review terms c and e final completed 2

8/14/2019 Review Terms c and e Final Completed 2

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CIVICS AND ECONOMICS TERMS FOR THE EOC (Some answered, some not)

GOAL 1

New England - Dominated by Puritans and founded for religious reasons (God).Massachusetts, New Hampshire, etc.

Middle Colonies- Had great religious variety: Catholics in Maryland, a mix of Anglicans(Church of England), Quakers, Lutherans, Baptists, Presbyterians, and Methodists.Pennsylvania and Maryland were known for their religious toleration, unlike the NewEngland Puritans who for the first hundred years were known to persecute other Christiansects.Southern Colonies- The tidewater areas were primarily dominated by the AnglicanChurch; this church was the established church and the citizens were required to paytaxes for the upkeep of this denomination. In the Southern Back country, the peoplewere primarily Presbyterians, Baptists, Methodists, and Quakers, all of whom resentedpaying taxes for the Anglican Church.Jamestown The crew members of the Virginia Companys ship reached a small

peninsula in 1607 and the colonist claimed it as their own and named the townJamestown and the river James in honor of their King.Plantation system- Southern colony system using slave labor. Large farms based onfarming cash crops, not just subsistence farming.Mercantilism - The theory and system of political economy prevailing in Europe afterthe decline of feudalism, based on national policies of accumulating bullion, establishingcolonies and a merchant marine, and developing industry and mining to attain a favorablebalance of trade.Indentured servants - Indentured servants were imported from England; the plantationowners would pay their passage over to America for the exchange of their work for about7 years.

Slavery - The state of one bound in servitude as the property of a slaveholder orhousehold.Middle Passage- The voyage that brought enslaved Africans to the West Indies and laterto North America.Triangular Trade Route- A transatlantic system of trade in which goods and people,including slaves, were exchanged between Africa, England, Europe, the West Indies, andthe colonies in North America.Pilgrim - Members of a group that wanted to eliminate all traces of Roman Catholicritual and traditions in the Church of England.Puritan - English Separatists who founded the colony of Plymouth in New England in

1620.One who lives in accordance with Protestant precepts, especially one who regardspleasure or luxury as sinful.Quakers- A Christian sect founded by George Fox about 1660; commonly calledQuakers- Members of the Society of Friends, a religious group persecuted for its beliefsin 17th-century England.Catholic - Persecuted in Europe found safe haven in Maryland.Bacons Rebellion- Bacon and his army marched to Jamestown 1676 to confront thecolonial leaders about the number of grievances, including the lack of representation in


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Virginia. Bacons army set fire to town making the people leave. This rebellion succeed indrawing King Charless attention about how the government was not working of fair.Town meetings- Were significant in Plymouth. The town meetings were the time wheremore average settlers who couldnt participate in the General Court could also getthemselves involved in town policies. It really emphasized the peoples choices and the

idea of a possible democracy.Joint-stock Company Business organization in which money is raised by selling sharesin the company to investors.London Company Large joint-stock company sent to Jamestown until it was sued byEngland because of financial problems in Jamestown.Proprietary Colony Colonies formed when rich people with connections to the king aregiven a colony. Pennsylvania William Penn, Maryland.Royal Colony Owned by the King. Laws approved or vetoed by the King. Virginia.Charter Colonies No religious laws so tolerance for different religions. Charters havebeen agreed to by the people and the King. MOST INDEPENDENCE. Rhode Island Roger Williams, Mass.

Salem Witch Trials mass paranoia and persecution of women for being witchesMagna Carta/Great Charter Parliament- Placed limits on the power of the king.Listed the things that king could not take, gave a right to fair trial.Common Law legal system based on precedents and not written codesMayflower Compact- The Pilgrims pledge to abide by a government based upon therule of the majority.House of Burgesses- First representative government group in the American colonies.Famous delegates include Patrick Henry, Thomas Jefferson, and George Washington.The House met for the first time at Jamestown. It was July 30, 1619.Town meetings Important in Plymouth. Average settlers could get more involved intown policies more democratic.Social Contract theory- Rousseau / Hobbes / Locke- Is the view that persons' moraland/or political obligations are dependent upon a contract or agreement between them toform society.Natural rights- Locke - Political theory that maintains that an individual enters intosociety with certain basic rights and that no government can deny these rights.Common good/ Civic virtue- Is the cultivation of habits of personal living that areclaimed to be important for the success of the individual, the family, and the community,or other groups of people. The identification of the character traits that constitute civicvirtue has been a major concern of political philosophy.1st Continental Congress In response to the Intolerable Acts and pressure from theCommittees of Correspondence. 1st 1774 all colonies except Georgia sent delegatesto Philly. Created the Declaration of Rights and Grievances to King George III whichsaid that the British parliament had no right to levy taxes or make laws for the colonies.George III. Also created the Committees on Safety which became radical revolutionarygroups.2nd Continental Congress- 1775 tried Olive Branch Petition as last appeal to the Kingto end Intolerable Acts and taxation. War had already started in Lexington and Concord(Shot heard around the world). Finally, Thomas Jefferson writes the Declaration ofIndependence at this Congress in 1776.


