Reviewing the Reviewing the LiteratureLiterature

Can’t find the literatureCan’t find the literature

Common complaint; could’t find anything Common complaint; could’t find anything in the literature that is related to their in the literature that is related to their studiesstudies

can’t find exactly the same topiccan’t find exactly the same topic

The role of related literatureThe role of related literature

Define the frontiers of knowledgeDefine the frontiers of knowledge A has discovered this, B has discovered A has discovered this, B has discovered

this, so what is left for you to discover?this, so what is left for you to discover?

Enable the researcher to place their Enable the researcher to place their questions in perpectivequestions in perpective Any aditional knowledge in a meaningful Any aditional knowledge in a meaningful

way? Any link between your study and the way? Any link between your study and the body of knowledge?body of knowledge?

Relate the proposed study with the Relate the proposed study with the previous studyprevious study

[should remember the main purpose of the [should remember the main purpose of the study is to add more knowledge to the field study is to add more knowledge to the field not to produce isolated knowledge. The not to produce isolated knowledge. The question is where do you fit in the picture? question is where do you fit in the picture? What and how much new knowledge will I What and how much new knowledge will I add to the existing knowledge?]add to the existing knowledge?]

Limit their research questions, clarify, Limit their research questions, clarify, and define the concepts of the studyand define the concepts of the study may be too broad, vague.may be too broad, vague. Look at how others have defined certain Look at how others have defined certain

constructs being investigated (stress, constructs being investigated (stress, aggression, adjustment ; need to be defined aggression, adjustment ; need to be defined and clarified)and clarified)

Lead to insights into the reasons for Lead to insights into the reasons for contradictory results in the areacontradictory results in the area Look at the theory, instruments, Look at the theory, instruments,

methodologies, data analysesmethodologies, data analyses Learn which methodologies have proven Learn which methodologies have proven

useful and which seem less promisinguseful and which seem less promising To avoid unintentional replication of To avoid unintentional replication of

previous studiesprevious studies Put you in a better position to interpret Put you in a better position to interpret

the significance of your own resultsthe significance of your own results

Sources of literatureSources of literature

Encyclopedia of Educational Research Encyclopedia of Educational Research (1992)(1992)

Present critical synthesis and Present critical synthesis and interpretation of reported educational interpretation of reported educational researchresearch

International Encylopedia of Educational International Encylopedia of Educational EvaluationEvaluation

ERIC databaseERIC database Index of dissertation and Theses (DAI)Index of dissertation and Theses (DAI) ProQuest Digital DissertationProQuest Digital Dissertation Social Science Citation IndexSocial Science Citation Index Government Publication (Economic Government Publication (Economic

Report)Report) WWWWWW

Need to check for the authentecity of the Need to check for the authentecity of the literatureliterature

Accuracy of the literatureAccuracy of the literature Timeliness of the literatureTimeliness of the literature

So what to do???So what to do???

Organizing literaturOrganizing literatur

The hypothesis, the variables being The hypothesis, the variables being investigated provide the framework for investigated provide the framework for the organization of literature. It should lay the organization of literature. It should lay a systematic foundation for the study.a systematic foundation for the study.

Should begin with theoretical background Should begin with theoretical background related to the study [start from broad and related to the study [start from broad and narrow it down]narrow it down]

Look at your hypotheses and variables Look at your hypotheses and variables being investigatedbeing investigated

Organizing the related literatureOrganizing the related literature

Begin with the most recentBegin with the most recent Read the abstract or summary section of Read the abstract or summary section of

reportreport Skim the report prior to taking notesSkim the report prior to taking notes Make notes should be easily accessibleMake notes should be easily accessible Write the reference for the notesWrite the reference for the notes

Review the theories to be used for your studyReview the theories to be used for your study Review previous studies related to your studyReview previous studies related to your study Identify the variables being investigated Identify the variables being investigated Do not separate local and foreign literatureDo not separate local and foreign literature Are the literature related to the studyAre the literature related to the study Concentrate your effort on the scientific Concentrate your effort on the scientific

literatureliterature Review earlyReview early SummarizeSummarize

Writing referencesWriting references

Reference: Single-Author BookReference: Single-Author Book

& Part of a Book& Part of a Book Alverez, A. (1970). Alverez, A. (1970). The savage god: A study of suicide.The savage god: A study of suicide. New York: New York:

