review of the course
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Review of the course. Preparation for final. What is language?. Communication of thoughts and feelings through a system of arbitrary signals, such as voice sounds, gestures, or written symbols. Linguistic Knowledge vs. Linguistic Performance (competence). There’s a distinction between - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Review of the coursePreparation for final
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Communication of thoughts and feelings through a system of arbitrary signals, such as voice sounds, gestures, or written symbols.
What is language?
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Linguistic Knowledge vs. Linguistic Performance (competence) There’s a distinction between
◦ What you know about “correct” and “incorrect” language
◦ Your ability to always produce “correct” sentences.
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Animal Languages(?)A linguistic analysis
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Design feature 1:Semanticity: In human language the elements of the message have specific and fixed relation to real-world situations.A message must be understood in the same way by different receivers.
Design features of language
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Design feature 2:Displacement/freedom from stimulus: In human language it is possible to talk about events remote in time and place.
Design feature 3: Productivity: In human language, new messages can be produced from the elements of familiar messages; there is no fixed set of possible messages
Design features of language
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Design feature 4:Dual articulation/duality of patterning: In human language, sounds can go together to make up words, words can go together to make up sentences. (In sign language, there is something similar.)
Design feature 5: Discreteness: Human language uses a small set of discrete contrastive elements.
Design features of language
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Language and the brain
Insights from Neurolinguistics
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What is a hemisphere, and what is modularity/localization?
Who are Paul Broca and Carl Wernicke, and what did they find out?
What is Aphasia? What is the relationship between brain
development and language development? Who is Noam Chomsky, and what is his theory? What is the critical age hypothesis? Who is Genie and what does her case prove?
Anatomy of the brain
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Neurological term for disorders that follow brain lesions caused by, for example, strokes.◦ Only on left side
Broca’s Aphasia◦ labored speech, word-finding pauses, disturbed
word order, difficulties with function word ‘to’, ‘if’ Wernicke’s Aphasia
◦ fluently with good intonation & pronunciation but lexical errors: “Jargon aphasia”
What is Aphasia?
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MorphologyThe study of the structure of words
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Morphemes◦ The most elemental unit of a word
Morphology◦Study of the internal structure; rules of word
formation
What are the building blocks in the formation of complex words?
believable unbelievable
desirable undesirable
happy unhappy
dressed undressed
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Prefixes are added to the beginning Suffixes are added to the end
One morpheme act Two morphemes act + ive Three morphemes act + ive+ate Four morphemes de + act+
ive+ate More than four:
Anti+dis+establish+ment+ari+an+ism
Prefixes & Suffixes
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What’s a root morpheme?
Root morphemes vs. Affix morphemes
Note: -roots tend to be free andlexical-affixes tend to be bound andgrammatical
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Identify the roots in the following words. kingdom _________________________ interplanetary
_________________________ dimensional
_________________________ margins
_________________________
practice
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Overview of all discussed distinctions
free
Morphemes
lexical-bound roots
bound
lexical (root)grammatical
derivational inflectional-eight suffixes
prefixesex:-un
suffixesex: -ness
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For each of the following bound morphemes, determine whether it is derivational or inflectional and give two words in which it appears:
example: -able: derivational bound morphemeeat-able; cod(e)-able –ish _____________ _____________ _____________ –en _____________ _____________ _____________ ab– _____________ _____________ _____________ –ed
practice
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Affixing◦ Adding affixes◦ Reducing Affixes (Backformation)◦ A new word created by removing an affix from an
already existing word, as vacuum clean from vacuum cleaner,
Functional shift Coined words Acronyms Borrowing Blending
Word creation in English (Neologism)
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SyntaxAn overview
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Phrasal category Form FunctionNP Headed by a noun Subject of sentenceVP Headed by a verb Predicate of sentence
Phrases
NP
det adj NThe friendly person
V
VP
det N
NP
asked a question
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Diagramming a Sentence
NP
det adj NThe friendly person
V
VP
det N
NP
asked a question
S
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SemanticsThe meaning of language
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Synonyms Antonyms Homonyms (homophones) Hyponymy
◦ scarlet, vermilion, carmine, and crimson are all hyponyms of red (their hypernym), which is, in turn, a hyponym of color.