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Fundamental Orders of Connecticut- In 1639 Hartford became part of ConnecticutColony, governed under the Fundamental Orders, sometimes regarded as the first writtenconstitution.English Bill of Rights- When English immigrants came to the American colonies in the17th and 18th centuries, most assumed that they would have the same protections against

governmental abuses of power that they had in England. The most important of thesewere the right to trial by jury and the right of habeas corpus, which prevented thegovernment from jailing people arbitrarily. Other personal liberties brought from Englandto America included the right of accused persons to have legal assistance at trials, and aban on excessive fines and bail. These rights came from several centuries of English legaltradition, recorded in documents such as the Magna Carta of 1215- The Petition of Rightof 1628, and the English Bill of Rights of 1689, from which the American Bill of Rightstook its name. The assumption of basic legal rights of citizens also came out of theEnglish common law, a body of English court-made law that evolved from the 12thcentury.Limited Government- Government where its functions and powers are prescribed,

limited, and restricted by law, usually in a written constitutionRepublic- A political order whose head of state is not a monarch and in modern times isusually a president.Favorable Balance of Trade Export more than you import Mercantilism.French and Indian War Or the seven years war British v. French. British won, butthe cost was great and led to increased pressure on the U.S. colonies.Writs of assistance general arrest/search warrantsProclamation of 1763 British Proclamation saying colonists could not settle west of theAppalachian Mountains.Quartering Act required colonists to house and feed British troopsStamp Act Direct tax. Colonists especially angry at this all important documents,newspapers, etc. had to be printed on special stamped paper for which the colonists hadto pay a tax. Patrick Henry No taxation without representation!Stamp Act Congress Met in NY in 1765 said colonies only had the right to tax senta petition that helped repeal the Stamp Tax.Declaratory Act Right after the Stamp Act was repealed this was passed, permittingParliament to levy taxes in all cases whatsoever.Albany Plan of Union Ben Franklin led this group of delegates from 7 colonies to planout a mutual defense against the French. Planned to form a pact with the Iroquois Indiansbut it failed. It did, however, give the colonies more autonomy to levy taxes, overseewestern settlement.Sons of Liberty Secret patriotic society organized in the American colonies in 1765 tooppose the Stamp Act. After the act was repealed in 1766, the society, which consisted ofnumerous local chapters, formed Committees of Correspondence to foster resistance tooppressive British economic and political actions. The Sons of Liberty also helpedenforce the policy of nonimportation, by which American merchants refused to importgoods carried in British ships, and in 1774 it took part in convoking the ContinentalCongress. Its leaders included Samuel Adams and Paul Revere.Boston Massacre- A clash between British soldiers and Boston colonists in 1770, inwhich five of the colonist were killed. Propaganda.


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Committees of Correspondence- One of the groups set up by American colonists toexchange information about British threats and their libertiesJohn Peter Zenger 1735 publicist accused of libel but found not guilty firstexample in U.S. of freedom of the press.Shot heard around the world1775 Lexington and Concord Mass.

Boston Tea Party. - The dumping of 18,000 pounds of tea into the Boston Harbor bycolonists in 1773 to protest the Tea Act.Intolerable Acts/ Coercive Acts- A series of laws enacted by Parliament in 1774 topunish Massachusetts colonists for the Boston Tea Party. Closed the Boston Port,revoked Massachusetts independent rights and put her under more direct control ofEngland, and also created the new Quartering Act, forcing people to house troops in theirhomes if barracks, taverns, or deserted buildings were not available.Declaration of Independence- The document, written by Thomas Jefferson in 1776, inwhich the delegates of the Continental Congress declared the colonies independencefrom Britain.Thomas Paines Common Sense-Condemning the English Crown (first direct attack on

the King, George III), and increasing popularity of Radicals with the public at large, thusresulting their gaining more seats in Congress.Salutary neglect- An English policy of relaxing the enforcement of regulations in itscolonies in return for the colonies continued economic loyalty. Helped lead to morepolitical, economic, and social independence. Occurred before the French and IndianWar.Navigation Acts- A series of laws enacted by Parliament, beginning in 1651, to tightenEnglands control of trade in its American colonies.Slave Trade- Northern abolitionists wanted the Constitution to ban the (external) slavetrade. They believed that slavery would eventually prove unprofitable and die out.Southern Slave owners argued that slavery was vital to the economic survival of theSouth. Congress was given the power to ban the slave trade after 1808.1st Great Awakening- Preachers traveled from village to village, stirring people torededicate themselves to God; a revival of religious feelings in the American coloniesduring the 1730s and 1750s. The Great Awakening brought many colonists, as well asNative Americans and African Americans, into organized Christian churches. The greatawakening emphasized on human experience, emotionalism, and reason. The GreatAwakening was thus a significant intercolonial movement, which contributed to a senseof American nationality before the American Revolution.Suffrage- The right or privilege of voting; franchise.Nationalism- Devotion to the interests or culture of one's nation usually impliessuperiority.Land Ordinance, 1785- A law that established a plan for surveying and selling thefederally owned lands west of the Appalachian Mountains.Northwest Ordinance of 1787- A law that established a procedure for the admission ofnew states to the Union.Treaty of Paris, 1783- The treaty that ended the Revolutionary War, confirming theindependence of the United States and setting the boundaries of the new nation.Shays Rebellion- Uprising in Massachusetts in 1786 and 1787 caused by excessive landtaxation, high legal costs, and economic depression following the American Revolution.


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Shays' rebellion and the other protests forced the leaders and politicians of the youngnation to take note. The existing Articles of Confederation, which provided for the basiclaws of the nation, were not an effective means of governing. The protests helped pushthe nation's leaders closer to formulating and ratifying the Constitution of the UnitedStates.

