2 0 4p , same data as holotype, BPBM, AM, ANIC, B M N H , KONE. Papua New Guinea, Eastern Highlands Province: 10, Okapa, Kaga, 7000 ft (2300 m), ll.vi.1964, RH, ANIC. Morobe Province: l w , Wau, Hospital Ck, 1250 m, Apr. 1965, JLG, BPBM; l p , same data but 14.v.1965, JS, BPBM. Western Highlands Province: 1 w, Mt Hagen area, 1650 m, 26.vi.1957, DEH, BPBM; l a , Mt Hagen, 1600-1700 m, Nov. 1971, NLHK, BPBM.


Other material. Papua New Guinea, Central Province: l o , nr Eilogo, forest, 500 m, 22.vii.1984, JWI, BMNH; l o , SE. Ruka, light trap, 9 m, 12.viii.1964, HC, BPBM.

Male Differs from T. antennata as follows.

First flagellomere (Fig. 352) shorter and deeper, but also with long microtrichia and arista reduced. Ocellar triangle smaller, narrower. Gena (Fig. 352) broader than in T. antennafa,

Figs 296, 300, 301. Epandrium, apical view: 296, T. aurata; 300, T. thistletoni; 301, T. acuticercalis. Figs 297, 299. Surstylus, inner view: 297, T. aurata; 299, T. thistletoni. Figs 298, 303. Hypandrium, ventral view: 298, T. acuticercalis; 303, T. thistletoni. Fig. 302. Epandrium, lateral view, T. thistletoni. Scale lines: 0.1 mm.

414 J. W. Ismay

as broad as anterior tibia. Scutellum (Figs 325, 328) larger, apical scutellar setae on longer tubercles 2-4x as long as broad at base. Wing cell br broader than in T. antennata, haltere yellow.

Epandrium (Figs 375,378) yellow in most specimens. Surstylus (Fig. 374) and hypandrium (Fig. 377) similar to those of T. antennata.

Female First flagellomere larger, more rounded than that of T. antennata.


Remarks The species is closely related to T. antennata, but the differences noted were constant.

No significant differences were found in the male genitalia of the two species. The specimens listed under 'Other material' differ from T. antennata and T. hardyi.

The first flagellomere (Fig. 319) bears long microtrichia as in T. antennata and T. hardyi, but it is pointed apically. The scutellum (Fig. 327) has elongate apical tubercles as in T. hardyi, but the haltere is darkened as in T. antennata. No differences in the male genitalia were found. It is probable that this is a further species, but the material is inadequate for description.

Tricimba nigriseta, sp. nov. (Figs 311, 314, 330, 331, 354, 355, 379, 380)

Material Examined

Holotype. a , Papua New Guinea, Western Highlands Province, Mt Hagen, forest, 1600 m, 11.v.1984, J. W. Ismay, BMNH.

Paratypes. Papua New Guinea, Western Highlands Province: l a 1 Q , same data as holotype but 7.v.1984, BMNH.

Other material. Solomon Is, New Georgia: 4 a , Munda, 0-200 m, Jan. 1974, NLHK, USNM. Guadalcanal: l a , Honiara, 0-200 m, Jan. 1976, NLHK, BPBM.

Male Head (Figs 354, 355) broader than deep or long (19: 15: 12). Frons slightly broader than

long (1 1 : 9), black, dusted, almost flat, with sparse dark setulae. Ocellar triangle broad, extending more than length of frons, black, shining through light dust, ocellar tubercle scarcely raised above level of remainder of frons and similar to ocellar triangle in dusting. Head and thoracic setae black. Ocellar and postocellar setae minute, little longer than diameter of ocellus, black, convergent. Vertical setae small, dark, outer longest but less than separation of posterior ocelli. Orbital setae fine, dark, longest posteriorly, about 7 developed. Antenna (Fig. 31 1) with pedicel black, first flagellomere large, deeper than long, with numerous long dark microtrichia longer than length of first flagellomere, arista greatly reduced, much shorter than microtrichia, first flagellomere black, brown at base ventrally. Face brown, pale dusted, carina poorly developed. Eye large, deeper than long, bare. Gena a little narrower than anterior tibia below eye, yellow except on posterior b which is dark, ventral margin darkened, with dark setulae. Postgena narrow, black. Palpus and proboscis brown with pale setulae. Occiput black, dusted.

Scutum about as broad as long (18: 18), black, shining through light dusting, scutal grooves as for T. antennata but intermediate grnove scarcely biserial posteriorly, setulae dark. Postpronotal lobe shining as scutum, seta poorly developed, posterior notopleural seta large, black. Prescutellar dorsocentral seta larger than setulae and in T. antennata, black. Pleura entirely black, shining, dusted on anepisternum except broad ventral and anterior margins, anepimeron except ventral margin, katatergite and katepisternum with setulae on dorsal margin. Scutellum (Figs 330, 331) broader than long (15: l l ) , black, less shining than scutum, with dark setulae. Marginal setae set on small tubercles, apical pair larger than subapical, apical tubercle as long as broad, setae black and longer than tubercle,


apical seta length of scutellum. Subscutellum well developed, dusted. Postnotum shining black.

Legs yellow, middle and posterior femora partly darkened. Wing (Fig. 314) membrane faintly infuscated, veins brown, r 4 + ~ and ml divergent at tip, dm-cu upright, cell br narrow, vein forming posterior margin of cell bm + dm almost straight. Costal ratios 19: 17: 14: 10. Haltere brown with paler stem.

Abdomen black, paler at base, with dark setulae and rounded lateral margins. Epandrium (Fig. 380) similar to that of T. antennata, cerci smaller. Hypandrium as in Fig. 379.

Fig. 304. Head, thorax and wing, T. antennata a . Figs 305, 306, 308, 309, 310, 311, 312. Antenna, lateral view, in situ: 305, T. aberrans; 306, T. pendula; 308, T. antennata 9 ; 309, T. rectiantennata; 310, T. parksorum; 311, T. nigriseta a ; 312, T. minuta. Fig. 307. Head, anterior view, T. antennata a . Scale lines: 0.1 mm.

J. W. Ismay

Female Similar to male but arista well developed, first flagellomere slightly deeper than long,

microtrichia about equal in length to basal diameter of arista. Abdomen ending in yellow-brown slender cercus with darker setulae.

Remarks The species may be distinguished from related ones by the slightly shining ocellar triangle

and scutum, long microtrichia on first flagellomere in the male and darkened haltere. It is probably most closely related to T. antennata.

The specimens listed under other material differ from the above in that the microtrichia on the first flagellomere are shorter, orbital setae are shorter and antennae paler. No significant differences were found in the male genitalia, but these appear to be a poor guide to species in this group. The problem cannot be resolved until more material becomes available from both areas and the intervening islands.

Tricimba parksorum, sp. nov. (Figs 310, 317, 341, 342, 367, 368, 381, 382, 383, 384)

Material Examined


Holotype. or, CentralProvince, nr Myola, forest, 1800-2000m, 22.iv.1984, JWI, BMNH.

Paratypes. Central Province: 1 2 0 29, same data as holotype, BMNH, BPBM, AM, ANIC, KONE.

Other material. Central Province: 19, nr Myola, forest, 1800-2000 m, 22.iv.1984, JWI, BMNH; 10 , same data but 1900-2100 m, 24.vii.1986, BMNH. Oro Province: 29, Myola 2, rainforest, 2080 m, 2.vi.1984, BMNH; 2p, same data but 2080-2200 m, 3.vi.1984, BMNH; 2p, same data but forest, 2100 m, 23.vii.1986, BMNH. Western Highlands Province: l a , Mt Hagen, forest, 1600 m, 7.v.1984, JWI, BMNH; 3w, same data but 6.xi.1985, BMNH; 1 Q , same data but 7.xi.1985, BMNH; 9 0 19 , same data but 8.xi.1985, BMNH; 19 , same data but 19.iii.1986, BMNH.

Male Head (Figs 367, 368) broader than deep, deeper than long (23: 17: 15). Frons about as

broad as long (13 : 12), slightly concave, black, yellow-brown on anterior a, lateral margins almost parallel, anterior margin slightly produced anterior to anterior margin of eye, with dense brown dusting. Head and thoracic setae pale brown. Frons with sparse, scattered pale setulae. Ocellar tubercle scarcely raised above level of remainder of frons. Ocellar triangle well developed, occupying breadth of frons posteriorly, extending almost f distance between anterior ocellus and anterior margin of frons, dusted, but slightly shining. Ocellar setae small, about equal to separation of posterior ocelli, upright, convergent. Postocellar setae smaller than ocellar, convergent. Outer vertical seta larger than ocellar, inner vertical small. About 7 small reclinate orbital setae developed. Antenna (Fig. 310) large, brown, yellow at base ventrally of first flagellomere, first flagellomere extended antero-dorsally, with strong microtrichia longest at antero-dorsal apex, longer there than diameter of arista at base. Arista brown, pubescence equal to diameter at base. Face concave, yellow, dusted, without carina. Eye deeper than long, long axis slightly oblique. Gena equal to breadth of anterior tibia, yellow, curved, setae small. Postgena brown, narrow. Palpus elongate, narrow, pointed, extending beyond mouth edge in most specimens. Palpus and proboscis yellow with pale setulae.

Scutum about as long as broad (42:43), black, shining through thin dusting as ocellar triangle. Scutal grooves as in T. antennata, lateral groove poorly developed, setulae between central and intermediate grooves sparse, uniserial, pale brown. Dusting on black postpronotal lobe, notopleuron and above wing base stronger than on disc of scutum. Postpronotal seta small, curved. Posterior notopleural seta large, strong, a small, hair-like anterior seta present. Pleura as in T. antennata. Scutellum (Figs 341, 342) broader than long (17: 13), black, dusted as scutum, disc flat, with very few brown setulae. Apical scutellar setae dark


brown, stout, about 4 length of scutellum, on tubercles slightly shorter than seta and longer than broad. Subapical setae length of apical, on small tubercles, marginal setae set at level of disc of scutellum. Subscutellum well developed, dusted. Postnotum shining black.

Legs yellow, middle and posterior femora darkened on apical i, posterior tibia1 organ developed. Wing (Fig. 317) with membrane slightly brown tinted, veins pale brown, cell m, broad apically, r,,, gently curved to costa, divergent from ml but less so than in T. antennata, cell br broader than in T. antennata, dm-cu oblique and vein forming posterior margin of cell bm + dm almost straight. Costal ratios 45 : 52: 47 : 30. Haltere brown, stem yellow.

Abdomen dark brown, paler at base of tergite 1 +2, with brown setulae. Epandrium (Figs 382, 384) brown, dusted, similar to that of T. antennata, but surstylus (Fig. 383)

Figs 313, 314, 315, 317. Wing: 313, T. pendula; 314, T. nigriseta; 315, T. rnultiseta; 317, T. parksorum. Figs 316, 318. Notopleuron, lateral view: 316, T. aberrans; 318, T. antennata. Fig. 319. Antenna, lateral view, in situ, T. sp. nr hardyi. Scale lines: 0.1 mm.

slightly longer and cercus smaller. Hypandrium (Fig. 381) similar to that of T. antennata but postgonites relatively longer.

Female

Resembles male but first flagellomere usually with shorter microtrichia and abdomen ending in brown cercus with brown setulae.


Remarks

The male genitalia of this species are similar to those of T. antennata, but there is scarcely any sexual dimorphism in the antennae. There is considerable variation in the palpus and the length of the tubercles of the marginal scutellar setae. The type series was collected by sweeping a broad path between Myola 2 and Kagi villages in the Koiari area and is named in honour of Mr and Mrs R. Parks of Christchurch, New Zealand, who assisted by walking in front of the collector in wet conditions, disturbing the flies from the floor of the path into the sweep net.

The type series is restricted to specimens from around Myola close to the holotype. The other material from Mt Hagen is very similar to the type series. Two female specimens from Myola taken on 2.vi.1984 and 23.vii.1986 have faint dusting on the dorsal margin of the katepisternum. Five specimens from Oro Province and Central Province have pale halteres and shorter palpi.

Tricimba minuta, sp. nov. (Figs 312, 344, 345, 369, 370, 385, 386, 387, 388, 389)

Material Examined

Holotype, a , Papua New Guinea, Southern Highlands Province, Peregai, forest, 1250 m, 16.iii.1986, J. W. Ismay, BMNH.

Paratypes. Papua New Guinea, Southern Highlands Province: 40, same data as holotype, BMNH. Central Province: l o , Aieme R., forest, 400 m, 28.vi.1986, JWI, BMNH; l o , Eilogo Ck, rainforest, 31.i.1982, JWI, BMNH; 40, nr Myola, forest, 1800-2000 m, 22.iv.1984, JWI, BPBM, KONE; l o , Tapini, path, 900-1200 m, 7.vi.1986, JWI, BMNH; l o , nr Tapini, rd, 1000-1300 m, 18.iii.1984, JWI, BMNH. Oro Province: l o , Myola 2, forest, 2080-2200 m, l.vi.1984, JWI, BMNH. Australia, Queensland: 20, Gap Ck, 5 km ESE. Mt Finnigan, 15.v.1981, DHC, ANIC; l o , Kuranda, 19.v.1958, DKMcA, AM; l o , Station Ck, 7 km WSW. of Hope Vale Mission, 15°19'S.,145003'E., 10.v.1981, DHC. ANIC.

Other material. Papua New Guinea, Central Province: l o , Eilogo Ck, forest, 500 m, 18.xi.1984, JWI, BMNH; l a , Musgrave R., nr Port Moresby, 25.ii.1964, DHC, ANIC; 3 o 19, Ower's Corner, forest, 500 m, l.iv.1984, JWI, BMNH. Eastern Highlands Province: l o , Daulo Pass, edge forest, 2400 m, 29.vii.1982, JWI, BMNH; 1 a , Okapa, 12.xii.1964, DHC, ANIC. Morobe Province: lo 3p , 6 mi NW. Lae, rainforest, 15 m, 9.vii.1957, DEH, BPBM; 19 , Mindik, 1200-1600 m, Sept. 1968, NLHK, BPBM. West New Britain Province: l a , Willaumez Pen., forest, 2.ii.1983, JWI, BMNH. Irian Jaya: l o , Vogelkop, Manokwari, 75 m, 18.vii.1957, DEH, BPBM. Solomon Is, Guadalcanal: 10, Tadhimboko, Nov. 1970, NLHK, BPBM. San Cristobal: I Q , Kira Kira, 0-200 m, Jan. 1976, NLHK, BPBM. Australia, Queensland: 20, Gillies Hwy, 2 km W. of Little Mulgrave, 18.iv.1967, DHC, ANIC; l o , Kenilworth State Forest, 5.ii.1961, DKMcA, AM; l o , Kuranda, 24.xii.1958, DKMcA, AM; l o , same data but 28.xii.1958, AM; 20, 5-8 mi Mt Lewis Rd of Mossman Rd- Mt Mulloy Rd, 22.iv.1967, DHC, ANIC; 2 o , Mossman Gorge, 23.iv.1967, DHC, ANIC; l o , River Bank Rainforest, Silkwood, Innisfail, 25.iv.1958, DKMcA, AM; 3 o , Mt Tamborine, 2.ii.1961, DKMcA, AM.

Male

Head (Figs 369, 370) broader than deep, deeper than long (33:26:22). Frons broader than long (20: 17), lateral margins nearly parallel, black, dusted grey-brown, narrowly paler at anterior margin. Anterior margin of frons not produced beyond level of anterior margin of eye. Ocellar tubercle not raised above level of remainder of frons. Ocellar triangle large,


occupying more than 1 posterior margin of frons, lateral margins slightly convex, main part extending more than i distance between anterior ocellus and anterior margin of frons, surface dully shining through thin dusting, more shining than frons. Frons flat, setulae sparse. Head and thoracic setae and setulae mostly brown. Ocellar and postocellar setae minute, convergent, outer vertical seta slightly larger than largest orbital seta. About 6 fine orbital setae developed. Antenna (Fig. 3 12) small, yellow, first flagellomere as deep as long, darkened on dorsal and anterior margins, rounded, with distinct pubescence about as long as basal diameter of arista. Arista pale brown, about as long as eye, pubescence equal to basal diameter of arista. Face pale yellow, dusted, carina not developed. Eye deeper than long, long axis almost vertical, with few scattered short microtrichia. Gena slightly narrower than anterior tibia in middle, yellow, setulae pale. Postgena black, dusted, little broadened ventrally. Proboscis yellow with pale setulae, palpus darker yellow, slender, with pale setulae, projecting slightly beyond epistoma. Occiput slightly concave, black, lightly dusted.

Scutum about as long as broad (30: 31), black, slightly shining through light dust, setulae sparse. Scutal grooves lightly impressed and with few setulae, intermediate groove almost parallel to central, lateral groove represented by an indistinct double row of larger based setulae posterior to transverse suture. Setulae between central and intermediate grooves uniserial. Postpronotal seta not distinguished. Posterior notopleural seta large, black. Pleura black, anepisternum dusted except for narrow ventral and anterior margin, anepimeron dusted except for ventral margin, katatergite dusted, katepisternum shining but obscurely dulled on dorsal margin. Scutellum (Figs 344, 345) small, broader than long (12: 9), disc flat, rounded apically, surface dusted as scutum, with very few setulae. Marginal scutellar setae small, less than 4 length of scutellum, apical little longer than subapical, on small tubercles not longer than broad, set on dorsal surface of margin of scutellum. Subscutellum well developed, dusted. Postnotum shining black.

Legs yellow, femora slightly and obscurely infuscated, posterior tibia slightly bent with distinct darker yellow tibia1 organ. Wing membrane very slightly darkened, cell br narrow, r4+5 curved to costa over more than distal i, ml curved to costa but r4+5 and ml strongly divergent, cell bm+ dm narrow, vein forming posterior margin of cell bm + dm almost without flexure. Costal ratios 29 : 29 : 29 : 20. Haltere brown, stem paler brown, long, when directed posteriorly reaching posterior margin of tergite 2 of abdomen.

Abdomen black, basal central part of tergites 1 + 2 brown, thinly dusted with brown setulae. Male genitalia similar to those of T. parksorum, cerci (Figs 386, 387) very reduced and postgonites (Fig. 388) very long, a variably developed convexity on inner side of epandrium dorsal to attachment of surstylus (Fig. 389). Surstylus as Fig. 385.

Female Resembles male but abdomen ends in slender cercus with long setulae.


Remarks There is significant variation in this species in the degree of dusting of the dorsal margin

of the katepisternum and the male genitalia. The katepisternum may be entirely shining or slightly dusted. The type series is slightly dusted and the specimens with shining katepisternum are listed under further material. The variably developed convexity on the epandrium is independent of the katepisternal dusting and both forms of each character are known from New Guinea and Australia, so they are here considered to be variation.

The species is most likely to be confused with T. antennata and T. parksorum, both of which have small tubercles on the scutellum and darkened haltere. T. antennata has a modified first flagellomere of the antenna in the male, and in the female the dorsal margin of the first flagellomere is straight for a short distance beyond the insertion of the arista; it also has a narrow cell br. T. parksorum has a rounded first flagellomere, but the antenna is larger than in T. minuta and has longer microtrichia, and cell br is broader. T. minuta is darker than T. antennata and T. parksorum, the pleura being almost completely darkened,

Figs 320, 322, 323, 325, 326, 327, 331. Scutellum, dorsal view: 320, T. aberrans; 322, T. pendula; 323, T. rectiantennata; 325, T. hardyi; 326, T. antennata; 327, T. sp. nr hardyi; 331, T. nigriseta. Figs 321, 324, 328, 329, 330. Scutellum, lateral view: 321, T. aberrans; 324, T. rectiantennata; 328, T. hardyi; 329, T. antennata; 330, T. nigriseta. Scale lines: 0.1 mm.

whereas in the other two species the proepisternum and other parts are obscurely brown. T. antennata has the narrowest gena of the three species, and T. minuta the shortest tubercles on the scutellum.

Tricimba grevei, sp. nov. (Figs 332, 333, 356, 359, 390, 391, 392, 394)

Material Examined


Holotype. 0 , Central Province, Laloki, swept under bananas, 13.iv.1983, J. W. Ismay, BMNH.


Paratypes. Central Province: 19, same data as holotype but swept under trees, 4.i.1981, BMNH; 1 Q , same data but under bananas, 20.vii. 1982, JWI, KONE; 1 a 1 Q , Bereina Rd, 8 km SE. Aroa R., swept rainforest floor, 29.i.1981, JWI, BMNH; l a , 12 km NE. Kuriva, forest, 13.iii.1983, JWI, BMNH; l a , 20 km SE. Port Moresby, swept stream, 22.xi.1981, JWI, BMNH; 1 Q , same data but swept bushes, 9.i.1982, KONE; 29, same data but 31.iii.1983, BMNH. National Capital District: l a , Saraga, grasses, 28.i.1985, JWI, BMNH; l a , same data but garden, 24.ii.1985, BMNH. East Sepik Province: l ~ , Maprik area, 160 m, 27.viii.1957, DEH, BPBM.

Male Head (Figs 356, 359) broader than deep and deeper than long (21 : 16: 15). Frons about

as long as broad (12: 12), lateral margins almost parallel, slightly convex anteriorly, black, flat, narrowly yellow at centre anteriorly, strongly dusted silver-white, with sparse minute dark setulae. Ocellar tubercle raised above level of frons. Ocellar triangle not distinguishable from frons, but bare area extending from anterior ocellus to near anterior margin of frons perhaps representing triangle. Ocellar tubercle small, dusted silver-white. Ocellar setae minute, upright, shorter than separation of posterior ocelli, slightly convergent. Postocellar setae about equal to ocellars, convergent. Inner vertical seta minute, outer vertical seta longest. About 7 minute orbital setae developed, longer than frons setulae and longer posteriorly. Antenna yellow, first flagellomere darkened on distal and dorsal edges, rounded, pubescence very short. Arista slightly longer than frons, brown, setulae about equal to basal diameter of arista. Face concave, yellowish brown, dusted, a faint carina developed on dorsal 4. Eye large, rounded, long axis oblique. Gena as broad as anterior tibia, yellow, dusted silver, setulae pale, a longer seta anteriorly and several posteriorly. Postgena broad ventrally, black, dusted, setulae well developed. Proboscis and palpus yellow, setulae pale. Occiput black, dusted.

Scutum about as long as broad (20:21), black, lightly dusted silver-grey, more strongly so on lateral and posterior margins, convex in longitudinal plane, setulae black, sparse, uniserial between grooves. Grooves shallow, rather approximated, central and intermediate grooves short, uniserial, ending about level of wing base, each puncture large and deep, grooves slightly diverging anteriorly. A single line of punctures above wing base representing lateral groove. Postpronotal lobe black, dusted, seta minute. Notopleuron black, dusted, anterior notopleural seta minute, posterior large, black. Prescutellar dorsocentral seta minute, pale, supra-alar large, black. Pleura black, shining, dusted on dorsal 4 of anepisternum, 4 of anepimeron and on katatergite. Scutellum (Figs 332, 333) broader than long (17: 9), black, dusted grey-brown in contrast to silvery-grey of scutum. Apical scutellar setae only developed, widely separated, mounted on long (longer than scutellum) slightly double curved tubercles, apical seta small, black, about 4 length of scutellum. Disc of scutellum with few setulae. Subscutellum small, dusted. Postnotum narrow, shining black.

Legs yellow, posterior tibia1 organ present. Wing long, slender, clear, veins yellow, r4+5 and ml divergent at apex, cells br and bm + dm narrow. Vein forming posterior margin of cell bm + dm almost without flexure. Costal ratios 40 : 47 : 37 : 21. Haltere yellow.

Abdomen broad, rounded, lightly dusted, pale brown except for yellow tergites 1 + 2 and 3, setulae pale. Epandrium (Figs 391, 394) yellow, about as broad as deep, with few setulae, cerci fused into central lobe. Surstylus (Fig. 390) short, broad, rounded. Hypandrium (Fig. 392) open, ventral margin broad, aedeagus with rounded base.

Female Resembles male but abdomen ends in slender yellow-brown cercus with pale setulae.


Remarks This species is distinguished from others in the group by the reduction of marginal

scutellar setae to one pair on elongate tubercles and the silver dusting on head and thorax. The male genitalia differ from the following species in that the cerci are fused into a median lobe. The species is named in honour of J. E. van S. Greve (now Graver) in recognition of his support of this work.

Figs 332, 334, 336, 338, 340, 342. Scutellum, dorsal view: 332, T. grevei; 334, T. concava; 336, T. multiseta; 338, T. priori, 340, T. tomentosa; 342, T. parksorum. Figs 333, 335, 337, 339, 341, 343. Scutellum, lateral view: 333, T. grevei; 335, T. multiseta; 337, T. concava; 339, T. priori; 341, T. parksorum; 343, T. tomentosa. Scale lines: 0.1 mm.

Tricimba concava, sp. nov. (Figs 334, 337, 357, 358, 360, 393, 395, 396, 397)

Material Examined

Holotype. a , Papua New Guinea, Central Province, Blaney's Garden nr Rouna, forest, 275. 1983, J. W. Ismay, BMNH.

Paratypes. Central Province: 39 , same data as holotype, BMNH; 3 0 19, Aroa R., forest, 26.viii.1984, JWI, BMNH; 2 0 39, Bereina Rd, 8 km SE. Aroa Bridge, swept rainforest floor, 29.i.1981, JWI, BMNH; 2 a , Bereina, swept under trees, 29.i.1981, JWI, BMNH; 110 39, Brown R., dry riverbed, 30.viii.1959, TCM, BPBM; l p , nr Port Moresby, Brown R., 17.vi.1957, DEH, BPBM; l a 19 , 2 km E. Brown R., Forestry Rd 1, 8.xi.1980, JWI, BMNH; 4 0 19 , 5 km NW. Brown R. Bridge, forest, 13.iii.1983, JWI, BMNH; l a , same data but 29.xii.1985, BMNH; 30, same data but 2.iii.1986, BMNH; l o , nr Eilogo, swept rainforest, 8.viii.1981, JWI, BMNH; l a , same data but


23.vii.1984, BMNH; la 39 , Laloki, under bananas, 20.viii.1982, JWI, BMNH; 19 , 38 km SE. Kwikila, rainforest, 7.ii.1981, JWI, BMNH; l a , 20 km SE. Port Moresby, stream bank, 19.vii.1981, JWI, BMNH; l a , same data but 15.viii.1981, AM; 2cr, same data but ck, 22.xi.1981, ANIC; l a , same data but along ck, 28.xi.1981, USNM; 19, same data but bushes, 6.ii.1982, USNM; l a , same data but 31.iii.1983, KONE; 2 0 19, same data but 29.xii.1984, KONE; la 29 , same data but 20.i.1985, USNM; l a , same data but 9.ii.1985, BMNH; 10, 25 km SE. Port Moresby, 13.iv.1986, JWI, BMNH; 6 a 10, 40 km N. of Port Moresby, 8.xi.1980, JWI, BMNH; 4 0 2Q, Rouna, 300- 500 m, Nov. 1968, NLHK, BPBM; 19 , Sirinumu, l.i.1981, JWI, BMNH; l a , nr Sogeri, 8.xi.1981, JWI, BMNH; 29 , nr Varirata, swept forest, 12.iii.1983, JWI, BMNH; 19, nr Veimauri, forest, 13.vii.1986, JWI, BMNH. Milne Bay Province: 4 0 30, Kiriwina I., Wawela, behind beach, 14.viii. 1983, JWI, BMNH. Oro Province: l g , Afore, under cardamom, 26.vii.1985, JWI, BMNH; 19 , 13 km N. Popondetta, swept forest floor, 4.ii.1981, JWI, BMNH; 19, Tufi, rainforest, 15.xi.1981, JWI, BMNH.

