review on multi-scale structural design of submarine ...ment of sonar detection techniques, acoustic...

2017 2nd International Conference on Architectural Engineering and New Materials (ICAENM 2017)

ISBN: 978-1-60595-436-3

Review on Multi-scale Structural Design of

Submarine Stealth Composite

Chao Qian and Yongqing Li

ABSTRACT

Research on the acoustic stealth structures of submarines primarily strives for

low frequency, pressure resistance, and broad frequency domain absorption. The

high-quality acoustic stealth coating on submarines is a complicated Multi-scale

and multi-component structure, which consists of numerous macro-structures,

such as acoustic air-filled cavities, laminated structures, filling components, and

micro-phase structures. However, more information regarding how these compo-

nents with different anechoic mechanisms obtain good results through synergistic

work and how their absorption frequencies superpose effectively to realize acous-

tic stealth in a broad frequency domain is necessary. Understanding these mecha-

nisms is essential to design a novel anechoic structure in a broad frequency do-

main. Thus, in this paper, research concerning these mechanisms was reviewed.

In addition, the design methods and anechoic mechanism of anechoic structures

were discussed for different levels, and the primary concerns in this field were

summarized. Several suggestions were made for further research.1

INTRODUCTION

Principles of the Design of the Anechoic Coating on Submarines

The acoustic stealth properties of submarines are the most valued index of

conventional and strategic weaponry. Since the development of the silent and su-

per-silent submarine, the detection distance of passive sonar has decreased signif-

Chao Qian, Office of Research & Development of Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430033, China

Yongqing Li, Warship Engineering Department of Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430033, China

494

???? et al. Chinese Science Bulletin | Ja??? 2009 | vol. 54 | no. ? | ?-?

icantly. Hence, the focal point of submarine acoustic stealth technology has be-

come to lower the target intensity of submarines in order to prevent submarine

from being detected by active sonar. When active sonar passes through the ane-

choic coating on the surface of submarine, the working distance of the sonar

changes from r1 to r2, and Where, α represents the absorption coefficient of the

anechoic structure on the surface of the submarine, and dBprrepresents the re-

duced resonance decibel value.

20

1

2 10dBpr

r

r= （1）

)1lg(10 α−=

dBpr

（2）

Equation (1) and (2) suggest that, as the anechoic coefficient increases, the

working distance of the active sonar decreases. Under the same conditions, when

the absorption coefficient(α =0.9) and reflection value decrease by 10dB, the

working distance of the counterpart’s active sonar decreases by 32%. Thus, im-

proving the absorption coefficient of the anechoic coating on submarines and

broadening the absorption frequency domain are the focal points of research con-

cerning the acoustic stealth of submarines. Theoretical research [1] suggests that

the anechoic coating on submarines should meet two requirements: (1) the char-

acteristic impedance (Z) should match the transmission medium of water imped-

ance (ρc)in order to decrease the reflection of incident sound waves, and (2) the

loss factor of materials ( δtan ) should be high enough to weaken the incident

sound waves. For a unitary and homogenous material, as shown in Equation (3)，

when Z≈ρ.c, the reflection coefficient of sound wave in the interface is described

by Where, ρ represents the density of the medium, c represents the wave velocity

of the medium, represents the reflection coefficient, and δtan represents the

loss factor [2]. When the impedances are equal, as the loss factor increases, the

reflection coefficient value also increases. Due to the conflict between the materi-

al impedance matching requirements and the increased loss factor, such a unitary

and homogenous material would not be applicable. Consequently, designing an

acoustical structure on the inside materials is necessary in order to match the wa-

ter impedance while increasing the fundamental materials’ absorption properties

[3]. Thus, in addition to the loss factors of the materials, submarine anechoic

coating designs should consider the acoustic structural design issues typical to

Multi-scale structural designs.

r

495

( )4

tan4

)(tan4

4tan

22

δδδ≈

+

=r

（3）

Existing Anechoic Coating Applications and Submarine Research

Currently, the most advanced submarine anechoic coating design is simply

either anechoic coating on the outside of the steel hull or anechoic composite

structures with multiple components. For example, Russian designs use modified

rubber for anechoic coating, which lowers the noise level of Akula and Sierraz

class submarines by 10~20dB [4].; In addition, Britain has used polyurethane as

anechoic material, lowering conventional submarine noise to 90 dB and meeting

the qualifications of silent submarines [5].. Furthermore, the double-layer ane-

choic structure composed of polyurethane and glass fibers in US submarine scan

decrease noise by up to 40 dB and the radiate noise level of nuclear-powered

submarines to less than 120 dB, approximately the noise level of the ocean, real-

izing the basic silence of nuclear submarines [6]. However, due to the develop-

ment of sonar detection techniques, acoustic stealth technology design and ane-

choic coating research could progress even further.