Random House.Random House. Garner, B. A. (2003). Garner, B. A. (2003). Garner's Modern American Usage.Garner's Modern American Usage. New New

York: Oxford University Press.York: Oxford University Press. If the material cited is from a foreword, preface, introduction, If the material cited is from a foreword, preface, introduction,

or afterword, list the name of the author of the book element or afterword, list the name of the author of the book element you are citing. Follow the date (which might be different from you are citing. Follow the date (which might be different from the actual publication date) with the name of the element, the the actual publication date) with the name of the element, the title of the book, and, in parentheses, the page number or title of the book, and, in parentheses, the page number or page range on which the element appears (with p. or pp. to page range on which the element appears (with p. or pp. to indicate page or pages)indicate page or pages)

Pepin, R.E. (2003). Introduction. Pepin, R.E. (2003). Introduction. Selected Poetry of Charles Selected Poetry of Charles Darling: 1977–2002Darling: 1977–2002 (pp. iv–xxii). Colchester, CT: Colophon (pp. iv–xxii). Colchester, CT: Colophon Books.Books.

Paloutzian, R. F. (1996). Paloutzian, R. F. (1996). Invitation to the psychology of religion Invitation to the psychology of religion  (2nd ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.      (2nd ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.     

Reference: Book with Two or More AuthorsReference: Book with Two or More Authors

Natarajan, R., & Chaturvedi, R. (2003). Natarajan, R., & Chaturvedi, R. (2003). Geology of the Geology of the Indian Ocean Floor.Indian Ocean Floor. Hartford, CT: Merganser Hartford, CT: Merganser University Press.University Press.

Ligon, M., Carpenter, K., Brown, W., & Milsop, A. Ligon, M., Carpenter, K., Brown, W., & Milsop, A. (1983). (1983). Computers in the world of business Computers in the world of business communications.communications. Hartford, CT: Capital Press. Hartford, CT: Capital Press.

Notice the hanging indent style (about half an inch Notice the hanging indent style (about half an inch after the initial line). The abbreviation et al. (for after the initial line). The abbreviation et al. (for "and others") is not used on the Reference page, "and others") is not used on the Reference page, regardless of the number of authors, although it regardless of the number of authors, although it can be used in the can be used in the parenthetical citationparenthetical citation of material of material with three to five authors (after the inital citation, when with three to five authors (after the inital citation, when all are listed) and in all parenthetical citations of all are listed) and in all parenthetical citations of material with six or more authors.material with six or more authors.

Reference: Edition Other Reference: Edition Other Than FirstThan First(Republished Book) (Republished Book)

Creech, P. J. (2004). Creech, P. J. (2004). Radiology and the Radiology and the technology of the absurd.technology of the absurd. Boston: Houghton- Boston: Houghton-Mifflin. (Original work published 1975)Mifflin. (Original work published 1975)

After the author's name, list the most recent After the author's name, list the most recent date of publication you can find. In the text date of publication you can find. In the text citation, give both dates: (Creech, citation, give both dates: (Creech, 1975/2004).1975/2004).

Reference: An Edited VolumeReference: An Edited Volume

(Anthology or Reference Book(Anthology or Reference Book

Stanton, D. C., & Farbman, E. (Eds.). (2003). Stanton, D. C., & Farbman, E. (Eds.). (2003). The female autograph: The female autograph: Theory and practice of autobiography.Theory and practice of autobiography. Middletown, CT: Ibis Bookstore Middletown, CT: Ibis Bookstore Press.Press.

If you are refering to an article or signed chapter in an edited volume, If you are refering to an article or signed chapter in an edited volume, your reference would look like this:your reference would look like this:

Pepin, R. E. (2002). Uses of time in the political novels of Joseph Conrad. Pepin, R. E. (2002). Uses of time in the political novels of Joseph Conrad. In C. W. Darling, Jr., J. Shields, & E. C. Farbman (Eds.), In C. W. Darling, Jr., J. Shields, & E. C. Farbman (Eds.), Chronological Chronological looping in political novelslooping in political novels (pp. 99-135). Hartford: Capital Press. (pp. 99-135). Hartford: Capital Press.

