Review of recording and identification policy differences in Benthic Invertebrate Component exercises (OS, LR, MB) for

Scheme Operation 2014 - 2016 (Years 21, 22, 23)

Author: Tim Worsfold Reviewer: David Hall, NMBAQCS Project Manager Approved by: Myles O'Reilly, Contract Manager, SEPA Contact: nmbaqc@apemltd.co.uk

APEM Ltd. Date of Issue: July 2017

REVIEW OF RECORDING AND IDENTIFICATION POLICY DIFFERENCES IN BENTHIC INVERTEBRATE COMPONENT EXERCISES (OS, LR, MB) FOR SCHEME OPERATION 2014 –

2016 (YEARS 21, 22, 23)

1. Introduction 3

1.1 Data reviewed 3 1.1.1 Confidentiality 4 2. Review of recording policy comments (‘green notes’) 4

2.1 Introduction 4

2.2 Taxonomic errors 4

2.3 Identification and recording policy differences 5

2.4 Nomenclature updates 6

2.5 Spelling errors 6

2.6 Notation differences 6

2.7 Mis-sorted material 6

2.8 Missing material 7 3. Review of recording differences by taxon 7

3.1 Annelida 7

3.2 Arthropoda 10

3.3 Mollusca 11

3.4 Minor phyla 13 4. Conclusion and Recommendations 14

4.1 Standardization of comments 15

4.2 Standardization of identifications (progress towards a TDP) 17 5. References 18 Linked Documents (embedded in this report): Compiled data for recording policy differences (Years 21, 22 and 23) Excel File: GreenCommentList_Full_RptVersion.xls

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1. Introduction The North East Atlantic Marine Biological Analytical Quality Control (NMBAQC) Scheme addresses three main areas relating to benthic biological data collection:

1. The processing of macrobenthos samples; 2. The identification of macrobiota; 3. The determination of the physical parameters of sediments.

In relation to the second parameter, standardization of identifications between samples and between laboratories has been an important consideration since the origin of the scheme, with training workshops and four regular modules with exercises designed to assess inter-laboratory variation:

• Invertebrate Ring Test (RT) Module – participants’ identification of two sets of twenty-five invertebrate specimens supplied by APEM Ltd.;

• Invertebrate Laboratory Reference (LR) Module - re-identification by APEM Ltd. of a set of twenty-five specimens supplied by participating laboratories;

• Own Sample (OS) Module - re-analysis by APEM Ltd. of three own samples supplied by participating laboratories;

• Macrobenthic (MB) Module - participants’ full analysis of a whole macrobenthos sample, with audit by APEM Ltd.

All of these exercises include comparisons of specimen identifications between participating laboratories and the scheme’s contractor (currently APEM ltd.). Where identifications match, they are recorded in blue on reports and feedback documents. In many cases, identification differences can be defined as taxonomic errors (recorded in red) and corrected, once agreed by the organizations involved. However, there is a wide range of recording differences that do not represent errors as such but which (without data truncation) could cause variation affecting the comparability of data between laboratories. In order to highlight and lessen the impact of these differences, APEM note them (recorded in green) in reports and forms but they form no part of any scoring system. In view of the ultimate aim to reduce variability in data, it has long been suggested (e.g. Hall & Worsfold, 2001; Worsfold et al., 2010) that NMBAQC scheme recording protocols include standardized policies on problems such as taxonomic discrimination levels and juveniles (green comments in current documents). This report provides a review of these ‘green comments’ from recent scheme exercises, as progress towards that aim. 1.1 Data reviewed

This report reviews and summarizes recording differences within the Benthic Invertebrates Component of the North East Atlantic Marine Biological Analytical Quality Control (NMBAQC) Scheme. The review includes the first three years that were fully reported by APEM ltd.: i.e. 2014-2016 (Years 21, 22 and 23). Data from three exercises (OS, LR and MB) are included; the MB exercise was suspended after Year 21 (2014); the RT exercise produces data of a different format but is discussed here. A combined spreadsheet was prepared, with all records from these exercised that included ‘green comments’. Original and emended identifications were included, together with comments and records of laboratory and exercise numbers and years. Spreadsheets of raw data (comments) are linked to this document, for the three years and three modules covered: OS (1117 comments collated), LR (113 comments collated) and MB (38 comments

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collated). The list was then sorted by taxonomic groups and by comment types to allow for systematic review. 1.1.1 Confidentiality

Each participant was given a confidential, randomly assigned LabCode for each scheme year. Codes are prefixed with the component initials, for example, BI for benthic invertebrates, the Scheme Year and a unique number (between 01 and 44) e.g. Laboratory number one in Scheme Year 2015/2016 (Year 22) was recorded as BI_2201. 2. Review of recording policy comments (‘green notes’) 2.1 Introduction It is important to note that (with a few exceptions discussed below) the notes considered here have not influenced OS pass/fail scores in any way. It should also be emphasized that all other exercises (RT, LR, MB) are designed as training exercises for the benefit of participants and their results are not used to score or assess laboratory competence. A few notes related to taxonomic errors are discussed in this review, where there may be some debate over the distinction between an error and a policy difference; this is done for greater transparency, to clarify OS audit policy. Although comments on recording policy have been provided purely for information and without formal structure, they can be classified into a few basic types. The types vary slightly between exercises and years but are similar enough for those from OS, LR and MB to be considered together. 2.2 Taxonomic errors

The purpose of this review is to consider comments against taxonomic differences that are not currently scored as errors; it is, however, necessary to also review some error comments for comparison. Where a participant’s identification is considered to be incorrect, the comments cell reads: “Taxonomic error”. If a vial recorded as one taxon includes several taxa, comments will detail this, e.g.: “Taxonomic error; mixture, see below”; “Mixture, see below”; “Additional taxon in pot”. The different formats give some indication of the proportion of correctly identified specimens and whether the additional taxa are considered to have been an oversight (e.g., if they are small specimens of a taxon very different from the main taxon present), rather than mis-identifications. Occasionally, a participant may identify a specimen to a lower (more precise) taxonomic level than would be done at APEM but it may yet be possible to state that the original identification was erroneous. The corrected identification will then be given at the higher (less precise) taxonomic level, with a comment in the format: “Taxonomic error; not” (followed by the taxon recorded). Where APEM are uncertain of a taxonomic error, the benefit of doubt is given but a note made: “Possible taxonomic error”.

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2.3 Identification and recording policy differences

Identification policy differences are one of the greatest sources of variation in macrobenthos data. Each laboratory has different policies for taxonomic resolution and the separation of juveniles and reproductive stages. Also, these policies are rarely written and are liable to change within, as well as between, laboratories; they also change with time, in the light of new knowledge within a laboratory (which may increase or decrease resolution) and newly acquired published research. As an NMBAQC identification recording policy or detailed taxonomic discrimination protocol has not yet been developed, the current auditors and scheme contractors, APEM, have little option other than to compare with current APEM policy when noting these differences. The following notes have been used purely to describe differences, without any suggestion that one policy should be used in preference to another: “APEM identification policy;” (usually followed by an explanation); “APEM policy;” (usually followed by an explanation); “APEM recording policy;” (usually followed by an explanation); “Mixture;” (usually followed by another comment). The distinction between recording policy (usually to indicate distinction of sex or juveniles) and identification policy (to indicate differences in taxonomic levels used) has not always been clear from the format of the notes themselves but is usually obvious in context. Sometimes, notes may indicate a preference for a particular policy but without consequences in the scoring system, e.g.: “Improved literature mean these can be speciated”; “Over cautious identification”; “Over confident identification”. In practice, over cautious and over confident have sometimes been used simply to indicate policy differences in taxonomic discrimination. In the LR exercise, where there are no suggestions of correct levels, the following indicators of taxonomic level changes have been used, purely to indicate the level to which APEM are prepared to go: “Resolution increased”; “Resolution reduced”. Basic comments are often followed by explanatory text or instructions. In the past, some of these have been given without the main comment, e.g.: “Same size as” (another, specified, specimen); this indicates inconsistent separation of juveniles, where a participant has recorded juveniles (usually at a higher taxonomic level) but some are as large as other identified to species in the same project; “Specimens

“Ignore” (for stats); this note would be appended to a taxon newly identified by APEM but not considered required by the PRP/TDP (e.g. fragments, anthropogenic material, contaminant organisms); also: “Terrestrial - probably contamination”. (eg. spiders, millipedes, woodlice, insects) Notes may also be made on aspects of recording policy other than identification. A general example would be: TDP not followed; (explanation). For example, records may be given as “present” when a count would usually be expected: “Taxon should be counted”. 2.4 Nomenclature updates

Where a participant has used an alternative name for a taxon, the currently valid (from WoRMS unless otherwise stated) name will be given and a note made. Two different formats have been used: “Name change”. On occasion, APEM (and/or a participant) may choose to use a different format from WoRMS, where WoRMS is considered to be outdated (through comparison of literature with edit dates) or for consistency or simplification (such as the exclusion of subgenera); a note will be made: “WoRMS mis-match”. In such cases, APEM often approach WoRMS editors to suggest edits and this may be indicated in the notes: “Synonym; WoRMS has now been updated”. Sometimes, nomenclature differences may cause confusion as to the species recorded. The benefit of doubt is given, with a note, e.g.: “Original identification assumed to refer to this species but would be incorrect if” 2.5 Spelling errors Where a difference is considered to be purely a result of a typographical or spelling error, the correct spelling is given and a note made: “Spelling error”; “Mis-spelled name”. Sometimes, a spelling error may correspond with one of the taxon’s synonyms, in which case the difference is considered to be a nomenclature update. 2.6 Notation differences There is some variation between laboratories in the format of qualifying text following taxon names. For example, un-named species may be recorded as ‘Type 1’ or ‘species A’ or a standard type may be used by the participant but not the auditor or vice versa. Also, APEM have added “sp.” to genus names without comment in some Scheme documents. Where a participant has used “spp.” (which would indicate more than one species present), a note may be made: “Only one taxon present” (OD = spp?) 2.7 Mis-sorted material Where pots appear to have been mis-labelled or specimens mis-placed but the data are correct, a note may be made: “Processing error;” (followed by an explanation); “Vial incorrectly labelled;” (followed by an explanation).