Other material. Papua New Guinea, Morobe Province: l a , 6 mi NW. Lae, rainforest, 15 m, 5.vii.1957, DEH, BPBM. Western Highlands Province: l a , Waghi Val. Kerowagi area, 1700 m, 24.vi.1957, DEH, BPBM. East New Britain Province: 2 a , Gazelle Pen., Bainings, St Paul's, 350 m, 4.ix.1955, JLG, BPBM; l a , same data but 5.ix.1955, BPBM; 160 1 9 , Keravat, forest, 8.ii.1983, JWI, BMNH; 3 a , same data but along river, ll.ii.1983, BMNH. West New Britain Province: 30' 20 , Nahavio, forest, 6.ii.1983, JWI, BMNH; 120' 2 ~ , Tamari Ck, forest, 6.vii.1986, JWI, BMNH; 4 0 29, Williaumez Pen., forest, 2.ii.1983, JWI, BMNH. New Ireland Province: 2 0 , Kavieng, 2.vii.1959, JLG, BPBM; l g , same data but ginger, BPBM. North Solomons Province: 19 , Boku, 6.vi.1956, EJF, BPBM. Irian Jaya: 29, Hollandia, Binnen, 50 m, 12.vii.1957, DEH, BPBM; 5 a 19 I?, Hollandia area, Cyclops Mts, W. Sentani, 150-250 m, 16.vi.1959, TCM, BPBM. Solomon Is, Florida I.: 19, Nggela I., Haleta, malaise trap, 0-100 m, 6.x.1964, RS, BPBM. Gizo I.: 29 , Gizo, 0-200 m, Dec. 1974, NLHK, BPBM, USNM; 120 109, same data but Dec. 1975, BPBM. Guadalcanal: 40, Honiara, 0-100 m, Oct. 1970, NLHK, BPBM; 39, same data but 0-200 m, Jan. 1973, BPBM; 19, same data but 0-100 m, Jan. 1974, USNM; 2 0 a 179, same data but 0-200 m, Dec. 1975, BPBM; USNM; 160 139, same data but 0-100 m, Dec. 1976, BPBM; I Q , Saluluatea, 400 m, Jan. 1973, NLHK, BPBM; 2 a 29 , Tadhimboko, 0-100 m, Nov. 1970, NLHK, BPBM. Kolombangara: 30, Kukundu, 0-100 m, Jan. 1974, NLHK, BPBM, USNM. New Georgia: 5 0 39, Munda, 0-200 m, Jan. 1974, NLHK, BPBM, USNM; 3 0 59, same data but Nov. 1975, BPBM. Rendova I.: 1 a 19, Agagana, 0-20 m, 13.xi. 1970, NLHK, BPBM. Sun Cristobal: 29 , Kira Kira, malaise trap, 0-50 m, 10.xi. 1964, RS, BPBM. Savo I.: 1 a , West coast, 0-100 m, l9.x. 1970, NLHK, BPBM. Vanuatu, Lamen I.: 3 a 39, 0-100 m, Feb. 1976, NLHK, BPBM.


as broad as long (12: 12), dark brown, yellow on anterior margin and along anterior part of lateral margin. Ocellar tubercle slightly raised above level of remainder of frons. Ocellar triangle slightly more shining than frons, extending around ocellar tubercle for little more than the diameter of an ocellus then extended as narrow paler dusted stripe to about length of frons. Frons dusted brown with sparse pale setulae. Ocellar setae minute, little longer than diameter of an ocellus, convergent. Postocellar setae larger, equal to separation of posterior ocelli, convergent. Outer vertical seta minute, scarcely longer than setulae. All head setae and setulae greatly reduced, yellow-brown. About 7 orbital setae developed, very small, larger and more upright posteriorly. Antenna small, yellow, brown on distal dorsal margin of rounded first flagellomere which is slightly shorter than deep. Arista brown, pubescence distinct, as long as basal diameter of arista. Face yellow, deeply concave, facial carina weakly developed between antenna1 bases, a slight ridge ventrally. Eye rounded, long axis nearly vertical. Gena slightly broader than anterior tibia, yellow, with pale setae, anterior seta as long as breadth of gena. Postgena brown, narrow. Proboscis and palpus yellow with pale setulae. Occiput black, dusted.

Scutum about as long as broad (19: 18), black on disc, yellow-brown on margins, slightly shining through dust, denser at margins. Scutal grooves straight, shallow, formed by single rows of large punctures, setulae between central and intermediate grooves little more than uniserial, intermediate groove weakly biserial posteriorly, slightly convergent anteriorly. Postpronotal lobe and notopleuron brown, dusted. Postpronotal and anterior notopleural setae minute, posterior notopleural large, stout, black. Prescutellar dorsocentral seta small,

dark. Pleura shining, anepisternum and anepimeron extensively dusted except on broad ventral margins, katatergite dusted, pleura yellow-brown, katepisternum black centrally and other pleura darkened centrally. Scutellum (Figs 334, 337) yellow-brown, paler than disc of scutum, broader than long (17: 12), dusted as scutum, disc slightly concave, setulae minute, sparse, brown. Marginal setae arising from large tubercles, apical tubercle about 4 x as long as basal breadth, nearly as long as remainder of scutellum, subapical tubercle twice basal breadth. Apical tubercle directed slightly dorsal to dorsal margin of scutellum, subapical tubercle directed more strongly dorsally. Setae at apex of tubercles minute, black, apical seta about f length of scutellum. Subscutellum developed, black, dusted. Postnotum narrow, black, shining.

Fig. 344. Scutellum, dorsal view, T. minuta. Fig. 345. Scutellum, lateral view, T. minuta. Figs 346, 347, 351, 352, 353. Head, lateral view: 346, T. aberrans; 347, T. pendula; 351, T. antennata 0 ; 352, T. hardyi cr; 353, T. rectiantennata. Figs 348, 349, 350. Head, dorsal view: 348, T. aberrans; 349, T. pendula; 350, T. rectiantennata. Scale lines: 0.1 mm.


Legs yellow, middle and posterior femora darkened apically. Posterior tibia1 organ present. Wing long, clear, veins yellowish brown, r 4 + ~ and m, divergent over all length, dm-cu not strongly oblique, vein forming posterior margin of cell bm+ dm almost straight, cell bm+ dm long and narrow. Costal ratios 32: 37: 33 : 21. Haltere yellow.

Abdomen brown, dusted, paler on basal tergites and along central line, setulae pale, sparse. Epandrium (Figs 395, 397) brown, about as deep as broad, with few setulae. Cerci discrete, longer than broad, well separated, setae bases enlarged, inner parts fused. Surstylus (Fig. 396) large, broad, pointed. Hypandrium (Fig. 393) open, very similar to that of T. grevei.

Female Similar to male, abdomen with pale ovipositor, cercus brown with long pale setulae.


Remarks There is variation in the leg colour, which may be entirely yellow or darkened on the

apical part of the middle and posterior femora. The breadth of the gena also varies, but is never less than half the depth of the first flagellomere. The degree of yellow to brown coloration varies, some specimens having more extensive and darker markings on the pleura. The limits of the species have proved rather difficult to define. In nearly all material from New Guinea, the setae at the posterior angle of the gena (Fig. 358) are small, pale and fine, whereas all material from the Bismarck Archipelago have these setae (Fig. 357) modified into two short, stout black setae and usually have a darker ground colour of the thorax. Material from the Solomon Islands includes both forms and intermediate specimens with one stout and one fine seta. A few specimens (in BPBM) from Hollandia in New Guinea have stout setae. While there is variation in the male genitalia, it appears to be continuous and does not correspond to the differences in genal setae. All the material is therefore considered to belong to one variable species, and the type series has been restricted to material from the south coast of New Guinea with fine genal setae.

Tricimba multiseta, sp. nov. (Figs 315, 335, 336, 361, 362, 398, 399, 400, 401)

Material Examined

Holotype. o , Papua New Guinea, Central Province, Aieme R., forest, 400 m, 11.v.1986, J. W. Ismay, BMNH.

Paratypes. Papua New Guinea, Central Province: 2 o , same data as holotype, BMNH; l o , same data but 28.vi.1986, BMNH; 4 0 10, 5 km NW. Brown R. Bridge, forest, 6.ix.1984, JWI, BMNH; I Q , same data but 29.xii.1985, BMNH; 3 o , same data but 2.iii.1986, AM; 2 0 1 9 , Eilogo, rainforest, 2.vii.1981, JWI, BMNH; l o , same data but 20.xi.1981, ANIC; 29 , Eilogo Ck, forest, 18.vii.1982, JWI, BMNH; l o , same data but 500 m, 17.iii.1985, ANIC; 1 o , same data but 21.v. 1986, KONE; I Q , nr Eilogo, rainforest, 28.vi.1981, JWI, KONE; 3 o , same data but 8.viii.1981, USNM; l o , same data but 17.x.1981, KONE; 3 o 19 , same data but 22.vii.1984, BMNH; l o , Kuriva, forest, 400 m, 17.i.1982; l o 1 9 , Ower's Corner, forest, 500 m, l.iv.1984, JWI, BMNH; 1 9 o 9 p , 5 km S. Sirinumu Dam, forest, 800 m, 15.vi.4986, JWI, BMNH, KONE, USNM. East Sepik Province: 1 9 , Dreikikir, 400 m, 22.vi.1961, JLG and MG, BPBM; 19 , Maprik, 22.iii.1964, DHC, ANIC. Milne Bay Province: 1 9 , Trobriand I., Kiriwina, Wawela, forest, 14.viii.1983, JWI, BMNH. Morobe Province: 1 Q , 6 mi NW. Lae, rainforest, 15 m, 5.vii.1957, DEH, BPBM; l o 49, Mindik, 1200-1600 m, Sept. 1968, NLHK, BPBM; 19 , Wau, 1100-1200 m, July 1968, NLHK, BPBM. Oro Province: 3 o 1 9 , Afore, under cardamom, 26.vii.1985, JWI, BMNH. Western Province: l o , Tapila, forest, 12.iii.1981, JWI, BMNH. Irian Jaya: 10 , Nabire, S. Geelvink Bay, light trap, 13.ix.1962, HH, BPBM. Solomon Is, Nggela I.: l o , Haleta, malaise trap, 250 m, 17.x. 1964, RS, BPBM. Australia, Queensland: l o , 3 km ENE. of Mt Tozer, 12°44'S.,143014'E., 28.vi- 4.vii.1986, DHC, ANIC.

426 J. W. Ismay

Male Head (Figs 361, 362) broader than high or long (29:24:22). Frons slightly longer

than broad (18: 16), slightly produced anterior to level of anterior margin of eye, black posteriorly, anterior $yellow at midline, less on lateral margins, posterior part brown dusted, anterior yellow dusted, lateral margins nearly parallel, with scattered brown setulae denser than in T. concava. Ocellar tubercle slightly raised above level of remainder of frons. Ocellar triangle long, main part extending more than length of frons, very narrow, extending little more than breadth of ocellus along ocellar tubercle; both with greyer dusting than frons. Ocellar and postocellar setae minute, dark brown, convergent, ocellar no more than diameter of ocellus, postocellar larger. Inner and outer vertical setae little larger than postocellar, dark. About 9 dark, reclinate, curved orbital setae developed, longer than frons setulae. Antenna yellow, dorsal margin of first flagellomere and arista brown, first flagellomere deeper than long, pubescence short, arista broad basally, with pubescence equal in length to basal breadth. Face brown, concave, dusted. Eye bare, long axis slightly oblique, deeper than long. Gena ventral to eye broader than breadth of anterior tibia, yellow, darker ventrally, produced to right angle anteriorly, with pale setulae, dusting silver. Proboscis shining brown with pale setulae, palpus large, curved dorsally, slightly pointed apically, yellow with short pale setulae. Postgena black, dusted, broad ventrally. Occiput black, dusted.

Scutum about as long as broad (26:28), black, dusted grey-brown, paler than dusting on posterior of frons, darker on grooves, setulae black and arising from small punctures. Setulae between grooves more than uniserial. Intermediate groove slightly divergent from central groove posteriorly, more than uniserial posteriorly, lateral groove represented by multiserial punctures posterior to transverse suture. Postpronotal seta poorly developed, anterior notopleural seta minute, pale, posterior notopleural seta black, stout. Prescutellar dorsocentral seta small, pale, supra-alar small. Pleura dark brown, sclerites dark centrally, dorsal posterior $ of anepisternum and anepimeron, ventral corner of katepisternum and katatergite dusted. Scutellum (Figs 335, 336) broader than long (12:8), black, dusted, disc flat with small black setulae in small punctures over most of surface, marginal setae minute, black, set on long tubercles, longer than broad, apical tubercle slightly shorter than scutellum, subapical tubercle $ length of apical, setae small, less than diameter of tubercle, black. Subscutellum well developed, dusted. Postnotum shining black.

Coxae black, trochanters brown, femora black, paler at base and apex, anterior and middle tibiae yellow or with narrow dark band, posterior tibia darkened, tarsi except apices yellow, posterior last tarsal segment enlarged. Wing (Fig. 315) with membrane slightly infuscated, veins brown, r 4 + ~ nearly straight over most of last section, dm-cu not strongly oblique, cell br narrow, posterior margin of cell bm+dm almost without flexure. Costal ratios 43 : 52: 38 : 26. Haltere yellow.

Abdomen black, lightly shining through dark dust, tergites flat dorsally, lateral margins slightly angled, setulae dark. Epandrium (Figs 400, 401) dark brown, as deep as broad, with more numerous setulae than in T. concava, cerci discrete, well separated, apically truncate, inner parts discrete. Surstylus (Fig. 399) broad, rounded. Hypandrium (Fig. 398) with narrow apices to postgonites.

Female Resembles male but abdomen ends in slender brown cercus with dark setulae.

Wing length 1.5 mm, head width 0 - 6 mm.

Remarks This species shows variation in the degree of darkening of the first flagellomere, the

anterior and middle tibiae and the haltere may also be slightly darkened. It can be distinguished from related species by the denser from setulae, long scutellar tubercles, setulae over middle of scutellar disc, dark femora and shining dorsal margin of the katepisternum. All material collected by the author was swept from rainforest floor.


Figs 354, 356, 357, 358, 362, 363, 364. Head, lateral view: 354, T. nigriseta; 356, T. grevei; 357, T. concava (Sol. I . ) ; 358, T. concava; 362, T. multiseta; 363, T. priori; 364, T. tomentosa. Figs 355, 359, 360, 361, 365. Head, dorsal view: 355, T. nigriseta; 359, T. grevei; 360, T. concava; 361, T. multiseta; 365, T. priori. Scale lines: 0.1 mm.

Tricimba priori, sp. nov. (Figs 338, 339, 363, 365, 402, 403, 404, 405)

Material Examined

Holotype. a, Papua New Guinea, West New Britain Province, Tamari Ck, forest, 6.vii.1986, J. W. Ismay, BMNH.

Paratypes. Papua New Guinea, West New Britain Province: 40. 19, same data as holotype, BMNH, ANIC, KONE; 19, Dami, forest, 3.ii.1983, JWI, BMNH.

Other material. Solomon Is, Gizo: 19 , Gizo, 0-150 m, Dec. 1976, NLHK, BPBM; l u , same data but Nov. 1975, BPBM.

428 J . W. Ismay

Male Differs from T. multiseta as follows.

Head (Figs 363, 365) broader than deep and deeper than long (22: 18: 17). Frons longer ,-, length than broad 413: 12), black, dulled by brown dust, paler anteriorly for about centrally, produced anterior to level of anterior margin of eye. Ocellar triangle twice breadth of ocellar tubercle at base, main part extending nearly distance between anterior ocellus and anterior margin of frons, lateral margins straight, surface slightly shining obscured by slight dark coloured dusting, not paler than dusting on frons. Setulae on frons less dense than in T. multiseta. Gena slightly narrower than in T. multiseta, equal to breadth of anterior tibia.

Figs 366, 368, 370. Head, dorsal view: 366, T. tomentosa; 368, T. parksorum; 370, T. minuta. Figs 367, 369. Head, lateral view: 367, T. parksorum; 369, T. minuta. Fig. 371. Epandrium, lateral view, T. antennata. Figs 372, 374. Surstylus, inner view: 372, T. antennata; 374, T. hardyi. Figs 373, 375. Epandrium, apical view: 373, T. antennata; 375, T. hardyi. Scale lines: 0.1 mm.


Scutum as long as broad (20:20), slightly shining through thin brown dusting, uniform across longitudinal grooves. Intermediate groove nearly parallel to central, more than uniserial posteriorly. Ventral corner of katepisternum slightly dusted. Scutellum (Figs 338, 339) smaller in proportion than that of T. multiseta, broader than long (15: lo), disc with few setulae, bare centrally at base, surface dusted as scutum.

Coxae and femora obscurely brown, apical tarsal segments darkened, remainder of leg yellow, posterior last tarsal segment enlarged but less so than T. multiseta. Costal ratios 32:42:27:20.

Male genitalia similar to those of T. multiseta but apices of cerci (Figs 403, 404) pointed and surstylus (Fig. 402) shorter and broader. Hypandrium as in Fig. 405.


Remarks This species is much more shining than T. multiseta, but has very similar development

of the anterior margin of the frons, orbital setae and last posterior tarsal segment. The type series was swept from the floor of wet coastal rainforest. Apart from the differences given above, it is a smaller, more slender insect.

The further material from Gizo differs from the type series in that the scutellum has setulae close to the base and the legs are almost entirely yellow. The genitalia of the male are closer to those of T. priori than T. multiseta. The specimens may represent a new species or a variety of T. priori, but the problem cannot be solved until further material from intermediate islands is available for study.

T. priori is named in honour of Mr R. N. B. Prior of Dami, West New Britain, in recognition of his assistance with this study.

Tricimba tomentosa, sp. nov. (Figs 340, 343, 364, 366, 406, 407, 408, 409)

Material Examined Holotype, a , Papua New Guinea, Central Province, Laloki, under pawpaw, 20.vii.1982, J. W.

Ismay, BMNH.

Paratypes. Papua New Guinea, Central Province: 3 0 10, same data as holotype, BMNH; 4 a , same data but under bananas, BMNH; 30, same data but on taro, BMNH; 4 a 49 , same data but swept grasses, 14.xi.1980, BMNH, ANIC; l p , same data but swept sweet potato, 24.x.1980, BMNH; 30' 19 , same data but 24.vi.1982, BMNH, AM; l a , same data but low veg., 20.vii.1982, BMNH; 1 0, same data but swept under bananas, 13.iv.1983, BMNH; l a , 16 km N. Angabunga R., on Tapini Rd, riverside, 23.iv.1983, JWI, BMNH; l a , 15 km N. Angabunga R. bridge on Tapini Rd, river margin, 8.ii.1986, JWI, BMNH; 19 , Bereina Rd, 8 km SE. Aroa R., swept grass, 29.i.1981, JWI, BMNH; 1 Q , Eilogo, grasses, 1.i. 1981, JWI, BMNH; 1 a 1 Q , Tapini, grasses, 1000 m, 17.iii. 1984, JWI, BMNH. GulfProvince: l a , Murua R. (S. side), malaise trap, 10 m, 20.xii.1964, BPBM. Oro Province: 19 , Lejo Pltn, swept cocoa foliage, 3.ii.1981, JWI, BMNH; l a 19 , Popondetta, forest, 30.vi.1982, JWI, BMNH; 19, Tufi, shore, 15.xi.1981, JWI, BMNH. Southern Highlands Province: l a , Mendi, 1560 m, 8.x.1958, JLG, BPBM. Western Highlands Province: 20, Kuk, grasses, 1600 m, 5.v.1984, JWI, BMNH. Western Province: l ~ , Kuiu, sweet potato, 23.xi.1985, JWI, BMNH. West Sepik Province: l a 29, nr Bewani, sweet potato, 13.xi.1985, JWI, BMNH; 19 , Wasengla, sweet potato, 14.xi.1985, JWI, BMNH; 3 9 29, Wutung, seashore, 12.xi.1985, JWI, BMNH, KONE. West New Britain Province: l a , Dami, beach, 30.i.1983, JWI, BMNH; l a , Gabu, beach, 2.ii.1983, JWI, BMNH. Irian Jaya: 3 v 39 , Danowaria, Ipomoea, 2.vi.1959, JLG, BPBM.

Other material. Solomon Is, Malaita: l a , Auki, 0-100 m, Dec. 1975, NLHK, BPBM.

Male Head (Figs 364, 366) broader than deep, deeper than long (20: 16: 14). Frons as long as

broad (10: lo), lateral margins nearly parallel, anterior margin scarcely produced anterior to level of anterior margin of eye, black, paler at anterior margin in centre, dusted brown with sparse dark setulae. Ocellar tubercle scarcely raised above level of remainder of frons. Ocellar triangle about twice breadth of ocellar tubercle posteriorly, strongly narrowed anteriorly, main part extending about 5 distance to anterior margin of frons, slightly shining

through thin dusting. Setae and setulae on head and thorax dark brown to black. Ocellar setae minute, scarcely longer than diameter of ocellus, postocellar setae slightly longer, both convergent. Inner and outer vertical setae little larger than setulae. Orbital setae small, about 10 developed. Antenna dark yellow, first flagellomere darkened dorsally, slightly deeper than long. Arista brown, paler at base, pubescence equal to basal diameter of arista. Face brownish yellow, dusted, carina weakly developed between antennal bases. Eye deeper than long, bare, long axis nearly vertical. Gena slightly broader than anterior tibia, brown, dusted grey, setulae pale brown. Postgena black, dusted, as broad as gena ventrally. Proboscis brown, palpus yellow, narrow, both with pale brown setulae. Occiput black, dusted.

Scutum about as long as broad (17: 18), black, slightly shining through black dusting. Central wholly and intermediate groove to level of wing base uniserial, intermediate groove weakly biserial posteriorly, lateral groove a discrete row of setulae dorsal to wing base, intermediate grooves slightly divergent posteriorly. Setulae between grooves sparse, uniserial. Postpronotal lobe black, dusted, seta minute, black. Anterior notopleural seta minute, posterior seta black, large. Prescutellar dorsocentral seta developed but smaller than posterior notopleural, supra-alar seta smaller. Pleura dusted, shining on narrow anterior and ventral margins of anepisternum, ventral and posterior margins of anepimeron, anterior and posterior margins of katepisternum and whole proepisternum, proepimeron and meron. Scutellum (Figs 340, 343) broader than long (15 : lo), black, dusted as scutum, with 2 pairs of marginal setae on small tubercles. Disc of scutellum flat, with few small setulae, marginal setae set slightly below level of disc. Apical setae on small tubercles less than ) length of scutellum and about as broad as long, subapical setae on slightly smaller tubercles, setae small, apical setae less than a length of scutellum. Subscutellum developed, dusted. Postnotum shining black.

Legs dark yellow, brown on femora except ends and middle of tibiae. Wing membrane slightly tinted brown, veins brown, r4+5 and ml nearly straight, slightly divergent, cell br narrow but broadened at middle, vein forming posterior margin of cell bm+dm almost without flexure. Costal ratios 42: 38: 31 : 17. Haltere whitish yellow, stem yellow.

Abdomen black, lightly dusted, with brown setulae. Epandrium (Figs 406, 408) brown, dusted, as broad as long, with few setulae, cerci well developed and separated, truncated apically. Surstylus (Fig. 407) short and broad, triangular apically and pointed. Hypandrium (Fig. 409) open, postgonites long, pointed apically.

Female Resembles male but abdomen ends in pale brown cercus with pale brown setulae.


Remarks The species varies in that there may be a faintly developed stripe of brown dusting

between the central and intermediate grooves of the scutum. The colour of the gena varies from yellow-brown to brown. T. tornentosa is easily distinguished from related species by the katepisternum, dusted from the dorsal margin to the ventral angle.

The specimen listed under 'Other material' from the Solomon Islands is a damaged male and differs from the New Guinea material in having a more shining scutum and the apical scutellar setae are more widely spaced. The male genitalia have been dissected and were not distinguished from those of T. tomentosa. The species is tentatively recorded from the Solomon Islands until a better series is available for study.

Tricimba scutellata species-group Diagnosis

Orbital setae small; facial carina not extending to level of ventral margin of first flagellomere; vibrissal angle obtuse; eye bare. Scutum with setulae in intermediate groove and between intermediate groove and central groove uniserial; 1 + 1 notopleural setae


developed; scutellum short, apical marginal setae widely separated. Legs with femoral comb not developed, posterior tibia without strong ventral apical spur. Male genitalia with open hypandrium.

Tricimba scutellata Malloch (Figs 410, 422, 423, 454, 490, 491, 492, 495)

Tricimba scutellata Malloch, 1925: 337.

Material Examined

Holotype. u , Sydney, 9.viii.1924, Health Dept, AM. [Type locality: Australia, Sydney.]

Other material examined. 450 2 7 ~ . Australia, New South Wales: Doyle's Ck, nr Singleton, 28.viii.1956, DKMcA, AM; 24 km N. of Forbes, 29.xii.1976, ZL, ANIC; Mogo, 15.x.1968, JCC, ANIC; 2 km N. Paterson, 10.xi.1976, KRN, ANIC; Wallaga L., Bernagui, 24-275.1974, ZL, ANIC; Wallaroi Ck, 15 km S. of Condobolin, 27.xii.1976, ZL, ANIC. Queensland: nr Rosewood (Brigalow scrub) 29.xii. 1961, RL, ANIC. Papua New Guinea, Central Province: nr Ilimo, 25.viii.1982, JWI, BMNH; Laloki, 14.xi.1980, JWI, BMNH; same data but 4.i.1981; same data but 30.vi.1981; same data but 26.viii.1981; same data but 24.vi.1982; same data but 20.vii.1982; same data but 25.viii.1982; same data but 23.ix.1982; same data but 30.ix.1982; same data but 10.vii.1985; same data but 19.ix. 1985; Mt Lawes, 29.iii.1981, JWI, BMNH; 20 km SE. Port Moresby, 19.vii.1981, JWI, BMNH; same data but 15.viii.1981. National Capital District: Saraga, 9.vi. 1981, JWI, BMNH.

Male Head (Figs 410, 454) broader than deep and deeper than long (20: 17: 13). Frons as

long as broad (10: lo), almost parallel-sided, brown, paler anteriorly, slightly dusted, anterior margin slightly convex but hardly extending beyond level of anterior margin of eye. Ocellar tubercle slightly raised above level of kemainder of frons, dusted as ocellar triangle. Ocellar triangle clearly distinguishable from frons, short, extending about f distance from anterior ocellus to anterior margin of frons, black, slightly shining through light dusting. Frons with sparse white setulae. All longer head and throacic setae white. Ocellar setae minute, upright, convergent, length equal to separation of posterior ocelli. Postocellar setae larger, upright, convergent. Inner vertical seta minute, outer vertical larger, equal to length of ocellar tubercle. About 9 orbital setae developed, about equal in size to frons setulae, larger posteriorly. Antenna yellowish brown, distal margin of first flagellomere and arista brown, arista with short pubescence, not as long as basal diameter of arista. Face short, yellow, dusted, carina not developed ventral to pedicel of antenna. Eye deeper than long, long axis slightly oblique, bare. Gena slightly narrower than anterior femur, yellow, dusted, with single row of pale setulae, 1 longer anteriorly and posteriorly. Postgena narrow, black, dusted. Epistoma black, dusted. Proboscis and palpus yellow with pale setulae. Occiput black, dusted, nearly flat.

Scutum (Fig. 410) black, slightly shining through thin dusting, broader than long (20: 18). Scutal grooves with uniserial punctures on central and intermediate grooves, lightly impressed, central groove ending at level of supra-alar seta, intermediate grooves slightly divergent posteriorly, a single regular row of setulae in each groove, ending at level of prescutellar dorsocentral seta. Lateral groove above wing base weakly developed. Setulae between central and intermediate grooves uniserial. Prescutellar dorsocentral and supra-alar setae small. Postpronotal lobe with 1 seta. Anterior notopleural seta small, posterior larger. Postpronotal lobe and notopleuron dusted on scutum. Pleura shining black, dusted on dorsal posterior f of anepisternum, dorsal of anepimeron, katatergite and extreme ventral corner of katepisternum. Scutellum (Figs 422, 423) much shorter than broad (10: la), black, dusted, rectangular, apical setae widely separated on strong tubercles, subapical setae at corners of scutellum on smaller tubercles, apical seta slightly more than f length of scutellum. Disc of scutellum flat with sparse black setulae, marginal setae slightly ventral to level of disc. Subscutellum poorly developed, lightly dusted dorsally, black. Postnotum short, shining black.

Legs yellow, slightly shining, setulae mainly pale, posterior tibial organ narrow. Wing (Fig. 410) short and broad, veins dark yellow, cell r, narrow, cell r2+3 broad, rdt5 and

m, slightly curved to costa, scarcely divergent, cell br narrow, vein forming posterior margin of celE bm + dm almost without flexure. Costal ratios 33 : 34: 22: 14. Haltere yellow.

Abdomen short and broad, black, dusted, paler basally. Epandrium (Figs 490, 495) brown, lightly dusted, broader than long, with few long setulae. Cercus narrow, long, widely separated, inner parts discrete. Surstylus (Fig. 491) longer than broad, rounded and weakly serrate apically. Hypandrium (Fig. 492) open, base of aedeagus pointed.

Female Resembles male, abdomen with slender brown cercus.


Remarks The type specimen of T. scutellata is a male and in good condition. The specimen agrees

very well with material from New Guinea except that in the latter the ocellar triangle is rather smaller. This appears to be a constant difference between the Australian and New Guinean material examined, but is not considered to be of taxonomic importance, since no differences were found in the male genitalia. T. scutellata differs from related Tricimba in the white setae on the head and thorax and the more shining surface of the scutum and frons.

Tricimba flava, sp. nov. (Figs 424, 457, 458)

Material Examined

Holotype. ? D , Australia, N. Qld, Gilbert R. crossing, W. Georgetown, D-Vac in grass, 4.xi.1975, I. D. Galloway, QDPI.

?Male Head (Figs 457, 458) broader than deep or long (20: 17: 13). Frons about as broad as

long (11 : l l ) , lateral margins convergent anteriorly, anterior margin convex, brown, yellow centrally at anterior margin to apex of ocellar triangle, frons slightly convex longitudinally, surface dull. All setae and setulae yellow. Ocellar tubercle scarcely raised above level of remainder of frons. Ocellar triangle more than distance from anterior ocellus to anterior margin of frons, brown, lateral margins slightly convex, lightly shining through thin dust. Frons with few small setulae, stronger over margin of ocellar triangle. Ocellar setae parallel, reclinate, slightly longer than separation of posterior ocelli. Postocellar setae convergent, as long as ocellars. Outer vertical seta longest, directed outwards, inner vertical not developed or lost. About 7 reclinate orbital setae developed, longer posteriorly and longer than separation from adjacent seta. Antenna yellow, darkened around base of brown arista, first flagellomere deeper than long, rounded, broad, arista as long as eye, with distinct short pubescence. Face short, strongly and deeply concave, yellow, dusted, carina between antennae scarcely developed. Eye deeper than long, long axis slightly oblique, bare. Gena as broad as-anterior tibia, yellow, ventral margin with strong setae, longer at anterior and posterior corners where they equal breadth of gena. Postgena brown, yellow on ventral 5. Occiput brown. Palpus yellow with strong setulae, proboscis darker yellow.