Bill of Rights- The first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution, added in 1791 andconsisting of a formal list of citizens rights and freedoms.The Virginia Plan-Proposal presented by Virginia delegates at the 1787 ConstitutionalConvention which recommended that Congress be bicameral, and that states'representation be based on their populations. This plan favored states with largepopulations, since they would have more representatives in Congress than less populatedstates.The New Jersey Plan- Proposal presented by New Jersey delegates at the 1787Constitutional Convention which recommended that Congress be unicameral, and that allstates be equally represented in Congress. Small states developed the proposal to counterthe Virginia Plan. The New Jersey Plan gave large and small states equal power in

Congress, and made Congress power to force states to cooperate with the nationalgovernment.The Great Compromise/ Connecticut Plan- Roger Sherman. The ConstitutionalConventions agreement to establish a two-house national legislature, with all stateshaving equal representation in one house and each state having representation based onits population in the other house.The 3/5ths Compromise- Delegates agreed to count slaves as 3/5ths of a person whenapportioning representation and taxationThe Commerce and Slave Trade CompromiseCongress could not stop the slave tradebefore 1808.The Electoral College- A group selected by the states to elect the president and vice-president, in which each states number of electors is equal to the number of its senatorsand representatives in Congress.Federalist- An advocate of federalism. /A member or supporter of the Federalist Party-Supporters of the Constitution and of a strong national government.Anti-federalists- An opponent of a strong central government.Loose Interpretation Alexander Hamilton and Federalists Society changes and theConstitution should be interpreted for the changing society, not read literally.Strict InterpretationThomas Jefferson. Constitution only means what it explicitlysaysFederalism- A system of government in which power is divided between a centralauthority and constituent political units. - A political system in which a nationalgovernment and constituent units, such as state governments, share power.Separation of Powers- The doctrine and practice of dividing the powers of a governmentamong different branches to guard against abuse of authority. A government of separatedpowers assigns different political and legal powers to the legislative, executive, andjudicial branches.Checks and Balances- The provisions of the U.S. Constitution that prevent any branchof the U.S. government from dominating the other two branches.Republicanism- The belief that the government should be based on the consent of the


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people.Legislative Branch- Article I makes the laws.The Executive Branch- Article II - administers and enforces the laws.The Judiciary Branch- Article III - interprets laws and the Constitution.Faction - A group of persons forming a cohesive, usually contentious minority within a

larger group.Free Exercise Clause- The legal interpretation of the separation of church and stateraises perplexing legal issues because the Free Exercise Clause sometimes conflicts withthe Establishment Clause. If the government taxes church property, for example, does thetax violate the churchs right to free exercise of its religion? If, on the other hand, thestate exempts churches from property taxes, does the exemption constitute anunconstitutional establishment of religion.Establishment Clause- Neither the federal government nor the states can enact laws thatwould establish or create a religion. In the 17th century, most American coloniessupported official religions with public revenues, and laws required residents to attendchurch services. The framers of the Constitution drafted the Establishment Clause to

ensure that there would be no official national religion.Eminent Domain power of the government to seize land for fair compensation if it isneeded for public goodDue Process - the regular administration of the law, according to which no citizen

may be denied his or her legal rights and all laws must conform to fundamental,

accepted legal principles, as the right of the accused to confront his or her accusers.

Double Jeopardy being tried for the same crime twiceSelf Incrimination saying anything that can be used against you in courtRights of the accused protections in the Bill of Rights for people accused of a crimeAnarchy- Absence of any form of political authorityAutocrat- A ruler having unlimited power; a despot/A person with unlimited power orauthority:Theocracy- A government ruled by or subject to religious authorityOligarchy- Government by a few, especially by a small faction of persons or families.Limited/ Absolute Monarchy- Government by a monarchTotalitarianism- Of, relating to, being, or imposing a form of government in which thepolitical authority exercises absolute and centralized control over all aspects of life, theindividual is subordinated to the state, and opposing political and cultural expression issuppressed: A totalitarian regime crushes all autonomous institutions in its drive to seizethe human soul (Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr.).Dictatorship- A state or government under dictatorial rule/Absolute or despotic controlor power.Aristocracy- Hereditary ruling class; nobility.Democracy- Government by the people, exercised either directly or through electedrepresentativesFederalism- A system of government in which power is divided between a centralauthority and constituent political units.

GOAL 2

Preamble- A preliminary statement, especially the introduction to a formal document


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that serves to explain its purpose.Elastic Clause (Necessary and Proper Clause) Article 1 sec. 8 Congress has thepower to make all laws necessary and proper to the carrying out of the enumeratedpowersImplied Powers powers assumed under the elastic clause but not explicitly stated

Full Faith and Credit Clause - Article IV, Section 1 of the Constitution reads, "FullFaith and Credit shall be given in each State to the public Acts, Records, and judicialProceedings of every other State. And the Congress may by general Laws prescribe theManner in which such Acts, Records and Proceedings shall be proved, and the Effectthereof." By the Act of May 26, 1790, Congress ordered that judgments made in thecourts of one state shall have such faith and credit given to them in every court withinthe United Sates. The full faith and credit clause reinforced the principle under commonlaw of the equal standing of courts, regardless of locale.Enumerated Powers Art. I sec. 8 1-17. Powers explicitly stated in the Const.Expressed Powers same as enumerated powersDelegated Powers powers given to Congress

Reserved Powers - powers given to the statesConcurrent Powers powers of both the states and CongressSupremacy Clause U.S. Const. is the law of the land and states can not pass any lawsconflicting with it.Speaker of the House Most powerful leader of the House of Representative. Assignslegislation to committeePresident Pro Tempore acting head of the Senate win the President is not there.Mostly just a figure headPresident of the Senate vice president. Only votes if there is a tieHouse of Representatives 435 members elected by voters in the states. Representationis based on populationSenate 100 - An assembly or a council of citizens having the highest deliberative andlegislative functions in a government, specifically:Bill- A draft of a proposed law presented for approval to a legislative body.Law- A rule of conduct or procedure established by custom, agreement, or authority.The Committee System- Using a smaller body within a larger body to discuss and refinelaws without taking up the time of the whole legislatureCloture- A parliamentary procedure by which debate is ended and an immediate vote istaken on the matter under discussion. Also called closureFilibuster- The use of obstructionist tactics, especially prolonged speechmaking, for thepurpose of delaying legislative action.Apportionment- The proportional distribution of the number of members of the U.S.House of Representatives on the basis of the population of each stateNon-legislative Powers- powers of Congress that do not have to do with making lawssuch as approving Presidential nominationsImmunity- immunity granted to officers of the executive branch of government frompersonal liability for tortious acts or omissions done in the course of carrying out theirdutiesCensure- An official rebuke, as by a legislature of one of its membersExpulsion- The act of expelling or the state of being expelled


