FORENSIC PHOTOGRAPHY

REVIEW NOTES IN POLICE PHOTOGRAPHY

PREPARED BY: RHEM RICK N. CORPUZ

Module I

Specific Objectives: At the end of the review the students should be able to:

a) Assess the historical background of photography

b) Appraise light and its characteristics

Introduction to PHOTOGRAPHY

I. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF PHOTOGRAPHY

In 1818, France, Niepce obtained camera images on paper sensitized with silver-chloride solution; however, the fixation is only partial. Niepce regarded the results as Imperfect failures because they are reversed in tonality (negatives). In the early part of 1820s, produced heliographic drawings contact-print image of engravings or other line copy on class, paper or metal coated with a bitumen varnish that hardens when exposed.

Come 1826 in France, Niepce achieved the first permanent photograph in a camera on a plate coated with light gray bitumen. After an 8-hours exposure, a direct-positive image results when oil of lavender dissolves away unexposed, unhardened bitumen to let the dark metal plate represent shadow. Various amounts of hardened bitumen remain to from highlights middle tones.

In 1829, He used silver plate and devised a way to remove bitumen from highlights after darkening shadow area which Daguerre forms a partnership with Niepce to perfect this invention. In 1833, Niepce died, Daguerre took over the actual experimentation.

In 1835, England. W.H.F. Talbot obtains negative images on silver-chloride paper by long printing out exposures in a camera obscura; they are imperfectly fixed.

Still in 1835, France, Daguerre discovers that mercury fumes will develop an invisible (latent) image on a silver plate that is sensitized with iodine fumes before exposure.

In 1839, England, William H. Fox Talbot points out the basis of modern photography: Positive copies as desire by contract printing.

In August 19, 1839 Daguerre type, the first practical photographic process, is given to the world.

In 1840, Talbot discovers methods of developing paper-negative images that greatly reduces the exposure required in the camera.

In 1840, U.S. J.W. Draper is one of the first to produce photographs portraits using a lens with a diameter of five inches and a focus of seven inches,

In 1840, Australia Hungary, J.M. Petzvel designs the first lens specifically for photographic use. The lens is produced the following year by Vioglander for use in the first all-metal, utilized camera.

1841, Talbot patents the calotype process, later called the talotype. Negative on paper sensitized with silver nitrate, and gallic acid are developed in gallic acid.

In 1842, England, Herschel invent the ferroprusiate (blueprints, cyanotype) process.

In 1848, Abel Niepce De Sanit-Voctor perfected the use of albumen to hold light-sensitive compounds on a glass plate to make negatives on an absolutely smooth and transparent material.

In 1850, France, L.D. Blanquart-Evrard invents albumen high resolution obtainable with glass-plate negtives.

In 1851, England, F.S. Archer publishes a method of using collodion in place of albumen for negative on glass.

In 1852, U.S. Collodion direct positive-like ambrotypes, but produced on dark metal-are introduced as ferrotype.

In 1853 England, J.B. dancer makes the first model of a twin-lens camera for stereo photography, designs suggested in 1849 by Sir David Brewster in 1856.

In 1858 France, Nadar takes the first aerial photographs over Paris from a free balloon.

In 1861 Scotland, James Clerk Maxwell published research in color perception and the three color separation of light.

In 1862 U.S. reversal process to obtain positive images is first demonstrated by bleaching out the negative.

In 1865, U.S. building on a demonstration of photograph.

In 1868, France, Ducos da Hauron publishes methods for both additive and substractive color synthesis of images by photography and suggest the use of a three color monopack plate.

In 1871, England, Richard Leach Maddox invents the first truly practical dry plate negative process, using gelatin in place of collodion to bind silver halides to glass plate.

In 1872, U.S. Edward James Muybridge makes the first attempts to photographically analyze a horses gallop, for Leland Stanford.

In 1873, Germany, Professor H.W. Vogel discovers the use of dye substances to extend the sensitivity of photographic emulsion from the blue into the green region of the spectrum making possible orthochromatic plates (meaning correct color, although they are still red-blind).

In 1875, England, Leon Warnerke invents a roll holder for use with studio and field (view) cameras.

In 1879, U.S., E.J. Muybridge invents the Zoopraxiscope to project continuous movement from photographic images.

In 1880, England, Sir William Abbey discovers the use of hydroquinone as a developing agent.