Scutum broader than long (22: 19), yellow, darkened brown centrally from anterior margin to $ length, with yellow margins dorsal to postpronotal lobe and notopleuron, surface smooth, slightly shining through light dusting, duller than ocellar triangle. Central and intermediate scutal grooves lightly impressed, slightly divergent posteriorly, uniserial, intermediate groove extending nearly to prescutellar dorsocentral, central groove shorter. Setulae between central and intermediate grooves uniserial anteriorly, becoming irregular posteriorly. Lateral groove not developed. One postpronotal seta poorly developed, 1 + 1 notopleural setae, posterior larger. Prescutellar dorsocentral and supra-alar setae larger than intra-alar seta. Pleura yellow, deeply concave dorsal to anterior coxa, shining but lightly


dusted on dorsal and posterior i of anepisternum and dorsal i of anepimeron. Scutellum (Fig. 424) broader than long (21 : 13), truncate posteriorly, yellow, lightly shining as scutum but surface more rugose, disc flat, with about 16 strong stout dark yellow setulae with enlarged bases, bare at base and on mid-line. Apical scutellar setae widely separated by more than 5 breadth of scutellum, arising from tubercles length of seta, setae directed slightly dorsally and convergent, more than length of scutellum. Subapical scutellar setae on outer corners of scutellum, 1 length of apical setae, parallel, on smaller tubercles; a third pair of marginal setae on lateral margin at 5 length of scutellum. Apical pair of setae placed

Figs 376, 377, 379, 381. Hypandrium, ventral view: 376, T. antennata; 377, T. hardyi; 379, T. nigriseta; 381, T. parksomm. Fig. 378. Epandrium, lateral view, T. hardyi. Figs 380, 382. Epandrium, apical view: 380, T. nigriseta; 382, T. parksorum. Fig. 383. Surstylus, inner view, T. parksorum. Scale lines: 0.1 mm.

slightly ventral to level of disc of scutellum. Subscutellum short, weakly developed, yellow and lightly dusted dorsally, black and shining ventrally. Postnotum black shining.

Legs yellow, tarsi probably darker apically, obscured by glue. Posterior tibia with tibia1 organ developed. Wing membrane lightly yellow tinged, veins yellow, r2+3 long, very slightly concave posteriorly on middle portion, cell r, narrow, last sections of r,+, and ml slightly curved anteriorly and slightly divergent, cell br narrow, cell bm+dm narrow basally, dm-cu curved, oblique, vein forming posterior margin of cell bm+dm almost lacking flexure. Costal ratios 40: 33 : 22 : 15. Haltere whitish yellow with yellow stem.

Abdomen yellow on tergites 1 +2, brown on tergites 3-5, apex yellow, lightly dusted; sex not determined since apex obscured by glue, probably male.


Remarks The species is most closely related to T. scutellata and T. monosticha, which have a

similar structure of the scutellum, but the apical scutellar setae are more widely spaced in T. scutellata. T. Java is paler than T. scutellata and T. monosticha, but is intermediate in degree of dusting. In T. Java, r 4 + ~ is more strongly curved and r2+3 is more sinuous than in the other two species.

Tricimba monosticha, sp. nov. (Figs 425, 426, 459, 460, 493, 494, 496, 497)

Material Examined

Holotype. 0, Australia, Qld, Moa I., swept rainforest, l.ii.1980, S. F. McEvey, ANIC.

Paratypes. Queensland: 50, same data as holotype, ANIC; l o , same data but 26.i.1980, ANIC; 19 , Uhr Ck-Mulgrave R. junction, 13 km SW. Gordonvale, swept rainforest, 26.iv.1980, SFMcE, ANIC.


as long as broad (11 : l l ) , dusted, lateral margins nearly parallel, anterior margin slightly convex but not produced beyond level of anterior margin of eye, brown posteriorly, yellow on anterior i, with scattered setulae. Setae and setulae stout, yellow. Ocellar tubercle hardly raised above level of remainder of frons. Ocellar triangle broad, occupying about a breadth of posterior margin of frons, lateral margins straight, main part extending distance from anterior ocellus to anterior margin of frons, ocellar tubercle and triangle slightly shining through yellow-brown dust. Ocellar setae minute, less than separation of posterior ocelli, upright, slightly convergent. Postocellar setae upright, convergent, about as long as separation of posterior ocelli. Outer vertical seta longer than postocellar, inner vertical seta small. About 6 small, reclinate orbital setae developed. Antenna yellow, first flagellomere darkened on anterior dorsal margin, deeper than long, broad and globular, scarcely pubescent. Arista as long as eye, brown, pubescence shorter than basal diameter of arista. Face concave, yellow, dusted, facial carina developed only as low ridge between bases of antennae. Eye deeper than long, long axis nearly vertical, bare. Gena about as broad as anterior tibia, yellow, dusted, vibrissal angle rounded, longer setae at anterior and posterior corners as long as gena is broad. Postgena narrow, black, dusted. Palpus yellow, slender, curved, proboscis small, dark yellow, both with pale setulae. Occiput flat, black, dusted.

Scutum broader than long (21 : 17), slightly shining through moderately dense yellow- brown dusting, stronger than in T. scutellata. Scutal grooves lightly impressed, central groove uniserial, ending anterior to level of prescutellar dorsocentral seta. Intermediate groove very slightly divergent from central groove posteriorly, ending anterior to and just inside line of prescutellar dorsocentral seta, uniserial. Lateral groove not developed. Postpronotal lobe brown, postpronotal seta minute. Notopleural seta 1 + 1, anterior seta little larger than postpronotal seta, posterior much larger. Prescutellar dorsocentral seta slightly smaller than posterior notopleural, supra-alar smaller than prescutellar dorsocentral. Setulae on scutum scattered but stout, little more than uniserial between central and inter-


mediate grooves. Pleura brown, centres of sclerites darker, shining, dorsal and posterior margins of anepisternum dusted, dorsal $ of anepimeron dusted, katatergite dusted, ventral angle of katepisternum dusted and dorsal margin with few setulae. Scutellum (Figs 425,426) broader than long (17: l l ) , quadrate, dusted as scutum, darker apically, posterior margin slightly concave. Subapical scutellar setae placed on lateral corners of posterior margin of scutellum on small tubercles as long as broad. Apical scutellar setae on posterior margin of scutellum placed slightly wider apart than their separation from subapical setae and on larger tubercles, setae length of scutellum and convergent. Subapical scutellar setae length of apical seta. Setulae on disc of scutellum dark, confined to lateral $, central area bare, bases of setulae slightly enlarged. Subscutellum narrowly developed, dusted. Postnotum short, shining black.

Legs yellow, posterior femur darkened centrally, posterior tibia with tibia1 organ narrowly developed, yellow. Wing hyaline, short and broad, veins dark yellow, cell rl much narrower than cell r2+3 at level of tip of r,, r4+5 slightly curved to costa and slightly divergent from ml, cell br narrow, vein forming posterior margin of cell bm + dm almost without flexure. Costal ratios 40 : 36 : 25 : 15. Haltere yellow.

Abdomen brown, dusted as scutum, setulae longer than on scutum, slender. Epandrium (Figs 493,497) brown, lightly dusted, broader than long. Cercus longer than in T. scutellata, pointed. Surstylus (Fig. 494) narrower than in T. scutellata and pointed apically. Hypandrium as in Fig. 496.

Female Similar to male but abdomen ending in brown cercus with pale setulae.


Remarks T. monosticha is very similar to T. scutellata but has more dusted ocellar triangle and

scutum, setae and setulae yellow not white, less widely spaced apical scutellar setae with a deeper indentation between them and a bare central area to the scutellum.

Tricimba uniseta, sp. nov. (Figs 427, 431, 461, 462, 498, 499, 500, 501)

Material Examined

Holotype. a , Australia, N.S.W., Natl Pk, 6.xii.1958, D. K. McAlpine, AM.

Paratypes. New South Wales: 1 a , same data as holotype, AM; 1 a , Otford, 26.i.1959, DKMcA, AM; l a , Springwood, Blue Mts, 10.i.1956, DKMcA, AM; 1 a , Wentworth Falls, Blue Mts, 20.xi. 1958, DKMcA, AM. Queensland: l a , Mt Tamborine, 2.ii.1961, DKMcA, AM.

Male Head (Figs 461, 462) broader than deep, deeper than long (20: 16: 14). Frons about

as broad as long (10: l l ) , lateral margins slightly convergent anteriorly, anterior margin slightly convex, slightly produced anterior to anterior margin of eye, brown, paler on anterior 5 except on lateral margin, flat, with yellow-brown dusting. Ocellar tubercle scarcely raised above level of remainder of frons, ocellar triangle occupying posterior margin of frons, lateral margins straight, main part extending distance from anterior ocellus to anterior margin of frons, apex acute, surface of ocellar tubercle and triangles slightly shining through thin dust, more densely dusted than in T. scutellata. Frons with very few scattered setulae on slightly roughened bases. Setae and setulae pale but not as strongly white reflective as in T. scutellata. Ocellar setae small, reclinate, convergent. Postocellar setae slightly larger, length about equal to separation of posterior ocelli, upright, convergent. Outer vertical seta slightly longer than postocellar, inner vertical not distinguished. About 6 reclinate orbital setae distinguishable. Antenna yellow, first flagellomere deeper than long, broad, arista as long as eye, pale brown, pubescence shorter than basal diameter of arista. Face yellow, dusted, facial carina not developed. Eye deeper than long, long axis oblique,

bare. Gena as broad as anterior tibia, yellow, darker ventrally, with small setulae, those at posterior and right angled anterior corners equal in length to breadth of gena. Postgena broader than gena ventrally, brown, dusted. Palpus yellow, curved, proboscis dark yellow, both with pale setulae. Occiput black, dusted, flat on dorsal part.

Scutum slightly broader than long (20: 18), black, dusted as ocellar triangle. Scutal grooves lightly impressed, uniserial. Central groove ending at level of wing base, intermediate groove slightly divergent from central groove posteriorly and ending at level of prescutellar dorsocentral seta. Setulae on scutum sparse, irregularly biserial between central and intermediate grooves. Postpronotal seta little larger than setulae. 1 + 1 notopleural setae, anterior much smaller than posterior. Prescutellar dorsocentral seta equal to posterior

Figs 384, 387. Epandrium, lateral view: 384, T. parksorum; 387, T. minuta. Figs 385, 390. Surstylus, inner view: 385, T. minuta; 390, T. grevei. Figs 386, 389, 391. Epandrium, apical view: 386, T. minuta; 389, T. minuta; 391, T. grevei. Fig. 388. Hypandrium, ventral view, T. minuta. Scale lines: 0.1 mm.


notopleural seta. Pleura black, shining, anepisternum dusted on dorsal and posterior margins, anepimeron dusted on anterior dorsal corner, katatergite dusted, katepisternum with setulae along dorsal margin. Scutellum (Figs 427, 431) slightly broader than long (17: 14), trapezoid, black, disc flat without angled margins, setulae sparse, black, absent from central line and concentrated near lateral margins, dusted as scutum. Apical scutellar setae pale, placed on lateral posterior corners of scutellum, widely spaced. Posterior margin of scutellum straight, setae about & length of scutellum, on small tubercles, at level of disc of scutellum. Subapical scutellar setae scarcely larger than setulae. Subscutellum slightly developed, dusted. Postnotum short, black, shining.

Legs yellow, coxae and femora mainly brown, middle and posterior tibiae darkened near base, posterior tibia with a small tibia1 organ. Wing membrane slightly yellow tinted, veins yellow-brown, cell rl much narrower than cell r2+3 at level of tip of r,, r 4 + ~ and ml scarcely curved to costa, slightly divergent, cell br narrow, cell bm+dm narrow, vein forming posterior margin of cell bm + dm almost straight. Costal ratios 38 : 40 : 28 : 16. Haltere yellow.

Abdomen black, paler at base of tergites 1 +2, with lighter dusting than scutum and finer, pale setulae. Epandrium (Figs 498, 499) brown, dusted as other tergites, slightly broader than long, with few setulae. Cercus slender, narrow, pointed. Surstylus (Fig. 500) incurved, apically pointed. Hypandrium (Fig. 501) open, base of aedeagus rounded.


Female Unknown.

Remarks The species most closely resembles T. scutellata but has scarcely developed subapical

scutellar setae, wider spaced apical scutellar setae, darkened femora and the setae are not as strongly white reflective.

Tricimba similata species-group Diagnosis

Orbital setae small; face with carina not extending to level of ventral margin of first flagellomere; vibrissal angle obtuse; eye bare or with dense but short microtrichia. Scutum with setulae in intermediate groove and between intermediate groove and central groove more than uniserial; 1 + 1 notopleural setae developed; scutellum short, apical marginal setae widely separated, placed ventral to level of disc of scutellum in some species. Legs with femoral comb not developed; posterior tibia without strong apical ventral spur. Male genitalia with open hypandrium.

Tricimba pilioculata, sp. nov. (Figs 411, 429, 430, 463, 466, 502, 503, 504, 505)

Material Examined

Holotype. 0, Australia, Qld, Maple Ck, W. of Innisfail, 17"41'S.,145"42'E., swept rainforest, 23.iv.1980, S. F. McEvey, ANIC.

Paratypes. Queensland: 30 , same data as holotype, ANIC; 1 w IQ, Mt Edith, 4-7 mi off Danbulla Rd, 27 . i~ . 1967, DHC, ANIC.

Male Head (Figs 463, 466) broader than deep, deeper than long (25: 19: 15). Frons as broad

as long (12: 12), lateral margins parallel, anterior margin almost straight, brown, yellow narrowly on anterior margin, dusted yellow-brown, with scattered yellow setulae. Setae and setulae yellow. Ocellar tubercle slightly raised above level of remainder of frons, ocellar triangle broad, posterior margin occupying about a posterior margin of frons, lateral margins slightly convex, main part extending f distance to anterior margin of frons, ocellar

tubercle and triangle thinly dusted and slightly shining. Ocellar setae minute, convergent. Postocellar setae larger, as long as separation of posterior ocelli, convergent, upright. Outer vertical seta longer than postocellar, inner vertical small. About 6 reclinate orbital setae developed. Setulae outside margin of ocellar triangle stronger than remainder. Antenna yellow, first flagellomere darkened on apical dorsal margin, deeper than long, pubescence minute. Arista as long as eye, brown, paler basally, pubescence shorter than basal diameter of arista. Face yellow, dusted, concave, carina developed only between pedicels. Eye deeper than long, long axis almost vertical, with very short even microtrichia. Gena narrower than anterior tibia, rounded at anterior corner, yellow, setae at anterior and posterior corners longer than gena is broad. Postgena no broader than gena ventrally, black, dusted. Palpus yellow, slender, curved, proboscis yellow, both with pale setulae. Occiput flat, black, dusted.

Scutum broader than long (26:22), black, slightly shining through strong yellow-brown dusting. Scutal grooves moderately strongly impressed (Fig. 411), central groove uniserial, extending to level of prescutellar dorsocentral seta. Intermediate groove slightly divergent from central groove posteriorly, uniserial on anterior & multiserial posteriorly and ending at level of prescutellar dorsocentral seta. Lateral groove represented by several rows of setulae with roughened bases dorsal to wing base. Setulae on scutum strong, numerous, multiserial between central and intermediate grooves. Postpronotal lobe dark brown, postpronotal seta scarcely longer than setulae. Notopleural setae 1 + 1, almost equal in size. Prescutellar dorsocentral seta slightly smaller than notopleural setae. Pleura black, proepisternum pale brown, anepisternum dusted except for broad ventral margin, anepimeron dusted over dorsal f, katatergite dusted, katepisternum with setulae on ventral corner and dorsal margin. Scutellum (Figs 429, 430) broader than long (22: IS), black, trapezoidal, disc flat with dark setulae with roughened bases over all surface except base at centre, more brown dusted than scutum except at base. Apical scutellar setae widely separated on small tubercles, f length of scutellum, parallel, separation more than that of posterior ocelli and twice distance from apical scutellar setae to subapical setae. Subapical setae less than f length of apical setae, both marginal setae stout. Subscutellum poorly developed, dusted dorsally. Postnotum shining black.

Legs yellow, posterior femur darkened centrally, posterior tibia with well developed yellow tibial organ. Wing hyaline, veins dark yellow, cell rl slightly narrower than cell rz+3 at level of tip of r,, r 4 + ~ scarcely curved to costa and slightly divergent from m,, cell bm + dm narrow and posterior margin almost straight. Costal ratios 42 : 42 : 3 1 : 21. Haltere yellow.

Abdomen brown, paler on tergites 1 + 2 except at lateral posterior corner, lightly dusted with pale setulae. Epandrium (Figs 502, 504) brown, dusted, broader than long with few setulae. Cerci elongate, rounded at apex, slightly divergent. Surstylus (Fig. 503) long and nearly parallel-sided. Hypandrium (Fig. 505) open, lateral arms strongly curved and aedeagus with pointed base.



Remarks This species appears to be close to T. similata in characters of the scutellum and degree

of dusting, but the microtrichia of the eye and details of the leg coloration differ.

Tricimba similata Malloch (Figs 428, 432, 464, 465, 506, 507, 508, 509)

Tricirnba similata Malloch, 1927: 444.

Material Examined

Holotype. or, Sydney, 9.xi.1924, Health Dept, AM. [Type locality: Australia, Sydney.]


Other material examined. 2 6 a 9 9 I?. Australia, Australian Capital Territory: Wombat Ck, Brindabella Rd, 3.i.1965, ZL, ANIC. New South Wales: Araluen Rd, 30 km NW. of Moruya, 28.xi.1976, ZL, ANIC; 4 mi N. of Bateman's Bay, 18.ix.1966, ZL, ANIC; Bola Ck, Natl Pk, 27.i. 1958, DKMcA, AM; Cabbage Tree Ck, Clyde Mt, 4.xi.1975, DHC, ANIC; Cudmirrah Faunal Reserve, nr NNE. Milton, 14.iv.1968, ZL, ANIC; Doyle's Ck, nr Singleton, 28.viii.1956, DKMcA, AM; Kincumber, SW. Terrigal, 8.xii.1976, ZL, ANIC; Natl Pk, 4.x.1954, DKMcA, AM; same data but 13.xii.1956; same data but 10.x.1959, DKMcA, AM; same data but 19.xi.1960; Otford, 27.i.1958, DKMcA, AM; same data but 4.iv.1958; same data but 12.x.1959; same data but 7.x.1961; same data but 3.ii.1962; Otford, Illawarra Dist., 25.iii.1958, DKMcA, AM; Wallaga L., Bermagui, 24- 27.ii.1974, ZL, ANIC. Victoria: Young's Ck, 12 km N. of Orbost, Bonang Hwy, 9.xi.1976, DHC, ANIC.

Differs from T. pilioculata as follows.

Male Head (Figs 464, 465) broader than deep, deeper than long (23: 18: 15). Frons brown

dusted centrally, grey dusted on ocellar triangle, lateral and anterior margins, ocellar triangle slightly shining through thin dust. Inner vertical seta 1 length of outer vertical seta. First flagellomere mainly darkened brown.

Scutum slightly broader than long (22: 20), yellow, grey dusted between grooves, more brown dusted on grooves and posterior margin. Scutellum (Figs 428, 432) broader than long (20: IS), centre of disc grey-brown dusted, lateral margins broadly brown dusted.

Legs yellow, all femora and posterior tibia dark banded, anterior and middle tibia usually dark banded. Costal ratios 40: 39: 32: 20.

Epandrium (Figs 507, 509) brown, dusted, surstylus (Fig. 506) shorter and broader than in T. pilioculata. Hypandrium (Fig. 508) open, lateral arms straight.


Remarks This species is closely related to T. pilioculata, differing in details of the thoracic dusting,

leg colour and male genitalia.

Tricimba exvittata, sp. nov. (Figs 433, 434, 467, 468, 510, 511, 512, 514)

Material Examined


Holotype. a , Qld, Yungaburra (State Forest 542), 29.iv.1967, D. H. Colless, ANIC.

Paratypes. New South Wales: l a , Bruxner Pk (3), 19.iv.1970, DHC, ANIC; 19 , Bruxner Pk, nr Coff's Harbour, 2.iv.1960, DKMcA, AM. Queensland: 20, same data as holotype, ANIC; l a , The Boulders, 6.4 km NW. of Babinda, 8.vii.1971, ZL, ANIC; 4 0 19, Crystal Cascades, Cairns, 19.iv.1967, DHC, ANIC; 19, 10 km S. of Daintree, 25.iv.1967, DHC, ANIC; l a , Fisher Ck, Palmerston Hwy, 30.iv.1967, DHC, ANIC; 2 0 19, Gap Ck, 5 km ESE. Mt Finnigan, 15050fS., 145"201E., 15.v.1981, DHC, ANIC; 5 0 19, Gillies Hwy, 2 mi W. of Little Mulgrave, 18.iv.1967, DHC, ANIC; l a , Kenilworth State Forest, 5.ii.1961, DKMcA, AM; 40, Kuranda, 19.v.1958, DKMcA, AM, BMNH; l a , same data but 21.v.1958, AM; l a , same data but 24.xii.1958, USNM; l a , same data but 27.xii.1958, AM; 19, Kuranda Range State Forest, 7-8 mi Black Mtn Rd, 20.iv.1967, DHC, ANIC; l a 19, 2 mi W. of Kuranda, 7.v.1967, DHC, ANIC; l a , 3 mi W. of Kuranda, Mareeba Rd, 3.v.1967, DHC, ANIC; l a , Laceys Ck, Mission Beach, 17°54'S.,146006'E., 13-14.v.1980, IDN and JCC, ANIC; 2 0 , Mapleton, 5.ii.1961, DKMcA, AM; l a , Mossman Gorge, 23.iv.1967, DHC, ANIC; 19 , Mt Tamborine, 2.ii.1961, DKMcA, AM; l a , Uhr Ck-Mulgrave Rd junction, 13 km SW. Gordonvale, swept rainforest, 26.iv.1980, SFMcE, ANIC; 30, Whitfield Reserve, Cairns, 19.iv.1967, DHC, ANIC, USNM; 19, Wongabel State Forest, 7.v.1967, DHC, ANIC; l a , Woombye, nr Nambour, 11-16.x.1965, DHC, ANIC.

Male Differs from T. pilioculata as follows.

Head (Figs 467, 468) broader than deep, deeper than long (21 : 16: 13). Frons uniformly brown dusted, ocellar tubercle and triangle slightly shining through thin dust. First flagellomere darkened on apical 4. Eye with very short microtrichia. Gena slightly narrower than in T. pilioculata.

Scutum broader than long (20: 18), uniformly brown dusted. Longer thoracic setae dark yellow. Scutellum (Figs 433, 434) broader than long (19: 14), brown dusted, greyer at base, apical setae set slightly below level of disc of scutellum on larger tubercles than in T. pilioculata, margin between apical setae concave.

Middle and posterior femora darkened beyond middle. Wing vein r4+5 curved to costa and divergent apically from ml. Costal ratios 37 : 3 1 : 32 : 21. Epandrium (Figs 5 11, 5 14) rounded, cerci similar to those of T. pilioculata but not so divergent. Surstylus (Fig. 512) long, broad, rounded apically. Hypandrium (Fig. 510) open, with curved lateral arms and pointed base to aedeagus.


Remarks This species is closely related to T. pilioculata and T. similata, differing only in details

of dusting, scutellum, leg colour and male genitalia.

Tricimba monochaeta, sp. nov. (Figs 649, 650, 651, 652, 653)

Material Examined

Holotype. a , Australia, N. Qld, Mt Edith, 4-7 mi off Danbulla Rd, 27.iv.1967, D. H. Colless, ANIC.

Male Differs from T. pilioculata as follows.

Head (Figs 650, 651) broader than deep, deeper than long (22: 18: 14). Frons uniformly brown-grey dusted, setae and setulae on head dark yellow. Outer vertical seta lost. Eye scarcely pubescent. Occiput black, dusted, slightly concave.

Scutum slightly broader than long (22: 20), dusted as ocellar triangle, brown-grey, more yellow on lateral margins. Notopleural setae dark yellow. Pleura brown, sclerites except proepisternum black centrally. Scutellum (Fig. 649) broader than long (20: 14), dusted as scutum. Apical scutellar setae on small tubercles. Subapical setae not developed, lateral margin of scutellum straight, posterior margin very slightly concave, apical setae set near to level of disc of scutellum.

Legs yellow, middle and posterior femora broadly darkened centrally. Costal ratios 44:41:37:22.

Epandrium (Fig. 652) brown, dusted, rounded, broader than deep, cerci broader at base than in T. pilioculata. Aedeagus (Fig. 653) with pointed base, lateral arm of hypandrium straight.


Female Unknown.

Remarks This species differs from related species mainly in the absence of subapical scutellar

setae, a character shared by T. uniseta; however, the other characters of scutal grooves and male genitalia show a much clearer relationship with T. pilioculata and related species.


Figs 392, 393, 398. Hypandrium, ventral view: 392, T. grevei; 393, T. concava; 398, T. multiseta. Figs 394,397. Epandrium, lateral view: 394, T. grevei; 397, T. concava. Figs 395,400. Epandrium, apical view: 395, T. concava; 400, T. multiseta. Figs 396, 399. Surstylus, inner view: 396, T. concava; 399, T. multiseta. Scale lines: 0 .1 mm.

Tricimba fusciseta, sp. nov. (Figs 435, 436, 469, 470, 513, 515)

Material Examined

Holotype. Q , Australia, N.T., Roper R., 5 km E. of Mataranka, at light, 27.ix.1977, G. F. Gross, J. A. Forest, SAM.

Paratypes. Northern Territory: lo* 10, 1 km N. of Cahills Crossing (E. Alligator R.), 13.x.1972, DHC, ANIC.

Female Head (Figs 469, 470) broader than deep, deeper than long (25:20: 15). Frons about as

long as broad (1 1 : 1 I), lateral margins slightly convergent anteriorly, anterior margin scarcely

produced anterior to anterior margin of eye, brown, yellow on anterior a centrally, dusted brown, with sparse scattered setulae. Setae and setulae mostly yellow. Ocellar tubercle raised above level of remainder of frons. Ocellar triangle small, posterior margin occupying $ posterior margin of frons, lateral margin convex, main part extending about 4 distance from anterior ocellus to anterior margin of frons, slightly shining through yellow-grey dust, ocellar tubercle similar but more dusted. Ocellar setae minute, upright, convergent. Postocellar setae larger, upright, convergent. Outer vertical seta larger, about as long as separation of posterior ocelli, inner vertical not larger than setulae. About 7 small reclinate orbital setae developed. Antenna yellow, first flagellomere darkened apically, deeper than long, with minute pubescence. Arista brown, as long as eye, pubescence slightly shorter than basal diameter of arista. Face yellow, dusted, facial carina not developed. Eye deeper than long, long axis slightly oblique, bare. Gena as broad as anterior tibia, yellow, with pale setulae on ventral margin, 1 longer seta on produced anterior margin. Palpus and proboscis yellow with pale pubescence. Occiput flat, black, dusted.

Scutum broader than long (25:21), black, slightly shining through thin yellow-grey dusting. Scutal grooves lightly incised. Central groove uniserial, ending just anterior to suture with scutellum. Intermediate groove parallel to central groove, uniserial except at posterior, with few extra setulae, ending at level of prescutellar dorsocentral seta. Lateral groove well developed posterior to transverse suture, an irregular row of setulae extending to level of prescutellar dorsocentral seta. Setulae between central and intermediate grooves irregularly biserial, small. Postpronotal lobe black, dusted as scutum, no longer seta distinguished (possibly lost). Notopleuron with 1 + 1 setae, as large as outer vertical seta, anterior slightly smaller. Supra-alar seta equal in length to prescutellar dorsocentral seta but brown and thicker. Prescutellar dorsocentral seta yellow, shorter than notopleural setae. Pleura brown, sclerites except proepisternum darkened centrally, shining, anepisternum dusted except for anterior and ventral margins, anepimeron dusted on dorsal 4, katatergite partly dusted, katepisternum with few setulae on dorsal margin. Scutellum (Figs 435, 436) broader than long (22: 13), quadrate, posterior margin excluding tubercles straight, disc nearly flat with rounded margins, dusted as scutum but rougher due to stronger setulae arranged in slightly irregular longitudinal rows, central line bare, extending over lateral margins of scutellum. Apical scutellar setae large, 4 length of scutellum, on tubercles slightly shorter than setae, stout and brown, more widely spaced than their separation from

1 subapical setae, which are at level of lateral margin of scutellum, length of apical setae, on smaller tubercles, marginal setae set below level of disc of scutellum. Subscutellum small, dusted dorsally. Postnotum short, black, shining.