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Majority and Minority Leaders party leadership positions in Congress.Party Whips party positions in Congress. Keep track of votesImpeachment- A formal document charging a public official with misconduct in officePresidential Succession order in which people would replace the President ifsomething happened. Vice-President, Speaker of the House, President Pro-Tempore,

Secretary of StateState of the Union Address a speech given by the president at the beginning of everyyear to set the legislative agenda for that session of congress and to give a general updateon how the country is doing.Veto Power Presidents power to veto legislation passed by congressExecutive Agreement - an agreement, usually pertaining to administrative matters

and less formal than an international treaty, made between chiefs of state without

senatorial approval.

Executive Orders issued by president and has force of lawTreaty- A formal agreement between two or more states/countries, as in reference toterms of peace or trade. Senate approves/ ratifies.

U.S. Supreme Court highest court of the land. Only hears appeals. Can choose whichcases it will hearChief Justice head of the U.S. Supreme CourtAssociate Justices - 8Original Jurisdiction first level of court to hear a caseAppellate Jurisdiction right to review cases after they have been decided in a lowertrial courtConcurrent Jurisdiction right for more than one court to hear a caseExclusive Jurisdiction right for a court to be the only court to hear that caseImpeachment- To charge (a public official) with improper conduct in office before aproper tribunal.Pardons- Exemption of a convicted person from the penalties of an offense or crime bythe power of the executor of the laws; An official document or warrant declaring such anexemption.Commutations- Reduction of a penalty to a less severe oneReprieve- To postpone or cancel the punishment of.Writ of Habeas Corpus- a writ ordering a prisoner to be brought before a judgeBill of Attainder law passed suspending due processEx post facto laws law passed that makes an act illegal after it was committedRule of Law no one is above the lawJudicial Review power of the Supreme Court to declare acts of the President andCongress unconstitutionalTradition- Transfer of property to another/The passing down of elements of a culturefrom generation to generation, especially by oral communication.Custom - A common tradition or usage so long established that it has the force orvalidity of law/traditions and practices of a specific religion or cultureEqual Protection laws apply to everyone equallyCitizenship- The status of a citizen with its attendant duties, rights, and privileges.Marbury v. Madison 1803 established judicial reviewMcCulloch v. Maryland 1819 established national supremacy and the use of the


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elastic clauseGibbons v. Ogden 1824 reaffirmed national supremacyPlessy v. Ferguson 1896 separate is equalBrown v. Board of Education 1954 separate is inherently unequalSwann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education 1969 bussing can be used to

end de-facto segregationKorematsu v. US 1944 president can suspend rights of citizens in times of warHeart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. US 1964 Congress can regulate interstate tradeFurman v. Georgia 1972 death penalty is unconstitutional when used arbitrarilyGregg v. Georgia 1976 death penalty itself is not unconstitutionalGideon v. Wainwright 1963 6th amendment right to a lawyer applies to all cases nomatter how smallRegents of the University of California v. Bakke 1978 affirmative action caseNew Jersey v. T.L.O. 1985 schools do not need a search warrant in order to searchstudents they just need reasonalbnessBethel School District v. Frasier 1986 schools can regulate student speech if it goes

against the moral obligation of a school to provide a quality learning envirnomentTinker v. Des Moines 1969 schools can not regulate speech if it doesnt pose any sortof threatHazelwood v. Kuhlmeier 1988 schools can regulate school newspapers because theyare part of the learning processTexas v. Johnson 1989 flag burning is protected under the 1st amendmentEngel v. Vitale 1962 school prayer is a violation of the 1st amendmentMiranda v. Arizona 1966 accused must be notified of their 5th amendment rightsbefore any questioningMapp v. Ohio 1961 anything taken without a search warrant can not be used in courtRedistricting- To divide again into districts, especially to give new boundaries toadministrative or election districtsInterest Groups groups of citizens with common interest that join together to poolresources and have a greater impact on public policyMajority rule/ Minority rights decisions are based on the will of the majority butmust at the same time not interfere with the rights of the minorityDepartment of Homeland Security latest presidential cabinet departmentPatriot Act - a U.S. law enacted in response to the September 11, 2001 terrorist

attacks, which gave law-enforcement officials greater ability to tap telephones and

track Internet users; also called

Fiscal Policy governments use of taxing and spending in order to stimulate or slowdown the economyExpenditure- The act or process of expending; outlay.Revenue- The income of a government from all sources appropriated for the payment ofthe public expenses.Regressive taxation poorer people pay a higher percentage of their income everyonepays the same amount in tax, example sales tax.Progressive taxation richer people pay a higher percentage of their income exampleincome taxProportional taxation everyone pays the same percentage of their income also


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known as a flat taxIncome Tax- A tax levied on net personal or business income.Excise tax- An indirect tax charged on the sale of a particular good.Corporate Tax- A levy placed on the profit of a firm different rates are used for differentlevels of profits