1n 1882, France, Etinne marey begins chrono-photography to records stages in the flow of movement by recording successive images on a single plate at constant rate of 12 per second and faster.

In 1882, England, Sir William Abney produces silverchloride gelatin emulsion for printing-out paper.

1884, U.S. Eastman negative paper is introduced; it consists of light-sensitive emulsion or paper which, after development is made transparent enough for printing by treating it with hot castor oil.

1888, U.S. John Carbutt Manufacture the celluloids-base sheet film.

The Eastman Dry plate and film company introduces the number one Kodak camera.

1889, U.S. The first commercial transparent roll film, perfected by Eastman and his research chemist, is put on the market.

1890, England, Hunter and Driffield publish the results of 20 years of research into the response of photographic materials.

In 1891, U.S. Metol and glycin are first used as developing agents. Thomas Edison produces motion pictures on a continuous length of Eastman celluloid film in his kinescope camera and projector.

In 1892, U.S. Frederick e. Ives invents a camera to take three color separation negatives. The process was patented in 1894 and later manufactured as Kromscop

In 1893, Ireland, John Joly invented the additive color process using regular line screen checkered with red, green and blue squares.

In 1895, U.S. Reverend Hannibal Goodwin is granted a patent covering roll film composed of a silver-bromide gelatin emulsion on a celluloid base.

In 1990, France, Auguste and Louis Lumiere invent the photodrama, which takes and projects 360 degree panoramic photographs.

In 1901, France, Cellulose acetate was invented; its non flammable properties promote its adoption as a safety base still films.

In 1904, Germany, B. Homoka and E. Konig who had studied with H.W. Vogel, invent dye sensitizers that extent emulsion sensitivity into the yellow and red regions of the spectrum.

Written and Wainwright begin commercial production of panchromatic (all-color) plates two years later in England.

In 1907, France, M. Lumiere color process, the Autochrome plate, become the first commercially manufactured practical color process in photography.

In 1910, France, Dioptichrome color materials are produced based on patents of Louis Dufay. Later products based on similar principles include Dufay color.

1912, Germany. Friedrich Deckel invents the compound shutter, which uses gears to control slow speeds and a clock work movements to control fast speed.

In 1914, U.S. Eastman Kodak company introduces a two color subtractive process called Kodachrome it is dropped after a few years, but the name is use again, 21 years later for a tree-color process based on different principles.

1921, U.S. Radio transmitional photograph is demonstrated the mention is eventually used widely as phototelegraphy (wirephoto) invented in 1904.

1923, U.S. Amateur movie-making becomes possible with the introduction of 16 mm reversal black and white film, by Eastman Kodak Company.

1924, Germany, E. Leits begins production of the Leica camera designed by Oskar Barnack. Although not the first to use 35 mm film, it succeeds in establishing a new kind of photography.

1927, U.S. A full length film, The Jazz Singer is a Vitaphone production with synchronized sound on disc. Later the Bell Labs/Fox-movie tone process produces integral sound on film.

1928, Germany, modern twin-lens roll film reflex camera, the Rollieflex, was introduced by Francke and Heidecke.

1929, Germany, J. Ostermeler produces the first commercially acceptable self-contained flash-bulb aluminum foil sealed in an oxygen-filled bulb.

In 1932, U.S. The first photoelectric exposure meter is produced by Western Electric Instrument Company.

In 1934, Holland, The first wire-filled flashbulb is introduced by Philips.

In 1939, U.S. a gas-discharge tube emitting white light is introduced for electronic flash photography.

Mannes and Grodowsky, working with the staff of the Kodak Research Laboratory, invented kodachrome film.

In 1936, Germany. Agfacolor reversal films is introduced; it is the first tree color monopack film in which subtractive dye-formers are incorporated in each emulsion layer.

In 1939, Germany. Negative positive subtractive color cine materials are developed using agfa tripack emulsion.

Still in 1939, Germany. A Rott and E. Weyde independently develop diffusion transfer processing of negative images.

In 1940, U.S. and England, Multiple contrast black and white printing paper is introduced in the U.S.

In 1942, U.S, kodacolor negative film is introduced in the market.

In 1942, England, A new developing agent, phenidone, is patented by Ilford; it is similar to metol.

In 1943, U.S. Reversal print material, Ansco Printer, for making color prints from slider or transparencies, is introduced for user processing.

In 1945, U.S. Reversal print incorporated color couples, development during world War ii are available to the public first unscocclor film in 1945, then Ektachrome film in 1946.