Legs yellow, posterior femur banded apically, posterior tibia with large yellow tibia1 organ. Wing membrane clear, veins pale brown, r2+3 short, curved to costa near tip, cell rl narrower than cell r2+3 at level of tip of r l , r,+, curved slightly to costa on apical 4, slightly divergent from ml, cell br narrow, vein forming posterior margin of cell bm+dm almost without flexure. Costal ratios 48 : 31 : 32: 18. Haltere yellow.

Abdomen brown, dark yellow on disc of tergites 1 +2, broad, slightly shining through thin dust, cercus dark yellow with pale setulae.

Male As female, but epandrium (Fig. 515) broader than deep, cerci long, pointed, triangular,

inner parts narrow. Hypandrium (Fig. 513) open with rounded base of aedeagus, lateral arm straight.


Remarks The relationships of this species are not clear; it is placed in the present group but the

marginal scutellar setae are on strong tubercles, indicating that it may be more closely related to T. quadriseta, which has equidistant marginal scutellar seta. T. quadriseta and related species have a more or less rugose katepisternum and more elongate r2+3, whereas in T. fusciseta the katepisternum is smooth and r2+3 shorter.


Tricimba nitens species-group Diagnosis

Ocellar triangle and in most species most of body shining black. Orbital setae small; face with carina not extending to level of ventral margin of first flagellomere; vibrissal angle obtuse; eye bare; 1 + 1 or 0+ 1 notopleural setae developed; scutellum with widely spaced apical marginal setae in most species, set slightly ventral to level of disc of scutellum. Legs with femoral comb not developed, posterior tibia without strong ventral apical spur. Male genitalia with open hypandrium.

Figs 401, 404, 406. Epandrium, lateral view: 401, T. rnultiseta; 404, T. priori; 406, T. tornentosa. Figs 402, 407. Surstylus, inner view: 402, T. priori; 407, T. tornentosa. Figs 403, 408. Epandrium, apical view: 403, T. priori; 408, T. tornentosa. Figs 405, 409. Hypandrium, ventral view: 405, T. priori; 409, T. tornentosa. Scale lines: 0.1 mm.

J. W. Ismay

Tricimba nitens, sp. nov. (Figs 415, 416, 418, 437, 471, 516, 517, 518)

Material Examined Holotype. Q, Australia, N.S.W., Natl Pk, 6.xii.1968, D. K. McAlpine, AM. Paratypes. New South Wales: 1 a , same data as holotype, AM; 1 o , same data but 13.iv. 1967,

AM; IQ, 37 km W.-SW, of Coramba, 26.vi.1976, ZL, ANIC; l a , Durras L., bred from mushrooms, collected 7.iii. 1969, emerged 1-7.iv. 1969, GB, ANIC. Queensland: l o , Mt Tamborine, 2.ii. 1961, DKMcA, AM.

Female Head (Figs 415, 471) broader than deep, deeper than long (35 :25 : 19). Frons broader

than long (17: 15), black, anterior yellow, lateral margins nearly parallel, anterior margin scarcely produced anterior to anterior margin of eye. Ocellar tubercle scarcely raised above level of frons, slightly rugose, ocellar triangle large, black, shining, occupying posterior margin of frons, lateral margins convex with a row of small setulae, apex pointed extending 3 ;i distance from anterior ocellus to anterior margin of frons, surface with a patch of light dusting extending antero-laterally from between anterior and posterior ocelli. Surface of frons shining but considerably dulled by microstriae and very light dusting, with sparse, dark, short setulae. Ocellar setae strong, stout, black, slightly convergent. Postocellar setae minute, smaller than ocellar, convergent. Outer vertical seta large, stout, longer than first flagellomere, black. Inner vertical not developed. About 6 minute, black orbital setae developed, larger posteriorly, reclinate. Antenna dark yellow, first flagellomere brown distally and dorsally, deeper than long. Arista long, longer than eye, pale brown at base, brown distally, with minute pubescence. Face dark yellow, concave, dusted, with faint trace of carina dorsally. Eye large, swollen, deeper than long, long axis almost vertical, bare, head viewed from anterior (Fig. 418) broadest near dorsal surface. Gena narrower than anterior tibia, yellow, darkened along ventral posterior margin, silver-white dusted, with small black setulae along ventral margin, 1 longer seta, as long as first flagellomere, on rounded anterior margin. Postgena narrow, black, dusted. Palpus yellow, proboscis light brown, with pale setulae. Occiput black, dully shining, flat centrally but extended posteriorly at dorsal lateral margin of eye.

Scutum (Fig. 415) broader than long (36:31), shining but rugose due to enlarged bases of dense small black setulae. Central and intermediate grooves very poorly developed, represented by single rows of more deeply punctured setulae, central and intermediate grooves becoming indistinct posteriorly at level of prescutellar dorsocentral seta, slightly convergent anteriorly. Setulae between grooves multiserial. Postpronotal lobe shining with 1 slightly longer seta. Notopleuron (Fig. 416) shining except on posterior margin, lightly dusted, 1 strong posterior seta, 1 slender anterior seta 5 length of posterior. Prescutellar dorsocentral seta small, little larger than anterior notopleural seta, supra-alar large, larger than posterior notopleural. Vertical lateral margin of scutum dorsal to wing base and between wing base and lateral margins of scutellum lightly dusted. Pleura black, shining, katatergite dusted posteriorly, dorsal margin of katepisternum with dark setulae. Scutellum (Figs 415, 437) broader than long (16:9), black, deeply concave on posterior margin, apical setae on long projections extending posteriorly for length of scutellum at mid-line. Apical setae black, stout, about 2 length of scutellum at mid-line, 1 subapical seta length of apical seta, on small tubercle, at $ length of lateral margin of scutellum. Disc of scutellum flat with sparser setulae than scutum, lightly dusted. Subscutellum narrowly developed, shining, postnotum black, shining.

Anterior coxa black except for pale apex, middle and posterior coxae and all trochanters yellow, femora black, yellow at tip, anterior tibia yellow, darkened basally, middle and posterior tibiae broadly darkened centrally, tarsi yellow. Posterior tibia1 organ broad, paler than tibia. Middle tibia with black straight apical ventral seta, middle basitarsus with smaller black seta near base. Wing (Fig. 415) short, broad, membrane hyaline slightly darkened, veins brown, r2+3 long, scarcely bent to costa, cell r1 broad, r4+5 and m1 slightly divergent, cell br broad, vein forming posterior margin of cell bm + dm slightly sinuous. Costal ratios 66 : 63 : 39 : 22. Haltere yellow.


Abdomen black with black setulae, paler on disc of tergites 1 + 2 , tergites 1 + 2 long, nearly l length of abdomen, tergites 3 and 4 short, tergite 5 about l l x length of tergite 4, all lightly dusted. Lateral margins of tergites sharply angled. Cercus brown, slender, with brown setulae.

Male As female but epandrium (Fig. 517) about as broad as long with sparse setulae. Cerci

elongate, narrow, separation broad and U-shaped. Surstylus (Fig. 518) nearly as long as broad. Hypandrium (Fig. 516) open, postgonites serrate on inner margin, aedeagus with pointed base.


Figs 410, 414. Head, thorax and wing: 410, T. scutellata; 414, T. biseta. Fig. 411. Scutum and scutellum, left half, T. pilioculata. Fig. 412. Notopleuron, lateral view, T. tuberoscula. Fig. 413. Wing, T. lata. Scale lines: 0.1 mm.

Remarks This species is easily distinguished by the mainly shining ocellar triangle and broadly

excavated posterior margin of the scutellum. The development of the notopleural setae is very similar to that of the T. antennata group of species, but there are few other similarities.

Tricimba tuberoscula, sp . nov. (Figs 412, 420, 438, 439, 472, 475, 519, 520, 523)

Material Examined

Holotype. w, Australia, N.S.W., Bruxner Pk, 16.iv.1970, D. H. Colless, ANIC.

Paratypes. Australian Capital Territory: l w , Gibraltar Ck, 15.i.1978, ZL, ANIC. New South Wales: 19, Otford, 43.1958, DKMcA, AM; I Q , Blue Mts, Mt Wilson, 3.v.1958, DKMcA, AM.

Male Differs from T. nitens as follows.

Head (Figs 472, 475) broader than deep, deeper than long (33:22: 18). Frons about as broad as long (15 : 14), black, anterior a brown, lateral margins slightly convergent, anterior margin not produced. Surface of frons undusted, microstriate. Ocellar triangle large, reaching to anterior margin of frons, lateral margin slightly convex posteriorly, convex anteriorly, apex acutely pointed, posterior margin occupying breadth of frons, dusted areas lateral to anterior ocelli small, less than twice diameter of an ocellus. Lateral margin of frons with setulae only on posterior f. Head setae damaged in holotype, but outer vertical seta as in T. nitens. In paratypes ocellar and postocellar setae equal in size and equal to separation of posterior ocelli. First flagellomere smaller than in T. nitens and darker, arista brown at base as well as remainder, with similar short pubescence. Face brown, dull. Gena narrower than in T. nitens, brown, ventral margin black, with dark setulae except for that on vibrissal angle, which is pale. Palpus and proboscis brown with brown setulae.

Scutum slightly broader than long (31 :27), shining with setulae as in T. nitens though less coarsely punctured. Scutal grooves developed as in T. nitens but central and intermediate grooves more convergent anteriorly. Notopleuron (Fig. 412) undusted, 1 + 1 notopleural setae, anterior length of posterior. Supra-alar seta as long as prescutellar dorsocentral. Ventral corner of katepisternum dusted. Scutellum (Figs 438, 439) dusted and with setulae as in T. nitens, shorter than broad (7: 13), lateral margins much less produced posteriorly, apical setae a length of scutellum, on short projections little longer than length of seta, subapical on smaller lateral projections, seta more than f length of apical.

Middle tibia with smaller apical ventral seta than in T. nitens, basitarsus without basal seta. Wing with cell r l narrower than in T. nitens, cell br (Fig. 420) and cell bm+dm narrower. Costal ratios 53 : 59: 28 : 22.

Abdomen brown, yellow on tergites 1 + 2 centrally, with brown setulae. Epandrium (Fig. 523) brown, as in T. nitens but outline more circular. Surstylus (Fig. 520) more elongate. Hypandrium (Fig. 519) open, lateral arms straight.

Female As male but abdomen with tergites 1 + 2 long, about $ length of abdomen, tergites 3

and 4 short, tergite 5 longer than tergite 4.


Remarks Although this species closely resembles T. nitens, the differences in notopleural and

supra-alar setae and the scutellum are very striking. The male genitalia are similar but show small differences.


Fig. 415. Head, thorax and wing, T. nitens. Figs 416, 417. Notopleuron, lateral view: 416, T. nitens; 417, T. nitidissima. Fig. 418. Head, anterior view, T. nitens. Fig. 419. Wing, T. longigena. Figs 420, 421. Wing cell br: 420, T. tuberoscula; 421, T. nitidissima. Scale lines: 0.1 mm.

Tricimba scrobiculata, sp . nov. (Figs 441, 442, 476, 477)

Material Examined

Holotype. 9 , Australia, N.S.W., Illawarra Dist., Otford, 25.iii.1958, D. K. McAlpine, AM.

Female Differs from T. nitens as follows.

Head (Figs 476, 477) broader than deep, deeper than long (39 : 27 : 20). Frons as long as broad (18: 18). Ocellar triangle larger, extending distance from anterior ocellus to anterior margin of frons. Inner vertical seta present but minute. Occiput concave.

Scutum slightly broader than long (37: 35). Notopleuron with a large stout posterior seta and much more slender anterior one, length of posterior. Supra-alar seta slightly smaller than posterior notopleural. Scutellum (Figs 441, 442) broader than long (17: l l ) , posterior

margin slightly concave, apical setae on elongate projecting tubercles, apical seta about length of scutellum, tubercle slightly longer than seta, slightly incurved, slightly more widely separated than separation of apical and subapical setae, subapical seta and tubercle length of apical, placed slightly anterior to posterior margin of scutellum, marginal setae set ventral to level of disc of scutellum. Middle basitarsus without ventral seta. Wings difficult to interpret, wrapped around abdomen.

Abdomen obscured by wings but tergite 1 + 2 shorter than in T. nitens. Wing length 1.1 mm (distorted), head width 0.8 mm.

Male Unknown.

Figs 422, 424, 425, 427, 430, 432, 433. Scutellum, dorsal view: 422, T. scutellata; 424, T. flava; 425, T. monosticha; 427, T. uniseta; 430, T. pilioculata; 432, T. similata; 433, T. exvittata. Figs 423, 426, 428, 429, 431, 434. Scutellum, lateral view: 423, T. scutellata; 426, T. monosticha; 428, T. similata; 429, T. pilioculata; 431, T. uniseta; 434, T. exvittata. Scale lines: 0.1 mm.


Remarks The species is mainly distinguished from T. nitens by the more closely placed apical

scutellar setae. In other respects it is close to T. nitens and is here included in the same species-group.

Tricimba nitidissima, sp . nov. (Figs 417, 421, 440, 443, 473, 474, 521, 522, 525)

Material Examined

Holotype. Q , Australia, W.A., Pirnelia, nr Pemberton, 5.x.1970, D. H. Colless, ANIC.

Paratypes. Western Australia: 2 0 2p, 6 mi N. of Walpole, 7.x.1970, DHC, ANIC.


as broad as long (13: 14), lateral margins slightly convergent anteriorly, anterior margin scarcely produced. Frons slightly sloped towards ocellar tubercle which is strongly raised above surface of frons. Ocellar tubercle slightly dusted, dusting extending between posterior and anterior ocelli onto ocellar triangle. Ocellar triangle broad and short, posterior margin occupying $ breadth of frons, lateral margins convex, apex obtuse, little more than f distance between anterior ocellus and anterior margin of frons. Surface of frons dusted, scarcely shining, with scattered dark short setulae. Longer setae black. Ocellar setae small, upright, convergent. Postocellar setae larger, as long as separation of posterior ocelli, nearly crossed, bases enlarged. Inner and outer vertical setae on small prominances, both strong and equal in size, inner upright, outer directed posteriorly and laterally. About 5 small but stout, reclinate orbital setae developed. Antenna small, yellow, first flagellomere darkened apically, deeper than long. Arista brown, longer than eye, with distinct pubescence. Face brown, dusted, facial carina not developed. Eye small, short, long axis nearly vertical, bare. Greatest breadth of head at about f height of eye. Gena about as broad as anterior tibia at about 1 5 its length, but broader posteriorly and strongly curved, brown, paler at dorsal posterior margin, with short brown setulae ventrally and a short pale seta at vibrissal angle. Postgena broad ventrally, black, dusted. Palpus yellow, proboscis brown, with yellow setulae. Occiput black, dull, slightly concave.

Scutum slightly broader than long (22:20), black, shining, disc convex, sloping on posterior margin, with sparse minute black setulae. Scutal grooves well developed, central groove uniserial, ending posteriorly at level of prescutellar dorsocentral seta, which is more anteriorly placed than in most Tricimba. Intermediate groove uniserial, becoming multiserial at posterior, anterior end commencing near postpronotal lobe, directed towards central groove for short distance, then divergent from it, posterior f parallel to central groove, ending posteriorly at same level. Lateral groove represented by single row of setulae above wing base, not continued anterior to transverse suture. Setulae between central and intermediate grooves irregularly uniserial, scutum between level of prescutellar dorsocentral seta and base of scutellum bare of setulae. Postpronotal lobe black, shining, with short seta. Notopleuron (Fig. 417) bare, deeply impressed, shining, with 1 + 1 setae, anterior $ length of very stout posterior seta. Prescutellar dorsocentral seta large, equal to posterior notopleural in length and stoutness, on raised base. Supra-alar seta smaller than prescutellar dorsocentral seta. Vertical lateral margin of scutum dorsal to wing base and anterior to lateral margin of scutellum lightly dusted. Pleura black, shining, dusted along dorsal margin of anepisternum with notopleuron, a dusted patch on dorsal anepimeron, katatergite dusted, katepisternum dusted at ventral angle and with few setulae on dorsal margin. Scutellum (Figs 440, 443) broader than long (18: 12), posterior margin slightly concave, disc flat and lateral margins nearly straight to subapical seta. Apical setae widely separated, about 4 length of scutellum on mid-line, strong, stout, on small tubercles, subapical seta $length of apical, closer to apical seta than base of scutellum, at lateral margin of scutellum on smaller tubercle. Surface of scutellum with small scattered dark setulae, dusted. Subscutellum weakly developed, dusted dorsally. Postnotum shining black.

Coxae brown, paler apically, narrowly so on anterior coxa, posterior coxa yellow, trochanters yellow, femora brown, paler at ends, tibiae yellow darkened centrally on middle and posterior tibiae, tarsi yellow. Posterior tibia1 organ well developed, yellow. Wing membrane slightly yellow tinted, veins yellowish brown, rl slightly swollen and darkened apically, r2+3 close to costa, r4+5 curved to costa on apical 4, divergent from ml, cell br (Fig. 421) very narrow, cell bm+dm narrow, posterior margin slightly sinuous. Costal ratios 44 : 43 : 29 : 21. Haltere yellow.

Abdomen black, paler at centre of tergite 1 + 2 at base, shining through thin dust, lateral margins of tergites rounded, setulae sparse, slender, black. Tergites 1 + 2 long, $ length of abdomen, tergites 3 and 4 equal in length, tergite 5 slightly longer, rounded apically. Epandrium (Fig. 521) brown, dusted, with sparse setulae. Cerci triangular, pointed, separation V-shaped. Surstylus (Fig. 522) narrowed apically. Hypandrium (Fig. 525) open with straight lateral arms.

Female As male but abdomen ending in brown cercus with brown setulae.


Remarks The four species described above appear to be closely related, all having a shining ocellar

triangle and scutum, dusted scutellum of similar shape and similarities of leg coloration. T. nitens and T. tuberoscula might be placed in a genus other than Tricimba since the scutal grooves are poorly developed, but T. nitidissima has well-developed grooves and broadened longer setae. The species are placed in Tricimba until further evidence of their affinities is found.

T. nitidissima differs from T. nitens and T. tuberoscula in the degree of development of the head and thoracic setae, the prescutellar dorsocentral being particularly strongly developed in T. nitidissima while the other two species have the outline of the head more triangular in shape in anterior view.

Tricimba lata, sp. nov. (Figs 413, 444, 445, 478, 481, 524)

Material Examined

Holotype. w, Australia, A.C.T., Black Mt, malaise trap, 26/27.x.1979, I. D. Naumann, J. C. Cardale, ANIC.

Male Head (Figs 478, 481) broader than deep, deeper than long (28:23: 16). Frons longer

than broad (15 : 12), black, anterior margin slightly paler, dark brown, lateral margins nearly parallel, anterior margin scarcely produced anterior to anterior margin of eye, frons convex antero-posteriorly, surface dulled by surface microstriae and light dust, with scattered short but stout dark setulae, longer against margins of ocellar triangle. Ocellar tubercle slightly raised above level of remainder of frons, lightly dusted, ocelli very small. Ocellar triangle broad, occupying posterior margin of frons, lateral margins slightly concave with a row of setulae on margin of triangle posteriorly, apex acute at more than distance from anterior ocellus to anterior margin of frons, surface shining, reflecting metallic blue-black. Setae and setulae black. Ocellar setae small, upright, parallel. Postocellar setae larger, about equal to separation of posterior ocelli, convergent. Outer vertical seta larger than postocellar, directed slightly outwards, inner vertical equal to ocellar in length, directed inwards. About 7 reclinate orbital setae developed, grading downwards in size and spacing anteriorly. Antenna yellow, small, first flagellomere deeper than long, darkened apically, arista brown, longer than eye, with minute pubescence. Face small, black, dusted, concave, facial carina present between antenna1 bases but a low ridge on ventral part of face. Eye much deeper than long, long axis nearly vertical, with very short sparse microtrichia.


Gena slightly broader than anterior tibia, brown on dorsal margin, dark brown on ventral margin, with several rows of dark setulae, 1 longer and pale on acute vibrissal angle, gena strongly curved. Postgena black, narrow, dusted. Palpus yellow and proboscis brown with dark setulae. Occiput black, dull, almost flat.

Scutum broader than long (29:24), black, slightly shining through thin dusting, with numerous small dark setulae. Central and intermediate grooves lightly impressed, uniserial, parallel, ending at level of prescutellar dorsocentral seta, placed close to posterior margin of scutum. Lateral groove not developed. Setulae between central and intermediate grooves multiserial. Postpronotal lobe dusted as scutum, seta very short. Notopleuron with 1 + 1 setae, anterior slightly smaller. Prescutellar dorsocentral, supra-alar and intra-alar setae all

Figs 435, 438, 440, 441, 444. Scutellum, dorsal view: 435, T. fusciseta; 438, T. tuberoscula; 440, T. nitidissima; 441, T. scrobiculata; 444, T. lata. Figs 436, 437, 439, 442, 443, 445. Scutellum, lateral view: 436, T. fusciseta; 437, T. nitens; 439, T. tuberoscula; 442, T. scrobiculata; 443, T. nitidissima; 445, T. lata. Scale lines: 0.1 mm.

developed, last minute, supra-alar largest. Pleura black, anepisternum dusted except for narrow ventral and anterior shining margins, anepimeron dusted on dorsal anterior & ventral corner of katepisternum dusted, dorsal margin of katepisternum with a few setulae. Scutellum (Figs 444, 445) trapezoidal in shape, little broader than long (28:21), disc flat, lateral margins convergent apically, posterior margin nearly straight, dusted as scutum, with

1 slightly more rugose setulae over all disc. Apical scutellar setae widely separated, 5 length of scutellum, on small tubercles longer than broad. Subapical seta near end of lateral margin, setae lost but tubercle smaller than that of apical setae. Subscutellum and postnotum short, shining.

Figs 446, 448, 449, 452, 455. Scutellum, dorsal view: 446, T. biseta; 448, T. tasmanensis; 449, T. excavata; 452, T. longigena; 455, T. exsinuata. Figs 447, 450, 451, 453, 456. Scutellum, lateral view: 447, T, biseta; 450, T. excavata; 451, T, tasmanensis; 453, T. longigena; 456, T. exsinuata. Figs 454, 457. Head, lateral view: 454, T. scutellata; 457, T. flava. Scale lines: 0.1 mm.


Legs dark yellow, slightly darker on anterior femur and posterior tibia1 organ. Wing (Fig. 413) membrane brown tinted, veins brown, cell r, narrow, r2+3 scarcely curved to costa, cell br narrow but long, cell bm+dm broad apically, dm-cu upright, vein forming posterior margin of cell bm + dm almost straight. Costal ratios 52: 36 : 25 : 17. Haltere pale yellow, stem darker.

Abdomen black, brown at base of tergite 1 + 2, dull, broad, with dark setulae. Epandrium (Fig. 524) dark yellow, rather broader than deep, cerci discrete, low in profile.


Figs 458, 460, 462, 464, 466, 468. Head, dorsal view: 458, T. Java; 460, T. monosticha; 462, T. uniseta; 464, T. similata; 466, T. pilioculata; 468, T. exvittata. Figs 459, 461, 463, 465, 467, 469. Head, lateral view: 459, T. monosticha; 461, T. uniseta; 463, T. pilioculata; 465, T. similata; 467, T. exvittata; 469, T. fusciseta. Scale lines: 0.1 mm.

J. W. Ismay

Female Unknown.

Remarks This species has a superficial resemblance to the preceding four species in that all have

a shining ocellar triangle and widely spaced apical scutellar setae. The wing is different and the setae are shorter, but the species is included in the same group until further characters are found.

Tricimba biseta species-group

Eutricimba Malloch, 1931: 408.-Harrison, 1959: 344; Spencer, 1977: 455.

Type species: Eutricimba tinctipennis Malloch, 1931: 408, by original designation.

Diagnosis Head with 2-3 orbital setae greatly enlarged; face with carina not extending to level of

ventral margin of first flagellomere; vibrissal angle obtuse; eye bare. 1 + 1 notopleural setae developed; scutellum short, apical marginal setae widely separated, very large. Legs with femoral comb not developed; posterior tibia without strong apical ventral spur. Male genitalia with open hypandrium.

Tricimba biseta, sp. nov. (Figs 414, 446, 447, 479, 480, 526, 527, 528, 531)

Material Examined


Holotype. a, N.S.W., c. 2 mi NW, of Bruxner Pk, 10.iv.1970, D. H. Colless, ANIC.

Paratypes. New South Wales: 2 a , same data as holotype but 16.iv.1970, ANIC; l a , Bruxner Pk, nr Coff's Harbour, 2.iv.1960, DKMcA, AM; l a , same data but 16.iv.1970, DHC, ANIC; 10, same data but 19.iv.1970, ANIC; 19 , c. 5 mi NW. of Bruxner Pk, 16.iv.1970, DHC, ANIC; 10, Cudmirrah Faunal Reserve, nr NNE. Milton, 14.iv.1968, ZL, ANIC; l a 10, Dorrigo Natl Pk, 28.i.1961, DKMcA, AM; l a 19 , 33 mi Dorrigo-Coramba Rd, 18.iv.1970, DHC, ANIC; 3 0 6 9 , below Govett's Leap, 14.ix.1957, DKMcA, AM; 2 a , 5 mi S. of Monga, 8.v.1968, DHC and ZL, ANIC; l a l ~ , Moonpar State Forest nr Dorrigo, 4.iv.1960, DKMcA, AM; 40, Natl Pk, 13.iv.1957, DKMcA, AM; I Q , Otford, 12.x.1957, DKMcA, AM; 2 0 49 , Pt Lookout nr Ebor, 5000 ft (1667 m), 31 .iii. 1960, DKMcA, AM; 1 a , Sassafras Gully, Springwood, 23.i~. 1955, DKMcA, AM; 2 0 39, Springwood, Blue Mts, 10.i.1956, DKMcA, AM; 4 a 29 , same data but 30.i.1956, AM; 40, Wentworth Falls, Blue Mts, 4.xii.1956, DKMcA, AM; 19, same data but 28.ii.1957, AM; l a 29 , same data but 5.xi.1959, AM; l a 29 , same data but 18.iii.1958, AM; 40 79, same data but 20.xi. 1959, AM; 2 a 29, Mt Wilson, Blue Mts, 5.x.1957, DKMcA, AM; 3 a 29 , same data but 3.v.1958, AM; 19, same data but 2.viii.1958, AM; 19, same data but 30.x.1958, AM; 19 , same data but 14.iv.1959, AM; 19, same data but 31.v.1960, AM; l a , same data but 17.iii.1961, AM; 4 0 29, same data but 23.ix.1961, AM; 5 0 6 9 , Wright's Lookout, New England Natl Pk, 31.iii.1961, DKMcA, AM; 1 Q , Mt York, 29.x.1960, DKMcA, AM. Queensland: 1 9 , Bellbird Lookout, Lamington Natl Pk, 30.v.1966, ZL, ANIC; 5 0 6 9 , Binna Burra, Lamington Natl Pk, 31.i.1961, DKMcA, AM; 8 a 29, same data but l.ii.1961, AM; 2 a , same data but 29.v.1966, ZL, ANIC; 4 0 19, same data but 30.v.1966, ANIC; 5 0 19 , Coomera R., Lamington Natl Pk, 1200 ft (400 m), 28.v. 1966, ZL, ANIC; 19, Cunningham's Gap, 2484 ft (830 m), 1-2.vi.1966, ZL, ANIC; 5 0 29, Mapleton, 5.ii.1961, DKMcA, AM; 8 0 39 , Summer Ck, Little Yabba Forestry Rd, nr Kenilworth, 5.ii.1961, DKMcA, AM; la 49 , Mt Tamborine, 2.ii.1961, DKMcA, AM. Tasmania: l a , Arve R., nr Geeveton, 20.i.1960, DKMcA, AM; 19 , Helyer Gorge, 2.ii.1967, EFR, ANIC; 19 , 12 mi S. of Wilmot, c. 2000 ft (660 m), 7.i.1960, DKMcA, AM. Victoria: 19 , Mt Beauty, 21.x.1961, DHC, ANIC.

Male Head (Figs 479, 480) broader than deep and deeper than long (27:20: 18). Frons as

long as broad (15: 15), disc slightly concave, anterior margin slightly produced anterior


to anterior margin of eye, black, narrowly yellow on anterior i, lateral margins slightly convergent anteriorly, dusted. Setulae dark yellow, stout, sparse. Ocellar tubercle slightly raised above level of remainder of frons, lightly shining, smooth. Ocellar triangle lightly shining through thin dust, small, extending about f distance from anterior ocellus to anterior margin of frons and then continued narrowly, lateral margins strongly convex. Setae dark yellow. Ocellar setae as long as separation of posterior ocelli, very slightly divergent. Postocellar setae longer than ocellar, convergent but not crossed. Outer vertical seta longest, equal to length of first flagellomere, on an enlarged base. Inner vertical seta smaller than ocellar. Two long orbital setae developed, nearly as long as outer vertical seta, about equal in length, anterior at little more than 1 length of frons and posterior midway between anterior and outer vertical seta. Several much smaller orbital setae present anterior to anterior larger seta, becoming smaller anteriorly. Pedicel yellow, first flagellomere yellow, darkened on distal margins, with long pubescence, arista long, brown, pubescence as long as basal diameter of arista. Face yellow, dusted, concave, facial carina between antennae poorly developed. Clypeus yellow. Eye with oblique long axis, deeper than long, bare. Gena broader than anterior tibia, yellow, dusted, setae at anterior and posterior corners strong, dark yellow, vibrissal angle produced to about 90". Postgena black, yellow on ventral f , dusted. Palpus yellow, proboscis shining yellow-brown. Occiput flat, black, dull.

