review second material 2011-2012 e-learning

8/2/2019 Review Second Material 2011-2012 E-learning

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Review Lecture


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The Brain & Cranial Nerves


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Main Cerebral Sulci

Central Sulcus:

separates ?

Located between 2 important gyri:

Precentral gyrus(which lobe?)

Postcentral gyrus(which lobe?)


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Precentral Gyrus

The primary motor area (motor neurons)

Controls voluntary movement on opposite side of the body

Because:

Nerve fibers from precentral gyruscross over to other side within ???

Motor control in precentral gyrus is represented in an

inverted position


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Postcentral Gyrus

The primary sensory area (sensory nerve cells)

Receives inputs for:

pain, temperature, touch & pressure

Receives the sensations from opposite side of the body

Site of cross over ??


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Main Cerebral Sulci

Central Sulcus

separates ?

Lateral Sulcus (separates?)

Parieto-occipital Sulcus

Calcarine Sulcus:

on medial surface of occipitallobe

communicates with ??

region of visual interpretation


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Main Functional Regions in Cerebrum

1. Motor area:

location?

2. Sensory area:

location?

3. Auditory area:interpretation of sound

location?


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4. Visual area:interpretation of visionmedial aspect of occipitallobe(post. pole of cerebrum)

5. Motor Speech area:(Brocas area)

Planning & production of

speech in a comprehensiveway

location?

6. Wernickes (Language) areainterprets the meaning ofspeech by recognizingspoken words

Location?


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Clinical: Brocas Aphasia

Difficulty in speech due to damage to brocas area

The person knows what he wants to say but cannot speak

expressive aphasia

non-fluent aphasia


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Main Functions of The Following Brain Parts:

Thalamus?

Hypothalamus?

Pons?

Bundles of axons connectControls ?

Medulla Oblongata:

Site of ??

Contains nuclei of cranial nerves VIII XIICardiovascular center (Fxn?)

Respiratory rhythmicity area (Fxn??)

Cerebellum?


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Arteries of The Brain

The main arteries of the Brain

Include:

2 ICA

2 Vertebral a.

Read Your Textbook for Detailed Anatomy of arterial bld. supply to the

brain


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Internal Carotid ArteryRead Your Text

5 branches

1. Ophthalmic a.:

to orbit, through??

2. Ant. Cerebral a.:

runs in longitudinal fissure

medial surface of cerebrum

until ??

3. Middle cerebral a.:

largest branch of ICA

runs in lat. Sulcus

most lat. Surface of cerebrum

4. Post. Communicating a.

5. Choroidal a.


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Medial Surface

Lateral Surface


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Vertebral Arteries

The 2 vertebral a. join at lower border of Pons to form:

Basilar artery

V. a. branches: (4)

post. Meningeal a. (?)

ant. & post. Spinal a. (?)

post. Inf. Cerebellar a. (?)

medullary a. (?)


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Basilar Artery

4 branchesarteries to cerebellum

Labyrinthine artery

Pontine a.

Post. Cerebral a.:

turns backward at midbrin

supply:occipital lobe

inferolateral Part of temporallobe

& ??


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Circulus ArteriosusCircle of Willis

Anastomosis between branchesof 2 ICA & 2 vertebral a.

Consists of:

ant. Communicating a.

ant. Cerebral a.

ICA

Post. Communicating a

post. Cerebral a.

basilar a.


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Cranial Nerves

12 pairs

PNS

Fxn.

Skull Foramina

Site of brain they appear


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The Parotid & Temporal Region


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Parotid Region

Extends between:

?? & ??

Contains:Parotid Gland

&

Str. Inside it


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Structures Within Parotid Gland

1. Superficial:

Facial n. & its

terminal branches

2. Middle:

Retromandibular V.

& ??


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3. Deep:

ECA &

its terminations (??)

4. Parotid L.N.:distributed within& on the gland

drain into DCLN


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Relations to The Parotid Gland


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The Temporal Region

The region that situated on the side of the head

Boundaries:

Sup.& post.:

sup. Temporal line

Ant.:

frontal process of ??

Inf.:Zyg. arch

*continues inf. & deep to zyg. Arch withinfratemporal region


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Contents of Temporal Region

1. Temporalis m.

largest muscle of masticationOrigin?, insertion?,innervation & action?

2. Temporal fascia:

3. Deep temporal a.& nerves (from?)

4. Superficial Temporal a. & v.:pass posterior to ??

5. Auriculotemporal nerve:from??pass posterior to superficialtemporal vessels


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Infratemporal &

Pterygopalatine Fossae


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Superior:

Temporal & ??

Anterior:

Post. Maxilla

Posterior:

styloid process

Inferior:

angle of mandible

Boundaries of Infratemporal Fossa


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Medial:

Lat. Pterygoid plate

(of ??)

Lateral:

Ramus of mandible


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Contents of Infratemporal Fossa

Muscles

med. & lat. Pterygoids

Nerves

- V3 & its branches

- otic ganglion

- chorda tympani

Artery

maxillary a. (which parts?)

Veinspterygoid venous plexus

max. vein

Ligament: ??


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Maxillary Artery

Largest terminal branch of ?

Arises post. to the neck of themandible

Divided by ?? Into 3 parts:

1. Mandibular (1st)

2. Pterygoid (2nd)

3. Pterygopalatine (3rd)


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Communicates with:Anteriorly ?? Via ?

Superiorly ?? Via ??

Drains into ??

