Review SheetFinal Exam

Scientific Method

Know the definition of the following. Be able to identify these in an experiment.

a. Problem is what you are trying to solve.

b. Hypothesis is an educated guess.

c. Control group is part of the experiment that remains constant.

d. Experimental group is part of the experiment being tested.

e. Variable is the factor being tested.

f. Procedures are the steps taken in an experiment.

g. Conclusion answers the problem.

Classification

What is classification? Classification is separating organisms into groups according to similarities and differences.

What are the 5 kingdoms? Animals, Plants, Moneran, Protist, Fungi

Know the characteristics of each kingdom AND examples of organisms in each kingdom

Plant

MulticellularMakes own food(autotroph)

Animal

MulticellularDoes not make own food(heterotroph)

Moneran

UnicellularSome make own foodSome don’t

Fungi

Multicellular/ UnicellularDoes not make their own food.(heterotroph)

Protist

Unicellular/MultiSome make their own food.(autotroph)Some do not make their own food.(heterotroph)

What is the main difference between plants and fungi? Fungi cannot maketheir own food.

What is the difference between members of the plant and members of theanimal kingdom? Plants make their own food.

What does coldblooded mean?Body temperature changes with the environment. Animals must changelocations to maintain homeostasis.

Give examples of coldblooded animals fish, reptiles, amphibians

What does warm-blooded mean? Body temperature does not change withthe environment.

Give examples of warm-blooded animals birds and mammals

Give the characteristics of the following classes of animals and give examples

reptiles

dry, scaly skinlay eggs on land

birds

feathers, hollowbones

mammals

Hair or furgive birth to live young

fishscales and gills

lizards, snakes, turtles robin, owl, eagle Humans, dogs, cats, Lions, whales, bats

perch, trout, salmon, catfish, bass

amphibians

slimy skin, spend partof life in water and part on land

newts, frogs, salamanders

What is the scientific name of humans? Homo sapiens

Cells, Organization and Cell Processes

Know the definitions of the following

a. Cell is the smallest part of a living thing.

b. Tissue is a group of similar cells that work together.

c. Organ is a group of tissues that work together.

d. Organ system is made of organs that work together.

e. Organism is made of organ systems that that work together.

brain (nerve) cell

brain tissue

brain

nervous system

a. Nucleus Is the control center of the cell, controls all cell activities.

b. Endoplasmic reticulum Is a tube-like passageways that transport proteins.

c. Mitochondria is the “powerhouse of the cell” because it produces energy.

d. Cell wall is located outside the cell membrane in a plant cell- it supports and protects the plant cell.

e. Cell membrane surrounds outside of the cell – it allows materials to passin and out of the cell.

What are the functions of the following cell parts

f. Vacuoles store food, water and wastes.

g. Chromosomes are located in the nucleus and containsgenes that control traits.

h. DNA is a molecule that is shaped like a double helix. It contains the genetic code and is locatedin the nucleus.

List 3 differences between plant and animal cellsPlant cells have cell walls, chloroplasts and large vacuoles.

vacuole

chloroplast

cell wall

a. Diffusion is movement of materials from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration.

b. Osmosis is the diffusion of water.

c. Plasmolysis is the loss of water by a cell causingthe cell to shrink.

Give examples of osmosis Plants wilt when placed in salt water because water diffuses out of cell by osmosis.

Give examples that would result in the condition of plasmolysis

gummy bear in salt water

Know the definition of the following cell processes

gummy bear infresh water

Explain the relationship of a cell membrane pore to the size of a molecule that is able to enter the cell.

The molecule must be small enough to fit through pore.

Cell Division

What is meiosis? Cell division that results in ½ the number of chromosomes.

Meiosis produces sex cells with 1/2 the number of chromosomes of abody cell.In humans, meiosis results in sex cells with how many chromosomes? 23

2 chromosomes

1 chromosome

Give examples of diffusion. Iodine diffuses into dialysis tubing.

What is mitosis? Mitosis is cell division which results in a cell with the same number of chromosomes as the original cell.

Mitosis results in body cells with the same number of chromosomes as the original cell.

How many chromosomes are in a human body cell? 46

2 chromosomes

2 chromosomes2 chromosomes

Characteristics of Life

List the characteristics of living thingsmetabolism (ingestion, digestion, respiration, excretion)

movement

reproductionmade of cell(s)

respond to a stimulus

grow and development

Needs of Living Things: FESWOP: Food for energy,shelter and space, water, oxygen and proper body temp.