Scutum (Fig. 414) as long as broad (24:25), black, lightly grey dusted, slightly shining, with brown stripes between central and intermediate grooves. Central and intermediate grooves lightly impressed, setulae uniserial, intermediate grooves converging slightly anteriorly, all grooves ending at level of prescutellar dorsocentral seta. Setulae on scutum sparse, uniserial between central and intermediate grooves. Lateral groove not developed. Prescutellar dorsocentral seta and supra-alar setae large. Postpronotal lobe black, lightly dusted, postpronotal seta large, more than $ length of notopleural setae, 1 + 1 notopleural setae, about the same length but posterior seta thicker. Pleura black, shining except ventral and anterior margins of anepisternum, dorsal anterior corner of anepimeron and katatergite dusted. Scutellum (Figs 446, 447) square, about as broad as long (19: 17), black, more dusted than scutum, grey on disc, brown on margins except base, with 2 pairs of marginal setae, apical pair nearly as long as scutellum and widely separated, on tubercles slightly longer than broad, posterior margin of scutellum concave, lateral marginal setae at posterior corner of scutellum, on small tubercles, about 1 length of apical setae, separation of apical setae greater than distance between apical and lateral marginal setae. Dorsal surface of scutellum relatively flat, marginal setae set slightly ventral to level of disc which has a few black setulae on lateral margins apically, those anterior to marginal setae larger. Sub- scutellum well developed, dusted, postnotum shining black.

Legs yellow, middle and posterior femora darkened on apical 1. Posterior tibia slender, tibia1 organ present. Posterior basitarsus with yellow basal ventral seta. Wing membrane slightly darkened, veins light brown, r2+3 long, r4+5 and m, slightly and steadily divergent to tip, cell bm + dm very narrow, vein forming posterior margin of cell bm + dm with faint flexure. Costal ratios 55 : 63 : 45 : 23. Haltere pale yellow.

Abdomen brown, tergites 1 + 2 yellow centrally, epandrium yellow-brown, all slightly shining, setulae pale except for some dark setulae on lateral margins of tergite 2. Epandrium (Figs 526, 531) broader than deep, with few setulae, cerci discrete, elongate. Surstylus (Fig. 527) broadly rounded apically. Hypandrium (Fig. 528) open, lateral arms curved, aedeagus with pointed base.

Female As for male but abdomen ending in slender yellow-brown cercus.


Remarks This species is easily distinguished by the two larger orbital setae and the shape of the

scutellum. It is most clearly related to the next species.

Figs 470, 473, 475, 477, 479, 481. Head, dorsal view: 470, T. fusciseta; 473, T. nitidissima; 475, T. tuberoscula; 477, T. scrobiculata; 479, T. biseta; 481, T. lata. Figs 471, 472, 474, 476, 478, 480. Head, lateral view: 471, T. nitens; 472, T. tuberoscula; 474, T. nitidissima; 476, T. scrobiculata; 478, T. lata; 480, T. biseta. Scale lines: 0.1 mm.

Tricimba tasmanensis, sp. nov. (Figs 448, 451, 482, 483, 529, 530)

Material Examined

Holotype. 0 , Australia, Tas., 2 mi E. of Tonganah, 23.i.1960, D. K. McAlpine, AM.

Paratypes. Tasmania: 1 a, Eaglehawk Neck, l7.i. 1960, DKMcA, AM; 1 a, Russell Falls, 133. 1953, DHC, ANIC.

Male Head (Figs 482, 483) broader than deep or long (26:21: 19). Frons slightly longer than

broad (17: 16), black on posterior and lateral margins, yellow on anterior in centre,


lateral margins slightly convergent, disc of frons concave, anterior margin produced and strongly convex, grey dusted. Ocellar tubercle strongly raised above level of remainder of frons, dully shining through thin dust. Ocellar triangle extending 5 distance from anterior ocellus to anterior margin of frons, dully shining through thin dust, lateral margins convex. Frons with sparse setulae. Head setae and setulae dark yellow. Ocellar setae well developed, upright and slightly convergent, longer than separation of posterior ocelli. Postocellar setae larger than ocellar, slightly convergent. Outer vertical setae longest head seta, longer than depth of first flagellomere, on small tubercle. Inner vertical seta scarcely developed. Two large orbital setae developed, about equal in length, anterior at length of frons and posterior midway between anterior and outer vertical seta. A third orbital seta, smaller than others, anterior to anterior orbital seta, this seta much larger than corresponding seta in T. biseta. Pedicel and first flagellomere of antenna small, orange-yellow, with short pubescence on first flagellomere, arista dark yellow, pubescence equal to basal diameter of arista. Face deeply concave, pale yellow, white dusted, facial carina narrowly developed on dorsal part between bases of antennae. Gena as broad as depth of first flagellomere, yellow including ventral margin, white dusted, with white setulae. Postgena yellow, darkened dorsally, pale dusted, broad, posterior margin angled. Palpus yellow, proboscis shining yellow, setulae pale. Occiput flat, brown, dusted.

Scutum longer than broad (24:20), black on disc, margins paler, dully shining through thin dusting. Grooves lightly impressed, ending at level of prescutellar dorsocentral seta,

Figs 482, 484,486, 488. Head, lateral view: 482, T. tasrnanensis; 484, T. excavata; 486, T. longigena; 488, T. exsinuata. Figs 483, 485, 487, 489. Head, dorsal view: 483, T. tasrnanensis; 485, T. longigena; 487, T. excavata; 489, T. exsinuata. Scale lines: 0.1 mm.

intermediate groove slightly convex on disc of scutum, setulae not regularly uniserial, lateral groove not developed. A single row of setulae between central and intermediate grooves. Postpronotal lobe yellow-brown, postpronotal seta large, little smaller than notopleural setae, on small tubercle. Notopleuron yellow-brown, with 1 + 1 setae, large, stout and on small tubercles. Prescutellar dorsocentral seta large, as long as scutellum, on small tubercle. Supra-alar seta about equal to notopleural seta. All thoracic setae dark yellow. Pleura brown, black on ventral katepisternum and more vaguely on other pleura. Dorsal and posterior margin of anepisternum, dorsal anterior corner of anepimeron and katatergite dusted. Scutellum (Figs 448, 451) squared in shape, broader than long (23: 15), posterior margin strongly concave, yellow-brown with light dusting, with 2 pairs of yellow-brown marginal setae, both as long as scutellum and on strong tubercles. Apical pair widely separated, nearer to subapical setae than each other. Marginal setae set ventral to level of disc of scutellum. Surface of scutellum without setulae except for 2 pairs anterior to apical scutellar setae, enlarged almost to length of apical setae and on strong tubercles, dark brown. Disc of scutellum nearly flat. Subscutellum yellow-brown, dusted. Postnotum shining black.

Legs yellow, middle and posterior femora with dark apical ring, posterior tibia slender with narrow tibia1 organ. Wing membrane slightly yellow tinted, veins darker, r4+5 scarcely curved to costa, r4+5 and ml slightly divergent, cell bm+dm narrow and vein forming its posterior margin with slight flexure. Costal ratios 57 : 60: 55 : 24. Haltere pale.

Abdomen yellow-brown, paler on disc of tergites 1 + 2 and epandrium yellow, all lightly dusted. Setulae pale except for a conspicuous comb of black setae on posterior lateral margin of tergite 2. Epandrium (Fig. 529) similar to that of T. biseta but cerci broader. Hypandrium (Fig. 530) open, lateral arms straight.


Female Unknown.

Remarks The species is easily distinguished by the four pairs of large setae on the scutellum.

Tricimba longigena species-group Diagnosis

Orbital setae small; face with carina not extending to level of ventral margin of first flagellomere; vibrissal angle greatly developed, acute; postgena broad; eye bare. 1 + 1 notopleural setae developed; apical marginal setae of scutellum widely separated. Legs with femoral comb not developed; posterior tibia without strong ventral apical spur. Male genitalia with open hypandrium and postgonites projecting beyond margin of hypandrium.

Tricimba longigena, sp. nov. (Figs 419, 452, 453, 485, 486, 532, 537, 538, 539, 540)

Material Examined


Holotype, 0 , N.S.W., Mt Kaputar, nr Narrabri, 1400 m, 14.xii.1974, Z. Liepa, ANIC.

Paratypes. New South Wales: 2 0 49 , same data as holotype, ANIC; 1 9 , 24 km N. of Forbes, 29.xii.1976, ZL, ANIC; 19 , Goonoo State Forest, 5 mi S. Mendooran, 3-5.x.1970, DKMcA, GAH, AM; 2 0 10, Lachlan R., 15 km SW, of Eubalong, 28.xii.1976, ZL, ANIC. Australian Capital Territory: 1 0 , Mt MacDonald, 1 km N. of Cotter Dam, 29.iii.1974, ZL, ANIC. Northern Territory: l a , Roe Ck, 12 km SW. by W. of Alice Springs, 9.x.1978, DHC, ANIC.

Male Head (Figs 485, 486) broader than deep and about as deep as long (28:21:22). Frons

longer than broad (18: 15), lateral margins slightly divergent anteriorly, anterior margin


convex, produced anterior to anterior margin of eye, frons brown, paler anteriorly, with scattered minute setulae with slightly roughened bases, dusted yellow-brown, more grey along lateral margins and on ocellar triangle. Setae and setulae black. Ocellar tubercle raised above level of remainder of frons. Ocellar triangle narrow, posterior margin about breadth of posterior margin of frons, lateral margins convex, apex strongly acute, main part extending less than distance from anterior ocellus to anterior margin of frons, continued as line of greyer dusting nearly to anterior margin of frons. Surface of ocellar triangle slightly more shining than that of frons. Ocellar and postocellar setae minute, convergent, ocellar shorter, neither as long as separation of posterior ocelli. Outer vertical seta longer, nearly as long as separation of posterior ocelli, inner vertical minute. About 10 minute orbital setae developed. Antenna yellow-brown, first flagellomere darkened at dorsal apical corner, deeper than long, scarcely pubescent. Arista brown, shorter than eye, with distinct pubescence shorter than basal diameter of arista. Face brown, dusted, shorter than broad, a faint ridge on ventral part centrally, deeply concave vertically, scarcely concave horizontally. Eye small in relation to head, long axis strongly oblique (about 45"), deeper than long, bare. Gena much broader than anterior tibia, little narrower than anterior femur at narrowest point at posterior part, considerably extended and broadened anteriorly to level of distal margin of first flagellomere, brown, paler anteriorly, setulae scarcely developed, no longer setulae at anterior and posterior corners. Postgena black, dusted, broad. Palpus straight, slender, yellow, proboscis dark brown, shining, elongate, both with pale setulae. Occiput black, dusted, strongly convex.

Scutum broader than long (28:25), black, slightly shining through thin dusting, grey on disc except over grooves, brown dusted. Central groove uniserial extending almost to suture with scutellum, posterior to prescutellar dorsoventral seta. Intermediate groove uniserial, becoming irregularly multiserial at extreme posterior end, parallel to central groove, extending just anterior to prescutellar dorsocentral seta. Lateral groove an irregular row of setulae dorsal to wing base, not extending anterior to transverse suture. Postpronotal lobe dusted grey with few setulae and postpronotal seta little larger than setulae. 1 + 1 notopleural setae, anterior slightly smaller than posterior. Prescutellar dorsocentral seta slightly smaller than anterior notopleural, supra-alar seta smaller than prescutellar dorsocentral. Setulae on scutum sparse, irregularly biserial between central and intermediate grooves anteriorly. Pleura black, mainly dusted, anepisternum dull, heavily dusted, shining on anterior ventral margin, anepimeron dusted as anepisternum, katatergite dusted, katepisternum more lightly dusted than anepisternum, shining on anterior and posterior margins. Proepisternum and meron shining, latter with small dusted spot. Scutellum (Figs 452, 453) shorter than broad (15 : 22), quadrate, black, lateral margins slightly convergent posteriorly, posterior margin slightly concave, disc flat, with rounded margins, dusted brown with an even cover of small setulae on roughened bases. Apical scutellar setae on small tubercles on posterior lateral corners of scutellum, about b length of scutellum. Subapical setae small, on lateral margin close to tip. Base of lateral margin of scutellum grey. Subscutellum developed, dusted. Postnotum short, black, lightly dusted.

Legs brown, trochanters, ends of tibiae and tarsi paler, posterior tibia with narrowly developed tibia1 organ. Wing (Fig. 419) membrane slightly brown tinted, veins brown, cell rl much narrower than cell r2+3 at level of tip of rl, r,+, curved to costa only near tip, r4+5 and ml nearly parallel, cell br narrow, vein forming posterior margin of cell bm+dm almost without flexure. Costal ratios 54:67: 31 : 19. Haltere vellow. stem darker.

Abdomen broad, black, tergites dusted brown except for grey posterior margin, posterior margin of tergites 3 and 4 (Fig. 532) strongly concave, lateral corners extended posteriorly. Epandrium (Figs 537, 539) brown, with many setulae, cerci broadly rounded apically. Surstylus (Fig. 540) long, triangular at apex. Hypandrium (Fig. 538) open, postgonites extended beyond base of aedeagus.

Female Resembles male but abdomen ends in slender brown cercus with pale setulae.


J. W. Ismay -

Figs 490, 493. Epandrium, apical view: 490, T. scutellata; 493, T. monosticha. Figs 491, 494. Surstylus, inner view: 491, T. scutellata; 494, T. monosticha. Figs 492, 496. Hypandrium, ventral view: 492, T. scutellata; 496, T. monosticha. Figs 495, 497, 498. Epandrium, lateral view: 495, T. scutellata; 497, T. monosticha; 498, T. uniseta. Scale lines: 0 .1 mm.

Remarks This species has a scutellum and uniserial scutal grooves similar to those of T. scutellata

but is probably not closely related; the heavily dusted pleura, produced gena and reduced setae are different to the T. scutellata group.

Tricimba excavata, sp. nov. (Figs 449, 450, 484, 487, 533, 535, 536)

Material Examined Holotype. 0 , Australia, N.S.W., Clyde Mtn, Cabbage Tree Ck, 4.xi.1975, D. H. Colless, ANIC.

Other material. New South Wales: 19, same data as holotype but l.ii.1973, ANIC; 1 Q, 38 mi Glen Innes to Grafton, at light, 20.iv.1970, DHC, ANIC; 19, Merimbula, 12.iii.1977, ZL, ANIC; l ~ , 6 km W. of Coramba, 26.vi.1976, ZL, ANIC.


Male Differs from T. longigena as follows.

Head (Figs 484, 487) broader than long or deep (32:25:25). Frons about as long as broad (19: 18), lateral margins almost parallel, black, brown on extreme anterior margin, dusted brown. Posterior margin of ocellar triangle occupying less than posterior margin of frons. Setae as in T. longigena but outer vertical seta slightly larger and 3 posterior orbital setae slightly larger than remainder and more widely spaced. Face less strongly concave in vertical plane. Gena about 1.5 x breadth of anterior tibia, anterior angle much less produced than in T. longigena, extending beyond level of anterior margin of eye but not to level of first flagellomere. Palpus slightly curved.

Scutum slightly broader than long (30:28). Prescutellar dorsocentral and supra-alar setae equal and as large as anterior notopleural seta. Proepisternum brown. Scutellum (Figs 449, 450) broader than long (27: 17), quadrate but posterior margin deeply concave,

Figs 499, 502, 507. Epandrium, apical view: 499, T. uniseta; 502, T. pilioculata; 507, T. similata. Figs 500, 503, 506. Surstylus, inner view: 500, T. uniseta; 503, T. pilioculata; 506, T. similata. Figs 501, 505. Hypandrium, ventral view: 501, T. uniseta; 505, T. pilioculata. Fig. 504. Epandrium, lateral view, T. pilioculata. Scale lines: 0.1 mm.

lateral margins parallel and nearly straight, disc short and flat, with slightly enlarged black setulae except at base, more brown and less shining than scutum. Apical scutellar setae widely separated on tips of lateral processes, black, stout, less than f length of scutellum. Subapical setae smaller than apical, on lateral margins close to apical setae, setulae adjacent to subapical setae larger. Subscutellum long, dusted. Postnotum dusted.

Costal ratios 68 : 72 : 42 : 23. Abdomen as in T. longigena, tergites 3 and 4 concave posteriorly (Fig. 533). Epandrium

(Fig. 535) with narrow widely spaced cerci, apex truncate. Hypandrium (Fig. 536) open, postgonites projecting as in T. longigena.


Remarks The further material listed above differs from the holotype in that the gena is produced

almost to the extent of that of T. longigena and is yellow, while the frons, pleura and legs are also paler. It is probable that they are the female of T. excavata, but further material and preferably mated pairs are needed to confirm the association. The species is here recorded from the single male. It should be noted that the much less produced vibrissal angle may not be a reliable character for the separation of T. longigena and T. excavata, though there is no evidence that the type of the latter is damaged. T. excavata resembles T. longigena in the deeply concave posterior margin of the scutellum and smaller thoracic setae, particularly the prescutellar dorsocentral and supra-alar setae.

Tricimba exsinuata, sp. nov. (Figs 455, 456, 488, 489, 534, 541, 542, 543)

Material Examined Holotype, cr, Australia, N.S.W., 3.3 km E. of Bodalla (swamp), 20.vii.1973, Z. Liepa, ANIC.

Paratypes. New South Wales: 19 , Bellbird Ck, 4 . 8 km N. of Eden, 3.viii.1978, ZL, ANIC; 20, Clyde Mtn, Cabbage Tree Ck, 4.xi.1975, DHC, ANIC; 2 0 , Durras L., 22.ii.1975, DHC, ANIC; l p , same data but RL, ANIC; 10 , 76 km NE. of Singleton, 28.vi.1976, ZL, ANIC.

Male Differs from T. longigena as follows.

Head (Figs 488, 489) broader than deep, deeper than long (27:21: 19). Frons slightly longer than broad (16: 14), brown dusted. Posterior orbital setae slightly larger and more widely separated than anterior setae. Gena little broader than anterior tibia, with small setulae slightly longer at anterior and posterior angles.

Scutum about as long as broad (26:27). Notopleural setae smaller than in T. longigena, prescutellar dorsocentral and supra-alar setae very small, little larger than postpronotal seta. Scutellum (Figs 455, 456) broader than long (22: 16), lateral margins convergent posteriorly, more so than in T. longigena, posterior margin nearly straight. Apical scutellar seta on small tubercle, less than a length of scutellum, subapical seta scarcely longer than setulae.

Costal ratios 58 : 70 : 37 : 21. Abdomen brown, shining through light uniform dusting, posterior margins of tergites

not grey dusted and only very slightly, uniformly and gently concave (Fig. 534), not extended posteriorly on lateral corners. Epandrium (Figs 541, 543) brown, cerci strongly divergent, division broad but shallow. Hypandrium (Fig. 542) open, lateral arms curved.

Female As male but abdomen ending in brown cercus with pale setulae.



Remarks This species is evidently closely related to T. longigena and T. excavata in the shape of

the postgena and reduced setae, but has straight posterior margins to tergites 3 and 4 and more reduced head and thoracic setae.

Tricimba calcarula species-group Diagnosis

Orbital setae small; face with carina extending to ventral margin of first flagellomere; vibrissal angle obtuse; eye bare. 1 + 2 notopleural setae developed; scutellum short, rounded. Legs with femoral comb not developed, posterior tibia with small apical ventral spur in one species, absent in others. Male genitalia with open hypandrium.

Figs 508, 510, 513, 516. Hypandrium, ventral view: 508, T. similata; 510, T. exvittata; 513, T. fusciseta; 516, T. nitens. Figs 509, 514. Epandrium, lateral view: 509, T. similata; 514, T. exvittata. Figs 511, 515. Epandrium, apical view: 511, T. exvittata; 515, T. fusciseta. Fig. 512. Surstylus, inner view, T. exvittata. Scale lines: 0.1 mm.

Tricimba calcarula, sp. nov. (Figs 548, 551, 552, 560, 561)

Material Examined

Holotype. Q , Australia, Tas., nr Russell Falls, Mt Field Natl Pk, 13.i.1960, D. K. McAlpine, AM.


long as broad (19: 19), disc slightly concave, lateral margins nearly parallel, anterior margin slightly produced anterior to level of anterior margin of eye, dark yellow, brown on posterior $, dusted yellow-brown without shine. Setae and setulae yellow. Ocellar tubercle raised above level of remainder of frons, dusted grey. Ocellar triangle probably represented by smooth more shining areas lateral to posterior ocelli and anterior to anterior ocellus, a narrow grey-dusted stripe extending less than f distance from anterior ocellus to anterior margin of frons. Surface of frons with numerous pale yellow setulae on slightly roughened bases. Ocellar setae upright, slightly convergent, shorter than postocellar setae and separation of posterior ocelli. Postocellar setae upright, slightly convergent, as long as separation of posterior ocelli. Outer vertical seta little longer than postocellar. About 11 minute reclinate orbital setae developed. Antenna dark yellow, first flagellomere deeper than long, broad, arista brown, slightly shorter than eye, with minute pubescence. Face yellow, dusted, deeply concave, facial carina well developed. Eye deeper than long, long axis oblique, with very short scattered microtrichia particularly on ventral $. Gena as broad as anterior tibia, yellow, darker on ventral margin which has several longer setulae at posterior corner and 1 shorter at produced vibrissal angle. Postgena black, dusted, narrower than gena on ventral part. Palpus dark yellow, curved, proboscis brown, with pale setulae. Occiput black, dusted, almost flat.

Scutum little longer than broad (39:37), black, slightly shining through grey dust, browner lateral to intermediate groove and more heavily palely dusted on lateral and posterior margins of scutum. Scutal grooves deeply incised, central groove uniserial anteriorly, becoming irregularly biserial and $ length of scutum, ending anterior to level of prescutellar dorsocentral seta. Intermediate groove biserial posterior to posterior margin of postpronotal lobe becoming multiserial dorsal to wing base and ending nearer to level of prescutellar dorsocentral seta than central groove, parallel to central groove. Lateral groove represented by broad patch of stronger based setulae dorsal to wing base and a less well defined patch dorsal to notopleuron. Postpronotal lobe with brown anterior margin, seta poorly developed, little longer than setulae. Notopleuron with 1 + 2 setae, anterior duplicated on left side (probably an abberation), posterior seta longer than anterior. Supra- alar and prescutellar dorsocentral setae developed, also a small intra-alar, all smaller than posterior notopleural. Pleura dark brown, black on centres of sclerites, shining, anepisternum dusted except narrowly on ventral and anterior margins, anepimeron dusted except on broad ventral margin, katatergite dusted, katepisternum dusted except on ventral f and with fine setulae on dorsal margin. Scutellum (Figs 551, 552) slightly broader than long (16: 13), black, rounded in outline, disc flat and covered with small pale setulae on slightly roughened bases. Two pairs of broadened pale brown marginal setae nearly equally spaced on posterior 1 of scutellum, apical pair slightly closer together than their separation from subapical pair, on small but distinct tubercles, apical seta less than f length of scutellum, subapical setae slightly shorter, set ventral to level of disc of scutellum. Dorsal surface of scutellum brown dusted, ventral surface grey dusted. Subscutellum well developed, black, dusted. Postnotum short, black, shining.

Legs dark brown; trochanters, ends of femora and tibiae and whole tarsi dark yellow. Posterior tibia1 organ long, narrow, pale, posterior tibia (Fig. 548) with dark yellow apical ventral seta shorter than breadth of tibia. Wing membrane tinted brown, veins brown, cell r, much narrower than r2+3 at level of tip of rl, r 4 + ~ and ml gently divergent, cell br very broad, cell bm + dm narrower, dm-cu curved, vein forming posterior margin of cell bm + dm with slight flexure. Costal ratios 44: 45 : 25 : 13. Haltere yellow.

Revision of Tricimba and Aprornetopis 465

Abdomen black, lightly shining through thin dusting, ovipositor yellow, cerci retracted or lost.


Male Unknown.

Remarks This species is easily distinguished by the short tibia1 spur on the posterior tibia and the

arrangement of the setae on the scutellum.

Figs 517, 521, 523, 524. Epandrium, apical view: 517, T. nitens: 521, T. nitidissima; 523, T. tuberoscula; 524, T. lata. Figs 518, 520, 522. Surstylus, inner view: 518, T. nitens; 520, T. tuberoscula; 522, T. nitidissirna. Figs 519, 525. Hypandrium, ventral view: 519, T. tuberoscula; 525, T. nitidissima. Scale lines: 0.1 mm.

J . W. Isrnay

Tricimba planiscutellata, sp. nov. (Figs 553, 554, 563, 564)

Material Examined

Holotype. Q , Australia, Tas., Mt Barrow, 3000 ft (1000 rn), 25.i.1960, D. K. McAlpine, AM.

Female Head (Figs 563, 564) broader than deep, deeper than long (38: 29: 27). Frons slightly

longer than broad (21 : 18), brown, black on posterior margin, yellow on anterior ), yellow- brown dusted except for grey dusting along posterior and lateral margins and ocellar tubercle and triangle, lateral margins parallel, anterior margin slightly produced anterior to anterior margin of eye. Ocellar tubercle scarcely raised above level of remainder of frons. Ocellar triangle apparently little broader than ocellar tubercle and main part extending anteriorly for about 5 distance from anterior ocellus to anterior margin of frons, tubercle and triangle more lightly dusted than frons, slightly shining, dusting grey. Setae and setulae mostly yellow. Ocellar setae upright, parallel, as long as separation of posterior ocelli. Postocellar setae upright, parallel, longer than ocellar setae. Outer vertical seta slightly longer than postocellar seta, inner vertical a small seta well separated from outer vertical. About 6 orbital setae developed, longer and more widely spaced posteriorly. Surface of frons with large setulae on slightly enlarged bases. Antenna dark yellow, first flagellomere slightly darkened apically, as long as deep, broad, rounded. Arista brown, little longer than remainder of antenna, with minute pubescence. Face deeply concave, yellow, dusted, broader than deep, facial carina developed on most of face. Eye deeper than long, long axis slightly oblique, with minute scattered microtrichia. Gena broader than anterior tibia, yellow, dusted, with pale setulae, longer at posterior corner and rounded vibrissal angle. Postgena black, broader than gena on ventral corner, dusted. Palpus yellow, broad, proboscis brown, with pale setulae. Occiput black, darker dusted than postgena, slightly concave.

Scutum about as broad as long (38:37), black, lightly shining through thin brown dusting on disc, lateral and posterior margins of scutum with stronger more grey dusting. Scutal grooves lightly impressed, central groove uniserial on anterior i, becoming irregularly multiserial, ending little posterior to level of prescutellar dorsocentral seta. Intermediate groove uniserial only at level of notopleuron, multiserial anterior to notopleuron and slightly divergent from central groove, irregularly multiserial posterior to notopleuron, slightly divergent from central groove and becoming very broad and diffuse on posterior to posterior to level of prescutellar dorsocentral seta. Scutum with numerous dark setulae multiserial between central and intermediate grooves. Postpronotal lobe dark brown, lightly grey dusted, with 2 longer setae, ventral seta yellow, dorsal seta smaller, black. 1 + 2 notopleural setae equal in size, yellow, slightly larger than ventral postpronotal seta. Posterior margin of notopleuron dorsal to wing base with shining depressed spot. Supra-alar and dorsocentral setae smaller than notopleural setae, intra-alar seta smaller than these. Pleura brown, centres of tergites darker, shining, dusted on anepisternum except for narrow anterior and ventral margins, anepimeron except for broad ventral margin and ventral part of katepisternum and katatergite, dorsal margin of katepisternum with pale setulae. Scutellum (Figs 553, 554) broader than long (17: 13), rounded, disc flat, dusted on disc of scutum, with numerous dark brown setulae over disc, stronger than setulae on scutum. Apical scutellar setae yellow, on small tubercles, at apex of scutellum but well separated by distance equal to separation of posterior ocelli. Two much smaller, subapical pairs of setae developed, black, closer to apical scutellar setae than their separation, all mounted at same level as disc of scutellum. Subscutellum developed, grey dusted. Postnotum short, shining black.

Legs yellow, broadly darkened on centres of femora and more lightly on tibiae. Posterior tibia1 organ narrowly developed. Wing membrane tinted brown, veins pale brown, r2+3 long, concave posteriorly, rzt3 and r4+5 not divergent, r4+5 and m, very slightly divergent at tip, cell br broad, vein forming posterior margin of cell bm+dm with slight flexure. Costal ratios 38:38: 16:l l . Haltere yellow, stem darker.


Abdomen brown, paler at base of tergite 1 + 2, shining through light brown dust, setulae brown, slender, cercus yellow with pale setulae.


Male Unknown.

Remarks This species is included in the T. calcarula group but may not be closely related. In

habitus it is similar to T. calcarula, but it has a very different scutellum and the second postpronotal seta is an unusual feature in this genus. The relationships may become clearer when males are available for study.

Figs 526, 529. Epandrium, apical view: 526, T. biseta; 529, T. tasmanensis. Fig. 527. Surstylus, inner view, T. biseta. Figs 528, 530. Hypandrium, ventral view: 528, T. biseta; 530, T. tasmanensis. Fig. 531. Epandrium, lateral view, T. biseta. Figs 532, 533, 534. Abdominal tergites 3-5, dorsal view: 532, T. longigena; 533, T. excavata; 534, T. exsinuata. Scale lines: 0.1 mm.