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2.8 Missing material

If an expected (present in the data) taxon vial is not present, the benefit of doubt may be given but a note made: “Pot not found” “Specimen not provided; assumed correct”. Similarly, if a vial has been broken in transit: “Vial broken; Ignore”. 3. Review of recording differences by taxon As discussed above, many of the differences relate to spelling differences, minor notation differences and nomenclature updates that are provided for information and need not be discussed in more detail. Identification and recording policy differences (excluding definite errors), for OS, LR and MB from Scheme Years 21, 22 and 23, are summarized below by taxonomic group. In each case, unless otherwise stated, APEM have given their identification following the current APEM policy, with a note in green, but without scoring an error. 3.1 Annelida

The identification of Scaleworms is highly variable between laboratories. Some use ‘Polynoidae’ for juveniles and all those without scales (with or without qualifiers). APEM retain the same policy for all conditions; currently, most are identified to species but a ‘Harmothoe impar’ agg. taxon is used for H. fernandi, H. impar and H. mariannae, and a small proportion of difficult specimens may be left at genus or family. Juvenile Sigalionidae may be left at family or genus and the size of species level determination is variable. As the name ‘Pholoe inornata’ has been used for different species, APEM add ‘sensu Petersen’ to Pholoe species names for clarity. APEM leave juvenile Aphroditidae at family; other laboratories may speciate them, including records of Laetmonice, which we have never seen but juvenile Aphrodite have similar features. Members of the Eteone longa and Eumida sanguinea complexes are given ‘agg.’ at APEM but may be named as species at other laboratories. Others may leave some phyllodocids at family or genus, with or without ‘juv.’. Microphthalmus spp. have been identified to species by some laboratories but are left at genus by APEM, as the features are difficult to see. Podarkeopsis are named as P. capensis by some (currently including APEM) but left at genus by others (taxonomic uncertainty). Nephtys are left at genus when small by most laboratories but the size of the divide varies and APEM identify using in-house policy (recorded as juveniles, at genus level, below 17mm). Glycera, always identified to species or complex by APEM, have been identified at higher taxonomic levels by some laboratories (Glycera juv.). APEM record G. lapidum, with ‘agg.’ as it may be a complex. WoRMS combines G. rouxi with G. unicornis; this is followed by some laboratories but not all. Small Goniadidae are left as juveniles at family level by some laboratories (always to species, juveniles undifferentiated by APEM).

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Syllides are identified to species by some but left at genus by APEM, as G. San Martín was not confident to identify them at the workshop with our compound microscope (oil immersion required). Members of the Syllis armillaris complex may be given species names (including S. hyalina) by some. APEM now record them as S. armillaris agg. Some laboratories use P. Garwood’s types (A, B etc.) for Syllis; these are converted to current nomenclature in APEM audits, with correction of S. parapari and S. cornuta records (reversed by Garwood). The most common UK Sphaerosyllis is currently named ‘S. c.f. taylori’ at APEM; other laboratories may use a type letter, S. taylori or S. taylori/hystrix but use of S. hystrix (a different species) is a taxonomic error. In RTB 44, the name S. hystrix was applied to this species, in error. Further discussion is provided in RTB 48. Nereididae are left at genus or family by some laboratories at a larger size than at APEM. Ophryotrocha spp. have been identified to species by some laboratories but are left at genus by APEM. Parougia are also left at genus by APEM. These genera typically require oil immersion or dissection for identification. The most common UK Lumbrineris has been given various names due to taxonomic uncertainty. The names L. aniara, L. cingulata, L. nr. cingulata, L. cf. cingulata, L. cingulata agg. and L. aniara/cingulata all refer to this species. Old literature identifies the species as L. gracilis, which has since been shown to be a different species: Hilbigneris gracilis which occurs in the Mediterranean but has not yet been recorded from UK waters); use of these latter names constitutes a taxonomic error as they now record a different species. There have also been higher taxonomic level identifications (Lumbrineridae juv.), with increased resolution by APEM. APEM always speciate Scoloplos armiger, without separation of juveniles but record ‘Orbiniidae juv.’ for juvenile Phylo and Orbinia. Policies vary between laboratories; some include small Scoloplos in Orbiniidae juv. Dipolydora are identified at a variety of levels by different laboratories. APEM have used ‘D. coeca agg’ for the main group of species. Others have attempted speciation or left them at genus. Scolelepis are always identified to species by APEM but may be left at family or genus by others when small (with or without ‘juv.’). Spionid identification policies will change with the new workshop guide, due to be published this year. The name Malacoceros vulgaris has been used for more than one species and use of ‘sensu’ may be needed. The species previously recorded as M. fuliginosus is the true M. vulgaris; previous M. vulgaris records are of M. girardi. Streblospio are now left at genus by APEM, as the identification features cannot be consistently applied to all specimens; records of S. shrubsolii may be genuine or may be from lack of awareness of S. benedicti. Magelona are always identified to species by APEM but may be left at family or genus by others when small (with or without ‘juv.’). Chaetopteridae are left at genus by APEM but may be speciated by others. There may be more than one UK Chaetopterus and the taxonomy is unresolved (M. Petersen pers. Comm.). Notomastus and Dasybranchus are left at genus by APEM; we consider the species names added by many other laboratories to be assumptions, rather than true distinction (though

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probably usually correct). With Capitella, identifications of C. capitata are almost always erroneous, in light of recent research and will now be treated as taxonomic errors. Maldanidae are usually taken to more precise levels at APEM than for some laboratories (although we do leave some at family). We now treat Euclymene oerstedi and E. species A as E. oerstedi agg.; treatment by other laboratories varies. We leave Notoproctus, Nicomache and Leiochone at genus; some other laboratories speciate them. It is now technically a taxonomic error to record Leiochone as Clymenura. Taxonomic levels and recording policies for juvenile Opheliidae vary between laboratories. APEM record ‘Opheliidae juv.’, if there are no gills (adults to species). Small Arenicolidae are left at family by APEM but may be identified by others. Asclerocheilus are now left at genus by APEM, as there may be other UK species (J. Gil, pers. Comm). but have been speciated or called Scalibregmatidae juv. by others. Policies vary between laboratories for sizes to record Opheliidae as juvenile, with some separating genera. APEM use Opheliidae juv. for specimens without gills. Owenia are identified to species by some (with or without knowledge that there are more than one now likely in UK waters) but currently left at genus by APEM. The reverse is true for Galathowenia. Some laboratories leave small or damaged Cirratulidae at family level. APEM identify most to species and has standard policies for those left at genus. Some laboratories have left specimens (of Chaetozone, Tharyx, Cirratulus, Aphelochaeta and Caulleriella) at genus level that APEM took to species. Some have used the name Monticellina dorsobranchialis (previous recommendation) for specimens that would now be called Kirkegaardia sp.; this is now technically incorrect, as K. dorsobranchialis is very unlikely to be a UK species. APEM separate juvenile Cirriformia and leave at genus (there are other Cirriformia names in the literature of unknown validity, some of which have features similar to juvenile C. tentaculata); others may include them with C. tentaculata. Terebellides have, until recently, been assumed to be T. stroemi by most (with or without knowledge of another species now known from UK waters and the possibility of others); APEM now leave them at genus, as more species are likely to be recognised; some others identify species. Small Ampharetidae have been left at family or genus by some but are usually identified to species by APEM. APEM retain separation of three species identified by Holthe (Ampharete lindstroemi, A. baltica and A. cf. acutifrons) although the valid names may later change; others have named all these as A. lindstroemi agg. Streblosoma have been identified at genus level by most (including APEM), prior to clarification by I. Jirkov (pers comm. 2016) but can now be more easily assigned to species. APEM leave Polycirrus at genus (as tails are required), while some others identify species. Taxonomic uncertainty remains regarding several UK Polycirrus species. Policies vary on whether to separate Lanice conchilega juveniles. There is also variation in the use of Terebellidae juv.

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Megalomma have been identified to species by some (with or without knowledge of more than one UK species since the NMBAQC 2014 workshop). They have been left at genus by APEM since the workshop due to the current taxonomic uncertainty. There have been similar policy changes and differences for other sabellid genera (e.g.: Euchone, Chone, Dialychone, Jasmineira, Pseudopotamilla). APEM record serpulids that have lost their opercula as ‘Serpulidae’. Other laboratories may speciate or record some as ‘Spirobranchus’. Although a preliminary TDP is available through the NMBAQC for Oligochaeta, some laboratories have continued to record them only as ‘Oligochaeta’ and there is a range of other records, such as ‘Tubificidae’ and ‘Tubificoides’. APEM now use ‘T. c.f. galiciensis’ for the species with post-clitellum papillations and open bifid chaetae (as well as hair chaetae) in notopodia; other laboratories use other notations but records of T. insularis for this species are regarded as a taxonomic error. 3.2 Arthropoda

APEM leave Callipallene at genus and aggregate the Achelia echinata group, where some other laboratories give species. The treatment of barnacles is highly variable, partly as a result of taxonomic changes. Barnacles may be unidentifiable due to small size or damage (as they are often scraped from surfaces) and the chosen higher taxon names varies between Cirripedia (previously a class for the whole group, now an infraclass), Thoracica (former order, now superorder for most non-parasitic families), Sessilia (the current order for acorn barnacles), Balanomorpha (it’s main suborder) and Balanidae (the most important of the constituent families). APEM record ‘Sessilia’ for damaged acorn barnacles, juvenile if below 3mm. Others, including parasitic barnacles, are counted and identified to species. A few laboratories still record barnacles as ‘present’, without counts, but we have not seen recent examples of NMBAQC Scheme participants ignoring them. Copepoda are usually left as Copepoda at APEM but are taken to varying levels at other laboratories. Ostracoda are separated into Myodocopida, Podocopida, and certain recognisable species at APEM; some other laboratories leave them as Ostracoda, or may have different recognised species. There are undescribed UK species of Pontocrates that resemble Synchelidium in their toothed Gn2 palms. APEM currently call these Pontocrates species A and B; other laboratories may leave them at genus or have other systems, but naming them Synchelidium maculatum would be a taxonomic error. Different sizes and degrees of damage are used to leave Urothoe at genus at different laboratories; they are almost always speciated at APEM, without differentiation of juveniles. Tmetonyx are left at genus at APEM (due to taxonomic uncertainty); they are speciated at some laboratories.