Notice that there are no quote marks around the title of the article and Notice that there are no quote marks around the title of the article and that only the first word of a title is capitalized. The names of editors that only the first word of a title is capitalized. The names of editors are listed first-initials-first (not reversed). The inclusive page numbers are listed first-initials-first (not reversed). The inclusive page numbers are preceded by the abbreviations for "pages": pp.are preceded by the abbreviations for "pages": pp.

Reference: Book Without Author or Editor Reference: Book Without Author or Editor ListedListed

Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary.Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary. (1961). (1961). Springfield, MA: G. & C. Merriam.Springfield, MA: G. & C. Merriam.

To alphabetize such an entry on your To alphabetize such an entry on your Reference page, use the first significant Reference page, use the first significant word of the title (ignoring the articles, "a," word of the title (ignoring the articles, "a," "an," and "the")."an," and "the").

Reference: Dissertation or Dissertation Reference: Dissertation or Dissertation

AbstractAbstract When you have used an abstract of the dissertion found on When you have used an abstract of the dissertion found on

microfilm in microfilm in Dissertation Abstracts International (DAI).Dissertation Abstracts International (DAI). If you are If you are using a microfilm source, include in parentheses at the end of using a microfilm source, include in parentheses at the end of your entry, the university microfilm number.your entry, the university microfilm number.

Darling, C. W. (1976). Giver of due regard: the poetry of Richard Darling, C. W. (1976). Giver of due regard: the poetry of Richard Wilbur. Wilbur. Dissertation Abstracts International, 44,Dissertation Abstracts International, 44, 4465. (AAD44-8794) 4465. (AAD44-8794)

When you have used the actual dissertation (usually from the When you have used the actual dissertation (usually from the shelves of the University where it was written, sometimes shelves of the University where it was written, sometimes obtained through interlibrary loan):obtained through interlibrary loan):

Darling, C. W. (1976). Darling, C. W. (1976). Giver of due regard: the poetry of Richard Giver of due regard: the poetry of Richard Wilbur.Wilbur. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Connecticut, Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT.Storrs, CT.

  

Reference: Magazines/PeriodicalsReference: Magazines/Periodicals

Wheatcroft, G. (2004, June). The Wheatcroft, G. (2004, June). The Tragedy of Tony Blair. Tragedy of Tony Blair. The Atlantic, 293 The Atlantic, 293 56–72. 56–72.

Thomas, E. & Hosenball, M. (2004, May Thomas, E. & Hosenball, M. (2004, May 31). Bush's Mr. Wrong: The Rise and Fall 31). Bush's Mr. Wrong: The Rise and Fall of Chalabi. of Chalabi. Newsweek, 143Newsweek, 143, 22–32. , 22–32.

Use inclusive page numbers. Do not Use inclusive page numbers. Do not use the abbreviations "p." or "pp."use the abbreviations "p." or "pp."

Reference: Scholarly JournalReference: Scholarly Journal

Many scholarly journals number their pages Many scholarly journals number their pages consecutively throughout a given volume. Thus, consecutively throughout a given volume. Thus, volume one might end on page 345 and the first volume one might end on page 345 and the first page of volume two would be number 345. Do page of volume two would be number 345. Do not use p. or pp. to indicate page numbers. not use p. or pp. to indicate page numbers. Notice that proper nouns are capitalized in an Notice that proper nouns are capitalized in an APA-style title, but other words are not. A comma APA-style title, but other words are not. A comma separates the title of the journal from the volume separates the title of the journal from the volume number, but the volume number (as well as the number, but the volume number (as well as the comma that follows) is also italicized. comma that follows) is also italicized.

Christie, John S. (1993) Fathers and virgins: Christie, John S. (1993) Fathers and virgins: Garcia Marquez's Faulknerian Garcia Marquez's Faulknerian Chronicle of a Chronicle of a Death Foretold.Death Foretold. Latin American Literary Review, Latin American Literary Review, 13,13, 21–29. 21–29.