Tricimba katepisternalis, sp. nov. (Figs 547, 549, 557, 558, 567, 568)

Material Examined

Holotype, Q, Australia, S.A., Murray Bridge, Lea (undated), SAM.

Female Head (Figs 567, 568) broader than deep, deeper than long (34: 25 : 24). Frons slightly

longer than broad (19: 17), lateral margins nearly parallel, anterior margin strongly convex, produced anterior to level of anterior margin of eye, brown, paler on apical part anterior to anterior margin of eye, flat on disc, lateral margins sloping ventrally, dusted yellow- brown on disc, lateral and posterior margins more grey dusted, setulae short, sparse but stout, on roughened bases. Setae and setulae pale yellow, stout. Ocellar tubercle slightly raised above level of remainder of frons, black, rugose and grey dusted but with slight shine. Ocellar triangle little broader than tubercle, posterior margin occupying about posterior margin of frons, main part extending about distance from anterior ocellus to anterior margin of frons, continued as pale line nearly to anterior margin of frons, lateral margins nearly straight, greyer dusted than frons. Ocellar setae small, shorter than separation of posterior ocelli, upright. Postocellar setae about equal to separation of posterior ocelli, reclinate, slightly convergent. Outer vertical seta longer than postocellar seta, inner vertical no larger than setulae. About 6 reclinate orbital setae developed, becoming larger posteriorly. Antenna dark yellow, first flagellomere darkened apically and dorsally, with minute pubescence. Arista shorter than eye, brown, paler basally, pubescence short. Face yellow, dusted, facial carina strongly developed, knife-like, extending to ventral margin of first flagellomere. Eye deeper than long, long axis nearly vertical, bare. Gena as broad as anterior femur, yellow, dusted, with more than uniserial pale setulae on ventral margin. Postgena brown, dusted, as broad as gena ventrally. Palpus yellow, proboscis brown, with pale setulae. Occiput concave, black, lightly shining through thin dust.

Scutum about as long as broad (33 :34), black, slightly shining through grey dusting. Scutal grooves lightly impressed, central groove uniserial anteriorly, becoming multiserial at level of wingbase and ending indistinctly at level of prescutellar dorsocentral seta. Inter- mediate groove parallel to central, diverging slightly anteriorly, uniserial anteriorly, multiserial for most of its length and widening posteriorly, ending indistinctly slightly posterior to central groove. Setulae between central and intermediate grooves multiserial. Postpronotal lobe brown, dusted as scutum, with 1 longer seta slightly shorter than postocellar seta. Notopleuron with 1 + 2 setae, slightly larger than outer vertical seta. Prescutellar dorsocentral seta slightly shorter than notopleural seta. Pleura brown, sclerites except proepisternum darkened, shining, anepisternum dusted except anterior and ventral margins, anepimeron dusted except broader ventral margin, katatergite dusted, katepisternum (Fig. 547) dusted except anterior and posterior margins, meron dusted posteriorly. Scutellum (Figs 557, 558) rounded, about as long as broad (12: 14), brown, disc flat with slightly angled margins, slightly more brown dusted than scutum, with numerous small stout setulae nearly to basal margin. Apical scutellar setae (1 missing) small, less than $ length of scutellum, convergent,

1 separated by less than separation of posterior ocelli, a smaller subapical seta, z length of apical, directed inwards, close to level of disc of scutellum, anterior to these some setulae on lateral margin. Ventral surface of scutellum light brown. Subscutellum slightly developed, dusted. Postnotum shining black.

Legs yellow, femora and tibiae darker yellow centrally, posterior tibia1 organ developed. Wing membrane slightly yellow tinted, veins dark yellow, r2+3 long, cell r l narrower than cell r2+3 at level of tip of r l , r,+, curved slightly to costa apically and slightly divergent apically from nearly straight ml, cell br (Fig. 549) broad, vein forming posterior margin of cell bm + dm with slight flexure at little more than 4 length. Costal ratios 38: 39: 19: 13. Haltere yellow.

Abdomen brown, paler at base, slightly shining through thin dusting, cercus brown with short setulae.



Male Unknown.

Remarks This species appears to be most closely related to T. planiscutellata, from which it

differs in having shorter orbital setae, grey-dusted scutum, yellow legs and dusted central katepisternum.

Figs 535, 539, 541. Epandrium, apical view: 535, T. excavata; 539, T. longigena; 541, T. exsinuata. Figs 536, 538, 542. Hypandrium, ventral view: 536, T. excavata; 538, T. longigena; 542, T. exsinuata. Figs 537, 543. Epandrium, lateral view: 537, T. longigena; 543, T. exsinuata. Fig. 540. Surstylus, inner view, T. longigena. Scale lines: 0.1 mm.

Tricimba carinata Malloch

Tricirnba carinata Malloch, 1924: 356.

J. W. Ismay

Type Specimen Holotype. Q , Australia, N.S.W., Como, flower sweepings, Dec. 1923, HP, AM.

The female holotype is in the Australian Muceum, Sydney, and is in fair condition. Most of the specimen is intact, the middle left leg and the arista being lost, but the head and part of the thorax are greased and most longer setae are missing. Malloch's original description is brief and until further material is available the species cannot be properly characterised. It probably had 1 + 2 notopleural setae (only 1 posterior now remaining), the facial carina is well developed, the scutellum is flat with short marginal setae, placing the species in the T. calcarula group. It is closest to T. katepisternalis, having an almost identical pattern of pleural dusting and the posterior part of the scutum and disc of scutellum almost completely covered in setulae. The following is a short diagnosis of the differences.

Head broader than deep and deeper than long (31 : 25: 20). Frons slightly longer than broad (18 : 16), dusting pattern obscured by greasing. Eye with few minute scattered microtrichia, not 'hairy' as described by Malloch. Head and thoracic setae pale yellow.

Scutum about as long as broad (30: 31). Scutellum about as long as broad (11: 12), apical scutellar setae about $ length of scutellum, shorter than in T. katepisternalis.

Costal ratios 35 : 39: 17 : 11. Wing and cell br very narrow. Abdomen black.

Tricimba aliciae, sp. nov. (Figs 544, 545, 546, 555, 556, 565, 566, 571, 572, 573, 574)

Material Examined

Holotype. u , Australia, S.A., 5 km E. Kingston (Kingston-Lurindale Rd), Melaleuca flowers, 17.x.1986, J. W. Ismay, ANIC.

Paratypes. South Australia: 1 3 u , same data as holotype, ANIC, AM, USNM, BMNH.

Male Head (Figs 565, 566) broader than deep, deeper than long (37 : 28 : 24). Frons about as

long as broad (20: 19), black, slightly brown on anterior margin, lateral margins slightly divergent anteriorly, anterior margin convex, slightly produced anterior to anterior margin of eye, disc slightly concave, dusted grey-brown, grey on lateral and posterior margins and ocellar tubercle and triangle. Setae and setulae golden yellow, stout. Ocellar tubercle slightly raised above level of remainder of frons. Ocellar triangle occupying f posterior margin of frons, lateral margins slightly concave, extending distance from anterior ocellus to anterior margin of frons, both ocellar tubercle and triangle lightly shining through thin dust. Ocellar setae reclinate and slightly convergent, longer than separation of posterior ocelli. Postocellar setae longer than ocellar, slightly convergent. Outer vertical seta equal to postocellar, inner vertical smaller than largest orbital. About 7 orbital setae developed, smaller anteriorly, posterior orbital setae twice length of frons setulae. Frons setulae strong and numerous, a longer row outside lateral margin of ocellar triangle. Antenna yellow, first flagellomere darkened apically and dorsally, deeper than long, broad, with minute pubescence. Arista shorter than eye, brown, pubescence shorter than basal diameter of arista. Face concave, brown, black laterally, facial carina strongly developed to level of ventral margin of first flagellomere. Eye deeper than long, long axis nearly vertical, with minute scattered microtrichia. Gena almost as broad as anterior femur, dusted, brown, darker on ventral margin, with more than uniserial setulae on ventral margin, seta on slightly produced anterior angle not enlarged, those on posterior angle larger than remainder. Postgena black, dusted, broader than gena ventrally. Palpus yellow, slightly curved, proboscis shining brown, both with pale setulae. Occiput nearly flat, black, dusted.


Scutum about as long as broad (37 : 36), black, slightly shining through grey dust, brown on grooves. Grooves lightly impressed, central groove uniserial, ending indistinctly anterior to level of prescutellar dorsocentral seta, intermediate groove parallel to central, uniserial anteriorly, becoming multiserial at level of transverse suture, ending indistinctly anterior to level of prescutellar dorsocentral seta. Lateral groove represented by several rows of setulae with roughened bases dorsal to wing base. Setulae on scutum dense, multiserial between grooves and extending posteriorly almost to suture with scutellum. Postpronotal lobe dusted as scutum, with 1 longer seta. Notopleural setae (Fig. 545) 1 +2, almost equal in size, larger than postpronotal seta. Prescutellar dorsocentral and supra-alar setae about equal in size and slightly larger than postpronotal seta. Pleura black, shining, anepisternum dusted, broadly shining on anterior and ventral margins, anepimeron dusted on dorsal i, katatergite dusted, katepisternum (Fig. 546) dusted on ventral and some scattered dusting

Fig. 544. Wing, T. aliciae. Fig. 545. Notopleuron, lateral view, T. aliciae. Figs 546, 547. Katepisternum, lateral view, stipple dusting, black shining: 546, T. aliciae; 547, T. katepisternalis. Fig. 548. Posterior tibia, lateral view, T. calcarula. Figs 549, 550. Wing cell br: 549, T. katepisternalis; 550, T. simplex. Figs 551, 553. Scutellum, dorsal view: 551, T. calcarula; 553, T. planiscutellata. Fig. 552. Scutellum, lateral view, T. calcarula. Scale lines: 0.1 mm.

more dorsally on anterior part, with strong setulae on dorsal margin, meron without dusting. Scutellum (Figs 555, 556) slightly broader than long (14: l l ) , black, dusted as scutum but surface more rugose, disc flat, margins rounded, setulae numerous and extending almost to base. Apical scutellar setae small, little more than length of scutellum, convergent and separated by about their length, 2 slightly smaller subapical pairs developed, all set scarcely below level of disc of scutellum. Subscutellum developed, dusted. Postnotum shining black.

Legs yellow, femora darkened centrally, tibia with central i or more darkened, posterior tibia organ well developed. Wing (Fig. 544) membrane faintly brown tinted, veins brown, r2+3 long, cell rl much narrower than cell r2+3 at level of tip of rl, r2+3 and r4+5 curved to costa only near tip, ml nearly straight, cell br slightly broadened, vein forming posterior margin of cell bm+dm with slight flexure at little more than length. Costal ratios 37 : 33 : 19: 12. Haltere white, stem yellow.

Abdomen brown, paler at base and centre of tergites 1 +2, with pale setulae, longer laterally on tergites 3-5. Epandrium (Figs 571, 572) yellow-brown, dusted, little broader than long, with few setulae, cerci discrete, triangular and low in profile, inner parts elongate, narrow and curved. Surstylus (Fig. 573) longer than broad, narrowed apically. Hypandrium (Fig. 574) open, ventral margin broad, lateral arms straight.


Female Unknown.

Remarks The species is similar to T. planiscutellata and T. katepisternalis in the scutellum, but

differs in details of the pleural dusting and head setae. It is named in honour of Dr Alice Wells of Darwin.

Tricimba simplex, sp. nov. (Figs 550, 559, 562, 569, 570)

Material Examined

Holotype. Q , Australia, N.S.W., Otford, 26.i.1959, D. K. McAlpine, AM.

Paratype. New South Wales: 19, same data as holotype, AM.


long as broad (14: 13), lateral margins slightly convergent anteriorly, anterior margin slightly produced anterior to anterior margin of eye, black, dark yellow on anterior f, dusted yellow- brown, greyer on posterior and lateral margins and ocellar triangle, with scattered pale setulae, sparse. Head and thoracic setae and setulae pale. Ocellar tubercle scarcely raised above level of remainder of frons. Ocellar triangle represented by area of lighter greyish dusting around ocellar tubercle and extending little distance down frons. Ocellar setae small, about equal to separation of posterior ocelli, slightly convergent. Postocellar setae larger than ocellars, nearly parallel. Outer vertical seta largest, inner vertical smaller than ocellar. About 5 reclinate orbital setae developed, long. Antenna yellow, first flagellomere slightly dark at apex, deeper than long. Arista brown with minute pubescence, shorter than eye. Face yellow, dusted, deeply concave, facial carina well developed to ventral margin of first flagellomere. Eye little deeper than long, long axis slightly oblique, with scattered sparse microtrichia. Gena as broad as anterior tibia, yellow, darker on ventral margin, with yellow setulae, several longer at posterior corner and 1 on rounded vibrissal angle, yellow dusted. Postgena black, dusted, broader than gena ventrally. Palpus yellow, strongly curved, proboscis brown, both with pale setulae. Occiput black, dusted, slightly concave.

Scutum as long as broad (25:25), black, slightly shining through thin grey dusting, browner lateral to intermediate groove. Scutal grooves lightly impressed, central groove uniserial for anterior i, becoming irregularly biserial posteriorly, ending at level of pre-


scutellar dorsocentral seta. Intermediate groove approaching central slightly at level of notopleuron, otherwise parallel, uniserial on anterior $, becoming biserial and then multiserial, ending broadly at same level as central groove. Scutum with fine, small, pale setulae, irregularly multiserial between central and intermediate grooves but absent posterior to wing base, bases not roughened. Lateral groove scarcely developed, setulae above wing base forming slightly rougher area, browner than disc of scutum. Postpronotal lobe more grey dusted than disc of scutum, with 1 seta. Notopleuron with 1 + 2 setae, longer than postpronotal seta and separation of posterior ocelli. Supra-alar and prescutellar dorsocentral seta about as strongly developed as postpronotal seta, intra-alar smaller, little larger than setulae. Pleura black, shining, anepisternum dusted except on narrow anterior and ventral margins, anepimeron dusted except for broad ventral margin, katatergite dusted, katepisternum dusted except for anterior and posterior margins, more lightly so than anepisternum and anepimeron, katepisternum with small setulae along dorsal margin. Scutellum (Figs 559, 562) broader than long (23: 16), rounded, disc flat, more brown dusted than scutum, with

Figs 554, 556, 558, 562. Scutellum, lateral view: 554, T. planiscutellata; 556, T. aliciae; 558, T. katepisternalis; 562, T. simplex. Figs 555, 557, 559. Scutellurn, dorsal view: 555, T. aliciae; 557, To katepisternalis; 559, T. simplex. Figs 560, 563, 565. Head, lateral view: 560, T. calcarula; 563, T. planiscutellata; 565, T. aliciae. Figs 561, 564. Head, dorsal view: 561, T. calcarula; 564, T. planiscutellata. Scale lines: 0.1 mm.

numerous setulae on enlarged bases, stronger and sparser than setulae on scutum, over whole disc except extreme basal margin. Apical scutellar setae little more than b length of disc, convergent, on small tubercles, separated by separation of posterior ocelli, smaller subapical setae closer to apical setae than separation of apical setae. Subscutellum developed, dusted. Postnotum short, shining.

Legs yellow, coxae slightly darker, posterior tibia1 organ strongly developed, yellow. Wing membrane slightly yellow tinted, veins dark yellow, r2+3 long, cell rl much narrower than cell r2+3 at level of tip of r l , r 4 + ~ curved to costa and divergent from ml on distal of last sector, cell br (Fig. 550) about as broad as cell bm + dm, dm-cu curved, vein forming posterior margin of cell bm +dm almost without flexure. Costal ratios 48 : 48 : 27 : 20. Haltere yellow, stem darker.

Abdomen brown, paler at base of tergite 1 + 2, lightly shining through thin brown dust, with fine dark setulae. Cercus yellow with pale setulae.


Male Unknown.

Remarks The species is similar to the preceding four, but differs in the narrower gena and much

sparser scutal setulae.

Tricimba convexa species-group Diagnosis

Orbital setae small; face with carina not extending to level of ventral margin of first flagellomere, vibrissal angle obtuse or slightly acute, rounded; eye with sparse microtrichia to bare. Scutum and scutellum with long, slender setulae; 1 + 2 notopleural setae developed; scutellum rounded, apical marginal setae long, slender. Legs with femoral comb not developed, posterior tibia without strong apical ventral spur. Male genitalia with open hypandrium.

Remarks The species included here have the ocellar triangle thinly dusted or shining. They have

1 + 2 notopleural setae, but the dorsal posterior notopleural seta is smaller than the ventral seta and lies close to the surface of the notopleuron, so a casual examination may indicate that there are 1 + 1 setae.

Tricimba convexa Malloch (Figs 575, 577, 578, 581, 582, 590, 591, 599, 600, 602, 603)

Tricimba convexa Malloch, 1927: 444. Tricimba steatodae Hickman, 1971: 29, syn. nov.

Material Examined

Holotype (Q) of Tricimba convexa Malloch, Tas., King R., 4.ii.1923, A. Tonnoir, ANIC. [Type locality: Australia, Tas., King R.]

Holotype (Q) and allotype (0) of Tricimba steatodae Hickman, Tas., Fern Tree, 10.i. 1967, V. V. Hickman, ANIC. [Type locality: Australia, Tas., Fern Tree.]

Other material examined. 380 389 (all material from Australia). Australian Captial Territory: Gibralter Ck, 6.i.1974, ZL, ANIC. New South Wales: Brown Mt, nr Bega, 27.ii.1974, ZL, ANIC; Clyde Mt, 22.ii.1965, DHC, ANIC; Below Govett's Leap, Blue Mts, 19.ix.1957, DKMcA, AM; Kurrajong, 8.x.1960, DKMcA, AM; 3 mi S. of Monga, 8.v.1968, DHC and ZL, ANIC, BMNH; same data but 4 mi S. of Monga, ANIC, USNM; Natl Pk, 10.ix.1957, DKMcA, AM; Orford, 12.x.1957, DKMcA, AM; Pt Lookout nr Ebor, 5000 ft (1667 m), 31.iii.1960, DKMcA, AM; Rutherford Ck, Brown Mts, 15.iii.1961, DHC, ANIC; Wentworth Falls, Blue Mts, 31.i.1959, DKMcA,


AM; same data but 20.xi.1959, AM; same data but 22.i.1963, AM; Mt Wilson, 5.x.1957, DKMcA, AM; same data but 29.iii.1958, AM; same data but 17.iii.1961; same data but 23.ix.1961, AM; Wright's Lookout, New England Natl Pk, 31.iii.1961, DKMcA, AM. Tasmania: Mt Barrow Rd, 890 m, 15-17.ii.1980, AN and MT, ANIC; Franklin R. crossing, Lyell Hwy, 16.i.1960, DKMcA, AM; N. side of Hartz Mts, 800 ft (267 m), 20.i.1960, DKMcA, AM; Junee Caves, nr Maydena, 13.i.1960, DKMcA, AM; Marakoopa Caves, nr Mole Ck, 10.i.1960, DKMcA, AM; L. St Clair, l4.i. 1960, DKMcA, AM; Mt Wellington, 12.ii. 1963, DHC, ANIC.

Male Head (Figs 590, 591) broader than deep, about as deep as long (27:20:20). Frons

slightly longer than broad (15: 13), black, anterior margin yellow, dusted brown, lateral margins slightly divergent anteriorly, anterior margin produced anterior to level of anterior margin of eye. Ocellar tubercle slightly raised above level of remainder of frons, ocellar triangle broad, occupying more than ) posterior margin of frons, lateral margins convex, main part extending less than 3 distance from anterior ocellus to anterior margin of frons, surface of ocellar tubercle and triangle lightly shining through thin dust. Head and thoracic setae and setulae pale yellow. Ocellar and postocellar setae upright, convergent, not longer than separation of posterior ocelli. Outer vertical seta longer than postocellar, inner vertical seta smaller than postocellar. About 7 curved, reclinate orbital setae developed. Antenna yellow, first flagellomere brown, yellow on ventral basal corner, longer than deep, large, with long setulae about twice as long as basal diameter of arista. Arista brown, shorter than eye, with short but distinct pubescence. Face yellow, dusted, slightly concave, without facial carina. Eye rounded, little deeper than long, long axis slightly oblique, with short, minute scattered microtrichia. Gena yellow, narrower than anterior tibia, setulae longer posteriorly, vibrissal angle not produced, rounded, with 1 longer seta shorter than those on posterior corner. Postgena black, dusted, broader than gena for ventral ). Palpus yellow, slender, proboscis brown, with pale setulae. Occiput slightly convex, black, dusted.

Scutum (Fig. 575) slightly longer than broad (28:25), black, dusted as ocellar triangle, more heavily on margins. Scutal grooves weakly impressed, central groove uniserial becoming indistinct posteriorly at level of wing base, intermediate groove becoming more than uniserial at i length and ending indistinctly at level of prescutellar dorsocentral seta, slightly divergent posterior to level of notopleuron, lateral groove scarcely developed. Postpronotal lobe dark brown, postpronotal seta not distinguishable. 1 + 2 notopleural setae (Fig. 577) developed and a smaller seta dorsal to posterior pair. Prescutellar dorsocentral seta larger than notopleural seta, supra-alar and intra-alar setae much smaller. Setulae not numerous but slender, bases not roughened, multiserial between central and intermediate grooves. Pleura black, shining, dusted on dorsal posterior corner of anepisternum, dorsal i of anepimeron (Fig. 578), katatergite and ventral corner of katepisternum. Dorsal margin of katepisternum with pale setulae. Scutellum (Figs 581, 582) elongate, about as long as broad (18:20), rounded, disc flat over a small central area, with few long setulae. Apical setae less than length of scutellum, slender, arising from minute tubercles, separated by slightly more than separation of posterior ocelli. Subapical setae less than )length of apical, convergent. Scutellum dusted as scutum but slightly more rugose. Subscutellum scarcely developed, dusted. Postnotum long, black, shining.

Legs long, yellow, vaguely darkened centrally on femora and tibiae, posterior tibia with well developed yellow tibia1 organ. Wing (Fig. 575) long, rz+, curved to costa on apical ;, r4+5 scarcely curved to costa, m, curved posteriorly, divergent from r 4 + ~ , cell br narrow basally, cell bm + dm narrow, posterior margin with flexure, dm-cu upright, slightly curved. Costal ratios 31 :37:33: 18. Haltere brownish-yellow with yellow stem.

Abdomen elongate, cylindrical, dull, brown, with pale setulae. Epandrium (Figs 599, 603) pale brown, dusted lightly, rounded, with sparse long setulae. Cerci discrete, slender, long, inner parts large and fused centrally. Surstylus (Fig. 600) long, curved, narrow. Hypandrium (Fig. 602) open, lateral arms straight, aedeagus rounded at base.

Female As male but first flagellomere with shorter pubescence and abdomen ending in pale

brown cercus with pale setulae.

Wing length 2 .2 mrn, head width 0.5 mm.

Remarks This species varies in the colour of the frons, which may be almost entirely black or

yellow on anterior i, the haltere may be strongly darkened or almost unicolorous with the yellow stem and the male epandrium may be yellow. Some specimens from Rutherford Creek, Brown Mts, have paler ground colour on the thorax and denser, yellow dusting on the margins of the scutum. There is also variation in the shape of the surstylus, which is more angulate at the tip in some specimens.

The holotype of Tricimba convexa Malloch in the ANIC is in good condition and agrees well with the above description, which was made from more recent specimens.

The holotype and allotype specimens of T. steatodae are in the ANIC and were examined. They were reared from larvae in egg sacs of Steatoda livens (Simon). Both specimens are faded from storage in alcohol and the apical scutellar setae of the holotype are lost. They have been identified as conspecific with T. convexa, so T. steatodae is a junior synonym of T. convexa.

Figs 566, 568, 570. Head, dorsal view: 566, T. aliciae; 568, T. katepisternalis; 570, T. simplex. Figs 567, 569. Head, lateral view: 567, T. katepisternalis; 569, T. simplex. Fig. 571. Epandrium, lateral view, T. aliciae. Fig. 572 Epandrium, apical view, T. aliciae. Fig. 573. Surstylus, inner view, T. aliciae. Fig. 574. Hypandrium, ventral view, T. aliciae. Scale lines: 0.1 mm.


Tricimba elongata, sp. nov. (Figs 579, 580, 583, 592, 595, 604, 605, 606, 607, 608)

Material Examined

Holotype. a, Australia, W.A., 9 mi N. of Walpole, 7.x.1970, D. H. Colless, ANIC.

Paratypes. Western Australia: 1 a, Channybearup, nr Pemberton, 5.x. 1970, DHC, ANIC; 1 9, Mt Chudalup, S. of Northcliffe, 6.x.1970, DHC, ANIC; 19, Nornalup Natl Pk, 8.x.1970, DHC, ANIC; 30, same data but 9.x.1970, ANIC; 29, 9 mi W. of Pemberton, 4.x.1970, DHC, ANIC; 19, Pimelia, nr Pemberton, 5.x.1970, DHC, ANIC; 20, 3 mi NE. of Pimelia nr Pemberton, 5.x. 1970, DHC, ANIC; 3 0 59, 6 mi N. of Walpole, 7.x.1970, DHC, ANIC, AM, BMNH.,

Male Head (Figs 592, 595) broader than deep, as deep as long (25: 19: 19). Frons slightly

longer than broad (14: 13), black, yellow on anterior :, lateral margins nearly parallel, anterior margin produced anterior to level of anterior margin of eye, dusted yellowish grey, scarcely shining, with scattered minute pale setulae. Ocellar tubercle slightly raised above level of remainder of frons, ocellar triangle broad, occupying about posterior margin of frons but indistinct posteriorly, lateral margins straight, apex acute, main part extending less than i distance from anterior ocellus to anterior margin of frons, surface of ocellar tubercle and triangle shining through thin dust, almost absent anterior to anterior ocellus and lateral to posterior ocelli. Setae and setulae pale. Ocellar setae small, convergent. Postocellar setae larger than ocellar, as long as separation of posterior ocelli, convergent, upright. Outer vertical seta longer than postocellar, inner vertical seta i length of outer. About 6 small, curved, reclinate orbital setae developed. Antenna yellow, darkened on apical f, first flagellomere about as long as deep, with distinct pubescence, arista brown, as long as eye, pubescence longer than basal diameter of arista. Face dark yellow, dusted, flat ventral to insertion of antennae, with a faint ridge on dorsal part. Eye deeper than long, long axis slightly oblique, bare. Gena slightly narrower than anterior tibia, yellow, dusted, setae on posterior and rounded anterior corners about equal in size. Postgena little broader than gena, black, paler ventrally, dusted. Palpus yellow, slender, proboscis darker yellow, both with pale setulae. Occiput flat in horizontal plane, convex in vertical plane, dusted.

Scutum longer than broad (25:23), black, disc slightly shining through thin dusting and with slight metallic reflections, postpronotal lobe, notopleuron, lateral and posterior margins of scutum more strongly grey dusted. Scutal grooves lightly incised but punctures strong, central groove uniserial, becoming irregular posteriorly, ending anterior to level of prescutellar dorsocentral seta. Intermediate groove diverging slightly from central groove posterior to transverse suture, uniserial anteriorly becoming irregularly multiserial posterior to level of posterior notopleural setae. Lateral groove not distinguished. Setulae on scutum sparse, small, uniserial anteriorly between central and intermediate grooves. Postpronotal seta poorly developed, curved. 1 + 2 notopleural setae developed, larger than postpronotal seta. Prescutellar dorsocentral seta slightly smaller than notopleural. Pleura black, shining, anepisternum lightly dusted on posterior dorsal corner, anepimeron (Fig. 579) dusted on dorsal margin, katatergite partly dusted, katepisternum with pale setulae on dorsal margin and almost entirely shining on ventral angle. Scutellum (Figs 580, 583) slightly broader than long (18: 15), rounded, disc slightly flattened but without angled margins, with few setulae, dusted apically as disc of scutum, base more grey dusted, surface slightly more rugose than scutum. Apical setae long, little shorter than scutellum, arising from bases that are not enlarged and separated by distance about equal to separation of posterior ocelli. Subapical setae less than f length of apical, apical and subapical setae on posterior margin of scutellum slightly ventral to level of disc of scutellum. Subscutellum scarcely developed, dusted. Postnotum shining black.

Legs yellow, femora and posterior tibia vaguely darkened centrally, posterior tibia1 organ present, very narrow, yellow. Wing elongate, slender, membrane tinted yellow, veins yellow- brown, r2+3 curved to costa on apical :, r4+5 slightly curved to costa near tip, m, strongly curved posteriorly on distal $ of last sector, strongly divergent from r4+5, cell br broad, vein forming posterior margin of cell bm+dm with flexure at $ length. Costal ratios 30: 31 : 33 : 18. Haltere clear yellow, long.

Abdomen black, lightly shining through thin dust, nearly cylindrical, with pale setulae. Epandrium (Figs 605, 607, 608) yellow-brown, broader than long, with numerous setulae. Cerci fused into large projecting ledge, inner parts fused. Surstylus (Fig. 606) large, triangular. Hypandrium (Fig. 604) open, lateral arms curved, ventral margin broad and rounded.