Direct Tax- A tax, such as an income or property tax, levied directly on the taxpayer.Estate Tax- A tax imposed on the right to transfer property by inheritance and assessedon the net value of a decedent's estate before distribution to the heirs. Also called deathtax by its opponents.Tariffs- A list or system of duties imposed by a government on imported or exportedgoods.Social Security often Social Security Abbr. SS- A government program that provideseconomic assistance to persons faced with unemployment, disability, or agedness,financed by assessment of employers and employees.Budget deficit/ Surplus when government revenue is less than/greater than itsexpenditures

National debt total of all government deficits minus anything paid on itDeficit spending when the government spend more than it takes inTax returns filed by individuals and companies to report earnings and tax paidBond- A certificate of debt issued by a government or corporation guaranteeing paymentof the original investment plus interest by a specified future date.Balanced Budget expenditures equal revenue. All state and local governments mustmaintain a balanced budget.Federal Bureau of Investigation law enforcement agency at the federal level. Onlyinvestigate federal crimesCentral Intelligence Agency government agency that collects information on peopleand foreign countriesInternal Revenue Service collects taxesDepartment of Transportation oversees roads and public transportationNational Transportation Safety Board oversees travel safetyU.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services oversees immigration and naturalizationDrug Enforcement Agency oversees drug smuggling, making, selling, etc.Alcohol Tobacco and Firearms oversees the sale of tobacco, alcohol and firearms.Makes sure stores follow laws of who can buy.Federal Emergency Management Administration (FEMA) agency responsible fororganizing and getting help to people who need housing and such due to a naturaldisaster. (Think Hurricane Katrina)Medicare/ Medicaid government sponsored health program for the elderly (Medicare)and the poor (Medicaid)Center for Disease Control Researches and reports on diseases and outbreaks

GOAL 3

Census- A count of the citizens and an evaluation of their property for taxation purposes.Separation of Powers 3 branches independently elected with different purposesChecks and Balances each branch has powers to oversee and check the other branches.Example: presidential veto over congress


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Amendment Process 2/3 state legislature call convention or 2/3 Congress proposesAmendment and then 3/4th of state legislature or of states citizens vote to approve it.Popular sovereignty power lies with the peopleIncorporation legal right of a city to exist and govern itselfGovernor executive of a state

Lieutenant Governor vice-executive of the state, takes over if Governor cant serveand votes in State Legislature if there is a tieTypes of local government: County, city, special districts, townships, metropolis

Mayor- The head of government of a city, town, borough, or municipal corporationMayor-council plan- people elect a mayor and a council. Can be strong mayor systemor weak mayor systemCity or town council- legislative branch at the local levelCouncil-manager plan- people elect a town council and sometimes a mayor but thecouncil appoints a manager to run the city, kind of like a CEOCounty Commissioners people elect 5 commissioners to serve as the legislativebranch of the county government

Sheriff- The chief law enforcement officer for the courts in a U.S. county.Chief of police head of the local police departmentStatutes- Laws enacted by a legislature.Ordinance- A statute or regulation, especially one enacted by a city governmentBoard of Education oversees public schools within a county or stateAlderman local elected representativeReferendum a law or proposed amendment on the ballot for voters to vote onState v. Mann 1830 established supremacy of the N.C. constitution over local lawsThe Leandro Case stated that the N.C. constitution did not require equal funding ofeducationCivil Rights - rights to personal liberty established by the 13th and 14th

Amendments to the U.S. Constitution and certain Congressional acts, esp. as applied

to an individual or a minority group.

Gerrymandering oddly shaped creation of electoral districts solely on the means ofgetting a desired outcome in an electionState Income Tax percentage of earned income payed to the state governmentCorporate Income Tax percentage of money maid by a business paid to the stateSales Tax percentage of the price of a purchased product paid to the stateExcise Tax tax on luxury items such as tobacco and gasoline. Often used as an dis-incentiveInheritance Tax tax on money you inherit when someone dies. Sometimes called adeath taxProperty Tax taxed based on the value of property you own. Usually a certain amountper $100/$1,000 in valueEstate Tax tax on home and belongings passed on after death. Also called a death taxIntergovernmental Revenue money transferred from one level of government to theotherImpact Fees fees charged to builders and passed on to new home buyers to cover thecost of building roads, sewers, schools, etc. Very controversial in Wake County rightnow.


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State & Municipal Bonds this is how state and local government raise money forcapital projects

GOAL 4

Political Party

*Democratic seen as party of the people, more liberal, in support of more socialwelfare programs*Republican seen as party of the business class, more conservative, doesnt like

social welfare only corporate welfare*Third Parties (minor) challenge the major parties, usually focus on limited

issuesOne-Party System only one dominant party in a country - CommunismTwo-Party System 2 dominant parties compete for power and hold most seats inlegislatureMulti-Party System many parties compete for influence and seats in parliament.Often must coalition build to get a majority

Liberal in support of more social welfare programs, more government control of someindustries such as healthcare, support rights for marginalized and minority groupsModerate Conservative limited role of governmentPlatform written document of political parties stance on current issuesPlanks each individual part of the plaformCandidates people running for political actionPlurality Vote more than any other candidateMajority Vote more than 50% of the voteGeneral Election held every year. 1st Tuesday after 1st Monday in NovemberPrimary Election Part of the nomination process for candidates from major politicalparties. elections held to vote for a candidate to run for president for one political partyPartisan/Nonpartisan based on political party ideaology/not based on political partyideaologyCaucus- A group within a legislative or decision-making body seeking to represent aspecific interest or influence a particular area of policy:Political Action Committee formed by corporations and interest groups in order tosupport candidates for election since the actual groups cant give that much moneyCanvass- To go through (a region) or go to (persons) to solicit votes or orders; Toconduct a survey of (public opinion); poll.Endorsements famous or popular people support candidatesPropaganda- The systematic propagation of a doctrine or cause or of informationreflecting the views and interests of those advocating such a doctrine or cause.