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Ampelisca / Ampeliscidae are recorded at genus / family at different sizes at some laboratories compared with APEM and may be left unspeciated at varying degrees of damage. Different sizes and degrees of damage are used to leave Bathyporeia at genus at different laboratories; they are almost always speciated at APEM. APEM identify adult male Cheirocratus to species (without qualifiers) but call the others ‘Cheirocratus female’; some other laboratories speciate more. APEM consider more evidence required to validate female speciation. Female and juvenile Aoridae are speciated at some laboratories but left at family at APEM. Again APEM consider more evidence required to validate female speciation. Different sizes and degrees of damage are used to leave Corophiidae at genus at different laboratories; they are almost always speciated at APEM. APEM record ‘Gnathiidae female’ and ‘Gnathiidae juvenile’ and identify adult males. Other laboratories may use different systems. There is a distinct but undescribed species, named ‘species A’ at APEM. APEM identify all Idotea; others separate some as unidentified juveniles. APEM identify all tanaids; others leave some at Tanaidacea, even though adequate keys are available. Different sizes and degrees as damage are used to leave Diastylidae at family or genus at different laboratories; they are usually speciated at APEM, with a defined policy (4 or fewer pairs of telson spines for specimens shown not to be D. lucifera) for juveniles. Different sizes and degrees of damage are used to leave Paguridae at family or genus at different laboratories. APEM record ‘Paguridae juv.’ at carapace lengths below 5mm. Different sizes and degrees of damage are used to leave Portunidae at family or genus at different laboratories. APEM record as ‘juv.’ for carapace lengths below 10mm., with juvenile Liocarcinus left at genus. APEM also separate juveniles for most other decapod genera, with or without reduced taxonomic distinction; policies vary between other laboratories. Insects are defined as larvae or pupae at APEM and identified at order level, with certain distinctive families recognised; only definite contaminants (e.g. winged insects in offshore samples) are ignored (they appear on the laboratory forms but not in the electronic matrix). Policies vary elsewhere. 3.3 Mollusca

APEM identify almost all Caudofoveata and Polyplacophora to species, without separation of juveniles. Many other laboratories leave some juveniles at family or class. APEM identify almost all trochoids to species, without separation of juveniles. Many other laboratories leave juveniles at family and may do the same with damaged specimens.

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APEM identify almost all Littorinidae, Rissoidae and Hydrobiidae to species, without separation of juveniles. Many other laboratories leave juveniles at family and may do the same with damaged specimens. Records of ‘Hydrobiidae’ for Potamopyrgus antipodarum are now technically a taxonomic error (this species is now in the family Tateidae). There are two as yet un-named cochliopid species in the Thames, named ‘Cochliopidae species A’ and B at APEM. Other laboratories may have other policies but records of Hydrobiidae for these would be a taxonomic error. APEM separate Crepidula fornicata juveniles; others may not. APEM separate juvenile Naticidae and leave at family. Other laboratories have varying policies. Most records of Vitreolina philippi should be V. antiflexa. This is technically a taxonomic error but included APEM records until recently. APEM separate adult and juvenile buccinids but identify most to species; juveniles may be left at family level by other laboratories. APEM identify most Pyramidellidae to species. Other laboratories have varying policies, some leaving some at family. APEM distinguish genera of Philinidae (Hermania sp. was once called Philine scabra) and speciate Philine quadripartita. Some laboratories leave many at family, sometimes order. Use of ‘Philine’ for Hermania is now technically a taxonomic error, as is ‘Philine aperta’ (an African species) for P. quadripartita. APEM identify most nudibranchs to genus; Onchidoridae to genus or species, Aeolidiidae to family. Other laboratories have varying policies, some leaving some at much higher levels. APEM separate juvenile Nuculidae and leave at family. Other laboratories have varying policies. APEM separate genera for all Mytilidae, with separation of juveniles for Mytilus (currently recorded as M. edulis but review under consideration), Gibbomodiola (to species) and Modiolus (to genus); other genera are speciated. Many other laboratories use ‘Mytilidae juv.’ or have other varying policies. APEM separate juvenile Pectinidae and Anomiidae and leave at family. Other laboratories have varying policies. APEM separate most Lucinidae and Ungulinidae into adults and juveniles (all speciated); others may not. APEM identify almost all Thyasiridae, without separation of juveniles. Many other laboratories leave juveniles at genus, sometimes family, and may do the same with damaged specimens. There may be severe inconsistency within a project. APEM speciate Parvicardium (without separation of juveniles) and, usually, other cardiid genera with segregation of juveniles. Some other laboratories leave all perceived juveniles (some juvenile Parvicardium records are adult) at family, sometimes superfamily.

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APEM separate mactrids into adults and juveniles and leave Spisula and Lutraria juveniles at genus. Policies vary between other laboratories, with some leaving juveniles at family; others speciate Lutraria at a smaller size than at APEM. APEM identify almost all Abra, without separation of juveniles. Many other laboratories leave juveniles at genus, sometimes family or superfamily, and may do the same with damaged specimens. APEM separate Scrobicularia plana juveniles; others may not. APEM separate genera for all Veneridae, with separation of juveniles for most, either to species or genus. Many other laboratories use ‘Veneridae juv.’ or have other varying policies. The UK species once included in Venerupis are now divided between Venerupis, Ruditapes and Polititapes; use of ‘Venerupis juv.’ or Tapes (which no longer includes any UK species) for the other genera is now a taxonomic error. APEM identify almost all Tellinidae to species, without separation of juveniles (except Arcopagia). Many other laboratories leave juveniles at genus, sometimes family or superfamily, and may do the same with damaged specimens. APEM separate Arctica islandica juveniles; others may not. Juvenile Pharidae are divided between Ensis juv., Pharus legumen (divided between adults and juveniles) and Phaxas pellucidus (without separation of juveniles) at APEM. Some laboratories use ‘Pharidae’ and speciation size is variable; others use ‘Solenacea’ (Solenidae is now a taxonomic error for pharids – all but Solen). APEM speciate all Myidae (with separation of adult and juvenile Mya). Others may leave juveniles at genus or family. APEM separate Cochlodesma praetenue into adults and juveniles. Some other laboratories keep them together; others include the juveniles in ‘Thracioidea juv.’. APEM separate Thracia into adults and juveniles, with most juveniles left at genus. Some other laboratories keep them together; others include the juveniles in ‘Thracioidea juv.’. 3.4 Minor phyla

Protozoan records (including Foraminifera) are highly variable, both in names used and in recording format (count, presence/absence, ignore). APEM count Astrorhiza sp., and record other large Protozoa as ‘Present’ if definitely live collected, with separation of in-house types for some Astrorhizidae. APEM record most sponges as ‘Porifera’, with more precise identifications for certain more recognizable taxa (e.g. Sycon, Leucosolenia, Dysidia fragilis, Suberites, Cliona). Other laboratories have varying policies. APEM leave most benthic Hydractiniidae, Bougainvilliidae and Campanulariidae at family but speciate most Sertulariidae. Records vary between other laboratories. Edwardsiid anemones are recorded at family, genus or species in varying formats by different laboratories. APEM now record most at family level but may speciate Edwardsia

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claparedii and Nematostella vectensis, if practicable. APEM separate adults from juvenile Cerianthus lloydi at 17mm; other laboratories may have other policies. Records of Platyhelminthes are highly variable between laboratories. APEM currently record ‘Turbellaria’ for most of the larger ones and separate families for some distinctive ‘microturbellaria’ (e.g. Dalyellidae, Typhloplanidae). APEM currently separate certain nemertean taxa. Other laboratories leave all at phylum, or have different separation policies. APEM identify most Sipuncula to species, without separation of juveniles. Many other laboratories leave juveniles at family, sometimes phylum. APEM separate the benthic Spadella cephaloptera from other Chaetognatha (recorded as Sagittidae). Some other laboratories record ‘Chaetognatha’ (for all or for pelagic spp.?). APEM leave certain bryozoan genera (Aetea, Schizomavella, Scruparia, Amathia, Crisia) at genus, while some other laboratories speciate them. The reverse has been true for some other taxa (Escarellidae, Conopeum). Use of ‘Bugula sp.’ for species now in Bugulina or Crisularia is now technically a taxonomic error. APEM leave infaunal Phoronis at genus (the sessile, aggregating P. ovalis is speciated and recorded as ‘present’), while some other laboratories speciate (or assume species names for) them. APEM separate Crinoidea and Ophiuroidea juveniles (other than Amphipholis squamatus), with or without reduced resolution. Amphiuridae and Ophiuridae juveniles are recorded at family; there are no ‘Ophiuroidea’ records. There are many variations between other laboratories. APEM separate Echinoidea juveniles (other than Echinocyamus pusillus), with or without reduced resolution. The smallest are recorded at order level (Spatangoida, Camarodonta). Policies vary between other laboratories. APEM speciate most Synaptidae; some other laboratories leave some at genus or higher. Other holothurians are divided between adults and juveniles, with reduced resolution for the juveniles; again policies vary elsewhere. APEM leave Didemnidae at genus but speciate most other ascidians, other than Molgula or many colonial spp., over 5mm (below which they are ‘Ascidiacea juv.’). Other laboratories use a wide variety of formats, at higher or lower levels. APEM record encrusting coralline algae as Corallinacea and speciate maerl; other laboratories may use ‘Lithothamnion’ or ‘maerl’. 4. Conclusion and Recommendations The following sections provide some recommendations for updates to NMBAQC processes to improve standardization and comparability between data sets.

NMBAQC Scheme – Benthic invertebrate recording policy differences report 14

4.1 Standardization of comments

In view of potential misunderstandings and the need for improved clarity, we propose that the comments placed against identification comparisons be standardized as far as possible, and that the same format is used across exercises, as appropriate. We propose that all future comments be placed within the following basic categories, with explanations placed after a semi-colon, where appropriate. The following paragraphs list the proposed future standard comment formats. They could potentially be revised with updates in NMBAQC scheme routine reports. The principle is that errors that affect the audit are highlighted in red, while notes given for information are in green. In the absence of a full TDP, many differences that would affect data comparability must remain green but a format is laid out below, that would allow greater data comparability. Taxonomic error Used for instances where the some of the specimens within a vial have been incorrectly identified, such that an audit may be influenced. Taxonomic errors include instances where the taxonomic resolution has been decreased by the auditor (previous ‘over confident identification’) to a level that would include the original identification but where it can confidently be said not to be as originally identified (taxonomic error; not …). They also include mis-identifications of species that do not yet have a definite binomial name but for which a definition of a type (e.g. ‘species A’) has been circulated to NMBAQC participants. Mixture Used for instances where a vial includes more than one species, of which some have been incorrectly identified. ‘Mixture’ may follow ‘taxonomic error’ against the same record. If individuals of a different taxon have clearly been missed through a processing error (rather than an identification error), no taxonomic error would be recorded. Over cautious identification This should be restricted to examples where the participant has used a higher taxonomic level than specified in the NMBAQC scheme Taxonomic Discrimination Protocol (TDP). Currently, the TDP only exists for oligochaetes. Recording policy correction This should be restricted to examples where the participant has used a recording policy that contradicts that specified in the NMBAQC scheme guidelines (Hall, Worsfold, & O’Reilly, 2010) or TDP. The TDP includes policy on which taxa should be recorded and may be expanded to include juvenile size definitions etc. Future versions should also include policy on whether to count or record as present. Taxonomic edit Used for instances where the identification of the majority of specimens within a vial has been changed but where there is no influence on any audit (e.g. for the LR exercise). This would previously have been included in ‘taxonomic error’ but use of ‘error’ now considered inappropriate for training exercises. The format may also be used in OS for un-named species (‘species A’ etc.) that have been noticed by a participant but given different designations due to non-circulation of in-house types by the auditor.

