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Review of Progress in
QUANTITATIVE NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION Volume 12A
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A Continuation Order Plan is available for this series. A continuation order will bring delivery of each new volume immediately upon publication. Volumes are billed only upon actual shipment. For further information please contact the publisher.
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Review of Progress in
QUANTITATIVE NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION Volume 12A
Edited by Donald o. Thompson Center for NDE Ames Laboratory (USDOE)
and Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics
Iowa State University
Ames, Iowa
and Dale E. Chimenti Center for NDE and Department of Materials Science and Engineering The Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, Maryland
PLENUM PRESS • NEW YORK AND LONDON
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The Library of Congress has cataloged earlier volumes of this title as follows:
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Main entry under title:
Review of progress in quantitative nondestructive evaluation. "Proceedings of the Eighth Air Force/Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
Symposium on Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation, held August 2-7, 1981, at the University of Colorado, Boulder" - Vol. 1, verso t.p.
"First half of the proceedings of the ninth review of progress in quantitative nondestructive evaluation, held August 1-6, 1982, at the University of California, San Diego, California" - Vol. 2A, t.p. verso.
"Proceedings of the Tenth Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation, held August 7-12, 1983, atthe University of California, Santa Cruz, California"-Vol. 3, verso ClPt.p.
Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Nondestructive testing-Congresses. I. Thompson, Donald o. II. Chimenti, Dale E.
III. United States. Air Force. IV. Air Force/Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency Symposium on Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation (8th: 1981: University of Colorado, Boulder) V. United States. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency. TA417.2.R48 1982 620.1'127 82-9140
ISBN 0-306-44483-6
First half of the proceedings of the Nineteenth Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation, held July 19-24, 1992, in La Jolla, California
© 1993 Plenum Press, New York A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation 233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y. 10013
All rights reserved
No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher
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PREFACE
These Proceedings, consisting of Parts A and B, contain the edited versions of most of the papers presented at the annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation held at the University of California San Diego, in La Jolla, California on July 19-July 24, 1992. The Review was organized by the Center for NDE at Iowa State University and the Ames Laboratory of the USDOE in cooperation with a number of organizations including the Air Force Wright Laboratory Materials Directorate, the American Society for Nondestructive Testing, the Center for NDE at Johns Hopkins University, the Department of Energy, the Federal Aviation Administration, the National Institute of Standards and Technology, the National Science Foundation IndustrylUniversity Cooperative Research Centers, and the Working Group in Quantitative NDE.
This year's Review of Progress in QNDE was attended by approximately 475 participants from the U.S. and many foreign countries who presented over 380 papers. With such a large volume of work to review, the meeting was divided into 36 sessions with as many as four sessions running concurrently. The Review covered all phases of NDE research and development from fundamental investigations to engineering applications or inspection systems, and it included all methods of inspection science from acoustics to x-rays. During the last twenty years, the participants of the Review have contributed to its steady growth. Thanks to their efforts, the Review is today one of the largest and most significant gatherings of NDE researchers and engineers anywhere in the world.
Drawing on experience and wishing to streamline the process, the Editors have once again structured with the Proceedings, and the Review itself, in formats as similar as the submitted papers would allow. The result of this consistent ordering has produced a logical organization for both the meeting and the present volume. The reader will find that the arrangement of papers into topical subject headings follows a plan now familiar to regular attendees of the Review, preserving the user-friendly nature of the document. Of course, some minor changes in the headings and their subcategories had to be introduced to accommodate the evolution of the field as we observe it. The contents contain subject areas which reflect the current activity in NDE; these areas are chosen to include within their scope all papers in the Proceedings. In the following paragraphs a brief summary of the research presented in each of these topical areas is offered.
Focussing on the theme of technology transition, the 1992 keynote address by Donald W. Pearman of the U.S. Dept. of Energy San Francisco Field Office reviewed recent changes in federal law that made transfer of technology from all government labs, and in particular from the DOE research establishment, more accessible to private industry. Dr. Pearman told his audience that the federal government is now clearly viewing the global competitiveness of U.S. companies as a critical component of U.S. national security. The National Technology Initiative (NTI) was discussed in the light of this new awareness, and several examples of DOE technology transfer "success stories" were offered. Following Dr. Pearman's address, Dr. J. A. Heim of the National Academy of Engineering addressed the complex issues surrounding manufacturing excellence. What elements must manufacturers identify and improve to compete in a global market? Dr. Heim discussed a set of broadly applicable, generic principles characteristic of world-class manufacturing practice. Dr. J. David Roessner of Georgia Institute of Technology put technology transfer into a national perspective. He discussed
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issues concerning the transfer from universities to industry, from federal labs to industry, and from a variety of sources to small businesses. His realistic assessment of this process to date is of value to all as this topic takes on added impetus in the future.