MULTI-SCALE STRUCTURE DESIGN PROBLEMS

Research concerning Multi-scale structures serves to predict the properties

and parameters of structures based on broader structure levels and characteristics.

Some typical Multi-scale anechoic coating design issues include modifying mi-

cro-chain segment introduction, filling material or fiber addition, air-filled cavity

structure design, and multi-layer structure optimization. Since the basic theory

regarding this topic is not entirely understood, its research and development relies

on numerous experimental optimizations. The widely-used Multi-scale research

methods can be divided into universal and parallel categories [7].Universal analy-

sis proponents hold that the parameters of large structures can be determined by

the small structure that comprise them, especially when a strong coupling effect

exists on the different sizes. Parallel analysis is more suitable for using when a

stronger coupling effect exists between the different size variables.

Currently, Multi-scale research primarily focuses on materials, chemical in-

dustry, and biological fields. Zhang Hongwu et al. have used the Multi-scale re-

search method for the analysis of nonlinear micro-macro materials [8], the com-

putation of elastic-plastics [9], and the mechanical analysis of period-

ic-structure-materials [10].Some scholars have also applied the Multi-scale re-

search method to the elastic research of materials [11]. Tapir et al. used Mul-

ti-scale modeling and simulation to research dendritic polymers [12].Water ane-

choic material research aims to indicate the relationship between the parameters

of Multi-scale structures and macroscopic performance, and to explain and pre-

dict the acoustical behavior of those materials in water [13].

496


Xuetao Weng et al. [14] studied the parameters regarding the size effects of

cylindrical hull-bulkhead structures with anechoic coatings and the performance

parameters that influence the mechanical properties and acoustical responses of

materials. Exploring the association patterns of acoustical materials with sizes

varying from micro levels to continuous mediums, and effectively predicting and

optimizing the performance of anechoic submarine coatings are only possible

when the parameters and characteristics of materials with smaller sizes are used to

predict that of materials with larger sizes. Since different fields have different

standard size partitions, D. Raabe’s partition material structure size concept was

used for the purposes of this study [15]. According to this concept, structures with

sizes less than 10-6 m, such as molecular structures, crystal defects, polymer

chain aggregations, and polymer-free volumes, are defined as “micro-level struc-

tures”; structures with sizes larger than 10-3m, such as layer structures, air-filled

cavities, bubbles, and fillings, are defined as “macro-level structures”.

RESEARCH ON THE ANECHOIC MACRO-STRUCTURES AND

MECHANISMS IN SUBMARINES

Three main categories of anechoic macro-structure are used in hydro-acoustic

engineering: impedance-graded structures, resonance structures, and composite

types. These structures can be further classified as air-filled cavity anechoic

structures, multi-layer composite anechoic structures, pressure-resisting anechoic

structures, and periodical array structures based on their comprising units.

Air-filled Cavity Anechoic Structures

Air-filled cavity anechoic structures are designed with spherical, cylindrical,

and conical acoustical air-filled cavities within the matrix materials. Alberich an-

echoic tile is a typical resonance air-filled cavity anechoic structure and is shown

in Figure 1, which including the multi-scale structural design process. Guanaurd

et al.[16,17] discussed the application and resonance anechoic mechanisms of this

type of structure in their representative papers. In their study, the matrix was

treated as the homogenous material, and the air-filled cavities and matrix were

considered a double-component anechoic structure, which is easily calculable.

However, this study did not thoroughly discuss the anechoic mechanism of the

matrix and the loss mechanism of the sound wave in the Multi-scale mi-

cro-structure of the matrix. Furthermore, it did not address the interaction and

synergic anechoic mechanism between the macro-air-filled cavities and the mi-

cro-structures in matrix.

497

Figure 1. The Alberich anechoic tilt and its air-filled cavity structure.

Man Wang et al. [6] also used finite element analogy methods to study the

anechoic performance of various air-filled cavity structures, such as spherical,

bell-shaped, and conical types, yielding significant results. It suggested that

air-filled cavity structures improve the anechoic behavior observed in low fre-

quencies; in addition, the anechoic performance improved when the shape, size,

location, distance, and composite structure was changed. By studying the influ-

ence of different core materials on the anechoic performance of the viscoelastic

anechoic coating in built-in cylindrical scatters, Meilin Lu [18] discovered a

method for changing the location of the resonance peak and realizing the broad-

band sound absorption in certain frequency ranges by adjusting the first resonance

peak.