NMBAQC Scheme – Benthic invertebrate recording policy differences report 15

Taxonomic resolution increased Used for instances where a lower (more precise) taxonomic level has been used by the auditor compared to the original participant’s identification. It illustrates APEM policy but there is no influence on any audit. Some of the notes previously worded as ‘APEM identification policy’, ‘APEM policy’, ‘APEM recording policy’, ‘over cautious identification’ and ‘resolution increased’ would be included. Taxonomic resolution decreased Used for instances where a higher (less precise) taxonomic level has been used by the auditor compared to the original participant’s identification. It would usually illustrate APEM policy but there is no influence on any audit. An explanation may be included, either to explain policy, or to explain why the conclusion may be an exception to the usual policy (e.g.: ‘small specimen’, ‘specimen badly damaged’, ‘specimen dried’). Some of the notes previously worded as ‘APEM identification policy, ‘APEM policy, ‘APEM recording policy’, ‘over confident identification’ and ‘resolution decreased’ would be included. Recording policy difference Used for instances where a different recording policy has been used by the auditor compared to the original participant’s identification, particularly with respect to determinations of juveniles, sex, growth forms etc. It illustrates APEM policy but there is no influence on any audit. Some of the notes previously worded as ‘APEM policy’ or ‘APEM recording policy’ would be included. Specimen(s) unavailable Used whenever specimens are not available for checking for any reason. An explanation would follow and might include: ‘vial broken’, ‘pot not found’, ‘specimen not provided’. Pot not found Specimen not provided Used when vial with material is missing or not provided. Specimen(s) not found Used when specimens cannot be found within a vial provided. Nomenclature update Used when the auditor has used a synonym considered to be more valid than that used by the participant. Usually this will follow WoRMS; otherwise an explanation will be given. Some of the notes previously worded as ‘name change’ or ‘APEM recording policy’ would be included. Spelling error Used where a difference is considered to be purely a result of a typographical or spelling error, the correct spelling is given and a note made. Notation error Used where the format of a record (other than identification, nomenclature or spelling) has been corrected.

NMBAQC Scheme – Benthic invertebrate recording policy differences report 16

4.2 Standardization of identifications (progress towards a TDP)

Currently, identification differences are only scored as taxonomic errors where the original was incorrect; other differences are noted as described above. We have previously suggested that taxonomic records should be standardized through the development of a taxonomic discrimination protocol (TDP). Currently, the preliminary TDP in Worsfold et al. (2010) includes only higher taxa and Oligochaeta. At this stage, we cannot say that APEM policy is better or worse than any other and we do not yet have a comprehensive document in-house (we have never heard that any laboratory has this). However, presentation of APEM policy as a spreadsheet available for comment by participants may be the best way to begin working towards an agreed NMBAQC policy. We can also begin by stating some basic principles. Identifications should be to the lowest taxonomic level that is consistently practicable. This means that where some laboratories are able to identify to a more precise level, others should be encouraged to do so, through workshops and other Scheme resources. Consistency is as important as certainty. There is a belief that identifications should be taken only as far as is certain. This sounds sensible and is good policy for single specimens but; firstly, nothing is absolutely certain and the policy taken to its logical conclusion would leave most records at higher taxonomic levels. Secondly, multiple records of the same taxon at different taxonomic levels can give the illusion of multiple taxa in a data set, with respect to analysis. Identification of species only when (e.g.) tails or certain appendages are present will skew data on the basis of preservation condition, rather than community composition. Similarly, separation of juveniles or unidentifiable material should be based on clearly repeatable rules (such as standard sizes). Some laboratories separate juveniles on the basis of size or age, whether or not they have been identified to species, while others appear to use the term juvenile to mean unidentifiable to species as key features are not yet developed or discernible. However these are different concepts and purposes. The former provides some information on the population structure while the latter is simply a reason for a higher level identification. It seems reasonable to standardize juvenile sizes for taxa that grow large, whether or not they can be identified. Unidentifiable material should not automatically be considered juvenile. 4.3 Conclusion

Standardisation of recording and identification policies aims to produce biological datasets which are inter-comparable. This facilitates the analysis and assessment of data at a national or international level. Hence the development of an agreed NMBAQC recording and identification policy and TDP would be beneficial if adopted by the Competent Monitoring Authorities (CMAs) and their contractors. Although such a policy or TDP would still be subject to updates, proper document control would enable relevant versions to be cross matched with specific datasets improving their comparability. In the short term there is a need to review and standardize NMBAQC exercise comments and circulate clarifications. There is also a need to review and circulate APEM recording policies as a basis for the development of NMBAQC guidelines for recording and identification.

NMBAQC Scheme – Benthic invertebrate recording policy differences report 17

5. References Hall, D.J. and Worsfold, T.M. (2001) National Marine Biological Analytical Quality Control Scheme. Own Sample Format and Standards Review: Current Problems and Proposed Solutions. Report to the NMBAQC Committee. April 2001. Hall, D.J. (2010) National Marine Biological Analytical Quality Control Scheme. Description of Scheme Standards for the Benthic Invertebrate Component from Scheme Year 8 (2001/02). Report to the NMBAQC Scheme participants. February 2010. Worsfold, T.M., Hall, D.J. and O’Reilly, M. (Ed.) (2010) Guidelines for processing marine macrobenthic invertebrate samples: a Processing Requirements Protocol: Version 1.0, June 2010. Report to the NMBAQC Committee. June 2010.

NMBAQC Scheme – Benthic invertebrate recording policy differences report 18

http://www.nmbaqcs.org/media/1152/os_standardsreview_rpt.pdfhttp://www.nmbaqcs.org/media/1152/os_standardsreview_rpt.pdfhttp://www.nmbaqcs.org/media/1169/inverts_stds_report-revised.pdfhttp://www.nmbaqcs.org/media/1169/inverts_stds_report-revised.pdfhttp://www.nmbaqcs.org/media/9732/nmbaqc%20-%20inv%20-%20prp%20-%20v1.0%20june2010.pdfhttp://www.nmbaqcs.org/media/9732/nmbaqc%20-%20inv%20-%20prp%20-%20v1.0%20june2010.pdfhttp://www.nmbaqcs.org/media/9732/nmbaqc%20-%20inv%20-%20prp%20-%20v1.0%20june2010.pdf

1. Introduction1.1 Data reviewed1.1.1 Confidentiality

2. Review of recording policy comments (‘green notes’)2.1 Introduction2.2 Taxonomic errors2.3 Identification and recording policy differences2.4 Nomenclature updates2.5 Spelling errors2.6 Notation differences2.7 Mis-sorted material2.8 Missing material

3. Review of recording differences by taxon3.1 Annelida3.2 Arthropoda3.3 Mollusca3.4 Minor phyla

4. Conclusion and Recommendations4.1 Standardization of comments4.2 Standardization of identifications (progress towards a TDP)4.3 Conclusion

5. References

FullListOS

SequenceNMBAQC CodeExerciseScheme YearYearLabOriginal identificationAPEM identificationOriginal commentStandardised comment

1BI_2302 OS62OS23201602Owenia borealisOweniaAPEM identification policy

2BI_2302 OS62OS23201602Pontocrates (Type I)Pontocrates species AAPEM identification policy

3BI_2302 OS62OS23201602Tmetonyx cicadaTmetonyxAPEM identification policy

4BI_2302 OS62OS23201602AntalisAntalis entalisAPEM identification policy

5BI_2302 OS63OS23201602Owenia borealisOweniaAPEM identification policy

6BI_2302 OS63OS23201602Pontocrates (Type I)Pontocrates species AAPEM identification policy

7BI_2302 OS63OS23201602AntalisAntalis entalisAPEM identification policy

8BI_2302 OS64OS23201602Euspira nitidaNaticidae juv.APEM identification policy

9BI_2302 OS64OS23201602Vitreolina philippiVitreolina antiflexaTaxonomic error

10BI_2302 OS64OS23201602Lucinoma borealisLucinoma borealis juv.APEM identification policy

11BI_2302 OS64OS23201602Arctica islandicaArctica islandica juv.APEM identification policy

12BI_2304 OS62OS23201604MaldanidaeLeiochoneOver cautious identification

13BI_2304 OS62OS23201604Spisula ellipticaSpisula juv.APEM policy

14BI_2304 OS62OS23201604Moerella pygmaeaAsbjornsenia pygmaeaName change

15BI_2304 OS63OS23201604SertulariidaeTamarisca tamariscaAPEM policy; Nationally scarce species

16BI_2304 OS63OS23201604GolfingiidaeGolfingia elongataOver cautious identification; mixture, see below;

17BI_2304 OS63OS23201604GolfingiidaeNephasoma minutumOver cautious identification; mixture, see below;

18BI_2304 OS63OS23201604Glycera lapidumGlycera lapidum agg.APEM policy

19BI_2304 OS63OS23201604(Nephtys)(Nephtys)Ignore; Tail of taxon 14 - Should not be recorded as a separate taxon

20BI_2304 OS63OS23201604Lumbrineris cf. cingulata (agg.)Lumbrineris aniara/cingulataAPEM identification policy

21BI_2304 OS63OS23201604Asclerocheilus intermediusAsclerocheilusAPEM policy

22BI_2304 OS63OS23201604GalathoweniaGalathowenia oculataOver cautious identification

23BI_2304 OS63OS23201604Owenia borealisOweniaAPEM identification policy

24BI_2304 OS63OS23201604TEREBELLOMORPHATerebellidae

25BI_2304 OS63OS23201604Ampharete lindstroemi (agg.)Ampharete lindstroemiAPEM identification policy

26BI_2304 OS63OS23201604INSECTAColeopteraTerrestrial - probably contamination

27BI_2304 OS63OS23201604Oestergrenia digitata (agg.)Oestergrenia digitataAPEM identification policy

28BI_2304 OS63OS23201604ASCIDIACEAAscidiacea juv.Mixture, see below; over cautious identification

29BI_2304 OS63OS23201604ASCIDIACEADendrodoa grossulariaBodies lack test;

30BI_2304 OS64OS23201604Dasybranchus caducusDasybranchusAPEM identification policy

1118BI_2307 OS62OS23201607(Clytia hemisphaerica)-Specimen not found; ignore; absence noted on submission docsSpecimen not found