Murzynski, J., & Degelman, D. (1996). Body Murzynski, J., & Degelman, D. (1996). Body language of women and judgments of language of women and judgments of vulnerability to sexual assault. vulnerability to sexual assault. Journal of Applied Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 26, Social Psychology, 26,  1617-1626.   1617-1626.  

If that article were found in a journal in which If that article were found in a journal in which each issue has pages numbered separately each issue has pages numbered separately (each issue begins with a page 1), the issue (each issue begins with a page 1), the issue number is given in parentheses but not in italics number is given in parentheses but not in italics after the volume number.after the volume number.

Christie, John S. (1993) Fathers and virgins: Christie, John S. (1993) Fathers and virgins: Garcia Marquez's Faulknerian Garcia Marquez's Faulknerian Chronicle of a Chronicle of a Death Foretold.Death Foretold. Latin American Literary Review, Latin American Literary Review, 1313(3), 21–29.(3), 21–29.

Reference: Newspaper Articles, EditorialsReference: Newspaper Articles, EditorialsLetters to the Editor, etc.Letters to the Editor, etc.

If the article is "signed" (that is, you know If the article is "signed" (that is, you know the author's name), begin with that author's the author's name), begin with that author's name. (Notice how discontinuous pages are name. (Notice how discontinuous pages are noted and separated by commas.) Do not noted and separated by commas.) Do not omit the "The" from the title of a newspaper omit the "The" from the title of a newspaper (unlike the MLA technique). (unlike the MLA technique).

Poirot, C. (2004, March 17). HIV prevention pill Poirot, C. (2004, March 17). HIV prevention pill goes beyond 'morning after'. goes beyond 'morning after'. The Hartford The Hartford Courant,Courant, pp. F1, F6. pp. F1, F6.

If the author's name is not available, begin If the author's name is not available, begin the reference with the headline or title in the the reference with the headline or title in the author position.author position.

New exam for doctor of future. (1989, March 15). New exam for doctor of future. (1989, March 15). The New York Times,The New York Times, p. B-10. p. B-10.

If the text being cited is from an editorial or If the text being cited is from an editorial or letter to the editor indicate the nature of the letter to the editor indicate the nature of the source in brackets after the title and date. source in brackets after the title and date.

Silverman, P.H. (2004, June). Genetic Silverman, P.H. (2004, June). Genetic Engineering [Letter to the editor]. Engineering [Letter to the editor]. The Atlantic, The Atlantic, 293293 14. 14.

Reference: Nonprint Resources (Film, Reference: Nonprint Resources (Film, Recording, Video, television or radio Recording, Video, television or radio program, etc.program, etc. The source is identified in brackets after the title The source is identified in brackets after the title Redford, R. (Director). (1980). Redford, R. (Director). (1980). Ordinary peopleOrdinary people [Film]. [Film].

Hollywood: Paramount.Hollywood: Paramount. (film with limited circulation):(film with limited circulation): Holdt, D. (Producer), & Ehlers, E. (Director). (2002). Holdt, D. (Producer), & Ehlers, E. (Director). (2002).

River at High Summer: The St. LawrenceRiver at High Summer: The St. Lawrence [Film]. [Film]. (Available from Merganser Films, Inc., 61 Woodland (Available from Merganser Films, Inc., 61 Woodland Street, Hartford, CT 06105)Street, Hartford, CT 06105)

(Cassette):(Cassette): Lake, F. L. (Author and speaker). (1989). Lake, F. L. (Author and speaker). (1989). Bias and Bias and

organizational decision makingorganizational decision making [Cassette]. Gainesville: [Cassette]. Gainesville: Edwards.Edwards.

(Television program):(Television program): Safer, M. (Narrator). (2004). Safer, M. (Narrator). (2004). Torture at Torture at

Abu GhraibAbu Ghraib [Television broadcast]. [Television broadcast]. Hartford: WFSB. Hartford: WFSB.

(Musical recording):(Musical recording): Barber, S. (1995). Cello Sonata. On Barber, S. (1995). Cello Sonata. On

BarberBarber [CD]. New York: EMI Records Ltd. [CD]. New York: EMI Records Ltd.