Chapter 1 of the Review covers developments of standard techniques, which are still being actively pursued. This chapter contains papers on Elastic Wave Scattering, where emphasis is on crack-like scatterers. Wave behavior in the presence of material dispersion and anisotropy is the subject of the section on Elastic Wave Propagation. Papers on Eddy Currents treat detection, inversion, and modeling. The next section in this chapter is devoted to Radiography and Computed Tomography. The last two sections cover Optical Techniques and Thermal Techniques.
Less widely used methods, which have generally not received as much attention as the well-established techniques, are collected in Chapter 2 on Evolving Inspection Technologies. These include Laser-Based illtrasonics and Electromagnetic Techniques, like microwaves and magneto-optics. The last section covers advances in Magnetic Resonance Methods.
Chapter 3 collects the work presented on Interpretive Signal Processing and Image Analysis, with an emphasis on interpretation for the purposes of defect detection and characterization. This chapter contains three sections: one on Signal Processing, a second on Neural Networks, and the third on Imaging and Inversion Methods.
Sensors constitute the front end of essentially all nondestructive measurements or observations. They are necessary to detect the probing field and alterations of the field resulting from interactions with the object of the inspection. Therefore, sensors playa central role in any inspection. Their importance to NDE has long been recognized, and so we devote an entire chapter to Sensors and New Techniques. Chapter 4 comprises three sections: Acoustic and illtrasonic Sensors, Electromagnetic Sensors, and New Techniques and Simulations. In this last group are techniques in which the sensor is a substantial part of the development
Following a familiar pattern set in earlier volumes, Part A of the Review treats the subject of technique development, whereas Part B is dedicated to the theme of materials. At the head of the second book in Chapter 5 are collected several types of materials-related papers, where the common thread is the fact that materials are tailored to fill a specific function. The chapter is therefore entitled Engineered Materials and begins with contributions on Composite Properties. Composite Defects are covered in Section B. It is the nature of composites that they are mechanical combinations of different types of materials, each fulfilling a critical function in the performance of the composite material. The advantages gained in materials performance are tempered by the implied complications which arise when these materials are subjected to ultrasonic or eddy current inspection. Chapter 5 concludes with sections on Interfaces and Bonded Joints. This one chapter contains nearly 60 papers, a fifth of the entire book, indicating the importance of these materials to advanced technology.
It is a well established fact that NDE is useful not only for locating and sizing defects, but also for assessing important physical properties. The next chapter on Material Properties collects those papers seeking to provide more generalized inspection information, beyond flaw location and size. Chapter 6 is divided into five sections. These cover contributions on Metals, Ceramics and Semiconductors, Microstructure and Roughness, Magnetic Methods and Materials, Thin Films and Coatings, and Corrosion.
In the next chapter the materials-related themes continue with Nonlinearity, Deformation, and Fracture. All deal in some way with the nonlinear aspects of materials behavior. Chapter 7 includes two sections: one on Nonlinear Effects, and the other covering Stress and Fatigue Cracks.
Due to the recent high level of interest in condition monitoring and defect detection in large-scale structures, the next chapter is devoted to Civil Structures and Materials. Chapter 8 includes papers on steel rope, concrete, wood, and radioactive waste confinement.
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Each promising NDE method under research and development will eventually need to be reduced to practice to evaluate its effectiveness and reliability in realistic inspection situations. This process includes the design and testing of instruments and hardware based on the method, whether the system is intended for post-manufacturing inspection or for application during manufacturing. Chapter 9 is devoted to Systems, Process Control, and Reliability. This subject is housed once again in Part B, since the topic is closely tied to applications of inspection technology.
The organizing group, i.e. the Center for NDE at Iowa State University, wishes to acknowledge with thanks the important contributions made to the Review and to the preparation of these Proceedings by various groups and individuals. They are especially indebted to the keynote speaker, Dr. Donald W. Pearman, Jr., of the DOE Field Office, San Francisco, for his discussion of the National Technology Initiative and to Dr. J. A. Heim, National Academy of Engineering, and Prof. 1. David Roessner, Georgia Institute of Technology, for their excellent plenary presentations that dealt with requirements for manufacturing excellence and the status of technology transfer, respectively. They are also indebted to Dr. M. Avioli of EPR! and to Mr. Ward Rummel and a discussion panel for the Wednesday evening discussion of Probability of Detection concepts. A number of people from various institutions helped to organize useful special sessions. They include L. Adler, (Ohio State University), D. Jiles (ISU Center for NDE), J. Moulder (ISU Center for NDE), H. Ringennacher (United Technologies), S. Rokhlin (Ohio State University), B. VanderHeiden (Hercules, Inc.), and 1. Wagner (Johns Hopkins University Center for NDE). The session organized by H. Ringermacher on Laser Ultrasonics represented a milepost in that it was focused upon a review of "where are we?" in this new technology after several years of development. The results were most gratifying as can be verified in the contents of this volume. The organizers are also indebted to the session chairpersons for managing and keeping the sessions on time yet finding room for limited discussions. They are also indebted to Ms. Linda Penn, Ms. Teri Peterson, and Ms. Libby Bilyeu for their assistance both prior to and at the meeting and to Ms. Joann Wallace and Ms. Karen Cheney of Summit Associates, Inc., for their handling of conference logistics. The organizers, as always, are indebted to Ms. Connie Nessa and Ms. Sarah Jaqua for their dedicated and devoted attention to the preparation of meeting materials and the Proceeding manuscripts and all its parts. Finally, and by no means least, the organizers appreciate the support and contributions of the Review attendees both in their "real time" presentations and their prepared manuscripts without which these volumes would be impossible.
