reviewreview pollination pollination is the transfer of pollen to the surface of the stigma
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REVIEW
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PollinationPollination is the transfer of pollen to the surface of the stigma
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PollinationSelf pollination may occur if the pollen arrives at the stigma of the same flower or another flower on the same plant
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Pollination• Cross pollination
occurs when the pollen arrives at the stigma of a flower of another plant of the same species
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Pollination• Insects, wind, birds or other agents
are often required for the transfer
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Fertilization
After pollination, a pollen tube forms, producing a path that the sperm will follow to the egg (in the ovary)
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When the pollen tube penetrates the
ovary, two sperm are released to accomplish “double fertilization”
LOOK! TWO SPERM!
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One sperm fuses
with the
egg nucleus
to form a zygote
The other spermfuses with
endosperm nuclei, which will develop
into the parts of the seed that nourish the young seedling
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(then, a seed develops)
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Seeds
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What is a seed?
• A seed is a small embryonic plant enclosed in a covering called the seed coat, usually with some stored food.
• The formation of the seed completes the process of reproduction in seed plants.
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Why are seeds advantageous for plants?
• maintain dormancy until better environmental conditions arise
• afford protection to young plant at vulnerable developmental stage
• contain adequate food supply until photosynthesis is possible
• dispersal of plants
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SEED STRUCTURE• External
– Seed coat (testa)– Hilum
• Embryo– Cotyledon– Epicotyl / Hypocotyl– Pumule– Radical
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Seed Coat• AKA testa
• The seed coat protects the embryo
• Can be of varying thicknesses, depending on the seed type.
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Hilum• Scar from the seed being attached to the
parent plant
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Embryo
• The embryo is what forms the new plant once the opportune conditions are present.
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Cotyledon• The cotyledon is the first
leaf that germinates.• It is filled with stored
food that the plant uses before it begins photosynthesis.
• Some plants have 1 cotyledon (monocot) and some have 2 cotyledons (dicot).
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Epicotyl /Hypocotyl • The basis for the
plant’s stem.
• It is known as the epicotyl above the cotyledon and a hypocotyl below the cotyledon.
• These grow upward in response to light.
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PlumuleThe shoot tip with a pair of miniature leaves.
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The Radicle• The part of the seed where the root
develops.
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SEED DISSECTION
MATERIALS– Soaked bean seed– Dissecting microscope– Tweezers– Ruler
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SEED DISSECTION
EXTERNAL– Draw the external bean– Label structures from
notes
INTERNAL– Carefully remove the seed
coat. – Gently pull apart the two
halves of the seed.– Examine each half with the
dissecting microscope – Draw what you see inside
the bean– Label structures from notes
REVIEW THE RULES FOR LAB DRAWING
BE SURE YOU MEASURE AND RECORD THE LENGTH OF YOUR SEED
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Plumule
Cotyledon
EmbryoHypocotyl
Epicotyl
Radicle
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Seed Dispersal
Seed dispersal is the movement or transport of seeds away from the parent plant.
Seeds are dispersed so as to avoid competition and increase chances of germination. Seeds that fall and sprout beneath the parent
plant have little chance of competing successfully for nutrients.
Seed dispersal is the movement or transport of seeds away from the parent plant.
Seeds are dispersed so as to avoid competition and increase chances of germination. Seeds that fall and sprout beneath the parent
plant have little chance of competing successfully for nutrients.
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Germination
Germination is the process by which a seed or spore sprouts and begins to
grow.
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How Germination Happens
The first organ to emerge from the
germinating see is the radicle, the
embryonic root.
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How Germination Happens
The shoot breaks through the soil
surface. In many eudicots, a hook
forms in the hypocotyl, and
growth pushes the hook above
ground.
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How Germination Happens
Stimulated by light, the hypocotyl straightens, raising the cotyledons and epicotyl. The epicotyl now spreads its first foliage leaves, which become green and begin making food by photosynthesis.
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What’s Required for Germination?
Water:Imbibition means the uptake of water. Causes
the seed to expand and rupture the seed coat. Water uptake triggers the release of hormones called gibberellins (GA for short) which signal enzymes to begin digesting the storage materials of the endosperm or cotyledons, and the nutrients are transferred to the growing regions of the embryo. For example, GA triggers the release of α-amylase, an enzyme that breaks down starch.
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What’s Required for Germination?
OxygenGerminating seeds are very metabolically
active. For example: α – amylase is breaking down storage sugars (such as starch) and converting them to other forms more useful to the seed. Oxygen is necessary for this process. If the soil is waterlogged, it might cut off the necessary oxygen supply and prevent the seed from germinating.
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Growth
Remember
Differentiated plant cells generally cannot divide or produce cells of a different type. Growth can only occur at the meristem. A meristem is the tissue in all plants consisting of undifferentiated cells (meristematic cells) found in zones of the plant where rapid mitosis provides new cells. As these cells differentiate, they provide new plant tissue.
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Apical Meristems
Found in the stem of buds and
growing root tips that enable the plant to grow
longer.
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Lateral Meristems (AKA Cambium)
Surround the established stem of a
plant and causes them to grow laterally (larger in diameter). There are two kinds:
vascular cambium cork cambium
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Phototropism
Plants can control their direction of growth towards or away from environmental stimuli.
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