Reference: Personal Interview, Phone Reference: Personal Interview, Phone Conversation, Letter, Non-archived E-Mail, etc.Conversation, Letter, Non-archived E-Mail, etc.

Because this material is not recoverable (i.e., it is not Because this material is not recoverable (i.e., it is not possible for someone else to see or hear it), it should not possible for someone else to see or hear it), it should not be listed in the list of References. It can, however, be be listed in the list of References. It can, however, be cited parenthetically within the text. It is extremely cited parenthetically within the text. It is extremely important that what is cited in this way be legitimate and important that what is cited in this way be legitimate and have scholarly integrityhave scholarly integrity. .

(interview):(interview):Wilbur finds himself sometimes surprised by the claims Wilbur finds himself sometimes surprised by the claims of religiosity made by contemporaries. (personal letter, of religiosity made by contemporaries. (personal letter, March 28, 1977)March 28, 1977)  

(phone conversation):(phone conversation):According to Connie May Fowler, the sources for her According to Connie May Fowler, the sources for her novel novel Sugar CaneSugar Cane were largely autobiographical were largely autobiographical

Reference: Classroom LectureReference: Classroom Lecture

Like personal interviews and phone conversations, Like personal interviews and phone conversations, material presented in a classroom lecture is material presented in a classroom lecture is regarded as non-retrievable data. A lecture, regarded as non-retrievable data. A lecture, therefore, should be cited within the text but therefore, should be cited within the text but notnot be be included in your References. The model below included in your References. The model below could also be used for more formal lecture could also be used for more formal lecture settings. settings.

In an Introduction to Literature lecture at Capital In an Introduction to Literature lecture at Capital Community College on April 14, 2004, Professor Community College on April 14, 2004, Professor Charles Darling described William Carlos Williams' Charles Darling described William Carlos Williams' poem as a barnyard snapshot (C.W. Darling, ENG 102 poem as a barnyard snapshot (C.W. Darling, ENG 102 lecture, April 14, 2004). lecture, April 14, 2004).

If the lecturer distributed material at the If the lecturer distributed material at the lecture, you could cite that resource in lecture, you could cite that resource in your References:your References:

Darling, C.W. (2004, April). Images at Darling, C.W. (2004, April). Images at Work in the Poetry of William Carlos Work in the Poetry of William Carlos Williams. Outline presented in a classroom Williams. Outline presented in a classroom lecture at Capital Community College, lecture at Capital Community College, Hartford, CT. Hartford, CT.

Reference: Government DocumentsReference: Government Documents

Example:Example: National Institute of Mental Health. (1982). National Institute of Mental Health. (1982).

Television and behavior: Ten years of Television and behavior: Ten years of scientific progressscientific progress (DHHS Publication No. (DHHS Publication No. A 82-1195). Washington, DC: U.S. A 82-1195). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.Government Printing Office.

Reports from a Document and Deposit Service Reports from a Document and Deposit Service (NTIS, ERIC) other than U.S. government(NTIS, ERIC) other than U.S. government

Examples:Examples: Tandy, S. (1980). Tandy, S. (1980). Development of behavioral techniques Development of behavioral techniques

to control hyperaggressiveness in young childrento control hyperaggressiveness in young children (CYC (CYC Report No. 80-3562). Washington, DC: Council on Report No. 80-3562). Washington, DC: Council on Young Children. (NTIS No. P880-14322).Young Children. (NTIS No. P880-14322).

Gottfredson, L. S. (1980). Gottfredson, L. S. (1980). How valid are occupational How valid are occupational reinforcer pattern scores?reinforcer pattern scores? (Report No. CSOS-R-292). (Report No. CSOS-R-292). Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University. Center for Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University. Center for Social Organization of Schools. (ERIC Document Social Organization of Schools. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 182 465)Reproduction Service No. ED 182 465)