In 1946, U.S. Kodak dye transfers process is introduced it is a commercial process that represents the culmination of various printing methods utilizing dyed or pigmented bichromate-gelatin emulsion that hardens on exposure and development in an tanning developer.

In 1947, U.S. Edwin H. Land Introduces Polaroid one step photography with a self-processing black and white film that yield a positive print by the diffusion transfer reversal method.

In 1950, U.S. Color couplers for self-masking color correction are introduced in kodak color negative films.

In 1950, U.S. The first modern wide-screen motion picture are produced using an anamorphic system, which optional squeezes the 2.1 1mm motion picture frame, and restores it to full width upon projection.

In 1995, U.S. Kodak Tri-X (ASA 200) and Royal X pan (ASA 650) films, and Kodak Ektacolor paper from color negatives, are introduced.

In 1960, U.S. a self-processing color print material based on the Polaroid diffusion transfer system is demonstrated; it is marketed as Polacolor film in 1963.

In 1963, U.S. A modern dye destruction, or silver dye bleach, reversal color-print material Cibachrome is introduced in both professional and home processing versions.

In 1963, U.S. The loading of iflm is still cameras is greatly simplified with the production of a film cartridge made with a built-in prethreaded take-up spool.

In 1972, U.S. Polaroid Corporation demonstrates a new camera and film as the SX-70 system, the camera is a unique single lens reflex design and the film is an integral diffusion transfer materials that produces a full color print without any peel-away, discardable component.

In 1976, U.S. Kodak instant print film PR10 is introduced.

In 1978, U.S. Polavision self-processing color movie film is marketed; it combines a self-processing diffusion transfer emulsion with an integral additive color line screen.

PHOTOGRAPHY defined as an Art or Science of reproducing image by the action of light on sensitized material with the aid of an image forming device known as camera and the chemical process involved therein.

Louis Jacques Mande Daguerre He is a French national, who is considered the father of photography. His major contribution into the field of photography is the Daguerro Type Theory.

Police or Forensic Photography Is an Art or Science that deals with the study of principles of photography, in relation to police work and preparation/presentation of photographic evidence in court. Presentation of documents in the court as an evidence for a case.

Edward Burke An American who is considered the advocator of Police/Forensic Photography. The Father of Police/Forensic Photography.II. Light and its characteristics:

a. Light Is an electromagnetic redial energy to which excites the retina of the eye and makes things visible.

The Electromagnetic Energy Spectrum is composed of both visible radiant energy (light) and invisible radiant energy (ultraviolet and infrared).

Light differs:

Speed of travel = medium space

- Air

- Glass

- Water

Light is being measure through its wavelength 1 Millionth of a meter or 1 millionth of a millimeter. (Millimicron)

b. Characteristics of Light:1. Speed

2. Wavelength

3. Frequency

c. The three are interrelated to each other.

Speed Is the rate of travel per second.

Wavelength Is the distance in between light travels in air/wave 186,000 miles per

second.

Frequency Is the number of wave passing to one point in one second.

Color of Light:

1. Blue

2. Green

3. Red d. The three are considered Primary Colors.

Yellow Is considered complimentary color of the primary color

Cyan Secondary color

Magenta Secondary color

Blue Is measured from 400-500 millimicron

Green Is Measured from 500-600 millimicron

Red is measured from 600-700 millimicron

Colors Are the even mixture of all wavelengths. Sufficient wavelength of all colors.

Black - Absent of light.

Gray A little mixtures of light.

The Sources of Light:

1. Sun/Moon/Stars

2. Natural Light

3. Reflection of Water

4. Reflection of Clothes

Natural Light None man made (we do not know).

Artificial Light Man Made (Thomas Jefferson).

Available Light Is the combination of natural and artificial light.

Note: We see color because of our nerve cell and Retina of our eye called Cones.The RATD LAW Reflected, Absorbed, Transmitted and Diffraction.

Refraction It is the bending of lights when strike to an object.

III. Light and Materials:

Focal Length Is the distance between the center of the lens and the film plane when the lens is focused at infinity.

Lens Is a medium or a system which converge or diverge rays of light passing through it and it form an image.