Impedance-grade Multi-layer Composite Anechoic Structures

In this type of structure, the factors that most crucially influences acoustical

performance are the loss factor and the size of the entire anechoic structure. Im-

pedance-grade anechoic structures can resolve the contradiction between the in-

consistent impedance resulting from the application of high impedance materials

and the increased thickness resulting from low loss factor materials. By designing

this multi-layer structure with different impedances and thicknesses, the reflection

factor can be decreased in high frequencies, and the increased reflection factor

caused by the reflection interference waves in different surface layers can be re-

solved in low frequencies, as shown in Figure 2. Previous studies [19] introduced

a double layer anechoic coating structure prepared in the decoupled layer, which

not only trumped the vibration damping property but also improved the anechoic

performance in low frequencies. In addition, Honggang Zhao et al. [20] studied

498


the water anechoic property of a viscoelastic plate structure that was partially

filled with resonance scattering particles and discussed the influence of different

backings on the anechoic property. F.X. Xin et al. [21] researched the anechoic

and radiant characteristics of a sandwich structure with an orthogonal reinforcing

rib and absorbent air-filled cavities.

Figure 2. Impedance grade multi-layer composite anechoic structure.

Multi-layer structure anechoic theory normally uses methods such as the

transfer matrix method and the WKB perturbation method. Of these methods, the

transfer matrix method is most commonly applied. The transfer matrix of a single

layer is usually in 2×2 form, as shown in Equation (4), and the boundary condi-

tions of the multi-layer medium include the consecutive sound pressure and vi-

bration velocity. Then, a sound wave transfer matrix[A] with N layers of homog-

enous materials for each transfer matrix is obtained, as shown in Equation (5),

where ~

k represents the wave number, ~

cρ denotes the impedance, and l repre-

sents the thickness. The goal of research concerning this type of anechoic fre-

quency pattern is to decrease the reflected absorption peak caused by the incon-

sistent impedance of the structural design, and the effect that broadens the sound

absorption frequency domain has been reported [22,23]. However, these studies

have generally treated the structures in each layer as isotropic homogenous mate-

rials and assumed that the interface phases between the layers were the ideal

phase, which is contradictory.

499

[ ]

−

−

=)

~cos(~

)~

sin(

)~

sin()~

cos(

lkc

lki

lkcilk

An

ρ

ρ

（4）

=⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅=

2221

1211

21 ][][][][aa

aaAAAA N

（5）

Pressure Resisting Anechoic Structure

Water pressure resistance is one of the most important indexes of submarine

anechoic coating. Some publications have used polyurethane as deep-sea pres-

sure-resisting material [24]. In one method, the pressure-resisting unit is used to

reinforce the matrix. Westinghouse Company has promoted a polyurethane ane-

choic material filled with inflated polystyrene microspheres that distributes dis-

cretely throughout the matrix forming a foam material. The pressure resistance of

polystyrene can sustain the excellent anechoic property of a material under water

pressure, as shown in Figure 3.

（a）Pressure-resisting system filled with polymer porous resin （b）Porous pressure-resisting polymer microsphere

Figure 3. Anechoic composite structure modified with pressure resisting hollow microspheres.

The second method implements an anechoic composite structure with a pres-

sure-resisting skeleton/matrix. Fillings, such as alumina powder and hollow glass

spheres, can also be added to improve the pressure resistance and anechoic per-

formance, as shown in Figure 4.

500


（a）The anechoic structure filled with glass microspheres （b）SEM images of a matrix filled with glass microspheres

Figure 4. The pressure-resisting anechoic structure modified with hollow glass microsphere filings.

Another method, used by Sullivan, entails the use of an alumina honeycomb

structure filled with polyurethane. As shown in Figure 5, this structure contains

alumina powders as the core material, which are attached to a thick aluminum

plate and covered with 0.1mm stainless steel foil. This type of structure is very

technological and is mostly limited to qualitative applications due to its complex

structure[25].

Figure 5. The pressure-resisting anechoic unit with a honeycomb structure.