Web document on university program or department Web document on university program or department Web siteWeb site Degelman, D., & Harris, M. L. (2000).  Degelman, D., & Harris, M. L. (2000). APA APA style essentials.style essentials. Retrieved May 18, 2000, from Vanguard  Retrieved May 18, 2000, from Vanguard University, Department of Psychology Web University, Department of Psychology Web site: http://www.vanguard.edu/faculty/ddegelman/index.csite: http://www.vanguard.edu/faculty/ddegelman/index.cfm?doc_id=796fm?doc_id=796

Stand-alone Web document (no date)Stand-alone Web document (no date) Nielsen, M. E. Nielsen, M. E. (n.d.). (n.d.). Notable people in psychology of Notable people in psychology of religion.religion. Retrieved August 3, 2001, from  Retrieved August 3, 2001, from  http://www.psywww.com/psyrelig/psyrelpr.htm http://www.psywww.com/psyrelig/psyrelpr.htm

Stand-alone Web document (no author, no date)Stand-alone Web document (no author, no date) Gender and societyGender and society. (n.d.). Retrieved December 3, 2001, . (n.d.). Retrieved December 3, 2001, from http://www.trinity.edu/~mkearl/gender.htmlfrom http://www.trinity.edu/~mkearl/gender.html

Journal article from databaseJournal article from database Hien, D., & Hien, D., & Honeyman, T. (2000). A closer look at the drug Honeyman, T. (2000). A closer look at the drug abuse-maternal aggression link. abuse-maternal aggression link. Journal of Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 15,Interpersonal Violence, 15, 503-522. Retrieved  503-522. Retrieved May 20, 2000, from ProQuest databaseMay 20, 2000, from ProQuest database

Journal article, Internet-only journalJournal article, Internet-only journal Bergen, D. (2002, Spring). The role of pretend Bergen, D. (2002, Spring). The role of pretend

play in children's cognitive development. play in children's cognitive development. Early Early Childhood Research & Practice, 4Childhood Research & Practice, 4(1). Retrieved (1). Retrieved February 1, 2004, from February 1, 2004, from http://ecrp.uiuc.edu/v4n1/bergen.htmlhttp://ecrp.uiuc.edu/v4n1/bergen.html

Ethics in researchEthics in research

WHAT SHOULD NOT YOU DO IN WHAT SHOULD NOT YOU DO IN RESEARCH?RESEARCH?

THIS IS WHAT WE CALL ETHICS IN RESEARCH

ethics and a researcher

A researcher an an individual

Begins and ends with a researcherEthical research takes longer to complete, cost more money, is more complicated, and is more likely to be terminated before its completion.

Why unethical?

Pressure, gain prestige, impress

people and many more.

Scientific misconduct

What is it?

Fraud and plagiarim.

Scientific misconduct occurs when a reseaRcher falsifies or distorts the data or methods of data collection or plagariaszes the work of others.

What is reseaRch fraud? Fake or invent data that were not really collected or falsely reports how reseaRch was conducted

Plagiarism? Steals the ideas or writing of others or uses them without citing the source

Power:

Relationship between the researcher and subjects oR assistAnt involve power and trust. There should not be abuse of power and trust by the researcher on the subjects or assistant

Ethics related to the research subjects

physical harm:

should not cause physical harm. Anticipate risk before the conduct of research. Screened high risk subjects if stress is involved. Should accept moral and legal responsibility for injury due to participation in research and should terminate the project immediately if yOu can’t guarantee the safety of the participants.

Psychological abuse:

You may place people in stressful, embarasSing, anxiety producing or unpleasant situations. Should never create unnecessary stress beyond the minimal amount needed to create the dEsired effect, stress that has no direct, legitimate reseaRch purpose.KNowing the minimal amount comes with experience

Legal jeopardy:

Protecting subjects from increases risk of arrest especially when you want to study criminal Observing illegal behavior may be central to a research project. If you supply information to the authority, you violate ethical standards regarding research subjects and undermine future research.

Other harm to subjects:

Like asking to recall unpleasant events. Negative effect on their careers and incomes. Like you make a study and found out the supervisor’s performance are poor. As a result, he may loose his job or get a pay cut.

Deception:

Never force anyone to participate and do not lie unless it is required for legitimate research reasons. Deception may increase mistrust and diminish public respect.