Donald O. Thompson Director, Center for Nondestructive
Evaluation, and Professor, Aerospace Engineering
and Engineering Mechanics Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 50011
Dale E. Chimenti Associate Director, Center for
Nondestructive Evaluation, and Research Professor, Department of
Materials Science and Engineering The Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, Maryland 21218
VII
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CONTENTS
VOLUME 12A
MINISYMPOSIUM
The National Technology Initiative Making Technology Partnerships with Government Work ................................. . D. W. Pearman, Jr.
Fundamentals of Manufacturing Excellence........................................................ 23 J. A. Heim
National Issues in Technology Transfer............................................................... 31 J. D. Roessner
CHAPTER 1. DEVELOPMENTS OF STANDARD TECHNIQUES
Section A. Elastic Wave Scattering
High-Frequency Elastodynamic Boundary Integral Equation Inversion Using Asymptotic Phase Information.................................................. 41 R. A. Roberts
Numerical Calculation of Diffraction Coefficients in Anisotropic Media. ...... .... .......... ........ ........ .......... ...... .......... .... ...... ........ ............... 49 J.A.G. Temple and L. White
Ultrasonic Scattering from Spherically Orthotropic Shells.................................. 55 J. Mittleman, R. Roberts, and R. B. Thompson
2-D Elastodynamic Scattering from a Finite Closed Crack................................. 63 G. Persson
The T Matrix for Elastic Scattering by a Partly Closed Circular Crack..... .... ...... .... ................. ... ........ ...... .......... .... .............. .................. .... 69 A. Eriksson
i.
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A Theoretical Approach for the Discrimination of Crack Tip and Small Defect Echoes...................................................................................... 75 A. Lhemery, R. Raillon, and M. Ouamer
Ultrasonic Scattering from a Crock which Emanates from a Rivet Hole............................................................................................................. 83 D. E. Budreck
Scattering of a Sagittal Surface Acoustic Wave from a Large Amplitude Ridge or a Deep Groove..................................................................... 91 A. R. Baghai-Wadji, and A. A. Maradudin
Reflection of Elastic Waves by an Array of Interface Cracks.............................. 99 1. Qu
Scattering by an Infinite Array of Randomly Spaced Coplanar Cracks................................................................................................................... 107 Y. Mikata
Section B. Elastic Wave Propagation
Acoustic Ray Trocing with the Connection Machine........................................... 115 C. Sullivan, Y. Wang, R. A. Kline, R. B. Mignogna, R. S. Schechter P. P. Delsanto, and L. Ferrero
Ultrasonic Field Patterns and Broadband Imaging-Simulations in Transversely Isotropic Media............................................................................... 123 M. Spies, P. Fellinger, U. Schleichert, and K. 1. Langenberg
An Efficient FEM Approach for the Study of Ultrasonic Wave Propagation in Solids............................................................................................ 131 1. M. Sullivan, Jr., R. Ludwig, and W. 1. Grimes
Improved Finite Difference Method for Long distance Propagation of Waves.......................................................... ................................. 139 D. Kishoni and S. Ta'asan
High Accuracy Method of Measuring Travelling Time of Ultrasonic Waves.................................................................................................. 147 A. Khedher and B. de Halleux
Phase Velocity and Attenuation of SH Waves in a Fiber-Reinforced Composite.......................................................................................... 155 R-B. Yang and A. K. Mal
Ultrasonic Oblique Incidence in Anisotropic Media............................................ 163 X. Zhao and D. M. Egle
Guided Waves in Piezoelectric Plates.................................................................. 171 H-T. Chien, A. H. Nayfeh, C-H. Yang, and D. E. Chimenti
Interoction of Ultrasound with Imperfectly Contacting Interfaces ....... ...... ...... ...... ........ ...... ........ ...... .................... ...... ...... .......... .......... ..... 179 R. B. Thompson
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Nonspecular Reflection of Rotationally Symmetric Gaussian Beams from Shaped Fluid-Solid Interfaces.......................................................... 187 S. Zeroug and L. B. Felsen
Interaction of Gaussian Acoustic Beams with Plane and Cylindrical Fluid-Loaded Elastic Structures........................................................ 195 J. Zhang, D. E. Chimenti, S. Zeroug, and L. B. Felsen
Ultrasonic Propagation Through a Surface with a Step Discontinuity: Validation of a Hybrid, Gauss-Hermite Ray Tracing Beam Model................... ...... ................................................................... 203 M. S. Greenwood, J. L. Mai, A. Minachi, I. Yalda-Mooshabad, and R. B. Thompson
Generation of Guided Waves in Hollow Cylinders by Wedge and Comb Type Transducers................... ........................................ ............ ......... 211 J. J. Ditri, J. L. Rose, and A. Pilarski