Periodical Array Structure

Periodical array structures are arrays consisting of many of the same units ac-

cording to the regular arrangement, and can effectively absorb incident sound

waves in several frequency domains. Many efficient mathematical models have

been constructed in order to understand the inner physical mechanisms and to de-

sign these structures. Chen A. L. and Wright D. W. used multi-scattering theory to

research a two-dimensional model of this structure [26,27]. Achernbach applied a

501

three-dimensional model in order to consider situations with random incident

sound waves and study the dispersion relationship between the two-dimensional

and three-dimensional spherical air-filled cavity arrays in an elastic medium [28].

Yubao Song et al. used periodical structure theory to study the attenuation of the

vibration and noise radiation of under-water navigators under periodical actuator

impulses [29], resulting in the discovery of a periodical blocking structure that

effectively decreased the vibration and radiate noise.

In addition, W. Trabelsi et al. [30] studied the acoustical characteristics of a

periodical foam plate and found that the shielded and absorbed frequency do-

mains could be broadened by optimizing the under-water acoustical properties of

foam plates with different structures. The anechoic mechanism of periodical

structures is regarded as the result of the combination of the periodical structure

and Mie scatter of scattering individuals, which exhibits different dominances for

different structures. Phononic crystal is a periodical composite material or struc-

ture with a sound wave band gap feature consisting of two or more mediums that

suppresses the sound wave broadcast in the frequency range of a band gap. Liu et

al. [31] introduced a micro-unit that resonates with elastic waves and sound

waves in the composite medium to create a phononic crystal, which is shown in

Figure 6.

Figure 6. The schematic structure of phononic crystal.

In this phononic crystal, the resonance units, composed of rubber-wrapped

micro-lead spheres, are periodically distributed throughout the epoxy resin matrix.

Both experimental and theoretical research results prove that the reflecting fre-

quency band can be adjusted by changing the size and structure of the resonance

micro-units. Based on thorough analysis of this phenomenon and the summary of

its patterns, Liu proposed the phononic crystal and negative elastic constant con-

cept, which were the theoretical foundation of novel anechoic structure design.

Jiang et al. [32] designed network broadband-interpenetrating anechoic material

comprised of phononic crystals filled with soft polyurethane, hard polyurethane,

and foam alumina. Theoretical calculations and test results suggested that the

phononic crystals in the network matrix were the primary cause of the high ane-

choic coefficient of the composites in a broad frequency range. In addition, The

502


Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, the National University of

Defense Technology, the Institute of Acoustics of the Chinese Academy of Sci-

ences have conducted numerous studies in related fields [28]. However, current

studies are primarily focused on realizing these calculated and designed phononic

crystal structures in experiments and applications and determining whether sever-

al phononic crystals could form a broad sound wave frequency band with syner-

gic sound absorption. Phononic crystals could not be efficiently applied to sub-

marine stealth technology until these complications were resolved.

RESEARCH ON THE MICROCOSMIC SOUND-ABSORPTION

STRUCTURE AND MECHANISMS

Due to the limits of micro-level structure characterization technology, very

few microcosmic anechoic structure designs or anechoic mechanism studies exist

compared to macro-structure characterization. For viscoelastic polymer materials,

wave sound energy in different frequencies, in general, is believed to result in mi-

cro-structure unit motion in the propagate process and, thereby, partial transfer

and eventual dissipation of sound energy to thermal energy [11]. However, quan-

titative research concerning about micro-structures and anechoic mechanisms is

difficult and underdeveloped since it involves the interpenetration of many disci-

plines, such as polymer materials and acoustics. Current studies regarding mi-

cro-anechoic structures and anechoic mechanisms primarily focus on molecular

chain aggregation states, micro-phase dispersion, interpenetrating networks, and

polymer microspheres.

Molecular Chain Aggregation State Structure

Due to the recent development of characterization techniques, molecular chain

aggregation structures can be characterized with electron microscopy. Combined

with sound absorption test, the relationships between the micro-structures and

macro-properties of materials can be studied. As suggested by the Xiaoqiang Yu

[33], polymer materials exhibit characteristic sound absorption patterns, the sound

absorption features of which are related to the molecular structure and form, and

the specific molecular movement model of the glass transition area. Qinghua

Wang [34] used the pressured IR spectrum test and sound absorption test to study

the anechoic mechanisms of polymer microstructures. The results suggested that

there was no change in the IR absorption peak of the short-range structure when

the polymer molecules were under pressure (2~4MPa). The partial change of the

absorption peak area suggested that no change occurred in the molecular chain

structure in this pressure range, but a change did occur in the molecular chain ag-

gregation state structure that lead to a variation in the sound absorption frequency

patterns of the material. Some British scholars have successfully altered the ag-

gregation state structure of a polyurethane molecular chain and controlled the

503

sound absorption frequency pattern change by adjusting the technological param-

eters [35].

