revision of basics, airline operations

7/29/2019 Revision of Basics, Airline Operations

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Intro to Aviation

ByAhmad Ahsan


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Revision of the Basics Four Forces

There are four primary forces that act on an airplane in flight: thrust,weight, drag and lift. It is the interplay between these four forces that

result in an airplane's motion.


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Revision of the Basics The four forces in balance The four forces work in opposing pairs or couples. lift versus weight, and

thrust versus drag. When forces are in balance, that is their magnitudes are the same and

their directions are opposite, the speed and direction of the object willnot change. E.g. Aircraft in steady and level flight.The wings are creating enough lift to counteract the weight of the aircraftand keep it at a certain altitude.The engines are creating enough thrust to counteract the drag of theaircraft and keep it at its cruising speed.

If the lift force is increased or the weight of the aircraft is decreased,there will be an imbalance between the lift force and the weight forceand the airplane will ascend. Conversely if the lift force is decreased thelift force and the weight force will not be balanced and the airplane willdescend.

Lift = pressure x area


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Revision of the Basics Airfoil The Ancient Chinese discovered that kites with curved surfaces flew

better than kites with flat surfaces. Lilienthal and Cayley, in the 1800s,

demonstrated that a curved surface produces more lift than a flatsurface.

By virtue of its shape alone, an airfoil will generate lift as air flows over it.


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Revision of the Basics Airfoil Even more lift can be generated by the airfoil if it is tilted

with respect to the airflow. This tilt is called an airfoil's angle of attack. As the wing is tilted, the air flowing over the top of the wing

flows even faster than the air flowing underneath. As thedifference in the speed of the two airflows increases, the

difference in pressure increases also. This difference in pressure that generates the lift force. So,

as its angle of attack increases, the wing generates more lift(up to a certain point)

At this point, lift diminishes rapidly. This is called thecritical angle of attack.


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Four Tools of Aeronautics Wind Tunnels

A wind tunnel is basically a long tube or tunnel through which air isblown at controlled speeds. A scale model of an airplane, or part of an

airplane is mounted in the tunnel and measurements are taken of theforces and pressures that the model experiences when the air is blown.

Computational Fluid DynamicsResearch using computed values, mathematical equations and models tocalculate the forces and pressures in support of testing and research are

carried out in CFD.

Flight SimulationIncludes the pilot, usually involves mathematical modelling andprogramming of an aircraft into a computer system. Performanceparameters and anticipated control responses are then tested toaccurately simulate the research.


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Major airlines - A major airline is defined as an airline that

generates more than $1-billion in revenue annually.

National airlines - Just one step down from the major airlines,these are scheduled airlines with annual operating revenuesbetween $100-million and $1-billion. These airlines might servecertain regions of the country, but may also provide long-

distance routes and some international destinations.

Regional airlines - As the name suggests, these airlines serviceparticular regions of a country. Usuaully they operate to/fromsatellite airports as opposed to international airports, and in most

case operate turboprop or propeller airplanes.

Airline Operations: Types of Airlines


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Airline Operations Most air carriers

operate under asystem of prioritizedgoals:

safety customer service on-time departuresand arrivals operating economics


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Airline Operations

The major components for any given flight include:

The aircraft and support equipment, Cockpit and cabin crew Maintenance personnel Ground service personnel.

The flight operations department is responsible for thesafe and efficient movement of passengers and/orcargo which ultimately generate the revenue for theairline.


16/25MAS Organizational Structure


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Anatomy of An Airline An airline's most important assets are its airplanes and its

people. An airline can have the best planes in the world, but

without the employees, an airline can't do anything. Operational or Line personnel - These include everyone

directly involved in producing or selling an airline's services: Technicians and Mechanics, responsible for maintenance

checks.

Pilots, who fly the planes Cabin crew who serve passengers and perform various

inflight safety functions;

Reservation staff, airport check-in and gate personnel, whobook and process the passengers;

O ti l Li P l


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Operational or Line Personnel Ground handling agents, flight dispatchers

and planning agents, whose job is to releaseflights for takeoff, following a review of all

factors affecting a flight. These include theweather, routes the flight may follow, fuelrequirements and both the amount anddistribution of weight onboard the aircraft.etc.

Line personnel generally fall into three broadcategories: engineering and maintenance,flight operations, and sales and marketing.

These three divisions form the heart of anairline and generally account for 85 percent

of an airline's employees.


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Anatomy of An Airline Operational Management, Planning, and Training - This

department is responsible for operating an airline's fleet of

aircraft safely and efficiently. It schedules the aircraft and flight crews and it develops

and administers all policies and procedures necessary tomaintain safety and meet CAA operating requirements.

It is in charge of all flight-crew training, both initial and

recurrent training for pilots and flight attendants, and itestablishes the procedures crews are to follow before,during and after each flight to ensure safety.


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Anatomy of An Airline: Maintenance Maintenance Maintenance makes up 11 percent of an airline's

employees. Maintenance programs keep aircraft in safe, working order;

ensure passenger comfort; preserve the airline's valuablephysical assets (its aircraft); and ensure maximumutilization of those assets, by keeping planes in excellent

condition. An airplane costs its owner money every minute of every

day, but makes money only when it is flying with freightand/or passengers aboard.


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Anatomy of An Airline: Maintenance Airlines typically have one facility for major maintenance

work and aircraft modifications, called the basemaintenance hangar. Larger airlines sometimes have morethan one maintenance base and perform all checks.

Smaller maintenance facilities are maintained at an airline'shubs or primary airports, where aircraft are likely to beparked overnight. These are called major maintenancestations and perform routine maintenance and checks.

A third level of inspection and repair capability ismaintained at airports, where a carrier has extensiveoperations, although less than at its hubs. These are calledmaintenance stations and perform temporary repairs orsmall parts replacement.


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Anatomy of An Airline: Sales This division performs pricing, advertising, ticket and

cargo sales, reservations and customer service.

As compared to earlier, today advanced simulationmodels, airline operations software, and reservationsystems allow for variable fares, price changes, andmaximum profits.

Travel agents sell approximately 80 percent of allairline tickets, use the same systems to bookreservations and print tickets for travelers.


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Assignments and Projects Groups of 3 -4

Meet in lab after class


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The End

revision of basics, airline operations

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