Types of Camera Lenses:

1. Wide Angle Lens From 25MM to 45MM

2. Normal Lenses 50MM

3. Telephoto Lens 55MM to 1000MM or more

(Zoom Lens)

Zoom Lens It is considered as a variable lenses.

a. LENS ABERRATIONS OR DEFECTS

An aberration is an optical imperfection responsible for image distortion. These

defects are not the results of the manufacturers carelessness. They are cause by the behavior of light. It can be avoided by combining several lenses and by eliminating marginal rays refracted through the outer edges of the lens.

Astigmatism

The inability of a lens to project a sharply focused image of both vertical and horizontal lines upon the same plane, at one lens to image distance. Lenses corrected for astigmatism are termed anastigmatic.

Coma

A pear-shaped image of a small circle or point near to the edges of the image plane. To correct or minimize coma in a compound lens, positive and negative elements of varying radii of curvature are combined in a lens system, and the size of the aperture is reduced.

Chromatic Aberration

The inability of a simple lens to bring the different wavelengths (colors) of white light to a focused on the same plane. Correction is made when the compound lens is constructed by placing a simple negative lens in optical contact with a simple positive lens.

Curvature of Field

A simple lens produces a curved, concave, or saucer shaped image of wan object which has a flat surface. This type of aberration is more apparent in lenses which have a wide angle of view.

Distortion (Curvilinear Distortion)

Maybe defined as a lens inability to produced the same enlargement in the image formed by the edges of the lens as in that part formed by the center of the lens.

Barrel Distortion

Lines near the margins of the image curve inward like the sides of a barrel.

Pincushion Distortion

Lines curve inward like the sides of a stuffed pincushion. Placing the aperture behind the lens causes this affect.

Flare

Flares exhibits itself as a misty haze, or a cloudy semicircular patch of light, which may cover part or all of the image. When it appears as a small pear-shaped bright spot it is called coma.

Optical Flare

Is the result of double reflections from inner lens surfaces.

Mechanical Flare

Is the result of reflections from worn shiny parts of the lens such as stop, shutter, lens mount or from inside of the camera itself.

Spherical Aberration

When parallel marginal and axial rays passing through a simple lens focused at different planes along the optical axis, causing fuzzy images.

b. PRINTING PAPERS

Because of the fact that all negatives do not print best on one kind of paper, and in order to permit printing for special effects, photographic paper is made in several different grades of contrast and surface texture. Velox paper made by Kodak offers the most and in six degrees of contrast and glossy (F) surface.

Velox, No. 0

Used for printing from extremely contrast negatives, the low contrast in the paper sensitizing counteracts the high contrast in the negative, to give a new print.

Velox, No. 1

Used for high contrast negatives.

Velox No. 2

A paper for normal contrast used with normal negatives.

Velox, No. 3

For used with negatives that are a little weak in contrast.

Velox, No. 4

Provides sufficient contrast to compensate for very thin or weak negatives. It is useful in printing silhouettes and other such pictures in which high contrast is desired.

Velox, No. 5

For negatives so flat as to be otherwise unprintable.

Module II

Specific Objectives: At the end of the review the students should be able to:

a) Appreciate darkroom photography

b) Recall the parts of camera

I: Darkroom Photography and Sensitized Materials:

a. Darkroom A light tight room used for developing film making contact print and

enlargement.

- A room protected from rays of light harmful to sensitized materials, plates and

papers.

Two distinct sides:

1. Dry Side Enlarger side and materials that must be kept away from water.2. Wet Side Processing area, chemical, stock solutions, trays and other materials.

Chemical Processes:

Developing process of film the latent image becomes permanent and visible in a reverse way thus producing a negative.

Developing process of photo paper the permanent and visible image produces positive print or photographs.

Two Factors to be considered in developing process:

1. Density is the degree of darkness of the image developed too dark or to light.

2. Contrast is the different of tone from another.

a.1. Factors that affect chemical development of the sensitized material:

1. Concentration or strength of the working solution used mixture procedure by

manufacturers.

2. Temperature of chemical involved in the development process

3. Time of development

4. Agitation of the sensitized material during development.

a.2. Chemical Processing:

1. Development processes of reduction, exposed silver halides are reduced into

metallic silver.

2. Stop-bath it is an intermediate bath between development and fixer.

- To prevent contamination of the chemical.

3. Fixation the process of removing unexposed silver halides remaining in the

emulsion after the first stage of development of the latent image.

4. Washing use of running water.

5. The application Wetting Agent/Photo-flo/Foto-glo to prevent watermark and

easier to dry.