1267BI_2307 OS62OS23201607Actiniaria spp.ActiniariaNotation error; only one taxon present (sp., not spp)Notation error

1268BI_2307 OS62OS23201607Nemertea spp.CerebratulusTaxonomic resolution increasedTaxonomic resolution increased

1276BI_2307 OS62OS23201607Owenia fusiformisOweniaTaxonomic resolution decreasedTaxonomic resolution decreased

BI_2307 OS62OS23201607Liocarcinus pusillusLiocarcinus juv.Taxonomic resolution decreasedTaxonomic resolution decreased

BI_2307 OS62OS23201607Mactra stultorumMactra stultorumRecording policy difference; mixture; see belowRecording policy difference

BI_2307 OS62OS23201607Mactra stultorumMactra stultorum juv.Recording policy differenceRecording policy difference

BI_2307 OS62OS23201607Solenidae Juv/damgEnsisTaxonomic error; no umbone presentTaxonomic error

BI_2307 OS62OS23201607Phoronis spp.PhoronisNotation error; probably only one taxon present (sp/p., not spp)Notation error

BI_2307 OS62OS23201607Ophiura sp. Juv.Ophiuridae juv.Taxonomic resolution decreasedTaxonomic resolution decreased

BI_2307 OS63OS23201607Folliculinidae sp.FolliculinidaeRecording policy differenceRecording policy difference

BI_2307 OS63OS23201607Eteone longa/flava (agg.)Eteone longa agg.Recording policy differenceRecording policy difference

BI_2307 OS63OS23201607Scoloplos (scoloplos) armigerScoloplos armigerRecording policy differenceRecording policy difference

BI_2307 OS63OS23201607Liocarcinus pusillusLiocarcinus juv.Taxonomic resolution decreasedTaxonomic resolution decreased

BI_2307 OS63OS23201607Dosinia spp. Juv.Dosinia juv.Notation error; probably only one taxon present (sp/p., not spp)Notation error

BI_2307 OS64OS23201607Edwardsia claparediiEdwardsiidaeTaxonomic resolution decreasedTaxonomic resolution decreased

BI_2307 OS64OS23201607Nemertea spp.Tubulanus polymorphusTaxonomic resolution increased; mixture, see belowTaxonomic resolution increased

BI_2307 OS64OS23201607Nemertea spp.CerebratulusTaxonomic resolution increasedTaxonomic resolution increased

BI_2307 OS64OS23201607Aphrodita aculeataAphrodita aculeata juv.Recording policy difference; APEM separate juveniles at 10mm Recording policy difference

BI_2307 OS64OS23201607Owenia fusiformisOweniaTaxonomic resolution decreasedTaxonomic resolution decreased

BI_2307 OS64OS23201607Callianassa subterraneaCallianassa subterraneaRecording policy difference; mixture, see belowRecording policy difference

BI_2307 OS64OS23201607Callianassa subterraneaCallianassa subterranea juv.Recording policy differenceRecording policy difference

BI_2307 OS64OS23201607Bivalvia spp damg.Corbula gibbaTaxonomic resolution increasedTaxonomic resolution increased

BI_2307 OS64OS23201607Acanthocardia spp. juv.Acanthocardia echinata juv.Notation error; only one taxon present (sp., not spp); taxonomic resolution increasedNotation error

BI_2307 OS64OS23201607Lutraria lutrariaLutraria juv.Taxonomic resolution decreasedTaxonomic resolution decreased

BI_2307 OS64OS23201607Solenidae Juv/damgPhaxas pellucidusTaxonomic resolution increasedTaxonomic resolution increased

BI_2307 OS64OS23201607Phoronis spp.PhoronisNotation error; probably only one taxon present (sp/p., not spp)Notation error

BI_2307 OS64OS23201607Amphiura filiformisAmphiuridae juv.Taxonomic resolution decreasedTaxonomic resolution decreased

BI_2307 OS64OS23201607Echinoidea spp. Juv.Spatangoida juv.Taxonomic resolution increasedTaxonomic resolution increased

31BI_2309 OS62OS23201609Lumbrineris cingulata Lumbrineris aniara / cingulata APEM identification policy

32BI_2309 OS62OS23201609Spisula subtruncataSpisula sp. juv.Taxonomic error; not S. subtruncata

33BI_2309 OS62OS23201609Amphiura juv.Amphiuridae juv.APEM identification policy

34BI_2309 OS62OS23201609Echinocardium cordatum Echinocardium Specimen badly damaged; APEM identification policy

35BI_2309 OS62OS23201609Echinocardium cordatum Spatangoida juv.APEM identification policy

36BI_2309 OS63OS23201609(no green comments)

37BI_2309 OS64OS23201609Sigalion squamosus Sigalion squamosus juv.APEM identification policy

38BI_2309 OS64OS23201609Tellina fabula Fabulina fabula Name change

39BI_2309 OS64OS23201609Amphiura juv.Amphiuridae juv.APEM identification policy

40BI_2311 OS62OS23201611Scolelepis spScolelepis korsuni #1APEM identification policy

41BI_2311 OS63OS23201611(no green comments)

42BI_2311 OS64OS23201611Ascidiella scabraAscidiella scabra?Poor specimen

43BI_2312 OS62OS23201612Nephtys cirrosaNephtys sp. juv.APEM identification policy

44BI_2312 OS62OS23201612Nephtys hombergiiNephtys sp. juv.APEM identification policy

45BI_2312 OS62OS23201612Scolelepis JuvenileScolelepis squamataAPEM identification policy

46BI_2312 OS62OS23201612Tellina (Fabulina) fabulaFabulina fabula Name change

47BI_2312 OS63OS23201612Scolelepis JuvenileScolelepis squamataAPEM identification policy

48BI_2312 OS64OS23201612PodocorynaHydractiniidaeAPEM identification policy

49BI_2312 OS64OS23201612Scolelepis JuvenileScolelepis squamataAPEM identification policy

50BI_2312 OS64OS23201612Tellina tenuisMacomangulus tenuisName change

51BI_2312 OS64OS23201612Tellina (Fabulina) fabulaFabulina fabula Name change

52BI_2312 OS64OS23201612Crisia denticulataCrisia sp.APEM identification policy

53BI_2313 OS62OS23201613Atylus JuvenileNototropis sp. juv.Name change

54BI_2313 OS62OS23201613OligochaetaGrania sp.APEM identification policy

55BI_2313 OS62OS23201613SpioSpio symphytaAPEM identification policy

56BI_2313 OS62OS23201613Microphthalmus similisMicrophthalmus sp.APEM identification policy

57BI_2313 OS62OS23201613Phoronis pallidaPhoronis sp.APEM identification policy

58BI_2313 OS62OS23201613Glycera JuvenileGlycera oxycephalaAPEM identification policy

59BI_2313 OS62OS23201613Ophelia JuvenileOpheliidae juv.APEM identification policy

60BI_2313 OS62OS23201613NemerteaNemerteaTaxon should be counted

61BI_2313 OS63OS23201613Magelona JuvenileMagelona johnstoniAPEM identification policy

62BI_2313 OS63OS23201613Urothoe JuvenileUrothoe brevicornisAPEM identification policy

63BI_2313 OS63OS23201613Ophiura JuvenileOphiuridae juv.APEM identification policy

64BI_2313 OS63OS23201613Phoronis pallidaPhoronis sp.APEM identification policy

65BI_2313 OS63OS23201613Eteone longaEteone longa agg.APEM identification policy

66BI_2313 OS63OS23201613Thracia phaseolinaThracia sp. juv.APEM identification policy

67BI_2313 OS64OS23201613Atylus JuvenileNototropis sp. juv.Name change

68BI_2313 OS64OS23201613Magelona JuvenileMagelona johnstoniAPEM identification policy

69BI_2313 OS64OS23201613OligochaetaGrania sp.APEM identification policy

70BI_2313 OS64OS23201613Macoma balthica JuvenileMacoma balthicaAPEM identification policy

71BI_2313 OS64OS23201613OligochaetaTubificidaeAPEM identification policy

72BI_2313 OS64OS23201613Eteone longaEteone longa agg.APEM identification policy

73BI_2315 OS62OS23201615Obelia longissimaCampanulariidaeAPEM identification policy

74BI_2315 OS62OS23201615Lucinoma borealisLucinoma borealis juv.APEM identification policy

75BI_2315 OS62OS23201615Chamelea striatulaChamelea striatula juvAPEM identification policy

76BI_2315 OS62OS23201615DosiniaDosinia juv.APEM identification policy

77BI_2315 OS62OS23201615Thracia phaseolinaThracia juv.APEM identification policy

78BI_2315 OS62OS23201615Cochlodesma praetenueCochlodesma praetenue juv.APEM identification policy

79BI_2315 OS62OS23201615AmphiuridaeAmphiuridae juv.APEM identification policy

80BI_2315 OS63OS23201615Astrorhizidae Type AAstrorhizidae #2APEM identification policy

81BI_2315 OS63OS23201615Astrorhizidae Type CAstrorhiza arenaria?APEM identification policy

82BI_2315 OS63OS23201615StreblosomaStreblosoma bairdi

83BI_2315 OS63OS23201615Thyasira equalisParathyasira equalisName change

84BI_2315 OS63OS23201615Brissopsis lyrifera juvSpatangoida juv.Broken; APEM identification policy

85BI_2315 OS64OS23201615StreblosomaStreblosoma bairdiName change

86BI_2315 OS64OS23201615Aeolidioidea juvAeolidiidaeAPEM identification policy

87BI_2315 OS64OS23201615Thyasira equalisParathyasira equalisName change

88BI_2315 OS64OS23201615Brissopsis lyriferaBrissopsis lyrifera juv.Broken; APEM identification policy

89BI_2316 OS62OS23201616PlatynereisPlatynereis dumeriliiAPEM identification policy

90BI_2316 OS62OS23201616Euclymene oerstediEuclymene oerstedi agg.APEM identification policy

91BI_2316 OS62OS23201616CIRRIPEDIA (juv)Sessilia juv.APEM identification policy

92BI_2316 OS62OS23201616OSTRACODAMyodocopidaAPEM identification policy

93BI_2316 OS62OS23201616Crepidula fornicataCrepidula fornicata juv.APEM identification policy

94BI_2316 OS62OS23201616Buccinidae (juv)Buccinum undatum juv.APEM identification policy

95BI_2316 OS62OS23201616Mytilidae (juv)Mytilus edulis juv.Over cautious identification; Mixture, see below

96BI_2316 OS62OS23201616Mytilidae (juv)Modiolus sp. juv.Over cautious identification

97BI_2316 OS62OS23201616Mytilidae (juv)Musculus subpictusOver cautious identification