Parallel Processing Technique for Acoustic Tomography of Multilayers ....................................................................................................... 219 R. B. Mignogna, R. S. Schechter, H. H. Chaskelis, P. P. Delsanto, L. Ferrero, R. Kline, and C. Sullivan
Section C. Eddy Currents
Solutions of Benchmark Problems in Eddy-Current NDE................................... 227 S. A. Jenkins, J. C. Treece, R. Kim Murphy, L. David Sabbagh, and H. A. Sabbagh
Eddy Current Analysis for 3-D Problems Using the Boundary Element Method .................................................................................................................. 235 Y. Liu, N. Nakagawa, and F. Rizzo
Inversion of Eddy Current Probe Impedance Data for Crack Reconstruction...................................................................................................... 243 J. R. Bowler, D. J. Harrison, and S. J. Norton
Determining Conductivity and Thickness of Continuously Varying Layers on Metals Using Eddy Currents................................................................ 251 E. Uzal, J. C. Moulder, S. Mitra, and J. H. Rose
A Model of Bolt Hole Inspection Via Eddy Current............................................ 259 N. Nakagawa and J. C. Moulder
ACFM Above a Hemispherical Pit in an Aluminum Block................................. 265 D. McA. McKirdy and A. M. Lewis
Mercury Modeling for Improved Crack Sizing in Tubing................................... 271 R. E. Shannon, W. R. Junker, N. Nakagawa, and M. Behravesh
Multi-Parameter Analysis in Eddy Current Inspection of Aircraft Engine Components................................................................................ 279 A. Fahr, C. E. Chapman, A. Pelletier, and D. R. Hay
XI
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XII
Accuracy of the Image Technique for Calculating Electro-Magnetic Field Induced at the Surface of a Ferromagnetic Metal....................................... 287 S. H. H. Sadeghi and D. Mirshekar-Syahkal
Section D. Radiography and CT
Transcatter X-Ray Technique for the Inspection of Insulated, Oil-Carrying Pipelines.......................................................................................... 295 P. S. Ong, W. L. Anderson, B. D. Cook, and R. Subramanyan
Material Thickness Measurements Using Compton Backscatter......................... 303 T. Jensen and J. N. Gray
Wall-Thickness Measurement from Two Dimensional Radiographs.................. 309 W. Graeme, Jr., J. F. Singer, and R. Mayer
"Vision" Approach of Calibration Methods for Radiographic Systems................................................................................................................. 313 C. Icord, P. Rizo, and P. Sire
Use of an X-Ray Process Model to Determine Crack Detectability in a Multi-Layer Geometry ................................................................................... 319 R. M. Wallingford and J. N. Gray
General Automated Flaw Detection Scheme for NDE X-Ray Images................ 327 K. W. Ulmer and J. P. Basart
Development of a Neutron Radiography Simulation ModeL............................. 335 T. J. Groth and J. N. Gray
X-ray Computed Tomography for Geometry Acquisition................................... 343 R. Bossi, A. Crews, G. Georgeson, J. Nelson, and J. Shrader
Computed Tomography Applications in Turbine Engine OverhauL.................. 351 W. D. Rummel, M. Davis, and R. Garcia
Development and Application of Local 3-D CT Reconstruction Software for Imaging Critical Regions in Large Ceramic Turbine Rotors.......................... 357 E. A. Sivers, D. L. Holloway, W. A. Ellingson, and J. Ling
Application of the X-Ray Measurement Model to Image Processing of X-ray Radiographs........................................................................................... 365 E. M. Siwek and J. N. Gray
Support Minimized Limited View CT Using A Priori Data................................ 373 R. A. Roberts and O. Ertekin
Section E. Optical Techniques
Electronic Holography and Shearography NDE for Inspection of Modem Materials and Structures......................................................................... 381 J. F. Clarady and M. Summers
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Beam Profile Reflectometry: A New Technique for Thin Film Measurements....................................................................................................... 387 1. T. Fanton, J. Opsal, D. L. Willenborg, S. M. Kelso, and A. Rosencwaig
Electronic Shearography: Current Capabilities, Potential Limitations, and Future Possibilities for Industrial Nondestructive Inspection............................................. ................................................................. 395 1. B. Deaton, Jr. and R. S. Rogowski
Quantitative Analysis of a Class of Subsurface Cracks Using Shearography and Finite Element Modeling........................................................ 403 L. D. Melvin, B. A. Childers, and J. P. Fulton
Laser Shearographic Testing of Foam Insulation on Cryogenic Fuel Tanks ............................... ............ ...... ...... ............ ........ ............ ... ....... .... .... ... 411 D. D. Burleigh, 1. E. Engel, and D. R. Kuhns
Shearography with Synchronized Pressure Stressing........................................... 419 T. Chatters, B. Pouet, and S. Krishnaswamy