Wing length 2.0 rnm, head width 0.5 mm.

Remarks The species is distinguished from T. convexa by the more-shining scutum with metallic

reflections, shorter and less-pubescent first flagellomere, broader gena, scarcely dusted

Fig. 575. Head, thorax and wing, T. convexa. Fig. 576. Wing cell br, T. tenuis. Fig. 577. Notopleuron, lateral view, T. convexa. Figs 578, 579. Anepimeron, lateral view, stipple dusting, black shining: 578, T. convexa; 579, T. elongata. Figs 580, 581. Scutellum, dorsal view: 580, T. elongata; 581, T. convexa. Figs 582, 583. Scutellum, lateral view: 582, T. convexa; 583, T. elongata. Scale lines: 0.1 mm.


ventral angle to katepisternum, clear yellow haltere and narrow posterior tibial organ. The male genitalia with large fused cerci are quite different to those of T. convexa. There is slight variation in the type series in scutal dusting, some specimens being almost shining. This could be due to rubbing but the material is otherwise quite homogeneous.

Tricimba acuta, sp. nov. (Figs 584, 585, 593, 594)

Material Examined

Holotype. Q , Australia, N.S.W., Mt Kosciusko Chalet, Feb. 1945, E. F. Riek, ANIC,

Paratype. New South Wales: 1 Q , same data as holotype, ANIC.

Female Head (Figs 593, 594) broader than deep, deeper than long (32:25:23). Frons about as

broad as long (17: 18), dark brown, paler on anterior margin, lateral margins parallel, anterior margin slightly convex and scarcely produced anterior to anterior margin of eye, dusted yellow-brown, bases of sparse setulae scarcely roughened. Ocellar tubercle slightly raised above level of remainder of frons, ocellar triangle small, posterior margin occupying about i posterior margin of frons, lateral margin straight, apex slightly acute, main part extending f distance from anterior ocellus to anterior margin of frons, ocellar tubercle and triangle slightly shining through thin dust. Setae and setulae pale yellow. Ocellar setae small, reclinate, convergent. Postocellar setae larger than ocellar setae and slightly shorter than separation of posterior ocelli, slightly proclinate, convergent. Outer vertical seta larger than postocellar, inner vertical more than 1 length of outer. About 8 small, slightly curved, reclinate orbital setae developed. Antenna yellow, first flagellomere darker apically and dorsally, rounded, about as long as deep, with distinct short pubescence, arista brown, shorter than eye, pubescence shorter than basal diameter of arista. Face yellow, dusted, concave in vertical plane, facial carina a low ridge on dorsal part of face. Eye deeper than long, long axis slightly oblique, with minute scattered microtrichia. Gena beneath eye slightly broader than anterior tibia, broader at vibrissal angle, ventral margin nearly straight, vibrissal angle produced anterior to level of anterior margin of eye, ventral margin with more than uniserial setulae, setae at posterior and anterior angles about equal. Postgena broader than gena ventrally, dark brown, dusted. Palpus yellow, slender, bent at base, with dense pale setulae. Proboscis brown with pale setulae. Occiput black, dusted, strongly convex.

Scutum little longer than broad (38: 35), black, dusted as ocellar triangle. Scutal grooves lightly incised, central groove uniserial anteriorly, posterior portion obscured by pin, intermediate groove uniserial anteriorly, becoming multiserial posterior to level of wing base and diverging slightly from central groove to level of posterior notopleural setae. Lateral groove represented by some multiserial rough based setulae dorsal to wing base. Post- pronotal lobe dark brown with strong setulae, postpronotal seta little longer than setulae. 1 + 2 notopleural setae developed. Prescutellar dorsocentral setae smaller than notopleural setae. Setulae on scutum long and dense, multiserial between central and intermediate grooves. Pleura dark brown, centres of sclerites black, shining, anepisternum dusted on dorsal posterior corner, anepimeron dusted for little more than dorsal f, katatergite dusted, an extensive dusted patch on ventral angle of katepisternum and setulae on dorsal margin, meron dusted on posterior i. Scutellum (Figs 584, 585) about as long as broad (13: IS), black, rounded, disc flat but without angled margins, dusted as scutum but more rugose due to stronger bases of setulae, setulae strong over all disc. Apical scutellar setae about f length of scutellum, bases hardly enlarged, separation about equal to that of posterior ocelli, subapical setae much smaller than apical, a third marginal slightly developed, all below level of disc of scutellum on posterior margin. Subscutellum well developed, dusted. Postnotum short, black, shining.

Legs slender, yellow, vaguely darkened centrally on femora and tibiae, posterior tibial organ well developed, narrow, yellow. Wing membrane slightly yellow tinted, wing base yellow, veins dark yellow-brown, r2+3 scarcely curved to costa, cell r, about equal to cell

r2+3 at level of tip of r,, r4+, and ml nearly straight and subparallel apically, cell br narrower than tip of cell bm + dm, posterior margin of cell bm + dm slightly bent at about 2 5 length. Costal ratios 43 : 49: 36: 16. Haltere yellow.

Abdomen brown, flat on disc, paler at base of tergites 1 +2, with slender pale setulae, cercus pale yellow with pale setulae.


Male Unknown.

Figs 584, 586, 588. Scutellum, dorsal view: 584, T. acuta; 586, T. laevigata; 588, T. tenuis. Figs 585, 587, 589. Scutellum, lateral view: 585, T. acuta; 587, T. tenuis; 589, T, laevigata. Figs 590, 592, 594. Head, lateral view: 590, T. convexa; 592, T. elongata; 594, T. acuta. Figs 591, 593, 595. Head, dorsal view: 591, T. convexa; 593, T. acuta; 595, T. elongata. Scale lines: 0.1 mm.


Remarks

This species is distinguished from T. convexa by the more-produced, broader gena, shorter first flagellomere and pubescence of arista and the straighter more-parallel r4+5 and ml. It differs from T. elongata in the denser dusting of the scutum and broader gena.

Tricimba laevigata, sp . nov. (Figs 586, 589, 596, 597, 609, 610, 613)

Material Examined

Holotype. a , Australia, S.A., Kangaroo I., 28.xii.1973, C. P. Whittle, ANIC.

Male

Head (Figs 596, 597) broader than deep, longer than deep (23: 17: 15), broader than thorax (23: 18). Frons slightly longer than broad (13: l l ) , dark brown, yellow on anterior 1 a, lateral margins nearly parallel, anterior margin convex, produced anterior to level of anterior margin of eye, surface dulled but slightly shining. Ocellar tubercle slightly raised above level of remainder of frons. Ocellar triangle small, posterior margin occupying 5 posterior margin of frons, lateral margin convex, apex slightly acute, main part extending less than f distance from anterior ocellus to anterior margin of frons, both ocellar tubercle and triangle shining black. Setae and setulae dark yellow. Ocellar setae small, proclinate, convergent. Postocellar setae larger, shorter than separation of posterior ocelli, slightly proclinate, convergent. Outer vertical seta little longer than separation of posterior ocelli, inner vertical not distinguished. About 6 small, slightly curved orbital setae developed. Antenna yellow, first flagellomere darkened on dorsal margin, rounded, as deep as long, with distinct pubescence. Arista shorter than eye, brown, with distinct pubescence shorter than basal diameter of arista. Face dark yellow, not concave ventral to insertion of antennae, dusted, facial carina not developed. Eye deeper than long, long axis oblique, with short scattered microtrichia. Gena narrower than anterior tibia, yellow, dusted, setulae short, anterior corner right-angled but not extended beyond level of anterior margin of eye. Postgena black, dusted, slightly broader than gena at ventral corner. Palpus yellow, slender, slightly curved, proboscis darker yellow, both with pale setulae. Occiput flat, slightly convex in vertical plane, lightly dusted.

Scutum longer than broad (20: 18), shining black, scutal grooves lightly impressed but punctures strong. Central groove uniserial, ending anterior to prescutellar dorsocentral seta. Intermediate groove parallel to central groove, uniserial except for posterior part anterior to prescutellar dorsocentral seta, irregularly multiserial. Lateral groove not developed. Setulae on scutum sparse but long, uniserial between central and intermediate grooves on more than anterior f, irregular posteriorly. Postpronotal lobe shining black, postpronotal seta poorly developed. 1 + 2 notopleural setae developed, ventral posterior seta longer than outer vertical seta, dorsal considerably smaller, notopleuron shining black. Prescutellar dorsocentral seta equal to outer vertical seta in length. Pleura shining black, anepisternum with dorsal and posterior margins narrowly dusted, anepimeron dusted on dorsal katepisternum with setulae on dorsal margin, katatergite dusted. Scutellum (Figs 586, 589) shining but surface slightly rugose in contrast to smooth scutum, broader than long (16: 12), disc gently convex, nearly flat, margins rounded, with fine setulae over disc. Apical scutellar setae parallel, almost as long as scutellum, separation equal to that of posterior ocelli, subapical setae less than ) length of apical seta, both with bases not enlarged. Subscutellum poorly developed, dusted. Postnotum shining black.

Legs slender, yellow, femora and tibiae vaguely darkened centrally, posterior tibia with well developed yellow tibia1 organ. Wing membrane slightly tinted yellow, veins dark yellow, r2+3 slightly curved to costa, r 4 + ~ nearly straight, ml curved posteriorly at tip and divergent from rdf5 , cell br narrow, cell bm+dm narrow, posterior margin almost without flexure. Costal ratios 40 : 47 : 41 : 23. Haltere yellow.

Abdomen lightly dusted, black, nearly cylindrical in section, with fine setulae. Epandrium (Fig. 610) yellow-brown with sparse setulae. Cerci discrete but short, divergent, inner parts

fused. Surstylus (Fig. 609) strongly curved. Hypandrium (Fig. 613) open, lateral arms straight, base of aedeagus angled.


Female Unknown.

Remarks This species is easily distinguished from T. convexa, T. elongata and T. acuta by the

entirely shining ocellar triangle, scutum, postpronotal lobe and notopleuron.

604

Figs 596, 598. Head, lateral view: 596, T. laevigata; 598, T. tenuis. Figs 597, 601. Head, dorsal view: 597, T. laevigata; 601, T. tenuis. Fig. 599. Epandrium, apical view, T. convexa. Fig. 600. Surstylus, inner view, T. convexa. Figs 602, 604. Hypandrium, ventral view: 602, T. convexa; 604, T. elongata. Fig. 603. Epandrium, lateral view, T, convexa. Scale lines: 0.1 mm.


Tricimba tenuis, sp. nov. (Figs 576, 587, 588, 598, 601, 611, 612, 614)

Material Examined


Holotype. a , Vic., Walhalla, 5.iii.1981, 2. Liepa, ANIC.

Paratypes. Victoria: 4 0 10 , same data as holotype, ANIC. New South Wales: l p , Araluen Rd, 30 km NW. of Moruya, 28.xi.1976, ZL, ANIC; l a , Mogo, 15.x.1968, JCC, ANIC; 20, Otford, 7.x.1971, DKMcA, AM; 19 , Wentworth Falls, Blue Mts, 20.xi.1959, DKMcA, AM; l ~ , Mt Wilson, Blue Mts, 14.iv.1959, DKMcA, AM.

Other material. Queensland: 1 a , Mt Glorious, nr Brisbane, 4.i. 1961, DKMcA, AM.

Male Head (Figs 598, 601) broader than deep, as deep as long (25: 18: 18). Frons slightly

longer than broad (15: 12), flat, lateral margins nearly parallel, anterior margin convex but scarcely produced anterior to level of anterior margin of eye, black, dark yellow on anterior ), yellow at anterior margin centrally, setulae sparse and scattered, dusted brownish yellow. Ocellar tubercle slightly raised above level of remainder of frons, lightly dusted. Ocellar triangle broad, posterior margin occupying more than ) posterior margin of frons, lateral margin slightly convex, apex acute, main part extending halfway from anterior ocellus to anterior margin of frons, surface shining through thin brown dust, small shining areas anterior to anterior ocellus and lateral to posterior ocelli. Setae and setulae slender, dark yellow. Ocellar setae minute, convergent. Postocellar setae larger than ocellar but shorter than separation of posterior ocelli, convergent, slightly proclinate. Outer vertical seta little longer than separation of posterior ocelli, inner vertical not distinguished. About 6 reclinate, slightly curved orbital setae developed. Antenna brownish yellow, first flagellomere paler at base, little deeper than long, pubescence equal to basal diameter of arista. Arista brown, shorter than eye, pubescence shorter than basal diameter of arista. Face dark yellow, dusted, relatively flat below insertion of antennae, with faint ridge on dorsal part. Eye large, occupying nearly all head in profile, long axis slightly oblique, with few scattered minute microtrichia. Gena narrow, about ) width of anterior tibia, dark yellow, setulae small. Postgena black, dusted, little broader than anterior tibia on ventral part. Palpus slender, yellow, proboscis yellow-brown, both with pale setulae.

Scutum slightly longer than broad (25 : 23), disc slightly shining through thin dust, denser than in T. elongata but also with faint metallic reflections. Scutal grooves lightly impressed, central groove uniserial except at posterior end anterior to level of prescutellar dorsocentral seta where it becomes irregular. Intermediate groove diverging from central groove posterior to level of notopleuron, uniseriai anteriorly, irregular posterior to wing base, ending slightly posterior to central groove. Lateral groove represented by irregular rows of roughened setulae bases dorsal to wing base. Postpronotal lobe, notopleuron and postero-lateral corner of scutum more heavily dusted grey than disc of scutum. Postpronotal seta scarcely larger than setulae. 1 + 2 notopleural setae, dorsal posterior smaller and directed dorsally, difficult to distinguish. Prescutellar dorsocentral seta equal to notopleural seta in size, supra-alar seta developed but much smaller. Pleura black, shining, dorsal and posterior margins of anepisternum lightly dusted, dorsal anterior corner of anepimeron lightly dusted, katepisternum with few pale setulae on dorsal margin and ventral comer, katatergite dusted, meron dusted ventrally. Scutellum (Figs 587, 588) slightly broader than long (18 : IS), rounded, disc flat but margins not angled, dusted as disc of scutum, bases of setulae more roughened than those on scutum, sparse. Apical setae about as long as scutellum, slightly convergent, on scarcely enlarged bases, separated by distance equal to separation of posterior ocelli. Subapical setae small, less than length of apical setae, both set slightly ventral to level of disc of scutellum. Subscutellum developed, dusted. Postnotum black, shining.

Legs dark yellow, femora darkened except at ends, tibiae darkened centrally, posterior tibia with slender tibia1 organ. Wing hyaline, veins brownish yellow, cell rl as broad as

484 J . W . Ismay

cell r2+3 at level of tip of r,, r2+3 curved to costa, r4+5 slightly curved to costa, m, curved posteriorly and divergent from r 4 + ~ apically, cell br (Fig. 576) narrow, cell bm + dm narrow with vein forming posterior margin with slight flexure at $ length. Costal ratios 24 : 27 : 26 : 13. Haltere brown, stem yellow.

Abdomen brown, paler on tergites 1 + 2, nearly cylindrical, with pale setulae. Epandrium (Fig. 614) brown, with sparse setulae. Cerci discrete, slightly divergent, inner parts fused. Surstylus (Fig. 612) strongly curved, longer than broad. Hypandrium (Fig. 611) open, lateral arms straight, aedeagus with angled base.

Figs 605, 610, 614. Epandrium, apical view: 605, T. elongata: 610, T. laevigata; 614, T. tenuis. Figs 606, 609, 612. Surstylus, inner view: 606, T. elongata; 609, T. laevigata; 612, T. tenuis. Fig. 607. Epandrium, lateral view, T. elongata. Fig. 608. Epandrium, dorsal view, T. elongata. Figs 611, 613. Hypandrium, ventral view: 611, T. tenuis; 613, T. laevigata. Scale lines: 0.1 mm.


Female As male but abdomen ending in brown cercus with brown setulae.

Wing length 1 - 6 mm, head width 0.5 mm.

Remarks This species appears to be most closely related to T. elongata but is distinguished by the

shining patches on the ocellar triangle, narrower gena, more densely dusted scutum, darker legs and brown haltere. It varies in the degree of dusting on the ocellar triangle, which may be entirely lightly dusted.

A male from Mt Glorious is tentatively referred to this species. It differs from the type series in having slightly longer pubescence on the first flagellomere. The genitalia are within the range of variation of T. tenuis except that the lateral arms of the hypandrium are slightly broader. This may be a geographical variety of T. tenuis or a longer series may prove it to be a further species.

Fig. 615. Head, thorax and wing, T. quadriseta. Figs 616, 617, 618. Scutellum, lateral view: 616, T. quadriseta; 617, T. oligochaeta; 618, T. pubiantennata. Figs 619, 620, 621. Scutellum, dorsal view: 619, T. quadriseta; 620, T. oligochaeta; 621, T. pubiantennata. Fig. 622. Head, lateral view, T. quadriseta. Scale lines: 0.1 mm.

486 J. W. Ismay

Tricimba quadriseta species-group Diagnosis

Orbital setae small; face with carina not extending to level of ventral margin of first flagellomere; vibrissal angle acute or right-angled; eye bare. 1 + 2 notopleural setae developed; scutellum transverse with 2 pairs of almost equally spaced and developed marginal setae on the posterior margin. Legs with femoral comb not developed; posterior tibia without strong apical ventral spur. Male genitalia with open hypandrium.

Tricimba quadriseta, sp. nov. (Figs 615, 616, 619, 622, 623, 628, 629, 630, 631)

Material Examined


Holotype. a , N.T., James Ranges, ex fungus (Puffballs) on rock (78-106), coll. 22.ix. emg. 3.x.1978, D. C. Rentz, ANIC.

Paratypes. New South Wales: l a , Goonoo State Forest, 5 mi S. Mendooran, 3-5.x.1970, DKMcA and GAH, AM. Northern Territory: 2 a 39, same data as holotype, ANIC, BMNH; l a , 30 km NW. by N. of Alice Springs, malaise trap, 7.x.1978, DHC, ANIC; l a , 41 km S. by E. of Alice Springs, malaise trap, 4.x.1978, DHC, ANIC; 10, 56 km S. by E, of Alice Springs, malaise trap, 3.x.1978, DHC, ANIC; l a , Roe Ck, 12 km SW. by W. of Alice Aprings, 9.x.1978, DHC, ANIC; l a 19, Waterhouse Ra., 39 km SW. by S. of Alice Springs, malaise trap, 12.x.1978, DHC, ANIC. South Australia: l g , nr Victory Well, Everard Pk Stn, malaise trap, Nov. 1970, GFG, SAM; l g , same data but 2-4.xi.1970, SAM; l a , Eyre Pen., Foot Marble Rg, malaise trap, 2.x.1979, GFG and DVL, SAM. Western Australia: 1 a , Junana Rock, 26.x.1977, DHC, ANIC; l a , 4 km WNW. of Martin's Well, West Kimberley, 28.iv.1977, DHC, ANIC.

Male Head (Figs 622, 623) broader than deep or long (34:28:21). Frons as broad as long

(18: 18), lateral margins parallel, anterior margin convex, dark brown except for yellow- brown anterior :, with numerous pale short setulae set in punctures, dusted. Ocellar tubercle black, grey dusted, slightly raised above level of remainder of frons. Ocellar triangle apparently represented by bare area lateral to ocellar tubercle extending length of frons. All head setae small, little longer than frons setulae, pale yellow-brown. Ocellar setae convergent but not crossed, upright, shorter than separation of posterior ocelli. Postocellar setae longer than other head setae but shorter than separation of posterior ocelli, convergent, slightly proclinate. Inner and outer vertical setae scarcely distinguishable from frons setulae. Orbital setae no larger than frons setulae, more than 10 present. Antenna yellow, first flagellomere deeper than long, rounded, darkened at insertion of arista, with short pubescence. Arista dark brown with short pubescence, as long as eye. Face yellow, dusted, deeply concave, broader than deep, facial carina prominent between pedicels then reduced abruptly to faint ridge to mouth edge. Eye deeper than long, long axis nearly vertical, bare. Gena yellow, broader than first flagellomere is deep, broader posteriorly, ventral margin evenly curved. Gena with dense pale short setulae from ventral posterior corner to anterior margin covering most of breadth of gena on anterior part. Vibrissal angle slightly acute, produced nearly to level of tip of first flagellomere. Proboscis shining yellow-brown, palpus yellow, both with pale setulae. Postgena narrow, black, grey dusted. Occiput black, dusted grey, slightly convex.

Scutum (Fig. 615) slightly broader than long (35 : 30), black, dusted grey, scutal grooves not strongly impressed, all extending almost to base of scutellum, central groove with uniserial setulae, intermediate with uniserial setulae anteriorly, multiserial posterior to transverse suture, intermediate and lateral grooves spreading out into areas of stronger puncturation posteriorly. Lateral groove present dorsal to wing base. Intermediate and lateral grooves with more brownish dusting than remainder of scutum. Scutum with dense short pale small setulae, irregularly spaced but more than 5 rows between central and intermediate grooves, absent only on ventral notopleuron. Postpronotal lobe black, grey dusted, 1 small curved dark yellow postpronotal seta less than length of notopleural setae. Notopleural

Revision of Tricirnba and Aprometopis 487

setae 1 + 1, posterior slightly larger, dark yellow. Pleura brown, sclerites black centrally. Anepisternum dusted except on ventral anterior margin, anepimeron dusted on dorsal anterior part, broadly shining on ventral and posterior margins. Katepisternum smooth and shining on anterior and posterior margins, broad central part rugose with distinct pale setulae, most ventral part dusted. Katatergite dusted. Scutellum (Figs 616, 619) slightly broader than long (14: 13), black, dusted as scutum, disc covered with small pale setulae (longer than those on scutum) except at base in centre. Two pairs of marginal setae developed, apical pair shorter than separation of posterior ocelli on tubercles equal in length to setae, their separation slightly less than distance to subapical seta, parallel. Subapical seta on tubercle little smaller than apical, but seta slightly shorter, directed slightly outward from centre line of scutellum. Subscutellum poorly developed, dusted dorsally, shining ventrally. Postnotum black, shining.

Legs yellow with pale setulae, faint indications of darkening on middle and posterior femora and tibiae. Posterior tibia stout, curved, tibia1 organ well developed, pale. Wing (Fig. 615) clear, veins pale yellow-brown, apical sections of r2+3, r4+5 and ml nearly straight and slightly divergent, cell br broad, vein forming posterior margin of cell bm+dm very nearly straight. Costal ratios 67 : 52: 32: 20. Haltere yellow.

Figs 623, 625,627. Head, dorsal view: 623: T. quadriseta; 625, T. oligochaeta; 627, T. pubiantennata. Figs 624, 626. Head, lateral view: 624, T. oligochaeta; 626, T. pubiantennata. Fig. 628. Epandrium, lateral view, T, quadriseta. Fig. 629. Epandrium, apical view, T. quadriseta. Fig. 630. Surstylus, inner view, T. quadriseta. Fig. 631. Hypandrium, ventral view, T. quadriseta. Scale lines: 0.1 mm.

Abdomen brown, disc of tergites 1 + 2 and posterior margins of tergites, broadly at lateral margins, yellow, heavily dusted. Epandrium (Figs 628, 629) yellow-brown, broader than deep. Cerci rounded but discrete, surstylus (Fig. 630) broad, rounded apically. Hypandrium (Fig. 631) open with broad lateral arms and narrow postgonites and aedeagus.

Female Similar to male but abdomen ending in slender pale cercus.


Remarks The scutellum of this species is most similar to that of T. nitens, which is a shining black

species, or that of T. fusciseta, which has the apical setae more widely separated.

Tricimba oligochaeta, sp. nov. (Figs 617, 620, 624, 625)

Material Examined


Holotype. Q, W.A., 8 mi ENE. of Millstream, 20.x.1970, D. H. Colless, ANIC.

Paratypes. New South Wales: 1 0 , Conargo, Billabong Ck, 23-30.iv.1978, ZL, ANIC. South Australia: l a , Kings Mill Ck nr Arkaroola Homestead, malaise trap, 30.x.1969, GFG, SAM. Western Australia: 19 , Kununurra, bred from larvae in sorghum seedlings exhibiting 'dead hearts', 7.xi.1974, NF, ANIC.

Female Differs from T. quadriseta as follows.

Head (Figs 624, 625) broader than deep or long (26:21: 16). Frons as long as broad (13: 13), with less numerous setulae than T. quadriseta and broader bare central area. Outer vertical seta slightly longer than longest orbital seta. Gena (Fig. 624) slightly narrower than depth of first flagellomere, narrower than in T. quadriseta, anterior part with setulae not conspicuously multiserial. Vibrissal angle less produced than in T. quadriseta.

Scutum broader than long (28 : 25), less strongly dusted than in T. quadriseta and dusting unicolorous, setulae sparse, particularly on posterior part of intermediate groove which is biserial except at posterior end. Katepisternum less rugose than in T. quadriseta but not smooth. Scutellum (Figs 617, 620) broader than long (23 : 18), dusted as scutum, with sparser setulae than in T. quadriseta, marginal setae longer and more slender, longer than tubercles, apical setae almost equal to separation of posterior ocelIi.

Legs yellow, more slender than in T. quadriseta. Costal ratios 55:44:31: 16. Abdomen black, posterior margins of tergites 1 +2-5 faintly grey dusted.

Male As female, genitalia not distinguishable from those of T. quadriseta.


Remarks The species is evidently very close to T. quadriseta but may be distinguished by the

sparser setulae and different gena and scutellum; it differs from the next species in having shorter antenna1 pubescence and yellow legs. The female paratypes differ from the holotype in that the abdominal tergites have yellow anterior and posterior margins. The rearing record indicates primary attack of sorghum seedlings, but further work is needed to determine whether the attack is primary or secondary, as in the case of T. cardamomi.


Fig. 632. Epandrium, apical view, T. pubiantennata. Fig. 633. Hypandrium, ventral view, T. pubiantennata. Fig. 634. Head, lateral view, T. languida. Figs 635, 638, 639. Scutellum, dorsal view: 635, T. languida; 638, T. sp. indet.; 639, Pseudotricimba anomala. Figs 636, 640. Scutellum, lateral view: 636, T. languida; 640, P. anomala. Fig. 637. Head, dorsal view, T. languida. Scale lines: 0.1 mm.

Tricimba pubiantennata, sp. nov. (Figs 618, 621, 626, 627, 632, 633)

Material Examined

Holotype. u, Papua New Guinea, Central Province, Gaba Gaba, grasses, 20.v.1984, J. W. Ismay, BMNH.

Male Head (Figs 626, 627) broader than deep or long (24: 19: 16). Frons slightly broader than

long (12: l l ) , strongly convex anteriorly, produced anterior to anterior margin of eye, lateral margins slightly divergent anteriorly, yellow-brown on anterior f, black posteriorly, densely dusted bronze-grey. Ocellar tubercle raised above level of remainder of frons. Ocellar triangle probably represented by bare area extending nearly to anterior margin of frons, posterior margin occupying more than posterior margin of frons, narrow, dusted. Setulae on frons numerous, large, yellow, set in punctures. Ocellar setae small, shorter than separation of posterior ocelli, upright, postocellar setae smaller. Vertical setae not distinguished from frons setulae. About 6 orbital setae developed, little larger than frons

setulae. Antenna brown, first flagellomere large, paler ventrally, slightly longer than broad and directed ventrally, clothed in pale fine setulae at margin about $ length of first flagellomere. Arista brown, paler at base, with minute pubescence. Eye with long axis nearly vertical, deeper than long. Face strongly concave in vertical and slightly in transverse plane, brown, dusted, only a faint trace of carina between antenna1 bases. Gena brown, paler posteriorly, as broad as anterior femur, acute angled anteriorly, with short pale setulae along ventral margin. Proboscis and palpus yellow-brown with pale setulae. Occiput black, dusted, flat.

Fig. 641. Head, thorax and wing, Pseudotricimba anomala. Fig. 642. Head, lateral view, P. anomala. Fig. 643. Head, dorsal view, P. anomala. Fig. 644. Epandrium, apical view, P. anomala. Fig. 645. Surstylus, inner view, P. anomala. Fig. 646. Epandrium, lateral view, P. anomala. Fig. 647. Femoral comb, P. anomala. Fig. 648. Hypandrium, ventral view, P. anomala. Scale lines: 0.1 mm.


Scutum black, slightly broader than long (22:20), slightly shining through bronze-grey dusting and with faint brown stripes between grooves. Grooves lightly impressed, straight, central groove with uniserial setulae, intermediate groove biserial posteriorly. Lateral groove represented by a diffuse area of punctures dorsal to wing base. Scutal setulae pale, sparse but multiserial between central and intermediate grooves. Postpronotal lobe with 1 longer seta, much smaller than 1 + 1 yellow notopleural setae. Prescutellar dorsocentral seta small, equal to anterior notopleural seta, supra-alar seta larger, equal to posterior notopleural seta. Pleura shining black, dusted on anepisternum except anterior and ventral margins, anterior and dorsal of anepimeron, katatergite and ventral katepisternum. Katepisternum slightly more rugose than anepisternum and anepimeron. Scutellum (Figs 618, 621) shorter than broad (13 : 21), black, bronze-grey dusted, apical and subapical setae set on tubercles longer than broad and spaced almost equidistant at posterior margin of scutellum slightly ventral to level of disc of scutellum; disc of scutellum slightly convex with few setulae, bare centrally. Apical seta about a length of scutellum, subapical shorter. Subscutellum large, dusted. Postnotum shining black.