98BI_2316 OS62OS23201616Abra (juv)Abra nitidaOver cautious identification; Mixture, see below

99BI_2316 OS62OS23201616Abra (juv)Abra albaOver cautious identification

100BI_2316 OS62OS23201616Veneridae (juv)Dosinia sp. juv.APEM identification policy

101BI_2316 OS62OS23201616Scruparia ambiguaScruparia sp.APEM identification policy

102BI_2316 OS63OS23201616PolynoidaeHarmothoe spiniferaOver cautious identification

103BI_2316 OS63OS23201616PolynoidaeHarmothoe impar agg.Over cautious identification

104BI_2316 OS63OS23201616Eteone longaEteone longa agg.APEM identification policy

105BI_2316 OS63OS23201616EumidaEumida sanguinea agg.Over cautious identification

106BI_2316 OS63OS23201616Eumida sanguineaEumida sanguinea agg.APEM identification policy

107BI_2316 OS63OS23201616Glycera (juv)Glycera tridactylaAPEM identification policy

108BI_2316 OS63OS23201616Sphaerosyllis hystrixSphaerosyllis aff. tayloriTaxonomic error

109BI_2316 OS63OS23201616Nereididae (juv)Perinereis cultriferaOver cautious identification

110BI_2316 OS63OS23201616Nereididae (juv)Platynereis dumeriliiOver cautious identification

111BI_2316 OS63OS23201616Lumbrineris cingulataLumbrineris aniara/cingulataAPEM identification policy

112BI_2316 OS63OS23201616Polydora ciliataPolydora ciliata agg. APEM identification policy

113BI_2316 OS63OS23201616Monticellina dorsobranchialisMonticellina sp.APEM identification policy

114BI_2316 OS63OS23201616Notomastus latericeusNotomastus sp. APEM identification policy

115BI_2316 OS63OS23201616Megalomma lanigeraMegalomma sp.APEM identification policy

116BI_2316 OS63OS23201616Tubificoides pseudogasterTubificidaeAPEM identification policy; Probably not T. pseudogaster

117BI_2316 OS63OS23201616OSTRACODAPodocopidaAPEM identification policy

118BI_2316 OS63OS23201616OSTRACODAMyodocopidaAPEM identification policy

119BI_2316 OS63OS23201616Gnathia (juv)Gnathiidae juv. (No SS)APEM identification policy

120BI_2316 OS63OS23201616Leptochelia savignyiChondrochelia savignyi Name change

121BI_2316 OS63OS23201616HippolytidaeHippolyte variansOver cautious identification

122BI_2316 OS63OS23201616Crepidula fornicataCrepidula fornicata juv.APEM identification policy

123BI_2316 OS63OS23201616Mytilidae (juv)Mytilus edulis juv. Over cautious identification

124BI_2316 OS63OS23201616Lucinoma borealisLucinoma borealis juv.APEM identification policy

125BI_2316 OS63OS23201616Abra (juv)Abra alba APEM identification policy

126BI_2316 OS63OS23201616OPHIUROIDEA (juv)Amphipholis squamataAPEM identification policy

127BI_2316 OS64OS23201616PolynoidaeMalmgrenia darbouxi Over cautious identification

128BI_2316 OS64OS23201616Eteone longaEteone longa agg.APEM identification policy

129BI_2316 OS64OS23201616Sphaerosyllis hystrixSphaerosyllis aff. tayloriTaxonomic error

130BI_2316 OS64OS23201616Cirriformia tentaculataCirriformia sp. juv.APEM identification policy

131BI_2316 OS64OS23201616Monticellina dorsobranchialisMonticellina sp.APEM identification policy

132BI_2316 OS64OS23201616CossuraCossura pygodactylataAPEM identification policy

133BI_2316 OS64OS23201616Notomastus latericeusNotomastus sp. APEM identification policy

134BI_2316 OS64OS23201616MaldanidaeEuclymene oerstedi agg. Over cautious identification

135BI_2316 OS64OS23201616Euclymene (Type A)Euclymene oerstedi agg. Over cautious identification

136BI_2316 OS64OS23201616Euclymene oerstediEuclymene oerstedi agg. APEM identification policy

137BI_2316 OS64OS23201616Terebellides stroemiiTerebellides sp.APEM identification policy

138BI_2316 OS64OS23201616Tubificoides pseudogasterTubificidaeAPEM identification policy; Probably not T. pseudogaster

139BI_2316 OS64OS23201616OSTRACODAMyodocopidaAPEM identification policy

140BI_2316 OS64OS23201616AmpeliscaAmpelisca tenuicornisAPEM identification policy

141BI_2316 OS64OS23201616Leptochelia savignyiChondrochelia savignyi Name change

142BI_2316 OS64OS23201616Hydrobiidae (juv)Peringia ulvaeAPEM identification policy

143BI_2316 OS64OS23201616OpisthobranchiaPhiline sp.APEM identification policy

144BI_2316 OS64OS23201616Mytilidae (juv)Mytilus edulis juv.Over cautious identification

145BI_2316 OS64OS23201616Mytilidae (juv)Musculus subpictusOver cautious identification

146BI_2316 OS64OS23201616Lucinoma borealisLucinoma borealis juv.APEM identification policy

147BI_2316 OS64OS23201616Abra (juv)Abra alba Over cautious identification

148BI_2316 OS64OS23201616Abra (juv)Abra nitidaOver cautious identification

149BI_2317 OS62OS23201617Arenicola marina Arenicolidae juv.APEM identification policy

150BI_2317 OS62OS23201617Bathyporeia sp. DamagedBathyporeia elegans Over cautious identification; Poor specimens

151BI_2317 OS63OS23201617(no green comments)

152BI_2317 OS64OS23201617(no green comments)

153BI_2320 OS62OS23201620NemerteaTubulanus polymorphusAPEM identification policy

154BI_2320 OS62OS23201620Glycera rouxiiGlycera rouxiiWoRMS mis-match

155BI_2320 OS62OS23201620Lumbrineris hibernicaAbyssoninoe hibernicaName change

156BI_2320 OS62OS23201620Monticellina dorsobranchialisKirkegaardiaAPEM identification policy; M. dorsobranchialis not european in lastest revision

157BI_2320 OS62OS23201620Nuculoma tenuisEnnucula tenuisName change; Mixture, see below

158BI_2320 OS63OS23201620Glycera rouxiiGlycera rouxiiWoRMS mis-match

159BI_2320 OS63OS23201620Amphiura chiajeiAmphiura filiformisVial incorrectly labelled = taxon 7

160BI_2320 OS63OS23201620Amphiura filiformisAmphiura chiajeiVial incorrectly labelled = taxon 6

161BI_2320 OS64OS23201620Nuculoma tenuisEnnucula tenuisName change

162BI_2321 OS62OS23201621(no green comments)

163BI_2321 OS63OS23201621CUMACEADiastylis laevisAPEM identification policy

164BI_2321 OS64OS23201621(no green comments)

1119BI_2328 OS62OS23201628Ophiuroidea (juv.).Amphiuridae juv.Taxonomic resolution increasedTaxonomic resolution increased

1120BI_2328 OS63OS23201628Cerianthus lloydiCerianthus lloydi juv.Recording policy difference; APEM separate juveniles at 17mmRecording policy difference

1123BI_2328 OS63OS23201628NEMERTEA spp.CerebratulusTaxonomic resolution increased; mixture, see belowTaxonomic resolution increased; mixture, see below

1124BI_2328 OS63OS23201628NEMERTEA spp.Tubulanus polymotphusTaxonomic resolution increasedTaxonomic resolution increased

1126BI_2328 OS63OS23201628Sipuncula (juv.)Phascolion strombusTaxonomic resolution increasedTaxonomic resolution increased

1129BI_2328 OS63OS23201628Harmothoe (dam.)Harmothoe impar agg.Taxonomic resolution increasedTaxonomic resolution increased

1137BI_2328 OS63OS23201628Nereis longissimaEunereis longissimaNomenclature updateNomenclature update

1141BI_2328 OS63OS23201628Lumbrineris cf cingulataLumbrineris cingulata agg.Recording policy differenceRecording policy difference

1147BI_2328 OS63OS23201628Laonice (dam.)Laonice bahusiensisTaxonomic resolution increasedTaxonomic resolution increased

1148BI_2328 OS63OS23201628Prionospio (dam.)Prionospio cf multibranchiataTaxonomic resolution increasedTaxonomic resolution increased

1153BI_2328 OS63OS23201628Flabelligeridae (juv.)Diplocirrus glaucusTaxonomic resolution increasedTaxonomic resolution increased

1156BI_2328 OS63OS23201628Euclymene sp. AEuclymene oerstedii agg.Taxonomic resolution decreasedTaxonomic resolution decreased

1158BI_2328 OS63OS23201628Owenia fusiformisOweniaTaxonomic resolution decreasedTaxonomic resolution decreased

1161BI_2328 OS63OS23201628Ampharetidae (juv.)Ampharete lindstroemiTaxonomic resolution increased; mixture, see belowTaxonomic resolution increased; mixture, see below

1162BI_2328 OS63OS23201628Ampharetidae (juv.)Ampharete falcataTaxonomic resolution increasedTaxonomic resolution increased

1163BI_2328 OS63OS23201628Ampharetidae (dam.)Sosane sulcataTaxonomic resolution increasedTaxonomic resolution increased

1168BI_2328 OS63OS23201628Terebellides stroemiTerebellidesTaxonomic resolution decreasedTaxonomic resolution decreased

1171BI_2328 OS63OS23201628Balanomorpha (juv.)Sessilia juv.Recording policy differenceRecording policy difference

1176BI_2328 OS63OS23201628POLYPLACOPHORA (juv.)Leptochiton asellusTaxonomic resolution increasedTaxonomic resolution increased

1182BI_2328 OS63OS23201628Bivalvia (dam.)Chamelea striatula juv.Taxonomic resolution increasedTaxonomic resolution increased

1184BI_2328 OS63OS23201628Mytilidae (juv.)Modiolus juv.Taxonomic resolution increasedTaxonomic resolution increased

1186BI_2328 OS63OS23201628Thyasira (juv.)Thyasira flexuosaTaxonomic resolution increasedTaxonomic resolution increased

1187BI_2328 OS63OS23201628Thyasira (dam.)Thyasira flexuosaTaxonomic resolution increasedTaxonomic resolution increased

1190BI_2328 OS63OS23201628Acanthocardia (juv.)Acanthocardia echinata juv.Taxonomic resolution increasedTaxonomic resolution increased

1194BI_2328 OS63OS23201628Abra (juv.)Abra nitidaTaxonomic resolution increasedTaxonomic resolution increased