Practical Estimates of the Errors Associated with the Governing Shearography Equation. ............................................................ ............................ 427 1. P. Fulton, M. Namkung, and L. D. Melvin
Noise Reduction Techniques for Electronic Speckle Interferometry....................................................................................................... 435 B. Pouet and S. Krishnaswamy
High-Speed Time-Resolved Holography for Imaging Transient Events................................................................................................................... 443 M. J. Ehrlich and 1. W. Wagner
Application of Diffracto Sight to the Nondestructive Inspection of Aircraft Structures............................................................................................ 449 J. P. Komorowski, R. W. Gould, D. L. Simpson, and O. Hageniers
Section F. Thermal Techniques
Structure Characterization with Thermal Wave Imaging..................................... 457 K. Bryan
Dual-Band Infrared Imaging Applications: Locating Buried Minefields, Mapping Sea Ice and Inspecting Aging AircrafL............................. 465 N. K. Del Grande, P. F. Durbin, and D. E. Perkins
Photothermal Measurement of Metal Film Thickness in Integrated Circuit Devices..................................................................................................... 473 X-D. Wu and G. S. Kino
Thermal Wave Detection and Analysis of Defects in Structural Composite Materials..................... ...... .............. .................... ...... ............ .............. 481 D. J. Crowther, L. D. Favro, P. K. Kuo, and R. L. Thomas
xiii
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Thennal Method for Depth of Damage Detennination in Insulating Materials... .................................................... ... ... .................... ..... ............ ... .......... 487 P. A. Howell, K. E. Cramer, and W. P. Winfree
CHAPTER 2. EMERGING INSPECTION TECHNOLOGIES
XIV
Section A. Laser-Based Ultrasonics
Progress Towards the Application of Laser-Ultrasonics in Industry............................................................................................................. 495 J-P. Monchalin
Rapid Inspection of Composites Using Laser-Based Ultrasound........................ 507 A. D. W. McKie and R. C. Addison, Jr.
Source Efficiency and Sensor Detectability Factors in Laser Ultrasonics............................................... ........................................ ..................... 517 1. W. Wagner
Improved Laser Interferometry for Ultrasonic NDE............................................ 527 P. B. Nagy, G. Blaho, and L. Adler
Laser Ultrasound for the Study of Thin Sheets.................................................... 539 C. Edwards, A. AI-Kassim, and S. B. Palmer
Laser Ultrasonics for Coating Thickness Evaluation at 1200°C.............................................................................................................. 549 H. 1. Ringennacher, F. A. Reed, and 1. R. Strife
Thennoelastic Sound Source: Wavefonns in a Sensing Application........................................................................................................... 559 M. Oksanen, R. Lehtiniemi, and J. Wu
Laser Ultrasonic and Photoacoustic Characterization of Subsurface Structures........................................................................................... 563 M-C. Wu, F. R. Parker, and W. P. Winfree
Reception of Laser Generated Ultrasound from a CFRP Plate by an Air Matched Piezoelectric Composite Transducer..................................... 571 L. P. Scudder, D. A. Hutchins, and G. Hayward
Laser Generation of Rayleigh and Lamb Waves for Ultrasonic Nondestructive Testing......................................................................................... 579 R. D. Costley, Jr. and Y. H. Berthelot
An Actively-Stabilized Fiber-Optic Interferometer for Laser-Ultrasonic Flaw Detection.................................................................................... 587 S. G. Pierce, R. E. Corbett, and R. J. Dewhurst
Visualization of Laser Generated Ultrasound in a Solid, A Liquid and in Air ................................. ........................................ ...... ................... 595 D. R. Bilison and D. A. Hutchins
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Crack Detection in Fuselage Panels by a Narrow-Band Laser-Based Ultrasonic System. .................... ...... .............. ...... .................................................. 603 J. Huang, S. Krishnaswamy, and J. D. Achenbach
Laser Ultrasonic Inspection of Honeycomb Aircraft Structures.......................... 611 F. H. Chang, T. E. Drake, M. A. Osterkamp, R. S. Prowant, J. P. Monchalin, R. Heon, P. Bouchard, C. Padioleau, D. A. Froom, W. Frazier, and J. P. Barton
Section B. Electromagnetic Techniques
The Present Status of Magneto-Optic Eddy Current Imaging Technology ........................................................................................................... 617 G. L. Fitzpatrick, D. K. Thome, R. L. Skaugset, E. Y. C. Shih, and W. C. L. Shih
High Resolution Photoinductive Imaging............................................................ 625 D. N. Rose, D. C. Bryk, G. Arutunian, and J. C. Moulder
A Comparison of SQUID Imaging Techniques for Small Defects in Nonmagnetic Tubes.............................................................................................. 633 D. C. Hurley, Y. P. Ma, S. Tan, and J. P. Wikswo. Jr.