Micro-phase Dispersed Structure

Since the micro-phase is easily dispersed as a result of the solubility differ-

ences between the chains in polymers, some studies have suggested that this dis-

persion could lead to the displacement of molecular chains in the material in re-

sponse to sound waves and the loss of sonic energy due to the friction between the

molecular chains [36]. Thus, different molecular chain structures have been im-

plemented by scholars in order to resolve these micro-phase dispersion situations.

YOON et al. [37] studied the influencing patterns of the soft and hard parts of

polyurethane on the damping properties and wave broadcast losses of materials.

Qingzhen Wen [38] and Zhong Luo [39] studied the parameters of polyurethane

molecular chain structures that influence the water acoustical property. Hua Zhao

[40] constructed the viscoelastic constructive model for polyurethane elastomer.

Although many studies have been conducted, a systemic theory for micro-phase

structures and the water acoustical property have not been established, eliciting

further research.

The Structure of Polymer Microspheres

Polymer microspheres can be designed with the molecular component mixing

and polymerization method control in order to increase the freedom of microcos-

mic anechoic structure designs for certain size ranges. Consequently, polymer

microspheres are very promising novel anechoic structures. As reported by the

U.S naval lab, adhering epoxy resin with polymer microspheres improves sound

absorption and insulation performance, but the underlying mechanisms of this

adherence is not adequately understood [41]. Hong Zhou studied the anechoic

characteristics of numerous materials blended with polymer microspheres and

polyurethane matrices and summarized the structural and size parameters that in-

fluenced their anechoic properties [42]. Mendelsoh [43] distributed the polysty-

rene microsphere into polyurethane to prepare an anechoic material with a high

interval content, high compressive strength, low sound wave reflectivity, and

non-sensitivity to frequency change. By controlling the polymer microsphere and

designing the acoustical property with the micro-structures of the materials, opti-

mization of the pressure-resisting of anechoic structure could be possible for low

frequencies. However, this research is not currently systemic.

CONCLUSIONS

The dynamic response of composite anechoic structures to incident sound

waves primarily depends on the structural components and geometric size [44,45].

The anechoic structures of submarines are typical Multi-scale & multi-component

504


anechoic structures with macrocosmic structures such as air-filled cavities and

layers and microcosmic structures such as fillings and matrices. The most widely

applied research methods can be divided into two categories. In the first method,

traditional acoustical theory is used to design macrocosmic acoustical air-filled

cavities and other structures and study anechoic mechanisms using tools such as

the transfer matrix method, periodical structure anechoic theory, finite element

and finite element boundary analysis; then, the parameters of the matrix materials

are applied. In the second method, the motion patterns of relaxation of molecular

chains in the matrix materials and the wave sound energy transformation and ab-

sorption theory is the basis of the micro-structure design. Then, the prepared

acoustical materials are optimized through numerous experiments in order to ob-

tain ideal anechoic materials. Both of these methods have advantages and disad-

vantages. Although the structural design based on traditional acoustical theory is

clear, the design techniques are usually hard to realize or a contradiction exists

between the setting parameters or materials that achieve the designed perfor-

mance are difficultly-prepared. When designing structures from the micro-level,

the sound absorption properties of the designed materials are always far different

to the goal properties, but this cannot be explained or improved upon by theory

due to lack of information.

As shown in recent studies, submarine research has focused on three aspects:

low frequency (less than 2kHz), pressure resistance (3~5MPa), and broadened

sound absorption frequency domains for low- and mid-frequencies. However, re-

alizing these goals is impossible through a single material or structure. Designing

Multi-scale & multi-components composite anechoic structure requires the design

of microcosmic and macrocosmic structure, synthesis optimization. Thus, schol-

ars must collaborate in order to successfully research the use of anechoic structure

designs in submarines and their mechanisms. The interaction mechanisms and

synergic anechoic effects of different structures will be studied to find out the

changing patterns of sound absorption frequencies with different structure sizes.

Then, the effects of anechoic frequency interference and broad domain anechoic

mechanisms on macro-micro multi-component structures will finally developed.

This research is essential for perfecting the anechoic theory of Multi-scale struc-

tures and directing the design of novel broad-domain anechoic structures.

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