6. Drying.

a.3. Chemical component of a fixer:

1. Dissolving Agent Hypo or sodium thiosulphite

2. Preservative Sodium sulphite

3. Neutralizer boric and acetic acid

4. Hardener Potassium alum.

Two systems of film developing:

1. Repeated use system after each development the solution is poured in a

container for use again.

2. One shot system - after development the solution is poured into the sink.

Faults and Remedy on Negatives:

1. Intensification under-exposed negative

2. Reduction over exposed negative

3. Increasing or Decreasing development time.

4. Use of development that increase or subdues contrast.

Intensification the addition of minute part of another metal usually chromium or mercury on the top of the metallic silver formed to strengthen contrast to obtain good density. Under exposed negatives.

Reduction the reducing of density in the negative-overexposed negatives potassium ferry cyanide and sodium thiosulphite or Hypo or Farmers Reducer.

a.4. Printmaking Process:

1. Printmaking the final stage in making photograph.

2. Enlarger It is a machine used in making enlargement.

3. Contact Printing photograph is made through direct negative and paper contact.

Factors to consider in selecting negative:

1. Sharpness

2. Density

3. Contrast

a.5. Enlarger Parts and Functions:

1. Enlarger Head the main working part of enlarger contains: Light, condenser,

lens, negative holder, the lens itself.

2. Lamp light that passes through the negative that exposed photo paper.

3. Condenser Lens lens that spread the light coming from the lamp of the enlarger.

4. Negative Darrier hold the negative flat and level.

5. Lens Aperture the opening of the lens that control rays of light passing through it.

6. Lens it is the one responsible in forming the image coming from the negative.

7. Focusing Mechanism it moves the lens up and down to focus the projected image.

8. Enlarger Column it is the holder of the enlarger head and commonly serves as a

rail in controlling the height of enlarger head.

9. Elevating Control Knob control size of image by raising or lowering the enlarger

head.

10. Base Board the support of the entire unit of the enlarger.

a.c. Procedure in Film Processing. (Black and White)

1. Prepare of solution needed in the development process.

2. Check the temperature of the solution and make it constant by using temperature control pan.

3. Turn off the lights and check the room weather its totally dark.

4. Open the film cassette or film holder.

5. Place film in the developer reel or film hanger.

6. Soak or immerse the developing reel or film hanger into the developer tank.

7. Tap the bottom of developing tank to dislodge air bubbles.

8. Place the light tight cover to the developer tank.

9. Set the timer on the specified time, remove and rinse the film for 10 seconds.

10. Slowly agitate the developer tank for five seconds every minutes of the development time.

11. At end of development time, remove and rinse the film for 10 seconds.

12. Soak or immerse the developer reel or film hanger into the stop batch tank, tap the developer reel or hanger at the bottom for 30 seconds.

13. Remove and raise the film for 10 seconds.

14. Soak and immerse developer reel and film hanger into the fixing bath tank for 30 seconds and let film stand still in the solution for required fixing time.

15. After fixing period switch on the light wash the film developer or negatives in running water for 30 minutes.

B. Sensitized Materials:

Sensitized paper/photographic paper a paper coated with emulsion.

Photographs is result of both mechanical and chemical process of photography.

Emulsion the sensitized of a film or paper usually silver halides in gelatin on acetate, polyester or paper.

Silver Halides the component that sensitize to light.

Film

B.1. Film Layer (Black & White)

1. Emulsion

2. Gray or Anti-halation backing

3. Acetate Plastic

4. Base

B.2. Kinds of films in terms of speed sensitivity to light

Fast Film Hi-speed - sensitivity to light (ISO 25 TO 50 mu)

Mid Film Mid-speed sensitivity to light (ISO 50 to 400 mu)

Slow Film Slow-speed sensitivity to light (ISO 400 to 3200 high latitude)

Higher density more black/higher contrast the bigger the size of the silver crystal granules the higher sensitivity to light the finer the granules the slower sensitivity.B.3. Component of a film from top to bottom:

1. Over Coating hard gelatin solvent

2. Gelatin Solvent with grains of silver salt (halide) Emulsion- sensitive to light

3. Gum Arabic (Sticky gelatin substance) substratum layer

4. Celluloid Acetate/clear plastic base of the film

5. Substratum layer

6. Anti-halation backing black substance 0.004 of a millimeter

Ilford

The name of the sensitized material.

Generally, there are two types of color film, namely:

1. Positive color film

2. Negative color film

B.4. Sensitized paper/photographic paper

Photograph

Is the result of both mechanical and chemical process of photography.