Ultra Wide Band Near-Field 3-D Radar Cross Section (RCS) Holography........................................................................................................... 641 H. D. Collins and T. E. Hall
Non Destructive Evaluation of Absorbing Materials Using Microwave Stimulated Infrared Thermography ...................................................................... 649 P. Levesque, A. Deom, and D. Balageas
Experiments with Double Microwave Apertures................................................. 655 J. P. Basart and Z. Zhang
Section C. Magnetic Resonance Methods
Solid Rocket Motor NDE Using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance........................... 663 L. J. Burnett, D. R. McKay, E. M. Magnuson, and E. J. VanderHeiden
EPR Imaging Investigations of Glass Epoxy Composite Materials and Tracer Diffusion in Ceramics............................................................................... 671 W. A. Bryden, B. Collins, and T. O. Poehler
Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance as a Non-Destructive Testing TooL................ 679 G. A. Williams, Z. M. Saleh, and P. Hari
Advances in Multiple-Pulse Radio-Frequency-Gradient Imaging of Solids.................................................................................................................... 687 J. A. Marohn, D. N. Shykind, M. H. Wemer, and D. P. Weitekamp
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CHAPTER 3. INTERPRETIVE SIGNAL PROCESSING AND IMAGE ANALYSIS
XVI
Section A. Signal Processing
Robust Signal Processing for Material Noise Suppression in Ultrasonic Nondestructive Testing....................................................................... 695 L. Ericsson and T. Stepinski
Model-Based Signal Processing Techniques for Ultrasonic Flaw Detection: Simulation Studies............................................................................. 703 C-P. Chiou, R. B. Thompson, and L. W. Schmerr
Evaluation of Waveform Mapping as a Signal Processing Tool for Quantitative Ultrasonic ND E..... .............................. .......... .... ...... ... ... ... ......... ....... 711 P. H. Johnston and D. Kishoni
Wavelets and Their Application to Digital Signal Processing in Ultrasonic NDE................................................................................................ 719 D. M. Patterson, B. DeFacio, S. P. Neal, and C. R. Thompson
Wavelets and Nondestructive Evaluation............................................................. 727 S-E. Moubarik, D. De Vadder, and P. Benoist
Ultrasonic Signal Analysis Using Wavelet Transform......................................... 735 J. Chao, L. Udpa, and S. S. Udpa
Morphological Filters: Statistical Evaluation and Applications in Ultrasonic NDE................................................................................................ 743 M. A. Mohamed and J. Saniie
Support Minimized Nonlinear Acoustic Inversion with Absolute Phase Error Correction......................................................................................... 751 A. Safaeinili and R. A. Roberts
Software for Signal Processing and Display of Large 3-D Data Sets............................................................................................................... 759 C. A. Zala and J. M. Berkley
Accounting for Ultrasonic Signal Attenuation Through Model Parameter Interpolation................................................................ ................... ..... 767 M-H. Yoon and T. V. Ramabadran
Section B. Neural Networks
Neural Network Based Processing of Thermal NDE Data for Corrosion Detection.............................................................................................. 775 D. R. Prabhu and W. P. Winfree
Quantitative Radioscopic Profile Analysis Via Neural Networks........................ 783 E. C. Greenawald and C. F. Poranski
Ultrasonic Flaw Detection Using Neural Network Models and Statistical Analysis: Simulation Studies............................................................... 789 C-P. Chiou, L. W. Schmerr, and R. B. Thompson
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Neural Network for Automating Diagnosis in Aircraft Inspection.............................................................................................................. 797 C. Brousset and G. Baudrillard
Crack-Depth Determination by a Neural Network with a Synthetic Training Data Set........... ...... .......................................... ............ ........................... 803 M. Takadoya, M. Notake, M. Kitahara, 1. D. Achenbach, Q. C. Guo, and M. L. Peterson
An Application of Object-Oriented Technology to Unified Life Cycle Engineering ....... ............ ...... ...... ........ ............ ........ ................ ..................... 811 S. 1. Wormley, H. Shah, D. Sheth, B. Forouraghi, and L. W. Schmerr
Radial Basis Functions Network for Defect Sizing.............................................. 819 S. Nair, S. Udpa, and L. Udpa
Section C. Imaging and Inversion Methods
An Inversion Approach to Ultrasonic Imaging Through Reflective Interfaces in Multi-Layered Structures................................................................. 827 K. I. McRae and C. A. Zala
An Experimental Study of Tomographic Imaging in Layered Media.................. 835 Y. Q. Wang and R. A. Kline
Application of a Finite-Difference Modeling Scheme for Ultrasonic Defect Characterization........................................................................................ 843 P. P. van 't Veen, E. I. M. Giling, M. Lorenz, and L. F. van der Wal
Optimization of Ultrasonic Defect Reconstruction with Multi-SAFT.......................................................................................................... 851 M. Lorenz, L. F. van der Wal, and A. 1. Berkhout
Accuracy Improvement of Small Defect Detection for Ultrasonic Inspection by Using Scientific Visual Analysis................................................... 859 N. Sugawara, T. Oshima, S. Mikami, and S. Sugiura
Diffusivity Measurement Using Quasi Periodic Temperature Response Modeling.............................................................................................. 867 P. R. Emeric and W. P. Winfree
An Advanced Approach for Pointwise NDE Imaging......................................... 875 E.1. Chern
Automated Interpretation of External Tank Weld Radiographs........................... 881 R. E. Reightler
Ultrasonic Tomographic Imaging of Defects in Industrial Materials............................................................................................................... 889 X. Teng and R. E. Green, Ir.