*Glittering Generalities sound good but dont mean anything*Bandwagon everybody else likes this person*Stack Cards -*Name Calling putting down oponent*Just Plain Folks -hey, Im just like you!*Image Molding

Polling Place place people go to vote


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Precinct smallest electoral division. All people in same precint vote at the samepolling placeTypes of Ballots straight, lever, electronic, butterfly, punch-cardBoard of Elections - oversee ballots, registration, and votingExit Poll survey taken as people leave polls to try to predict winners

National Convention officially nominates that partys presidential nomination, butbased on primary resultsRecall Election vote to pull someone out of office. Gov. of Calif. Grey DavisInitiative procedure for getting a law or amendment onto the ballotProposition petition for a law for voters to vote onElectors people chosen to represent a candidate at the electoral collegeElectoral College group of electors that actually elect the presidentPolitical Machine very strong political party organization that manages to get theirpeople elected year after year to all levels of government in an areaMass Media media that reaches the masses of peopleVote- A formal expression of preference for a candidate for office or for a proposed

resolution of an issue.Protest- To object to, especially in a formal statement.Bias- A preference or an inclination, especially one that inhibits impartial judgmentSlander- Oral communication of false statements injurious to a person's reputation.Libel- A false publication, as in writing, print, signs, or pictures, that damages a person'sreputationPetition- A formal written document requesting a right or benefit from a person or groupin authoritySurvey- A gathering of a sample of data or opinions considered to be representative of awhole.Random Samples survey of a sample of people that is about 1500 people thatdemographically reflect that total populationActivist- A proponent or practitioner of activism:political activists.Lobbyist- someone who tries to persuade legislators to vote for bills that the lobbyistsfavorApathy- Lack of interest or concern, especially regarding matters of general importanceor appeal; indifferenceCriminal Law- laws that deal with actual criminal statutesProsecution side that investigates and brings a case against the accusedCivil Law torte law. Civil wrong-doingsLawsuits- civil suitsMandatory Sentencing required sentence for specific crimesAnarchy- Absence of any form of political authority.Patriotism- Love of and devotion to one's country.Peace Corps- A federal government organization, set up in 1961, that trains and sendsAmerican volunteers abroad to work with people of developing countries on projects fortechnological, agricultural, and educational improvement.AmeriCorps combined the peace corp and job corp


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Job Corps - an organization within the Department of Labor that operates rural

conservation camps and urban training centers for poor youths.

Senior Corps volunteer opportunities for senior citizensArbitration third party decides caseMediation third party tries to help two sides reach a decision

Pre-hearing Settlement civil cases that are settled before trial to avoid costly longbattle

GOAL 5

Federal Courts district courts, U.S. court of appeal, U.S. supreme courtState Courts lower courts, trial courts, appellate courts, state supreme courtsWrit of Certiorari request of judicial review

Briefsupreme courts written decision in a caseOral Argument presented by lawyers to the supreme courtMajority Opinion decision of majority of justicesDissenting Opinion decision by one or more justices against the majority opinion

Concurrent Opinion decision by one or more justices that agrees with majorityopinion but has differentreasoningFelony- One of several grave crimes, such as murder, rape, or burglary, punishable by amore stringent sentence than that given for a misdemeanorMisdemeanor- An offense less serious than a felony.Tort- Damage, injury, or a wrongful act done willfully, negligently, or in circumstancesinvolving strict liability, but not involving breach of contract, for which a civil suit can bebrought.CourtDocket supreme court calanderDe facto not by lawDe jure by lawProsecutor state in criminal cases, side bringing criminal caseComplaint filed by the plaintiff in a civil case stating the alleged wrongdoing andreasoning of responsibilityDefendant person who is being sued in a civil casePlaintiff person bringing suit in a civil caseSubpoena court order to turn evidence over to the courtSummons court order to appear in courtArrestWarrant issued by a judge for the arrest of a suspectIndictment grand jury finds enough evidence to go to trialInformation / discovery part of civil case when lawyers from both sides gatherinformation on the case. Many cases are settled and end before going any further.Perjury lying under oathPlea guilty, innocent, no contestPlea Bargaining saying you are guilty but to a lesser chargeBail- Security, usually a sum of money, exchanged for the release of an arrested personas a guarantee of that person's appearance for trial.Sentence consequence if you are found guiltyPublic Defender lawyer appointed to represent a defendant if that defendant can not


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afford oneHearing where you are presented the charges against you in front of a judge and bail issetBailiff- A court attendant entrusted with duties such as the maintenance of order in acourtroom during a trial.

Verdict guilty or innocentSettlement responsible and willing to pay x amountBill piece of legislation that if passed will become a law. Im just a bill, just a bill oncapital hillStanding Committee permanent, always there, continues work session to sessionSeniority System used to appoint people to committee. Longer you serve more likelyto get Chair or committee you wantHouse Rules Committee most powerful committee in House. Sets debate rules andschedules debates and votesLine Item Veto ability to veto only a part of a bill before signing it into lawPocket Veto president does nothing to a bill that has been passed by Congress and

Congress goes out of session within a few daysFilibuster way to kill a bill in the Senate by talking it to deathCloture way to end a filibuster. Need 3/5th voteRider completely unrelated amendments to a bill. Can only be added in Senate notHouseTown Meetings oldest form of government in America. Exercise of direct democracy.Seen in New EnglandAt-Large elected based on the whole city/county instead of just a small ward/precinctwithin it.Zoning decision of local government for land development residential, commercial,industrial, mix, ect.

GOAL 6

Criminal Law - the laws of a state or country dealing with criminal offenses and

their punishments.