Sensitized material/paper a paper coated with emulsion.

Emulsion

The sensitivity of a film or paper usually silver halides in gelatin on acetate, polyester or paper.

Silver Halides

The component that sensitized to light.

Types of Emulsion

1. Silver Chloride Emulsion

2. Silver Bromide Emulsion

3. Silver Chloride-Bromide Emulsion

Types of paper according to emulsion content:

1. Chloride paper - paper that contains silver chloride in their emulsion.

2. Bromide paper paper that contains silver bromide in their emulsion

3. Chloro Bromide paper paper that contains the combination or both chloro

and bromide emulsion.

4. Ecta color

Basic types of paper

1. Enlarging paper/Projection paper Bromide paper

2. Contact printing paper producing prints with the same size as the paper.

Chloride paper.

Chloro bromide paper

general use contact or enlarging paper

Three important factors to consider on photo paper:

1. Types of emulsion

2. contrast refers to the relative densities the range of gray tone from black

and white

3. Physical characteristic of paper

Contrast control:

1. Variable Contrast/selective contrast paper enlargement of negative is

done with the use of filters, to correct the contrast on the print or

photograph.

2. Graded Contrast paper the traditional method which requires different

grades of paper for every contrasts.

B.5. Physical Characteristics construction of photographic papers

a. Conventional Paper

- Gelatin over coat

- Silver halide crystals in gelatin emulsion

- Baryta layer (pigmented)

- Photographic paper base

b. Resin-Coated (R.C.) Paper

- Gelatin over coat

- Silver halide crystals in gelatin emulsion

- Resin layer (pigmented)

- Photographic paper base

- Resin layer

Physical Characteristics:

a. Paper Base Must be able to with stand immersion of paper in various processing solution as well as prolonged washing during processing-made seven (7) different wood pulp that have the unity and strength necessary for high grade base.

b. Base Weight this refers to the thickness of the paper.

Types of paper according to weight:

1. Single weight

2. Double weight

Note: 1. Emulsion side of paper is the shiny part.

2. Emulsion side of film the dull side.

c. Water Resistant Base possible good dimensional stability less absorption

of chemicals, shorts processing time as the fiber base.

d. Paper Sizes may supplement in standard sizes sheet or long roll of various width for automatic processing common sizes of paper. Post card, 5 X 7, 7.5 X 5.5, 8 X 10, 11 X 14, 16 X 20 & 20 X 24.

e. Base Tinx refers to the color of the paper.

a. White

b. Cream

f. Image Tone refers to the color of sharp silver image colors gray from brown through warm black and neutral black and blue black.

g. Florescent Brightness refers to the brightness in prints.

h. Color Sensitivity Panchromatic paper are sensitive to all color but less sensitive to red.

Types of paper according to surface:

1. Glossy or smooth

2. Matt-rough

3. Semi-matt

Special purpose papers:

1. Printing out paper produces image by the action of light alone, no development is required, use to provide temporary portrait prints.

Example: Polaroid Photos.

2. Direct-positive paper can be expose in a camera and reversal-processed to yield a positive point.II. Camera and the Eye:

Camera is a light tight box machine use to record an image through the aid of a sensitize materials if lights is allowed to pass into it.

Essential Part of Camera:

1. Light tight box Is a box which devoid light.

2. Lens is a medium used as the passage of light.

3. Film Holder Its hold the film.

4. Shutter Is a contraction placed on the path of the light passing through the lens.

5. Viewing system/view finder. (Note: This is accessory part)

Flash Unit:

1. Flash bulb

2. Electronic flash

3. Cube flashEquipments to hold the Camera:

1. Bipod

2. Tripod

3. Camera StandEssential Functions of the Camera:

1. Surveillance

2. Police Public Relation

3. Presentation

4. Preservation

5. Entrapment

6. Re-enactment

7. Police CommunicationMicrophoto-microfilming

Photo Micro using of a microscope attached in the lens of a camera. (For

small/minute object enlargement)

Photo Macro Using a tube lens, connected in the lens of a camera.

Eye Is the most important part of our human body without it, we can not appreciate the beauty of the world.

Depth of Field In relation of the distance of the subject to the focused that is accepted to the background of the focused.

- It is the distance measure from the nearest to the farthest object when the lens is focused in a particular distance.