1195BI_2328 OS63OS23201628Abra (dam.)Abra nitidaTaxonomic resolution increasedTaxonomic resolution increased

1204BI_2328 OS63OS23201628Ophiuroidea (juv.).Amphiuridae juv.Taxonomic resolution increasedTaxonomic resolution increased

1205BI_2328 OS64OS23201628Pedicellina spp.Pedicellina Specimen not foundSpecimen not found

1206BI_2328 OS64OS23201628Sipuncula (juv.)Phascolion strombusTaxonomic resolution increasedTaxonomic resolution increased

1210BI_2328 OS64OS23201628Polynoidae (dam.)Harmothoe impar agg.Taxonomic resolution increasedTaxonomic resolution increased

1211BI_2328 OS64OS23201628Glycera (juv.)Glycera juv.Specimen not foundSpecimen not found

1216BI_2328 OS64OS23201628Nephtys hombergiiNephtys juv.Taxonomic resolution decreasedTaxonomic resolution decreased

1217BI_2328 OS64OS23201628Nephtys kersivalensisNephtys kersivalensisMixture; see belowMixture; see below

1218BI_2328 OS64OS23201628Nephtys kersivalensisNephtys juv.Taxonomic resolution decreasedTaxonomic resolution decreased

1221BI_2328 OS64OS23201628Lumbrineris cf cingulataLumbrineris cingulata agg.Recording policy differenceRecording policy difference

1227BI_2328 OS64OS23201628Chaetozone sp. A sp. AChaetozone species DTaxonomic errorTaxonomic error

1230BI_2328 OS64OS23201628Euclymene sp. AEuclymene oerstedii agg.Taxonomic resolution decreasedTaxonomic resolution decreased

1232BI_2328 OS64OS23201628Owenia fusiformisOweniaTaxonomic resolution decreasedTaxonomic resolution decreased

1235BI_2328 OS64OS23201628Ampharete lindstroemi # aggAmpharete lindstroemiTaxonomic resolution increasedTaxonomic resolution increased

1238BI_2328 OS64OS23201628Terebellides stroemiTerebellidesTaxonomic resolution decreasedTaxonomic resolution decreased

1239BI_2328 OS64OS23201628Terebellidae (juv.)Pista juv.Taxonomic resolution increasedTaxonomic resolution increased

1242BI_2328 OS64OS23201628Balanomorpha (dam.)SessiliaRecording policy differenceRecording policy difference

1245BI_2328 OS64OS23201628Ampeliscidae (dam.)Ampelisca diademaTaxonomic resolution increasedTaxonomic resolution increased

1247BI_2328 OS64OS23201628Cirolanidae (dam.)Eurydice pulchraTaxonomic resolution increasedTaxonomic resolution increased

1253BI_2328 OS64OS23201628Thyasira (juv.)Thyasira flexuosaMixture; see belowMixture; see below

1254BI_2328 OS64OS23201628Thyasira (juv.)Axinulus croulinensisTaxonomic error; additional taxonTaxonomic error; additional taxon

1256BI_2328 OS64OS23201628Acanthocardia (juv.)Acanthocardia echinata juv.Taxonomic resolution increasedTaxonomic resolution increased

1257BI_2328 OS64OS23201628Cerastoderma edule (juv.)Parvicardium pinnulatumTaxonomic error; shell emptyTaxonomic error; shell empty

1258BI_2328 OS64OS23201628Solenacea (dam.)Pharidae juv.Taxonomic resolution increasedTaxonomic resolution increased

1259BI_2328 OS64OS23201628Abra (juv.)Abra nitidaTaxonomic resolution increasedTaxonomic resolution increased

1260BI_2328 OS64OS23201628Abra (dam.)Abra nitidaTaxonomic resolution increasedTaxonomic resolution increased

1265BI_2328 OS64OS23201628Ophiuroidea (juv.).Amphiuridae juv.Taxonomic resolution increased; Mixture; see belowTaxonomic resolution increased; Mixture; see below

1266BI_2328 OS64OS23201628Ophiuroidea (juv.).Ophiuridae juv.Taxonomic resolution increasedTaxonomic resolution increased

165BI_2329 OS62OS23201629PLATYHELMINTHESTurbellariaAPEM identification policy

166BI_2329 OS62OS23201629Chaetozone christieiChaetozone cf. christieiAPEM identification policy

167BI_2329 OS62OS23201629Aphictene auricomaAmphictene auricomaSpelling error

168BI_2329 OS62OS23201629Ensis ensisEnsis sp. juv.APEM identification policy

169BI_2329 OS62OS23201629Abra sp.indet.Abra albaAPEM identification policy

170BI_2329 OS63OS23201629Chaetozone christieiChaetozone cf. christieiAPEM identification policy

171BI_2329 OS63OS23201629Aphictene auricomaAmphictene auricomaSpelling error

172BI_2329 OS64OS23201629Malacoceros vulgarisMalacoceros girardiOriginal identification assumed to refer to this species but would be incorrect if used to refer to 'M. fuliginosus', as in WoRMS

173BI_2329 OS64OS23201629Chaetozone christieiChaetozone cf. christieiAPEM identification policy; Possibly an undescribed species

174BI_2329 OS64OS23201629Abra sp.indet.Abra albaSpelling error

175BI_2329 OS64OS23201629Lucinoma borealisLucinoma borealis juv.APEM identification policy

176BI_2331 OS62OS23201631Clytia hemisphaerica CampanulariidaeAPEM identification policy

177BI_2331 OS62OS23201631Obelia bidentata CampanulariidaeAPEM identification policy

178BI_2331 OS62OS23201631Exogone hebes Parexogone hebesName change

179BI_2331 OS62OS23201631Lumbrineris nr. cingulata Lumbrineris aniara/cingulata APEM identification policy

180BI_2331 OS62OS23201631Notomastus latericeusNotomastus sp. APEM identification policy

181BI_2331 OS62OS23201631Achelia echinata Achelia echinata agg.APEM identification policy

182BI_2331 OS62OS23201631Mytilidae spp. juv.Mytilus edulis juv.APEM identification policy

183BI_2331 OS62OS23201631Molgula spp. juv.Ascidiacea juv.APEM identification policy

184BI_2331 OS63OS23201631Obelia dichotoma CampanulariidaeAPEM identification policy

185BI_2331 OS63OS23201631Exogone hebes Parexogone hebesName change

186BI_2331 OS63OS23201631Nereis longissima Eunereis longissimaName change

187BI_2331 OS63OS23201631Lumbrineris nr. cingulata Lumbrineris aniara/cingulata APEM identification policy

188BI_2331 OS63OS23201631Dipolydora cf. caulleryi Dipolydora caulleryi APEM identification policy

189BI_2331 OS63OS23201631Notomastus latericeusNotomastus sp. APEM identification policy

190BI_2331 OS63OS23201631Mytilidae spp. juv.Polycirrus sp.APEM identification policy

191BI_2331 OS64OS23201631Malmgrenia darbouxi Malmgrenia arenicolae ?Taxonomic error

192BI_2331 OS64OS23201631Nereis longissima Eunereis longissimaName change

193BI_2331 OS64OS23201631Mytilidae spp. juv.Mytilus edulis juv.APEM identification policy

194BI_2331 OS64OS23201631Achelia echinata Achelia echinata agg.APEM identification policy

195BI_2331 OS64OS23201631Crisia eburnea Crisia sp.APEM identification policy

196BI_2331 OS64OS23201631Bowerbankia citrina Amathia sp.APEM identification policy; Name change

197BI_2331 OS64OS23201631Ascidiella scabra Ascidiacea juv.APEM identification policy

198BI_2332 OS62OS23201632Turitella communisTurritella communisSpelling error

199BI_2332 OS62OS23201632Odostomia lukisiiBrachystomia eulimoides Taxonomic error

200BI_2332 OS63OS23201632Cerebratulidae CerebratulusAPEM identification policy

201BI_2332 OS63OS23201632Owenia borealisOwenia sp.APEM identification policy;

202BI_2332 OS63OS23201632Polycirrus plumosusPolycirrus sp.APEM identification policy; Possibly P. norvegicus

203BI_2332 OS64OS23201632Monticellina sppKirkegaardia sp.Name change

204BI_2332 OS64OS23201632Gastropoda juv Brachystomia eulimoides Over cautious identification; Not juvenile form

205BI_2333 OS62OS23201633Glycera lapidumGlycera lapidum agg.APEM policy

206BI_2333 OS62OS23201633Lumbrineris cingulataLumbrineris aniara/cingulata APEM policy

207BI_2333 OS62OS23201633Notomastus latericeusNotomastus sp. APEM policy

208BI_2333 OS62OS23201633MaerlCorallinaceaeAPEM policy; Not full maerl formation

209BI_2333 OS63OS23201633(no green comments)

210BI_2333 OS64OS23201633Golfingia elongata Golfingiidae juvenileover confident (no teeth, 2 retractors)

211BI_2333 OS64OS23201633Malmgreniella ljungmani Malmgrenia ljungmani name change

212BI_2333 OS64OS23201633Pontocrates arcticus Type APontocrates cf. arenariusTaxonomic error

213BI_2333 OS64OS23201633Metaphoxus fultoni Parametaphoxus fultoni name change

214BI_2335 OS62OS23201635(Anthropogenic litter) (Anthropogenic litter) Ignore

215BI_2335 OS63OS23201635(Anthropogenic litter) (Anthropogenic litter) Ignore

216BI_2335 OS64OS23201635Macoma balthica Limecola balthica name change

217BI_2335 OS64OS23201635(Anthropogenic litter) (Anthropogenic litter) Ignore

979BI_2336 OS62OS23201636(no green comments)

979BI_2336 OS63OS23201636(no green comments)

979BI_2336 OS64OS23201636Aricidea (Aricidea) minuta Aricidea minuta Recording policy differenceRecording policy difference

979BI_2336 OS64OS23201636Tharyx Type ATharyx "species A"Recording policy differenceRecording policy difference

218BI_2337 OS62OS23201637(no green comments)

219BI_2337 OS63OS23201637(no green comments)

220BI_2337 OS64OS23201637(no green comments)

979BI_2339 OS62OS23201639Eteone longa Eteone longa agg. Taxonomic resolution decreasedTaxonomic resolution decreased

979BI_2339 OS62OS23201639Lumbrineridae JuvenileLumbrineris cingulata agg.Taxonomic resolution increasedTaxonomic resolution increased

979BI_2339 OS62OS23201639Polydora JuvenileDipolydora "species A"Taxonomic resolution increasedTaxonomic resolution increased

979BI_2339 OS62OS23201639Tharyx killariensis ?Tharyx "species A"Mixture, see below; taxonomic errorMixture, see below; taxonomic error