Imaging of Impact Damage in Graphite Epoxy Composites................................ 897 E. A. Birt, W. P. Winfree, B. T. Smith, and G. L. Farley
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Image Processing Techniques for Improved Porosity Estimation..... .................. ........ ...... ...... ........ ........ ...... ...... ...... ................ ................ 905 N. Saffari, A. Som, and D. T. Green
CHAPTER 4. SENSORS AND NEW TECHNIQUES
xviii
A. Ultrasonic and Acoustic Sensors
Ultrasonic Beam Propagation Through a Bimetallic Weld - A Comparison of Predictions of the Gauss-Hermite Beam Model and Finite Element Method.................................................................................. 911 A. Minachi, 1. Mould, and R. B. Thompson
Gaussian-Beam Modeling of Ultrasonic Transducers Using Near-Field Experimental Data.............................................................................. 919 C. P. Hsieh, S. Kostek, and F. E. Stanke
A Focussed Transducer/Scatterer Model for Ultrasonic Reference Standards............................................................................................. 925 L. W. Schmerr, T. Lerch, and A. Sedov
Diffraction Coefficients for Flat-Bottomed Holes from 3-D Finite Difference Calculations............. .............. .......... ............................ ........ ..... 933 J.A.G. Temple
Full Characterization of Near-Surface Flaws with Multimode Straight-Beam Transducers.................................................................................. 941 G. J. Gruber and S. R. Burger
Noncontacting Ultrasonic System for Concurrent Defect Detection in Solidified Weld Meta!.. .................................................................... 949 N. M. Carlson, J. A. Johnson, and E. D. Larsen
Performance Characteristics ofPiezocomposite Bulk Wave Transducers........................................................................................................... 957 J. A. Hossack and B. A. Auld
Imaging Surface Displacements of Piezoelectric Composites............................. 965 W. R. Scott, M. 1. Ryan III, and D. M. Granata
Development of a Small Ultrasonic Transducer for Phased-Array Fabrication............................................................................................................ 973 R. F. Tennis, W. D. Jolly, W. M. Tomlinson, K. S. Pickens, G. M. Light, and P. H. Johnston
Predetermination of Characteristics of Acoustic Emision Sensors by Electrical Response Analysis............................................................. 981 B. G. Kim and Y. H. Kim
Acoustic Emissions from Pressurized Microballons............................................ 989 G. F. Hawkins, 1. R. Lhota, 1. R. Hribar, and E. C. Johnson
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Acoustic Wave Studies During Fast Ion Beam Interactions with Solids............................................................................................................ 995 B. C. Deemer, 1. C. Murphy, T. N. Claytor, 1. R. Tesmer, and 1. B. Spicer
Novel Thermal-Acoustic Point Transducer .......................................................... 1003 C. Fiedler, P. Bhagat, and 1. Murphy
Section B. Electromagnetic Sensors
Flexible Eddy Current Probes ............................................................................... 1009 S. N. Vernon and 1. M. Liu
Eddy Current Probe Design for Second-Layer Cracks Under Installed Fasteners ................................................................................................ 1017 R. E. Beissner, G. L. Burkhardt, E. A. Creek, and 1. L. Fisher
An Eddy Current Array Imaging System ............................................................. 1025 G. A. Geithman
Eddy Current Sensor Concepts for Interface Characterization During Bridgman Growth of CdZnTe Single Crystals ......................................... 1031 K. P. Dharrnasena and H. N. G. Wadley
Sensors for Cure Monitoring of Composite Materials ......................................... 1039 Y. Bar-Cohen, A. Chatterjee, and M. West
Factors Affecting the Performance of Eddy Current Densification Sensors ........................................................................................... 1047 B. W. Choi, K. P. Dharrnasena, and H. N. G. Wadley
Non-Contacting Capacitance Probe for Dielectric Cure Monitoring ............................................................................................................ 1055 P. M. Gammell
Capacitive Probe Array Measurements and Limitations ...................................... 1063 B. A. Auld, A. V. Clark, S. R. Schaps, and P. R. Heyliger
Analysis of the Mutual Inductance Between Two Parallel Plates for the Detection of Surface Flaws ....................................................................... 1071 M. Narnkung, C. G. Clendenin, 1. P. Fulton, and B. Wincheski
Section C. New Techniques and Simulations
Immersion Techniques for Automated Ultrasonic Inspection of Curved Parts ......................................................................................................... 1079 1. E. Michaels and T. E. Michaels
Computer Integrated NDE .................................................................................... 1085 P. Kreier, M. Gribi, T. Gamper, J-M. Durocher, D. R. Hay, and A. Pelletier
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Optical Probing of Spherical Resonance Applied to Surface Defect Inspection .................................................................................................. 1093 C. P. Hsieh and B. T. Khuri-Yakub
A New Technique for Time-Domain Ultrasonic NDE of Extremely Thin Plates ............................................................................................................ 1099 C. Zhu and V. K. Kinra
Electromagnetic Stressing of Bonded Structures ................................................. 1107 D. 1. Mayton and J. W. Wagner
Imposed w - k Magnetometer and Dielectrometer Applications .......................................................................................................... 1115 N.1. Goldfine, A. P. Washabaugh, 1. V. Dearlove, and P. A. von Guggenberg
Custom PVDF Transducers for Pulse-Echo Testing of Solid Rocket Motors for Detection of Propellant-to-Boot-Liner Unbonds ................................ 1123 L. F. Brown, W. M. Sisson, and C. P. Guerin
Potential New Applications of SQUIDS and SQUID Arrays in NDE .................................................................................................................. 1129 A. D. Hibbs
Imaging Subsurface Defects Using SQUID Magnetometers ............................... 1137 Y. P. Ma and J. P. Wikswo, Jr.