Civil Law - the body of laws of a state or nation regulating ordinary private matters,

as distinct from laws regulating criminal, political, or military matters.

Constitutional Law - a body of statutory and case law that is based on, concerns, orinterprets a constitutionAdministrative Law - the body of rules and principles that governs the duties andoperations of federal or state administrative agencies, as commissions and boards.Statutory Law - the written law established by enactments expressing the will of thelegislature, as distinguished from the unwritten law or common lawInternational Law - the body of rules that nations generally recognize as binding in theirconduct toward one another.State Bureau of Investigation Responsible for law enforcement at the state levelFranking Privilege power of Congressional members to mail anything without payingto mail itSheriff chief law enforcement officer at the county level. Enforces court orders andoversees jails and deputies


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Probation - a method of dealing with offenders, esp. young persons guilty of minorcrimes or first offenses, by allowing them to go at large under supervision of a probationofficer.Parole - the conditional release of a person from prison prior to the end of the maximumsentence imposed.

Juvenile Detention incarceration for juvenilesIncarceration being put in jail

GOAL 7

Economics study of decision makingWant desire but dont needNeed must have for survivalLand natural resourcesRenewable Natural Resource naturally makes more - treesNonrenewable Natural Resources - limited supply within earth - oilLabor human activity

Capital money, building, machines, etc.Entrepreneurship ambition, innovation, and ideasProductivity - amount that can be produced with a set amount of labor and timeIncentives something offered in order to pursaude people to act one way or anotherFixed Costs always the same no matter how much is producedVariable Costs varies depending on how much is producedTotal Costs fixed and variableMarginal Costs cost to produce one moreSpecialization only making what you are absolutely best at making (wine in Italy,Cheese in Wisconsin)Human Capital brainpower and physical labor of workersWhite Collar professional job business, teacher, doctor, etc.Blue collar labor/trade job custodian, mechanicSkilled Workers people with specific skills or knowledge mechanic, plumberUnskilled Workers people with not specific skills cashier, retailCapitol Goods something used by a business to make/provide something else (wood tobuild a house)Consumer Goods something individuals buy to use (toilet paper)Law of Diminishing Return the more you use/eat something the less satisfying it is(first slice of pizza taste better the 20th slice)Laissez-Faire- The principle that the government should not interfere in the economyInvisible Hand what controls the market (supply and demand) in a capitalist societyCompetition results in highest quality product at lowest priceConsumer Sovereignty customer controls the marketPrivate Property people own factors of production and can do what they want withthem.Profit Motive if you are willing to risk you money, time, energy, you can make moneyCommunist Manifesto book written by Karl Marx about communist ideaologyWealth of Nations book written by Adam Smith about capitalismThe Keynesian Theory- Emphasizing government spending and deficits can help the


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growth can be most effectively managed using incentives for people to produce (supply)goods and services, such as adjusting income tax and capital gains tax rates.

Monopoly no competition only one producerOligopoly very little competition only a few producersCompetitive Market several producers branding differentiates

Mergers two companies coming together as one, limits competitionSole Proprietorship company owned by one personPartnership company owned by 2 or more peopleCorporation company owned by stock holders

Cooperative - a jointly owned enterprise engaging in the production or distribution ofgoods or the supplying of services, operated by its members for their mutual benefit,typically organized by consumers or farmers.

Franchise - the right or license granted by a company to an individual or group to marketits products or services in a specific territory.

Limited Liability applies to corporation, only responsible for amount you put in ifcompany goes bankrupt or gets suedUnlimited Liability full responsibility for debt/ lawsuitsStock share of a companyStock Market places where stocks are bought and soldDividend money earned on stock based on profits of companyBond loan to a companyCraft Union union of skilled workers, ex. plumbersIndustrial Union union of workers, ex. Auto workersCollective Bargaining negotiations between management and union reps to agree on acontract for the workersLockout management locks out workers without pay to try to force them to accept acontract on their termsStrike workers dont work to try to force management to accept a contract on theirtermsSocial Security Act of 1935 - established the social security systemNational Labor Relations Act, 1935 - guarnateed workers the right to join unionsFair Labor Standards Act, 1938 - set working standards especially in the area ofminumum wage and child laborTaft-Hartley Act, 1947 - limited the activities of union and abolished closed shopsAnti-trust Laws no monopoliesLabor Union created to help workers fight for better working conditions and payCertificate of deposit money put into the bank for a specific period of time.

Savings account deposit money put in the bank but can be withdrawn at any timeCredit Cards way of borrowing money short termDebit Cards plastic card that allows you to spend money in your checking accountMutual Funds

Commercial Bank handle all types of financial transactionsSavings & Loan Associations mostly savings and home loansCredit Unions for members only, non-profit so higher interest rates on savings andlower interst rates on loans


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Federal Deposit Insurance Commission protects money put into banks in case theygo bankruptInvestment Spending money spent in order to make more moneyCapitol Investment buying things that can be used to make other things to sellReserve Requirement percentage of deposits that bank must keep on hand