Organisms combine O2 with sugar to get energy.

By which life process do organisms continue to maintain their existence?

reproduction

What is the ultimate source of energy for all living things?

What is metabolism? Metabolism is all the chemical activities that occur in an organism.

What influences metabolism? diet exercise hormones

(cellular respiration)

Sun

Bacteria and Viruses

What are the 3 shapes of bacteria?

round (coccus) rod (bacillus) spiral (spirillus)

What conditions do bacteria favor? warm temperatures, high moisture, food

Why are some bacteria becoming resistant to antibiotics? Cell walls havemutated to makeantibiotics ineffective.

What is needed for bacteria to reproduce? proper temperature, moisture,food source**** does NOT need a living cell to reproduce

What is needed for viruses to reproduce? a host – a living cell

Explain ways that bacteria are helpful and harmful used in food (helpful)cause disease (harmful)

Are antibiotics used to fight bacteria or viruses? bacteria

Reproduction

Explain the difference between asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction.

Asexual requires one parent and offspring are identical to parent.

Sexual requires two parents, offspring not identical to parentcausing a variety of traits within a species.

What is fertilization? egg + sperm unite

Plants

Explain the process of photosynthesis.

CO2 + H2O chlorophyll

sunlightO2 + food

In the presence of chlorophyll and sunlight, plants take in carbon dioxide from the air and water from the ground. Theyproduce oxygen (released into the air) and make food (glucose).

What is a tropism? Response of a plant to a stimulus.

What is a phototropism? Response of a plant to light.

What plant parts exhibit positive or negative phototropism?

Stems show positive.They bend toward light.

Roots show negative.They grow away from light.

What is geotropism? Geotropism is a plant ‘s response to gravity.

Stems show negative geotropism,grow upward away from the Earth.

Roots show positive geotropism,grow downward toward Earth.

Human BiologyWhat is the function of the skeletal system? Support, protection and

movement

What are ligaments? Ligaments are tissues that attaches bone to bone.

What are tendons? Tendons are tissue that attaches muscle to bone.

What are joints? A joint is where 2 or more bones meet.

What is cartilage? Cartilage is tissue that cushions and reduces friction.

Where is cartilage located? ears, nose, between vertebrae and at joints

cranium

Hinge joint

Hinge joint

Fixed joint

Ball and socket joint

Ball and socket joint

Gliding joint

Gliding joint

What is the function of the muscular system? Movement and flexibility

What is skeletal muscle? Skeletal muscles are connected to bones by tendons and move the body.Work in pairs: when one contracts the other relaxes.

What is smooth muscle? Located in the digestive and respiratory system

What is cardiac muscle? Located in the heart

Give a definition of voluntary muscle Muscles that are under your control. Examples arms, legs, neck

Give a definition of involuntary muscle Muscles that are not under your control.

Examples digestive, cardiac

What is the function of the Circulatory System? Transports materials and oxygento the cells and carbon dioxidefrom the cells.

How many chambers in the human heart? 4

What are veins? Veins are vessels that carry blood to the heart.

What are arteries? Arteries are vessels that carryblood away from the heart.

What are capillaries? Very thin (one cell thick) walled vessels thatconnect arteries to veins.

Where are blood cells made? In bone marrow

Fight Infection

Platelets are involved in clotting of blood.

HemoglobinWhat is the substance in red blood cells that

carries oxygen?

What do white blood cells do?

What do platelets do?

What is a pulse? Measure of the heartbeat or heart rate per minute

Is the largest artery that carries blood away from the heart.

takes blood from the heart to the lungs.

pumps blood to the lungs.

pumps blood to the body.

takes blood from the lower body to the heart.

takes blood from the upper body to the heart.

takes blood from the lungs to the heart.

Know where the following parts of the heart are located and what they do:

Aorta

Pulmonary artery

Right ventricle

Left ventricle

Inferior vena cava

Superior vena cava

Pulmonary vein

Lung Lung

The general pathway of blood is heartto lungs to heartto body.

What is the function of the nervous system? Sends and receives messages andcoordinates other body systems

Brain sends and receives messages.

controls movement and balance.

is the largest part of the brain. (thinking, reasoning, hearing, seeing)

controls heartbeat,breathing, and blood pressure.

What is the main job of the brain?

What do the following parts of the brain control?

Cerebellum

Cerebrum

Medulla

medulla

Nerves take impulses to and from thespinal cord, to the body and spinal cord.

Spinal cord transfers impulsesto and from brain.