F Numbers

F1.4/F2/F2.8/F3.5/F5.6/F8/F11/F16/F22

Shutters

B 1 2 4 8 15 30 60 125 250 500 1000

Pincushion or Barrel Distortion The line is bend, the principle of light travels can be

distort/bend.

Rectillinear Lens The lens that cures the pincushion or barrel distortion.

Aberration lens defect.

Module III

Specific Objectives:

a) Evaluate the application of photography

b) Justify the importance of photographic evidence

CAMERA OPERATION

I. Normal Photography:

1. Load the Film Make sure not to load the film in direct sunlight/subject:

a. Pull up the film rewind crank fully until the cover is unlocked and open;

b.Place the film cartridge in the film compartment with the emulsion side of film facing the lens;

c. Pull the film leader and insert the film tip into the slot of the film take up spool.

d. Turn the film advance lever and wind the film around the take-up spool and film advance sprocket engage the perforation in the film;

e. Take two blank shots releasing the shutter after each shot. The film counter will advance from S mark to O, with one more advanced, the camera will be ready for the first shot.

2. Set the ASA/ISO bating of film

3. Wind the advance lever

4. Look through the viewfinder and focus

5. Compose the picture within the viewing frame of camera

6. Determine the exposure with the built-in meter

7. Press the shutter release button gently.

Take Note: The importance of camera manual for more modified operations.a) Four (4) Important controls in a camera to be manipulated and adjusted:

1. Focusing Control In order to form a sharp image.

Focus Is the means by which the object distance is established or calculated

to form a sharp image.

Three types of focusing device:

a. Range finder type

b. Ground glass focusing type

c. Scale bed type

2. Shutter Speed Control

3. Diaphragm or Aperture Control

4. Shutter Speed and F- Number together

b) Shutter Speed Control

Factors to consider:

a. Light sensitivity of filmb. Motion of the subject on different anglesc. The purpose of photoTwo Types of Shutters;

1. Leaf Shutter

2. Focal Plane

c) SS and F-Number together

F-Number

Shutter Speed

F22

1/2000F16

1/100

F11

1/500

F8

1/250

F5.6

1/125

F4

1/60

F2

F1.4

d) Photographic Techniques:

1. Look at the Light

2. Use color for best effect

3. Make shape the subject

3.1. Near shape

3.2. Far shape

4. Bring-out subject form

5. Emphasize subject texture

6. Find and use subject pattern

7. Give your subject/picture depth

8. Turn around the camera

a. Change the viewpoint and angle

9. Shot around the subject

10. Frame your shot

11. Position your subject

12. Decide what to include

13. Pose your subject

14. Look for alternative shot

15. Create a sense of movement

16. Use on-camera flash

a. Flash fall-off c. Flash fill-in

b. Defused flash d. Action-stopping flash

II. Kinds of Photography and its Application.

a. Kinds of Photography:

1. Photomicrography Kinds of photography that make enlargement minute object from 1 to 50 times. (Aid of Microscope)

- It is used usually in question documents and Fire Arm Identification.

Things that are being examine:

1. Elements

2. Features

3. Characteristics2. Photomacrography Type of photography that enlarge a minute object up to 10 times and commonly used in Personal Identification like Finger Print, Foot Print, Palm Print, tube/extension bilus

3. Microphotography The process of reducing big object or things of minute object.

*Example : micro-film

4. Crime Scene Photography Deals with the photographing the scene of the crime on details of perpetuated crime.

*Example: Man Slaughter

1. Identification photograph of the victim

2. Specific place where the victim, is found

3. Minute object, article found in the scene

4. The place where the victim is remove

b. Classification of crimes committed

1. Injury sustain by the victim

2. General view of the scene must be photograph

3. The point of view must be photograph

4. The general view of the building where crime is committed

*Specific Crime Scene:

The following must be photograph into the case of hanging

1. The photograph of the victim when still hang, the distance between the feet and the floor

2. Close-up photograph of the rope tied around the neck

3. The four corner where the victim is found

4. Close-up view of the knot

Rape Cases: (People Vs. Cezar Guy [Aug. 19___ SCRA])

a. The identification of the victim

b. Photograph of the victim with clothing

Photograph of the victim without clothing

c. Photograph of the victim in the stomach

d. Photograph of the vagina (close-up)

e. The area of laceration (close-up)

f) Place where the crime is committed

g) Close-up of the contusion, abrasion, hematomma

*Note: One with markings and one without

5. Surveillance Photography Deals with the photograph of individual without his knowledge, such is the same in clandestine photography.