979BI_2339 OS62OS23201639Capitella capitata Species complexCapitellaRecording policy differenceRecording policy difference

979BI_2339 OS62OS23201639Sabellidae Euchone cf. limnicolaTaxonomic resolution increasedTaxonomic resolution increased

979BI_2339 OS62OS23201639Euchone limnicola Euchone cf. limnicolaRecording policy differenceRecording policy difference

979BI_2339 OS62OS23201639Ostracoda Eusarsiella zostericolaTaxonomic resolution increasedTaxonomic resolution increased

979BI_2339 OS62OS23201639Leucothoe Leucothoe proceraTaxonomic resolution increasedTaxonomic resolution increased

979BI_2339 OS62OS23201639Gastropoda Odostomia acutaTaxonomic resolution increasedTaxonomic resolution increased

979BI_2339 OS62OS23201639Crepidula fornicata Crepidula fornicataMixture, see below; miscountMixture, see below; miscount

979BI_2339 OS62OS23201639Crepidula fornicata Crepidula fornicata juv.Recording policy differenceRecording policy difference

979BI_2339 OS62OS23201639Bivalvia Abra nitida Taxonomic resolution increasedTaxonomic resolution increased

979BI_2339 OS62OS23201639Cardiidae Parvicardium pinnulatumTaxonomic resolution increasedTaxonomic resolution increased

979BI_2339 OS62OS23201639Laguna viridis FolliculinidaeTaxonomic resolution decreased; spelling errorTaxonomic resolution decreased; spelling error

979BI_2339 OS63OS23201639Eteone longa Eteone longa agg.Taxonomic resolution decreasedTaxonomic resolution decreased

979BI_2339 OS63OS23201639Nephtys hombergii Nephtys hombergii Recording policy difference; mixture, see belowRecording policy difference; mixture, see below

979BI_2339 OS63OS23201639Nephtys hombergii Nephtys juv.Recording policy difference; mixture, see aboveRecording policy difference; mixture, see above

979BI_2339 OS63OS23201639Streblospio shrubsolii Streblospio Taxonomic resolution decreasedTaxonomic resolution decreased

979BI_2339 OS63OS23201639Sabellidae Euchone cf. limnicolaTaxonomic resolution increasedTaxonomic resolution increased

979BI_2339 OS63OS23201639Euchone limnicola Euchone cf. limnicolaRecording policy differenceRecording policy difference

979BI_2339 OS63OS23201639Tubificoides Tubificoides pseudogaster agg.Taxonomic resolution increasedTaxonomic resolution increased

979BI_2339 OS63OS23201639Bivalvia Abra nitida Taxonomic resolution increasedTaxonomic resolution increased

979BI_2339 OS63OS23201639Abra Abra nitida Taxonomic resolution increasedTaxonomic resolution increased

979BI_2339 OS64OS23201639Edwardsiidae JuvenileEdwardsiidaeRecording policy differenceRecording policy difference

979BI_2339 OS64OS23201639Nephtys hombergii Nephtys hombergii Recording policy difference; mixture, see belowRecording policy difference; mixture, see below

979BI_2339 OS64OS23201639Nephtys hombergii Nephtys juv.Recording policy difference; mixture, see aboveRecording policy difference; mixture, see above

979BI_2339 OS64OS23201639Streblospio shrubsolii StreblospioTaxonomic resolution decreasedTaxonomic resolution decreased

979BI_2339 OS64OS23201639Cossura Cossura pygodactylataTaxonomic resolution increasedTaxonomic resolution increased

979BI_2339 OS64OS23201639Ampharetidae Ampharete lindstroemiTaxonomic resolution increasedTaxonomic resolution increased

979BI_2339 OS64OS23201639Euchone limnicola Euchone cf. limnicola Recording policy differenceRecording policy difference

979BI_2339 OS64OS23201639Ampelisca Ampelisca juv.Recording policy differenceRecording policy difference

979BI_2340 OS62OS23201640(no green comments)

979BI_2340 OS63OS23201640Nephtys caeca ?Nephtys caecaTaxonomic resolution increasedTaxonomic resolution increased

979BI_2340 OS63OS23201640Lumbrineris aniara/cingulata spp complexLumbrineris cingulata agg.Recording policy differenceRecording policy difference

979BI_2340 OS63OS23201640Balanus crenatus Sessilia juv.Recording policy correction; should be counted; recording policy differenceRecording policy correction; should be counted; recording policy difference

979BI_2340 OS63OS23201640Philine aperta Philine quadripartitaTaxonomic errorTaxonomic error

979BI_2340 OS64OS23201640Tubulanus polymorphus NemerteaTaxonomic resolution decreasedTaxonomic resolution decreased

979BI_2340 OS64OS23201640Pharidae EnsisTaxonomic resolution increasedTaxonomic resolution increased

979BI_2340 OS64OS23201640Tellina fabula Fabulina fabula Nomenclature updateNomenclature update

979BI_2341 OS62OS23201641Nereididae JuvenilesHediste diversicolor Taxonomic resolution increasedTaxonomic resolution increased

979BI_2341 OS62OS23201641Ostracoda PodocopidaTaxonomic resolution increasedTaxonomic resolution increased

979BI_2341 OS62OS23201641Corophiidae Corophium volutator Taxonomic resolution increasedTaxonomic resolution increased

979BI_2341 OS63OS23201641Gastropoda Littorina saxatilisTaxonomic resolution increasedTaxonomic resolution increased

979BI_2341 OS63OS23201641Littorina JuvenileLittorina saxatilisTaxonomic resolution increasedTaxonomic resolution increased

979BI_2341 OS63OS23201641Bivalvia Limecola balthica Miscount; taxonomic resolution increasedMiscount; taxonomic resolution increased

979BI_2341 OS64OS23201641Scoloplos (Scoloplos) armiger Scoloplos armiger Recording policy differenceRecording policy difference

979BI_2341 OS64OS23201641Chironomidae Chironomidae larvaeRecording policy differenceRecording policy difference

979BI_2341 OS64OS23201641Littorina JuvenileLittorina saxatilisTaxonomic resolution increasedTaxonomic resolution increased

979BI_2341 OS63OS23201641Scoloplos (Scoloplos) armiger Scoloplos armiger Recording policy differenceRecording policy difference

979BI_2341 OS63OS23201641Euclymene oerstedi Euclymene oerstedii agg.Spelling error; taxonomic resolution decreasedSpelling error; taxonomic resolution decreased

979BI_2342 OS62OS23201642Nemertea CerebratulusTaxonomic resolution increasedTaxonomic resolution increased

979BI_2342 OS62OS23201642Polynoidae JuvenileHarmothoe impar agg. Taxonomic resolution increasedTaxonomic resolution increased

979BI_2342 OS62OS23201642Sigalion mathildae Sigalion mathildae juv.Recording policy differenceRecording policy difference

979BI_2342 OS62OS23201642Eteone longa AggregateEteone longa agg.Recording policy differenceRecording policy difference

979BI_2342 OS62OS23201642Eumida Eumida bahusiensis Taxonomic resolution increasedTaxonomic resolution increased

979BI_2342 OS62OS23201642Nephtys JuvenileNephtys juv.Recording policy differenceRecording policy difference

979BI_2342 OS62OS23201642Scoloplos (Scoloplos) armiger Scoloplos armiger Recording policy differenceRecording policy difference

979BI_2342 OS62OS23201642Owenia borealis OweniaTaxonomic resolution decreasedTaxonomic resolution decreased

979BI_2342 OS62OS23201642Lanice conchilega Lanice conchilega Recording policy difference; mixture, see belowRecording policy difference; mixture, see below

979BI_2342 OS62OS23201642Lanice conchilega Lanice conchilega juv.Recording policy difference; mixture, see aboveRecording policy difference; mixture, see above

979BI_2342 OS62OS23201642Ostracoda MyodocopidaTaxonomic resolution increasedTaxonomic resolution increased

979BI_2342 OS62OS23201642Corystes cassivelaunus Corystes cassivelaunus juv.Recording policy difference; mixture, see belowRecording policy difference; mixture, see below

979BI_2342 OS62OS23201642Corystes cassivelaunus Corystes cassivelaunus megalopaRecording policy difference; mixture, see belowRecording policy difference; mixture, see below

979BI_2342 OS62OS23201642Portunidae JuvenileLiocarcinus juv.Taxonomic resolution increasedTaxonomic resolution increased

979BI_2342 OS62OS23201642Acanthocardia JuvenileAcanthocardia echinata juv.Taxonomic resolution increasedTaxonomic resolution increased

979BI_2342 OS62OS23201642Pharidae JuvenileEnsis juv.Miscount; taxonomic resolution increasedMiscount; taxonomic resolution increased

979BI_2342 OS62OS23201642Tellinidae JuvenileFabulina fabula Taxonomic resolution increasedTaxonomic resolution increased

979BI_2342 OS62OS23201642Mya JuvenileMya truncata juv.Taxonomic resolution increasedTaxonomic resolution increased

979BI_2342 OS62OS23201642Thracia phaseolina Thracia juv.Taxonomic resolution decreasedTaxonomic resolution decreased

979BI_2342 OS62OS23201642Ophiuroidea JuvenileOphiuridae juv.Taxonomic resolution increasedTaxonomic resolution increased

979BI_2342 OS63OS23201642(no green comments)

979BI_2342 OS64OS23201642Polynoidae Harmothoe impar agg.Taxonomic resolution increasedTaxonomic resolution increased

979BI_2342 OS64OS23201642Capitella capitata Capitella Taxonomic resolution decreased (not C. capitata)Taxonomic resolution decreased (not C. capitata)

979BI_2343 OS62OS23201643Nephtys hombergii Nephtys hombergii Recording policy difference; mixture, see belowRecording policy difference; mixture, see below

979BI_2343 OS62OS23201643Nephtys hombergii Nephtys juv.Recording policy difference; mixture, see aboveRecording policy difference; mixture, see above

979BI_2343 OS62OS23201643Streblospio shrubsolii StreblospioTaxonomic resolution decreasedTaxonomic resolution decreased

979BI_2343 OS62OS23201643Ampharete lindstroemi AggregateAmpharete cf. acutifronsTaxonomic resolution increasedTaxonomic resolution increased

979BI_2343 OS63OS23201643(no green comments)

979BI_2343 OS64OS23201643Tellina fabula Fabulina fabula Nomenclature updateNomenclature update

979BI_2343 OS64OS23201643Thracia phaseolina Thracia phaseolina Recording policy difference; mixture, see belowRecording policy difference; mixture, see below

979BI_2343 OS64OS23201643Thracia phase