Lexical Relationships
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Give two semantic properties for each of the following words. Use correct notation.
(10) a) prostitute
______________________________________ b) sailor
______________________________________ c) mountain
______________________________________
practice
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Denotation and Connotation Denotation refers to the literal meaning of a word, the "dictionary definition."¨ For example, if you look up the word snake in a dictionary, you will discover that one of its denotative meanings is "any of numerous scaly, legless, sometimes venomous reptiles¡Khaving a long, tapering, cylindrical body and found in most tropical and temperate regions."
Connotation, on the other hand, refers to the associations that are connected to a certain word or the emotional suggestions related to that word. The connotative meanings of a word exist together with the denotative meanings. The connotations for the word snake could include evil or danger.
connotation and denotation
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Cohesion
Grammatical
Reference
Substitution Ellipsis
Lexical
Repetition
Synonyms
Superordinates
Cohesive devices
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Phonetics: The Sounds of Language
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How are phonemes produced? Consonants are produced by obstructing the
flow of air as it passes from the lungs through the vocal tract.
When we describe a consonant, one of the features we use is its place of articulation.
The other feature is the manner of articulation.
Consonants and their phonetic description
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Place of articulation of English Consonants
Place of Articulation Consonant
Bilabial [p] [b] [m]
Labiodental [f] [v]
Interdental [θ] [ð]
Alveolar [t] [d] [n] [s] [z] [l] [r]
Palatal [ʃ] [ʒ] [tʃ] [dʒ]
Velar [k] [g] [ŋ]
Glottal [h]
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Voiced and voiceless sounds◦ When the vocal cords are apart when speaking,
air flows freely through the glottis. Sounds produced in this way are voiceless.
◦ If the vocal cords are together, the airstream forces its way through and causes them to vibrate
Try it out: put your hand toyour throat and produce a [z]sound as in “buzz”. Now do thesame with [s] as in “bus”.
Manner of Articulation
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Affricates are produced by a stop which is followed immediately by gradual release of air. Stop + fricative = affricate◦ There are only two: [tʃ] and [dʒ]
Liquids◦ During the production of the sounds [l] and [r], there is no
real obstruction of the airflow that causes friction. Hence, these sounds are not stops, fricatives or affricates. They are called liquids
Glides◦ Are not causing significant obstruction and are always
followed by vowels.◦ [j] and [w]
Affricates,Liquids, and Glides
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Vowel Qualities The placement of the body of the
tongue:◦ Vertical: high – mid – low◦ Horizontal: front – central – back
The shape of the lips: ◦ Rounded – Unrounded
The degree of the vocal tract contraction:◦ Tense – Lax
Vowels
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Write the phonetic symbol for the final sound
opposite __knee __ Phetkasem __ chips __welcome __ugly __
practice
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Introduction to Phonology
The mental representation of sounds
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Phonology is concerned with the sound structure/patterns of languages.
What syntax is for grammar, phonology is for phonetics.
Knowledge of phonology determines how we pronounce morphemes depending on their context. Just as morphology has rules, phonology has its own rules.
What is Phonology?
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Phonetics vs. Phonology
both deal with speech sounds phonetics: deals with physical properties
of speech sounds phonology: deals with the organization of
speech sounds in a particular language◦ Which sounds are predictable? Which are
unpredictable?◦ What context allows us to predict the
occurrence of certain sounds?◦ Which sounds affect the meaning of words?
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Phonemes and Allophones• Phoneme:
• class of speech sounds judged by native speakers to be the same sound.
• a mental entity• E.g., The /t/ sounds in mitt, Tim, metal, mitten
corresponds to one phoneme.
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Phonemes and Allophones
• Allophone: • one of a set of non-distinctive realizations of the
same phoneme.• Corresponds to something physical produced by a
speaker• E.g., [th] and [t] are an allophone of /t/.• [p] and [ph] are allophones of the phoneme /p/.
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Contrastiveness• Two sounds are said to be noncontrastive if
replacing one with the other does not result in a change of meaning.• E.g., aspirated and unaspirated stops are not
contrastive in English• [tep] and [teph] mean the same thing
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Are [p] and [b] in contrastive distribution in English?• To answer this question, construct a
minimal pair.• Minimal pair: two words that differ only by a
single sound in the same position and have different meanings.