GOAL 9

Peak/Prosperity highest point in the business cycleContraction/Recession time between peak and trough, period of declining GDPTrough/Depression lowest point in the business cycleExpansion/Recovery time after trough until level of last peak, time of increasing GDPGross Domestic Product value of all goods and services produced in a country in ayearPer Capita GDP GDP per person better measure of standard of livingStandard of Living availability and access to needs and wantsConsumer Price Index- The key measure of inflation that relates prices in one year to

prices in another year.Deregulation government relaxing rules on businesses and bankingMicrosoft Anti-Trust Case case against Microsoft for being a monopoly. FoundMicrosoft guilty and they had to release information about their operating system in orderto create more competitionOperation Iraqi Freedom current was in IraqOut-sourcing using people outside our country to perform jobs for companies withinour country. Ex: customer service for cell phoneTariffs tax on imported products, AKA Customs dutyExchange Rate value of currency in comparison to one anotherMultinational Conglomerate company that operates in more than one countryGlobalization speed at which the world can connect and interactNorth American Free Trade Agreement no trade barriers such as tariffs on tradebetween Canada, U.S., and MexicoWorld Trade Organization international trade association that promotes free tradeEuropean Union lowered trade barriers among European countries by establishing acommon currency and lowering tarrifsUnfavorable Balance of Trade importing more than you export (buying more thanyou sell)Comparative Advantage due to resources, labor, education, etc. you are naturallybetter at making something and can do it easier, faster and cheaperDeveloped Countries - industrializedDeveloping Countries agrarian, traditional, little industryUnited Nations international peace keeping organization

International Monetary Fund - an international organization that promotes thestabilization of the world's currencies and maintains a monetary pool from which membernations can draw in order to correct a deficit in their balance of payments: a specializedagency of the United Nations.


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World Bank - an international bank established in 1944 to help member nationsreconstruct and develop, esp. by guaranteeing loans: a specialized agency of the UnitedNations.

Free Trade no trade barriers or tariffsMonetary Policy- Manipulation of the supply of money in private hands by which the

government can control the economyFiscal Policy- The policy that describes the impact of the federal budget-taxes, spending,and borrowing- on the economyLoose (Easy) Money Policy stimulate economy by increasing the money supplyTight Money Policy slow down economy by decreasing money supplyDiscount Rate interest rate the fed charges banksOpen Market Operations buying and selling of treasury bondsRevenue money the government collectsInflation steady increase in overall cost of goodsRecession - 6 straight months of declining GDPBear and Bull Markets Bear market is pessimistic/prices down Bull is

optimistic/lots of investing/prices up

GOAL 10

Compromise- A settlement of differences in which each side makes concessions.Cooperation- The association of persons or businesses for common, usually economic,benefit.Collaboration- To work together, especially in a joint intellectual effort./To cooperatetreasonably, as with an enemy occupation force in one's country.Racism- The belief that race accounts for differences in human character or ability andthat a particular race is superior to others.Sexism- Discrimination based on gender, especially discrimination against women.

Ageism- Discrimination based on age, especially prejudice against the elderly.Bias- A preference or an inclination, especially one that inhibits impartial judgment/Anunfair act or policy stemming from prejudice.Gender- The condition of being female or male; sex.Disability- The condition of being disabled; incapacityReligion- Belief in and reverence for a supernatural power or powers regarded as creatorand governor of the universe.Nationality- The status of belonging to a particular nation by origin, birth, ornaturalization.Physical AppearanceMulticultural- Of, relating to, or including several cultures/Of or relating to a social or

educational theory that encourages interest in many cultures within a society rather thanin only a mainstream cultureMelting Pot Theory many cultures that meld together into one American cultureTossed Salad Theory many cultures that keep their own unique characteristicsLiteracy- The ability to read and writeTaxpayer- one who pays taxesCharity- Provision of help or relief to the poor; almsgiving.Tolerance- The capacity for or the practice of recognizing and respecting the beliefs or


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practices of othersPatriotism- Love of country and willingness to sacrifice for itBaby Boomers people born after WWII. Currently reaching retirement and strainingthe social security andGraying Population due to better health and medicine a larger percentage of the

population is 60 and overTaxation- The act or practice of imposing taxes.Citizen Apathy- A lack of caring or action within the citizenry, for example, low votingturnout. COMBAT APATHY!Security- Freedom from risk or danger; safetyEconomic Cycles- a pattern of increases and decreases in economic activity. Expansion,peak, contraction, and troughDisease - A pathological condition of a part, organ, or system of an organism resultingfrom various causes, such as infection, genetic defect, or environmental stress, andcharacterized by an identifiable group of signs or symptoms.Poverty- The state of being poor; lack of the means of providing material needs or

comforts.Unemployment- Out of work, especially involuntarily; jobless.Unemployment Rate- As measured by the Bureau of Labor Statistics(BLS), theproportion of the labor force actively seeking work but unable to find jobs.Substance Abuse- The overindulgence in and dependence on an addictive substance,especially alcohol or a narcotic drugRacism/Discrimination- The belief that race accounts for differences in human characteror ability and that a particular race is superior to others.Homelessness- Having no home or havenCrime- An act committed or omitted in violation of a law forbidding or commanding itand for which punishment is imposed upon conviction.Acid Rain/Greenhouse Effect- Acid precipitation falling as rain. The greenhouse effectis the rise in temperature that the Earth experiences because certain gases in theatmosphere (water vapor, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, and methane, for example) trapenergy from the sun.Natural Disasters- Calamity caused by nature resulting in loss of life or destruction ofpropertyPollution- The act or process of polluting or the state of being polluted, especially thecontamination of soil, water, or the atmosphere by the discharge of harmful substances.Freedom- The condition of being free of restraints.Liberty- The condition of being free from restriction or control. The right and power toact, believe, or express oneself in a manner of one's own choosingJustice- The quality of being just; fairness. The principle of moral rightness; equitySelf-Determination- Determination of one's own fate or course of action withoutcompulsion; free will. Freedom of the people of a given area to determine their ownpolitical status; independenceSocio-Economic Status- An individuals or groups position within a hierarchical socialstructure. Socioeconomic status depends on a combination of variables, includingoccupation, education, income, wealth, and place of residence. Sociologists often usesocioeconomic status as a means of predicting behavior.


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review terms c and e final completed 2

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