Anterior coxa yellow-brown, middle and posterior coxae dark brown, trochanters yellow, femora dark brown, paler at base and tip, anterior tibia yellow-brown, middle and posterior tibiae darker brown. Posterior tibia1 organ poorly developed, narrow, yellow. Right wing lost, left hyaline with brownish yellow veins, cell r1 narrower than cell r,,, at level of tip of rl, r2+, slightly concave posteriorly at base, curved to costa on apical $, r 4 + ~ curved slightly to costa, cell br narrow, dm-cu very oblique, vein forming posterior margin of cell bm + dm almost straight. Costal ratios 40 : 33 : 24 : 14. Haltere pale yellow, stem darker.

Abdomen short and broad, black, paler on tergites 1 +2, tergites convex, setulae pale. Cerci (Fig. 632) longer than in T. quadriseta, more pointed, surstylus shorter and broader than in T. quadriseta, truncate apically, nearly square, hypandrial arms (Fig. 633) more slender.


Female Unknown.

Remarks This species is easily distinguished by the shape of the scutellum, the very concave

face and long pubescence on the first flagellomere. It is probably most closely related to T. quadriseta and T. oligochaeta but has a longer ocellar triangle, reaching nearly to the anterior margin of the frons, the first flagellomere is long pubescent, the head is deeper and the face more concave with a weaker facial carina, the brown scutal stripes are between the grooves, not upon them as in T. quadriseta and the leg coloration is darker.

Unplaced Species

The species which follows has not been placed in a species-group.

Tricimba languida, sp. nov. (Figs 634, 635, 636, 637)

Material Examined

Holotype. Q, Australia, N.S.W., Blue Mts, Mt Wilson, 14.iv.1959, D. K. McApline, AM.

Paratypes. New South Wales: 1 Q, same data as holotype, AM; 1 Q same data but 3.v.1958, AM; 19, Cabbage Tree Ck, 4.xi.1975, DHC, ANIC; 19, Springwood, Blue Mts, 10.i.1956, DKMcA, AM.

Female Head (Figs 634, 637) broader than deep, deeper than long (24: 17: 15). Frons flat,

slightly broader than long (13 : l l ) , lateral margins nearly parallel, anterior margin almost straight, brown, paler on anterior margin centrally, dusted brown, more yellowish grey on lateral margins, with few, fine, scattered, pale setulae. Ocellar tubercle hardly raised above

492 J. W. Ismay

level of remainder of frons. Ocellar triangle broad, posterior margin occupying more than 5 posterior margin of frons, lateral margin straight, main part extending more than distance from anterior ocellus to anterior margin of frons, but indistinct apically, both ocellar tubercle and triangle more shining than frons and with lighter grey dusting. Setae and setulae yellow. Ocellar setae minute, reclinate, convergent, shorter than separation of posterior ocelli. Postocellar setae almost as long as separation of posterior ocelli, upright, convergent. Outer vertical seta about equal to separation of posterior ocelli, inner vertical about length of outer. About 8 short, fine, reclinate orbital setae developed. Antenna dark yellow, first flagellomere darkened apically, broad, deeper than long. Arista little longer than eye, brown, with minute setulae. Face yellow, dusted, concave, facial carina not developed. Eye deeper than long, long axis oblique. Gena narrower than anterior tibia, yellow, setulae on ventral margin small. Postgena brown, dusted, broader than gena ventrally. Palpus and proboscis yellow with pale setulae. Occiput brown, dusted, slightly concave.

Figs 649, 657. Scutellum, dorsal view: 649, T. monochaeta; 657, T. lactipennata. Fig. 650. Head, lateral view, T. monochaeta. Fig. 651. Head, lateral view, T. monochaeta. Figs 652, 655. Epandrium, apical view: 652, T. monochaeta; 655, T. Iactipennata. Fig. 653. Hypandrium, ventral view, T. monochaeta. Fig. 654. Scutellum, lateral view, T. lactipennata. Fig. 656. Surstylus, inner view, T. lactipennata. Scale lines: 0.1 mm.


Scutum about as broad as long (27 : 26), black, slightly shining through light dusting, grey on scutal grooves and margins of scutum, brown between grooves. Scutal grooves lightly incised, central groove uniserial, ending indistinctly about level of prescutellar dorsocentral seta, intermediate groove uniserial anteriorly, irregularly multiserial posterior to transverse suture, ending indistinctly close to base of scutellum, divergent from central groove posterior to level of wing base. Postpronotal lobe brown, dusted grey, postpronotal seta minute. Notopleuron dark brown, dusted grey, 1 + 2 small notopleural setae, not longer than separation of posterior ocelli. Prescutellar dorsocentral seta no longer than notopleural; supra-alar and intra-alar setae little longer than setulae. Setulae on scutum minute and scattered, multiserial between central and intermediate grooves. Pleura brown, shining, anepisternum dusted except broadly on ventral margin and more narrowly on anterior margin, anepimeron dusted on dorsal i, katatergite partly dusted, katepisternum dusted on ventral corner, dorsal margin with few pale setulae. Scutellum (Figs 635, 636) brown centrally, paler on lateral and apical margins, disc flat but margins not angled, rounded in outline, broader than long (11 : 8), dusted as scutum but slightly more rugose due to more roughened bases of setulae. Apical setae small, convergent, slightly longer than separation of posterior ocelli and separated by less than their length, subapical setae poorly developed, apical pair on scarcely enlarged bases. Subscutellurn not strongly developed, brown, dusted. Postnotum black, short, shining.

Legs yellow, posterior femur darkened centrally, posterior tibia1 organ well developed, yellow. Wing with membrane very slightly tinted yellow, veins dark yellow, cell r, slightly narrower than cell r2+3 at level of tip of r,, r 4 + ~ scarcely curved to costa and divergent from ml only at tip, cell br as broad as cell bm+-dm, vein forming posterior margin of cell bm + dm with slight flexure, dm-cu slightly curved. Costal ratios 58 : 42 : 47 : 23. Haltere yellow.

Abdomen brown, tergites paler on margins, slightly shining through thin dusting, setulae sparse, slender, pale, cercus yellow with pale setulae.

Wing length 1 a 5 mm, head width 0.5 mm.

Male Unknown.

Remarks The species has the habitus of Conioscinella, but the scutal grooves are distinct and it

is better placed in Tricimba until male specimens are available for study.

A further specimen from the Solomon Islands, NW. Malaita, Dala, ll.vi.1964, RS, BPBM, is unplaced. It is damaged and some characters are obscured by hairs and scales. The scutellum (Fig. 638) is triangular, longer than broad, the apex pointed but not raised above the level of the marginal setae, which are reduced, and the disc is slightly convex.

Acknowledgments

I thank the following curators and institutions for loans of types and other specimens: Dr D. K. McAlpine, Australian Museum, Sydney; Dr. D. H. Colless, Dr P. S. Cranston and Ms Z. Liepa, Australian National Insect Collection, Canberra; Dr N. L. Evenhuis, B. P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu; Dr B. K. Cantrell, Department of Primary Industry, Queensland; Dr P. I. Persson, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm; Dr G. B. Monteith, Queensland Museum, Brisbane; and Dr. G. F. Gross, South Australian Museum, Adelaide. Much of the collecting upon which this revision is based was done while the writer was at the Department of Primary Industry, Konedobu, Papua New Guinea. I thank Professor D. Spencer Smith, Hope Professor of Entomology, and Dr S. J. Simpson, Curator, for the use of facilities at the Hope Entomological Collections, University of Oxford. Mr J. E. van S. Graver, formerly of Department of Primary Industry, Konedobu, and the late Dr J. L. Gressitt, Honolulu, encouraged this research. I also thank Dr C. W.

Sabrosky, U.S.A., and Mr J. C. Deeming, Cardiff, for their assistance in discussing the problems of the taxonomy of Tricimba at the generic and subgeneric levels, in addition to the loan of specimens. Dr P. S. Cranston and CSIRO, Canberra, assisted with the return of material and provided funds for offprints. Dr B. R. Pitkin assisted with return of material and postage from the Natural History Museum, London. I thank Miss M. Read for carrying the artwork from Oxford to Australia.

References Andersson, H. (1977). Taxonomic and phylogenetic studies on Chloropidae (Diptera) with special

reference to Old World genera. Entomologica Scandinavica Supplementum 8, 1-200. Austin, A. D. (1985). The function of spider egg sacs in relation to parasitoids and predators, with

special reference to the Australian fauna. Journal of Natural History 19, 359-76. Becker, T. (1903). ~gyptische Dipteren. Mitteilungen aus dem Zoologischen Museum in Berlin 2,

67-195. Becker, T. (1910). Chloropidae. Eine monographische Studie. 11. Teil. Aethiopische Region. Annales

historico-naturales Musei nationalis hungarici 8, 377-443. Becker, T. (191 1). Chloropidae. Eine monographische Studie. 111. Teil. Die indo-australische Region.

Annales historico-naturales Musei nationalis hungarici 9, 35-170. Beschovski, V. L. (1981). On the systematics of the genus Tricimba Lioy, 1864 (Diptera, Chloropidae).

Reichenbachia 19, 119-22. Cherian, P. T. (1970). Descriptions of some new Chloropidae (Diptera) from India. Oriental Insects

4, 363-71. Cherian, P. T. (1976). The genus Tricimba (Diptera:Chloropidae) from India. Oriental Insects 10,

421-9. Cherian, P. T. (1989~). Some new genera of Oriental Chloropidae (Diptera). Oriental Insects 23,

219-29. Cherian, P. T. (1989b). The Indian species of Tricimba (Diptera: Chloropidae). Oriental Insects 23,

231-42. Duda, 0. (1930). Die neotropischen Chloropiden (Dipt.) Folia zoologica et hydrobiologica 2, 46-128. Duda, 0. (1931). Die neotropischen Chloropiden (Dipt.). I. Fortsetzung: Nachtrag, Erganzungen,

Berichtigungen und Index. Folia zoologica et hydrobiologica 3, 159-72. Duda, 0. (1934). Weitere neue und wenig bekannte orientalische und australische Chloropiden (Diptera)

des Deutschen Entomologischen Instituts in Berlin-Dahlem. Arbeiten iiber morphologische und taxonomkche Entomologie aus Berlin-Dahlem 1, 39-60.

Duda, 0. (1935). Einige neue afrikanische Akalyptrate Musciden (Dipt.) der British Museum. Stylops 4, 25-34.

Enderlein, G. (1911). Klassification der Oscinosominien. Sitzungsbericht der Gesellschaft natur- forschender Freunde zu Berlin 4 , 185-244.

FallCn, C. F. (1820). 'Diptera Sveciae 11. Oscinides.' (Lundae.) Greve, J. E. van S., and Ismay, J. W. (1984). Crop insect survey of Papua New Guinea from July 1st

1969 to December 31st 1978. The Papua New Guinea Agricultural Journal 32, 1-120. Harrison, R. A. (1959). Acalyptrate Diptera of New Zealand. New Zealand Department of Scientific

and Industrial Research Bulletin 128, 1-382. Hickman, V. V. (1971). The biology of Tasmanian Chloropidae (Diptera) whose larvae feed on spiders'

eggs. Journal of the Entomological Society of Australia (N.S. W.) 7 , 8-33. Kanmiya, K. (1983). A systematic study of the Japanese Chloropidae (Diptera). Memoirs of the -

Entomological Society of Washington 11, 1-370. Lioy, P. (1864). I ditteri distributi secundo un nuovo metodo di classificazione naturale. Atti del

Zstituto veneto di scienze, lettere ed arti 9, 1087-126. Malloch, J. R. (1913). The genera of flies in the subfamily Botanobiinae with hind tibia1 spur.

Proceedings of the United States National Museum 46, 239-66. Malloch, J. R. (1924). Notes on Australian Diptera. No iv. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of

New South Wales 49, 348-59. Malloch, J. R. (1925). Notes on Australian Diptera. No vi. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of

New South Wales 50, 80-97. Malloch, J. R. (1927). Notes on Australian Diptera. No xiii. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of

New South Wales 52, 339-446. Malloch, J. R. (1931). New Zealand Muscidae Acalyptratae. Parts vii, ix. Record of the Canterbury

Museum 3, 389-422.


Malloch, J. R. (1933). Some acalyptrate Diptera from the Marquesas Islands. Bulletin of the Bernice P. Bishop Museum 114, 3-31.

Malloch, J. R. (1936). Notes on Australian Diptera. No xxxv. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 61, 10-26.

Malloch, J. R. (1940). Notes on Australian Diptera. No xxxviii. Family Chloropidae, ii. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales 65, 261-88.

McAlpine, J. F. (Ed.) (1981). 'Manual of Nearctic Diptera.' 1. Biosystematics Research Centre, Research Branch, Agriculture Canada. Monograph No. 27.

Meigen, J. W. (1830). 'Systematische Beschreibung der Gekannten europaischen zweifliigeligen Insekten.' (Schulz: Hamburg.)

Nartshuk, E. P. (1983). A system of the superfamily Chloropoidea (Diptera, Cyclorrhapha). ~ n t o - mologicheskoe obozrenie 62, 638-48.

Nye, I. W. B. (1958). The external morphology of some of the dipterous larvae living in the Gramineae of Britain. Transactions of the Royal Entomological Society of London 110, 411-87.

Richards, 0. W. (1973). The Sphaeroceridae (=Borboridae or Cypselidae; Diptera Cyclorrhapha) of the Australian Region. Australian Journal of Zoology, Supplementary Series 22, 297-401.

Sabrosky, C. W. (1941). An annotated list of genotypes of the Chloropidae of the World (Diptera). Annals of the Entomological Society of America 34, 735-65.

Sabrosky, C. W. (1964). Milichiidae and Chloropidae (Diptera) from the Batu Caves, Malaya. Pacifc Insects 6, 308- 1 1.

Sabrosky, C. W. (1989). Family Chloropidae. In 'Catalog of the Diptera of the Australasian and Oceanic Regions'. (Ed. N. L. Evenhuis.) pp. 650-65. (Bishop Museum Press.)

SCguy, E. (1938). Mission Scientifique de 1'Omo. Mdmoires du Musdum nationale d'Histoire naturelle 4, 319-80.

Spencer, K. A. (1977). A revision of the New Zealand Chloropidae. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand 7, 433-72.

Stubbs, A. E., and Chandler, P. J. (1978). A Dipterist's handbook. The Amateur Entomologist 15, 1-255.

Thalhammer, J. (1913). Neuropachys brachyptera n. gen. et n. sp. Dipterorum (Chloropidae). Annales de la Societd scientifique de Bruxelles 37, 342-3.

Thomson, C. G. (1869). Diptera, species nova descripsit. In 'Kongliga svenska fregatten Eugenies resa omkring jordan under befal af C. A. Virgin, Bren 1851-1853'. Vol. 2, pp. 443-614. (Stockholm.)

von Tschirnhaus, M. (1981). Die Halm- und Minierfliegen im Grenzbereich Land-Meer der Nordsee. Eine oekologische Studie mit Beschreibung von zwei neuen Fang- und Konservierungsmethoden (Diptera: Chloropidae et Agromyzidae). Spixiana (Supplement) 6, 1-416.

Manuscript received 15 June 1990; revised and accepted 9 June 1992

Index Valid names in italics. synonyms in roman type; page numbers of descriptions and key in bold .

page aberrans Ismay. Tricimba ............................................................................... 31 1. 321. 405 Achias Fabricius ......................................................................................................... 301 acuta Ismay. Tricimba .................................................................................. 321. 479. 482 acuticercalis Ismay. Tricimba .................................................................... 305. 309. 318. 405 adamsoni Malloch, Tricimba ......................................................................................... 323 albipalpis (Meigen). Incertella ....................................................................................... 310 aliciae Ismay. Tricimba ...................................................................................... 318. 470 angustigena Ismay. Tricimba ................................... 301. 303. 305. 306, 308. 311. 314, 316. 349 annulipes Duda. Echimba ............................................................................................. 325

......................................................... anomala Ismay. Pseudotricimba 306. 308, 321. 322. 331 antennata Ismay, Tricimba .......... 301. 302. 303. 306. 310. 311, 312. 314. 315, 319. 405. 407. 410

413. 414. 415. 416. 417. 418, 419. 420. 446 ....................................................... Apallates Sabrosky ..................... .. 303. 308. 310. 313

Aphanotrigonella Nartshuk ..................................................................... 303, 308. 310. 313 Aphanotrigonum Duda ................................................................. 302. 303. 308. 310. 313 Apotropina Hendel ................................................................................................ 310 approximata Ismay. Tricimba ................................................................... 305, 314. 319. 396 armata Seguy. Tricimba ............................................................................................... 325 Aprometopis Becker ............................... 302. 303, 304. 308. 310, 313. 314. 315, 323. 358. 359

.............................................................. Apteroscinis Malloch ................................. .. 325 Arcuator Sabrosky ...................................................................................................... 310 aurata Ismay. Tricimba ..................................................................... 305. 309, 318. 403. 405 aureopilosa Ismay. Tricimba ..................................................................... 305, 321. 386, 390 auriculata Ismay. Tricimba ..................................... 302. 305. 312. 314. 318. 370, 371. 372. 373 australis Ismay. Aprometopis ........................................................... 304. 306, 316. 324. 325

batucola Sabrosky. Tricimba ........................................................................... 370. 392. 393 biannulata Ismay. Tricimba ........................................................ 305. 312. 314. 318. 368. 393 biloba Ismay. Tricimba ....................................................................................... 316. 335 Biorbitella Sabrosky ....................................................................................... 303. 308. 313 biseta Ismay. Tricimba ........................................... 303. 306. 312. 314. 315. 320. 454. 457. 458 brachyptera (Thalhammer). Tricimba ...................................................... 303. 308. 312. 325 breviradialis Ismay. Tricimba .................................................................... 305. 309. 321. 395 bnmnicollis (Becker). Tricimba .................................................................................. 305

Cadrema Walker ........................................................................................................ 310 cana Ismay. Tricimba .................................................................. 305. 310. 317. 382. 390 calcarula Ismay. Tricimba ................................ 303. 306. 310. 311. 314. 318. 463. 464. 467. 470 carinata Malloch. Tricimba .................................................................................... 318. 470 cardamomi Ismay. Tricimba ........ 301. 303. 304. 305. 306. 308. 309. 310. 313. 314. 316. 352. 353

354. 355. 356. 488 carinifacies Malloch. Tricimba .............................................. 315. 316. 335. 337. 339. 340. 341 cassideus Ismay. Pseudogaurax ...................................................................................... 311 Caviceps Malloch .................................................................................................... 324 Ceratobarys Coquillett ............................................................................................ 310 cincta (Meigen). Tricimba ............................... 303. 304. 305. 308. 309. 310. 311. 313. 314. 325 concava Ismay. Tricimba ..................................................................... 314. 320. 422. 426 Conioscinella Duda ....................................................................................... 303. 308. 493 convexa Malloch. Tricimba .......... 301. 303. 306. 311. 312. 313. 314. 321. 474. 476. 478. 479. 481

482 coxendix (Fitch). Apallates ................................................................................... 310 crassiseta (Duda). Tricimba ..................................................................................... 325 Crassivenula Sabrosky ........................................................................... 303. 312. 313. 325

Dactylothyrea de Meijere .......................................................................................... 302 deansi (Malloch). Tricimba ........................................................................................... 325 difficilis Ismay. Tricimba ............................................................ 305. 309. 314. 318. 401. 403 digitata Ismay. Tricimba ................................................................... 305. 309. 318. 403. 405


page

........................................ distigma Ismay. Tricimba 305. 309. 317. 377. 379 diversa Ismay. Tricimba ...................................................... 305. 309. 319. 390. 392. 393. 395

Echimba Duda ......................................................................... 303. 308. 309. 310. 313. 325 edentata Ismay. Tricimba ............................................................................. 304. 316. 355 Elachiptera Macquart .................................................................................................. 302 elongata Ismay. Tricimba .......................................................... 321. 477. 481. 482. 483. 485 Euhippelates Malloch .............................................................................. 310. 313. 325. 326 Eutricimba Malloch ................................................................................ 3 12. 313. 325. 454 excavata Ismay. Tricimba ............................................. 320. 460. 462. 463 exsinuata Ismay. Tricimba ..................................................................................... 320. 462 exvittata Ismay. Tricimba ...................................................................................... 321. 439

facialis Ismay. Tricimba ........................................................................ 305. 317. 388. 390 fascipes (Becker). Tricimba ........................................................................................... 353 femorella Collin. Aphanotrigonum ............................................................................... 310

................................................... ........................... flava Ismay. Tricimba .. 321. 432. 434 flavifacies Becker. Aprometopis ................................................................ 302. 304. 323. 325 flavigena Ismay. Tricimba ................................................................. 304. 314. 317. 360. 364 flaviseta Malloch. Tricimba ............................................................................... 303. 312 flavitibia Ismay. Tricimba ...................................................................... 304. 317. 363. 364 flavoscutellata Ismay. Tricimba ....................................................................... 3 10. 315. 331 fusciseta Ismay. Tricimba .................................................................. 320. 441. 442. 488

grevei Ismay. Tricimba ................................................................................... 319, 420, 425

....................................................................................................... Hammaspis Duda 325 hardyi Ismay. Tricimba ..................................................................... 301. 314. 319. 412. 414 Hippelates Loew ......................................................................................................... 310 humeralis (Loew). Tricimba ................................................................................... 305. 312

Zncertella Sabrosky ...................... .. .............................................................. 303. 308. 313

katepisternalis Ismay. Tricimba ................................................................. 318. 468. 470. 472

Iactipennata Ismay. Tricimba ........................................................................... 305. 317. 382 laevigata Ismay. Tricimba ............................................................................... 312. 321. 481 Ianguida Ismay. Tricimba ...................................................................................... 321. 491

............................................................................................ Iata Ismay. Tricimba 320. 450 latigena Ismay. Tricimba ................................................................................ 316. 339. 340

....................................................................................................... Leptocera Olivier 302 ..................................................................... liepae Ismay. Tricimba 305. 314. 317. 379. 382

lineella (FallCn). Tricimba ............ 302. 303. 304. 305. 306. 309. 310. 311. 312. 313. 314. 315. 325 351. 366

Liohippelates Duda ................................................................................................... 310 Lioscinella Duda .................... .. ................................................................................ 310 longicercalis Ismay. Tricimba ................................................................... 304. 316. 353. 354 Iongigena Ismay. Tricimba ............................... 303. 306. 310. 312. 314. 320. 458. 461. 462. 463 longiseta Ismay. Tricimba ..................................................................................... 316. 346

................. lutea Ismay. Tricimba 301. 303. 304. 305. 306. 308. 309. 314. 317. 356. 358. 359. 360 361. 362

.................................................... maculata Ismay. Tricimba 302. 305. 312. 314. 318. 368. 371 major Ismay. Tricimba ............................................................. 316. 339. 343. 345. 346. 349 Malloewia Sabrosky ................................................................................. 303. 308. 313 meijerei Duda. Aphanotrigonum .................................................................................... 310 Meijerella Sabrosky ................................................................................. 303. 308. 3 13

......................................................................... melanochaeta Ismay. Tricimba 316. 345. 349 melancholica (Becker). Tricimba .......................................................................... 303. 305 Microchaetaspis Duda .............................................................................................. 325

minuta Ismay. Tricimba ................................................................... 314. 320. 418. 419. 420 monochaeta Ismay. Tricimba ................................................................................. 320. 440 monostichia Ismay. Tricimba ......................................................................... 321. 434. 435 multiseta Ismay. Tricimba ................................................................. 314. 319. 425. 428. 429

Nartshukiella Beschovski ............................................................ 303. 304. 305. 309. 313. 325 Neuropachys Thalhammer ............................................................................................ 325 nigriseta Ismay. Tricimba ...................................................................................... 320. 414 nitens Ismay. Tricimba ............... 303. 306. 310. 312. 313. 314. 315. 319. 443. 444. 446. 447. 448

449. 450. 488 nitidifrons Ismay. Tricimba ........................................................................... 304. 317. 464 nitidissima Ismay. Tricimba ................................................................... 315. 320. 449. 450 Notonaulax Becker ................................................................................................. 325

obscura Ismay. Tricimba .......................................................................... 304. 316. 354. 355 ..................................................................... occidentalis Ismay. Tricimba 315. 316. 335. 339

oligochaeta Ismay. Tricimba .................................................................. 313. 321. 488. 491 ongamea Kanmiya. Kurumemyia .............................................................................. 301 Opetiophora Loew ...................................................................................................... 310

pallidiseta (Malloch). Tricimba ......................... 302. 303. 306. 310. 314. 315. 325. 326. 327. 328 pallipes (Malloch). Tricimba ......................................................................... 326. 327. 328 pandanicola Ismay. Tricimba .............. 305. 309. 314. 317. 374. 376. 377. 378. 379. 380. 384. 390 papuensis Ismay. Tricimba ....................................................................... 305. 309. 317. 379 parksorum Ismay. Tricimba .................................................................. 3 14. 320. 416. 419 pendula Ismay. Tricimba .................................................................................... 319. 407 Pentanotaulax Enderlein ........................................................................................ 309. 325 Phytalmia Gerstaecker ................................................................................................ 301 pilioculata Ismay. Tricimba ............................................................... 316. 321. 437. 439. 440 pilosa Ismay. Tricimba .............................................................. 304. 317. 361. 362. 364. 366 pinguiseta Ismay. Tricimba ................................................................ 305. 321. 384. 386. 388 planiscutellata Ismay. Tricimba ................................................................. 318. 466. 469. 472 pleichaeta Ismay. Tricimba ................................................................ 315. 332. 335. 337. 345 pollinosa Malloch. Tricimba ......................................................................................... 340 priori Ismay. Tricimba .............................................................................. 319. 427. 429 propinqua Ismay. Tricimba .................................................. 305. 319. 391. 392. 393. 395. 397 Pseudogaurax Malloch .......................................................................................... 302. 3 13 Pseudotricimba Ismay ................................................................ 302. 303. 313. 314. 315. 322 pubiantennata Ismay. Tricimba ........................................................................ 311. 321. 489 punctiferalis Guenee. Dichocrocis .................................................................................. 353 punctipennis (Duda). Caviceps ..................................................................................... 324

quadriseta Ismay. Tricimba ....................... 303. 306. 311. 313. 314. 318. 321. 442. 486. 488. 491 quadristriata Cherian. Tricimba ............................................................................. 358. 359

rectiantennata Ismay. Tricimba ............................................................................... 319. 408

scrobiculata Ismay. Tricimba ................................................................................. 319. 447 scutellata Malloch. Tricimba ........ 303. 306. 311. 312. 314. 321. 430. 431. 432. 434. 435. 437. 460 selachopina (Thomson). Tricimba ............... 303. 306. 310. 312. 314. 315. 316. 332. 340. 341. 358 setosa Lamb. Tricimba ............................................................................ 303. 304. 308. 312 setulosa Becker. Tricimba .................................................................................... 303. 308 similata Malloch. Tricimba ............................................ 303. 306. 311. 314. 320. 437. 438. 440 simplex Ismay. Tricimba ...................................................................................... 318. 472 Siphunculina Rondani ....................................................................... 303. 308. 312. 313. 395 solomonensis Ismay. Tricimba .............................................. 304. 305. 308. 309. 314. 316. 355 Speccafrons Sabrosky ............................................................................................. 313 spectabilis Kanmiya. Aprometopis .................................................................................. 325 spinigera Malloch. Tricimba .................................................................................... 325 steatodae Hickman. Tricimba ......................................................................... 313. 474. 476 stigma Kanmiya. Tricimba ............................................................................................ 370


page Syphonerina SCguy ...................................................................................................... 325

tasmanensis Ismay. Tricimba ........................................................................... 315. 320. 456 ................................................................................... tenuis Ismay. Tricimba 321. 483. 485

thistletoni Ismay. Tricimba ......................................................... 305. 309. 314. 318. 398. 399 tibialis Ismay. Tricimba ................................................ 302. 303. 306. 310. 314. 315. 329. 332 tinctipennis (Malloch). Tricimba ........................................................ 303. 308. 312. 325. 454 tofinistrigata (Enderlein). Tricimba ............................................................ 303. 304. 308. 309 tomentosa Ismay. Tricimba ...................................................................... 314. 319. 429. 430

........................... Tricimba Lioy 298. 299. 301. 302. 303. 304. 308. 309. 310. 311. 312. 313. 314 315. 322. 323. 324. 325. 326. 331. 371. 395. 432. 449. 450. 493

Tricimbomyia Cherian ...................................................................... 303. 308. 309. 310. 313 tuberoscula Ismay. Tricimba ......................................................................... 320. 446. 450

..................................................... uniseta Ismay. Tricimba ........................ .. 321. 435. 440

vanuatensis Ismay. Tricimba ................................................. 305. 309. 314. 317. 376. 377. 379 virgulata (Enderlein). Tricimba ...................................................................... 303. 309. 325 vulgaris Ismay. Tricimba ..................................................... 302. 305. 312. 314. 318. 366. 368

wauensis Ismay. Tricimba ................................................................... 310. 315. 327. 328

revision of tricimba lioy and aprometopis becker (diptera : chloropidae) from australia and the...

Documents