Change in environment

Picks up stimulus

Transfers impulsefrom sensory to motor neuron

Causes response.

An action (what occurs)

What do spinal nerves do?

What is the job of the spinal cord?

Know the following about a reflex act. Be able to recognize on a diagram.

What is a stimulus?

What does the sensory neuron do?

What does the interneuron do?

Where is it located? Spinal cord

What does the motor neuron do?

What is a response?

interneuron

motor

stimulus

responsesensory

Digestion is breaking down of food into nutrients.

Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine

Mechanical digestion- churns foodChemical digestion= gastric juicesand pepsin.

removes water from waste.

is where most digestion absorption takes place.

produces bile.

Large intestine does not absorb water because waste is moving too quickly.

What is digestion?

What are the organs of the digestion system? Be able to label these on the diagram.

Trace the path of food through the digestive system.

What do the following organs of the digestive system do?

Stomach

Large Intestine (colon)

Small intestine

Liver

Why would someone get diarrhea?

Bb Bb

Bb Bb

B B

b

b

Punnett Square

GeneticsWhat is a phenotype? Physical appearanceWhat is a genotype? Gene makeup of an organism. (pair of letters)

What sex chromosomes does a male have? XY

What sex chromosomes does a female have? XX

B=black b=brown

Phenotype of offspring= All blackGenotype of offspring= 4 Bb

B

B

b

b

BB Bb

Bb bb

Ratio 3:1Black : brownProbability of getting:Black= ¾ = 75%Brown= ¼ = 25%

Dominant=BRecessive=bHybrid=Bb

Know the following definitions:

Producer: Organism that can make its own food.

Consumer: Feeds on other organisms

Herbivore: Eats plants

Carnivore: Eats meat

Omnivore: Eats plants and animals

Decomposer: Feeds on dead matter and breaks it down

Energy Pyramid: Shows the flow of energy through a food chain or web. Energy decreases as you go up.

Ecology

Genetics In guinea pigs black fur (B) is dominant over white fur (b).

1. Fill in the blanks in the Punnett square below to determine a cross between a female hybrid (heterozygous) black guinea pig and male pure white

guinea pig.

Phenotype: Phenotype:

Genotype : Genotype:

Phenotype: Phenotype:

Genotype: Genotype:

Black

Black

White

White

B b

b

b

Bb bb

Bb bb

2:2

Hybrid (heterozygous)50%

2. If 4 offspring are produced from this cross, what is the ratio of black

to white in the off spring?

3. Are the black offspring hybrid (heterozygous) or pure (homozygous)?

What is the % chance of getting white offspring in this cross?

1 2

63 4 5

7 8 9

Use the pedigree below to answer the questions. P is the allele for widow’s peakp is the allele for straight line hair

5. How many generations are shown?

6. How many children did the parents #1 and #2 have?

7. What is the genotype #1? What is the phenotype of #1?8. What numbers are hybrid (heterozygous)?

10. What number(s) most likely have the genotype PP?

9. What numbers have straight line hair?

11. How many females have the recessive trait?

12. How many males have the dominant trait?

3

4

Pp

Widow’s peak

1,2,5,7

4,6,8,9

3

1

4

= male

= female

= recessive trait

The Microscope

What are the functions of the following parts of a microscope

ocular (eyepiece) what you look through and 10X

coarse adjustment knob focuses scanning (4X) and low power (10X)

fine adjustment knob focuses high power (40X)

clips holds slide in place

diaphragm regulates amount of light

stage where you place the slide

How do you determine the total magnification of a microscope?

multiply the ocular power by the lens power

You are given the following: gummy bear, paper towel and a balance.How would you determine the mass of the gummy bear?

Mass the paper towel, mass the paper towel and the gummy,then subtract the mass of the paper towel.

pH Acid: 1-6 Base: 8-14 Neutral: 7

nucleus

cell membrane

chromosome

ribosome

endoplasmic reticulum (E.R.)

vacuole

cell wall E.R.

nucleus vacuole

mitochondriachloroplast

ocular

body tube

revolving nosepiece

high power objective

stage

diaphragm

light

clips

low power objective

arm

fine adjustment knob

coarse adjustment knob

salivary glands

esophagus

rectum

liver

large intestine

aorta

pulmonaryartery

leftatrium

valve

leftventricle

rightatrium

rightventricle

inferiorvenacava

superiorvenacava

cerebrum

cerebellum

medulla

spinal cord spinal nerves

Asexual reproduction – genetic material of daughter cell is identical to parent cell

sensory neuron

interneuron motorneuron