Pterygoid Venous Plexus


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The Oral Cavity & Salivary

Glands


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Oral Cavity

The cavity that extends from lips to pharynx & contains the

tongue & teeth

2 parts:

1. Vestibule:

space between ?

contains ?

divides into sulci: labial & buccal

2. Oral cavity proper:

enclosed by teeth

* The vestibule communicates with cavity proper at: 1. ?? & 2. ??


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Oral Cavity Proper

Space that enclosed by teeth & bounded:

Roof: hard palate

Floor: reflection of M.M. under the tongue

Ant.: communicates with Vestibule

Post.: communicates with oropharynx


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Innervation of The Teeth


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Muscles of The tongue

2 types

Intrinsic:

not attached to bone

3 directions:

longi., transv., & vertical

innervation?

Action:

change tongue shape

Extrinsic:

4 (5?) muscles


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Extrinsic Muscles of The Tongue(Read your text for detailed anatomy)


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Innervation to The Tongue

Sensory:

general: Ant. 2/3 ?

Post. 1/3 ?

Special: Ant. 2/3 ?Post. 1/3 ?

Motor: ??


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Arterial Blood Supply to The Tongue

Lingual a.:

from??

pass deep to hyoglossus m.

Branches: 3?

Tonsillar a.

from ?

Ascending pharyngeal a.


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Submandibular Salivary Gland

Mixed gland (mucous & serous, mainly ?)

Rests on post. Border of ??

2 parts: large superficial

small deep

* Relations to superficial & deep parts:

READ YOUR TEXT


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Sublingual Salivary Gland

Mixed gland (mainly ?)

Beneath m.m. of floor of mouth

Opens into the floor of mouth:

8-20 ducts (subling. Fold)

* Relations to the gland:

READ YOUR TEXT


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Nasal Conchae & Meatuses

Conchae: bony elevations that project inf. Like scrolls

3 (sup., mid., inf.,)

from?

Beneath each concha is

a meatus(passage)

Sup. Meatus:

??

Mid. Meatus:

??, bulla ethmoidalis

Inf. Meatus:

??


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Muscles of The Soft Palate

(Read the table in your book)

Tensor veli palatini

forms P. aponeurosis

Levator veli palatini

Palatoglossus m.

forms ?

Palatopharyngeus m.

forms ?

Musculus uvulae

elevates uvula

Uvula: a conical projection from post. Border of soft P.


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4 degrees of cleft palate

1st

:cleft uvula

2nd:

+ cleft of 2o palate

3rd:

+ cleft on one side of 1o

palate

4th:

+ cleft on both sides of

1o palate


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Cartilages

Membranes & ligaments

Muscles

Components of Larynx


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Intrinsic Muscles2 groups

- control Laryngeal inlet (2 muscles):oblique arytenoid ( action?)thyroepiglottic (action?)

- move vocal folds (5 muscles):cricothyroidthyroarytenoidlateral cricoarytenoidposterior cricoarytenoid

transverse arytenoid

Read the table in your book for the

Origin?, Insertion?, Nerve supply?, & Action of these muscles


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Nerve supply

Sensory

above vocal fold internal laryngeal branch of superiorlaryngeal branch of ?

below vocal fold recurrent laryngeal n. Motor

Recurrent laryngeal n. supply all intrinsic muscles

except ?? muscle which is supplied by ?? nerve

M l f Ph


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Muscles of Pharynx

(Read your text for origin, insertion, innervation & action of these muscles)

6 Muscles

3 constrictors:

Sup., mid. & inf.

- Run in circular direction & attached post. to pharyngeal raphe

- The successive contraction of these muscles produces theaction of swallowing

Overlap each other in the direction of ???


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Killians Dehiscence

Inferior constrictor m. consists of 2 parts:

- Sup.: ??

- Inf.: ??

* A weak area presents betweenThe 2 parts of inf. constrictor m.

m.m. may protrude giving riseto a pharyngeal pouch


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3. Stylopharyngeus m.:

styloid process post. Border of ??pass between??

Innervation?

4. Palatopharyngeus m.:

Palatal apon.?? Palatopharyngeal fold5. Salpingopharyngeus m.:

Auditory tube (medial end)

Blends with??

*All of these muscles help elevate the pharynx


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Nasopharynx

Post. To nasal cavity & above ??

Lined by ??

Contains:

- auditory tube:

opens into ??

- Tubal tonsil:

aggregation of lymph nodules

around ??

- Tubal elevation &Salpingopharyngeal fold

- Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid):in the submucosa of ??


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Oropharynx

Post. To oral cavity & opens to it

Through ??

between? At the level of ?

The floor is made by:post. 1/3 of tongue & ??

Contains:

Palatine tonsils:

between ?

over sup. Constrictor m.

tonsillar bed


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Relations of Palatine Tonsils

Ant.: ??

Post.: ??

Sup.: ??

Inf.: ??

Medially: ??

Laterally: ??


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Laryngeopharynx

From epiglottis to cricoid C.

At vertebral level?

Lined by ?

Contains:

- Piriform fossa


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Piriform Fossa

A small recess (depression) on

Each side of laryngeal inlet

Bounded:

Med.: ?

Lat.: ?

Fxn.?

* Internal laryngeal n. pass

In the fossa just beneath the m.m.

Ph l G


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Pharyngeal Gaps

4 gaps

Above sup. Constrictor m.:

Between sup. & mid. Constrictor m.:

Between mid & inf. Constrictors:

Below inf. Constrictor:

review second material 2011-2012 e-learning

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