Informed Consent:

A fundamental ethical principle of social research is NEVER COERCE anyone to participate. It should be voluntary. Subjects should be explained so they can make informed decisions

Content of informed consent

1.1. A brief description of purpose and A brief description of purpose and procedures or research including procedures or research including expected duration of the studyexpected duration of the study

2.2. A statement of any risk or A statement of any risk or discomfort associated with discomfort associated with participationparticipation

3.3. A guarantee of anonymity and the A guarantee of anonymity and the confidentiality of recordsconfidentiality of records

4.4. The identification of the researcher The identification of the researcher and of where to receive information and of where to receive information about subject rights or questions about subject rights or questions about the studyabout the study

5.5. A statement of participation is A statement of participation is completely voluntary and can be completely voluntary and can be terminated at anytime without terminated at anytime without penaltypenalty

6.6. A statement of alternative A statement of alternative procedures that may be usedprocedures that may be used

7.7. A statement of any benefits or A statement of any benefits or compensation provided to compensation provided to subjects and the number of subjects and the number of subjects involvedsubjects involved

8.8. An offer to provide a summary An offer to provide a summary of findingsof findings

Privacy, anonymity, and confidentiality

Privacy: can be violated to a minimal degree for a legitimate research purpose. Protect the information on research subjects form public disclosure.

Anonymity:

Anonymity means subject remain anonymous and nameless. Protect privacy by not disclosing a subject’s identity after information is gathered. Discard the name and address as soon as you complete data collection and refer the subjects by code number. You withheld the name.

Confidentiality:

Even if anonymity is not possible, confidentiality should be protected. Anonymity protects the identity of specific individuals. Confidentiality means keeping it secret from the public. The information may have names attached to it. The information is not releasedIn a way that permits linking......

Ethics and scientific community

Basic principles of Ethical social Research based on UN Declaration of Human Rights 1948 and 1964 Declaration of Helsinki.

1.1. Ethical responsibility rest with the Ethical responsibility rest with the individual researcherindividual researcher

2.2. Do not exploit subjects or students for Do not exploit subjects or students for personal gainpersonal gain

3.3. Some form of informed consent is Some form of informed consent is highly recommended or requiredhighly recommended or required

4.4. Honor all guarantee of privacy, Honor all guarantee of privacy, anonymity, confidentialityanonymity, confidentiality

5.5. Do not coerce or humiliate subjectsDo not coerce or humiliate subjects

6.6. Use deception only if needed and Use deception only if needed and always accompany it with debriefingalways accompany it with debriefing

7.7. Use research method that is Use research method that is appropriate for the topicappropriate for the topic

8.8. Detect and remove undesirable Detect and remove undesirable consequences to research subjectsconsequences to research subjects

9.9. Anticipate the repercussions of the Anticipate the repercussions of the research or publication of resultsresearch or publication of results

10.10. Identify the sponsor who funded the Identify the sponsor who funded the researchresearch

11.11. Cooperate with host nation when Cooperate with host nation when doing comparative studydoing comparative study

12.12. Release the details of the study design Release the details of the study design with the resultswith the results

13.13. Make the interpretation of results Make the interpretation of results consistent with the dataconsistent with the data

14.14. Use high methodological standards and Use high methodological standards and strive for accuracystrive for accuracy

15.15. Do not conduct secret researchDo not conduct secret research

Ethics and Sponsorship

You may be asked to compromise ethical or professional research standards as a condition of getting grants. What do you do? You have 3 choices (1) loyalty to the organization or larger group [cave in to the sponsor] (2) exit from the situation [quit], (3) voice opposition [whistle-blower]

Arriving at particular findings:

directly or indirectly you are asked to come up with the desired findings. What will you do?

Limit on how to conduct studies.

Can a sponsor limit research by defining what can be studied or by limiting the techniques used. Sponsors can legitimately set conditions on research techniques used and limit cost of research. But researcher must follow generally accepted research methods. A researcher should refuse to continue if he couldn’t uphold the generally accepted standards of research.

Suppressing findings

What happen if the findings are against your sponsor? Not uncommon in social research. Negotiate condition for releasing findings prior to he start of research. And if possible sign a contract to that effect