6. Infrared Photography deals with the photographing of object visible, divisible, invisible even with haze.

7. Ultra-Violet Photography deals with the photographing of object or markings which is invisible using reflected or fluorescent.

8. X-Ray Photography deals with photographing of hidden object or things.

9. Traffic Accident Photography deals with the photographing of traffic incident or occurrence especially in a vehicular accident.

a. Place of occurrence/accident.

b. Photograph of vehicle toward on both side of the drivers

c. Close-up photograph of the impact (You can identify through center point of the point of impact

d. Close-up photograph of the debris

Photograph on the view of the witness

e.Identification photograph of both drivers involves

f.Photograph of some of the spectator around to include

passengers of both vehicles.

g. Close-up photograph of the damages occurred/sustain by both

vehicle

h.Photograph of both plate numbers

i.Photograph the specific place where the coalition took place

j. Photograph the skid mark.

10. Investigative Photography deals with the study of the concept of photography its application to law enforcement or investigation process and the preparation of photographic evidence for court presentation.

11. Mug Photography Deals with the study of photographing individual for identification process.

12. Finger Print Photography Deals with the application of macro-photography so as to produces an enlargement of finger print for comparison purposes.

13. Firearm Identification photography Deals with the photographing of firearm shells and bullet. It is also where photomicrography is applied.

14. Question Documents - process of photographing document for purposes of examination and as a substitute for duplicate copy when original is lost and the purpose of duplicate photograph is to establish the contents of the lost original document.

15. Arson and Questionable Fires It is the willful and malicious burning of property, usually a building or dwelling unit.* Photographing the scene of arson especially when the fire is in progress can establish the following:

1. The origin of fire. Very often in the crime of arson, fires started in several places or area of the building. All of these occurrence must be shown in the photographs;

2. The direction and fast spreading of the fires must be photographed;

3. Recorded color of the smoke, color of the flame and the size of the flame can establish the nature of burning substance which can be the proximate cause of fires. Color film must be used in photographing the fires while in progress;

4. The entire area of the scene of the crime must be photographed in such a manner that spectators, who are watching the fires must be included. Usually, the arsonist will stay at the scene of the fire to watch the burning of the property.

* Importance of Photography in Law Enforcement:

1. For Records

2. For identification

3. For Presentation/Preservation

4. Substitution (Manila Vs. Cabangis, 10 Phil. 151)

5. Extension of man visual/limitation

6. Communication

7. Information

III. Preparation of Photographic Evidence:

a. Definition of Terms:

Preparation of Photographic Evidence The moment the photographer received the order to have/conduct a photograph with the crime scene.

Comparison Photograph Using a comparison microscope with an aid of a camera attached into the eye piece of the latter.

Juxtaposition Is the result between two object/image in a comparison microscope with camera attachment.

Composite Photograph Use in comparing question hand writing from the standard to the one in question.

Overlay To determine whether the document hand writing is trace or

original/standard.

Sources of Photographic Evidence:

1. Police Photographer

2. Amateur Photographer

3. Media Photographer

b. Crime Scene Photography:

Criminal Investigation determination of facts and circumstances surrounding the commission of the crime and the identification of perpetuators.

Investigator Persons who collect facts to accomplish the triple G:

1. Identity the Guilty Party

2. Locate the Guilty Party

3. To provide evidence of Guilt

c. Three methods of recording the crime scene:

1. Note Taking

2. Sketching

3. Photographing

Purpose:

Record Original Scene & Conditions

Document Appearance of Evidence

Capture Permanent Record

Admissibility Issues:

Photo must be relevant

Non-prejudicial

Distortion-free

Accurate representationd. DOs and DONTs of Police Photographer

Photograph the scene as soon as possible

Use Photo Log for documentation

Utilize various views of the scene

Overall

Medium

Close-up (with and without scale) Photograph all evidence prior to collection

Photograph the scene completely to include:

Points of entry/exit

Surrounding area/neighborhood

Take photographs at eye level

Photographs supplement sketches and notes - they do not stand alone

FILM IS CHEAP! Use it!

Body with five (5) Angles

Close-up of Obvious Wounds

Weapons

Trace Evidence

Signs of Prior Activity

Evidence of Struggle

Witness Perspective Shots

Autopsy Do take your time

Doing more is better than less

Dont Reposition Evidence

Dont destroy in the process

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