Capacitance Imaging System for Monitoring Bubble Formation and How in Fluid Bed Simulators ........................................................................ 1145 D. Paton, G. E. Fasching, and N. S. Smith, Jr.
Visualization of Displacement Fields Generated by Axisymmetric Sources on an Elastic Half-Space ......................................................................... 1153 F. B. Stulen, D. B. Pape, and L. J. House
Quantitative Thickness Measurements of Ice Layers with Remote IR Detection .......................................................................................................... 1161 D. M. Heath and W. P. Winfree
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VOLUME 12B
CHAPTER 5. ENGINEERED MATERIALS
Section A. Composite Properties
Response of Cross-Ply and Quasi-Isotropic Laminates to Distributed Dynamic Surface Loads ..................................................................... 1169 S.-S. Lih and A. K. Mal
Ultrasonic Plate Waves in 3-D Braided Composites ............................................ 1177 D. E. Chimenti and A. H. Nayfeh
Real-Time Ultrasonic Determination of Elastic Constants .................................. 1185 W. R. Petrick
Validation at Lower Frequencies of the Effective Elastic Constants Measurements for Orthotropic Composite Materials ............................................................................................. 1193 B. Hosten and M. Castaings
An Acoustic Method to Predict the Effective Elastic Constants of Orthotropic and Symmetric Laminates ................................................................. 1201 B. Hosten and M. Castaings
Propagation of Laser Generated Broadband Ultrasonic Pulses in a Thick Carbon Fibre Composite Plate ................................................................. 1209 L. P. Scudder, D. A. Hutchins, and N. Guo
Theoretical and Experimental Study of Composite Materials Using Longitudinal Ultrasonic Spectroscopy ................................................................. 1217 M. Ourak, M. Ouaftouh, B. Nongaillard, 1. M. Rouvaen, and C. Bruneel
An Acousto-Ultrasonic NDE Technique for Monitoring Material Anisotropy ............................................................................................................ 1225 H.-T. Chien, S.-H. Sheen, and A. C. Raptis
Ultrasonic Determination of the Elastic Properties of Unidirectional Composites ................................................................................... 1233 A. K. Mal, S.-S. Lih, and Y. Bar-Cohen
Ultrasonics in Thick Anisotropic Materials .......................................................... 1241 E. S. Boltz and R. E. Green, Jr.
Isolating Fracture-Induced Anisotropy From Background Anisotropy ............................................................................................................ 1249 J. A. Hood and R. B. Mignogna
Integrated Ultrasonic Technique for Characterization of Composite Materials ............................................................................................. 1257 I. N. Komsky, J. D. Achenbach, and I. M. Daniel
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Porosity Measurement in Composites Using Ultrasonic Attenuation Methods ............................................................................................ 1265 F. A. Reed, T. J. Batzinger, R. W. Reed, and S. Jonsson
Characterization of Porosity in Thick Composites Using Ultrasonic Wave Velocity Measurements ............................................................ 1273 I. N. Komsky, I. M. Daniel, and S. C. Wooh
Ultrasonic Methods for Detection of Micro Porosity in Composite Materials ............................................................................................................... 1281 J. E. Michaels, T. E. Michaels, and S. Jonsson
Quantitative Thermal Diffusivity Measurements on Composite Fiber Volume Fraction (FVF) Samples ......................................................................... 1289 J. N. Zalameda and W. P. Winfree
Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation of Carbon-Carbon Composites by Pulsed Infrared Thermography .................................................... 1297 Ph. M. Delpech, D. M. Boscher, F. Lepoutre, A. A. Deom, and D. L. Balageas
The Application of Thermal Diffusivity Imaging to SiC-Fiber-Reinforced Silicon Nitride ................................................................... 1305 K. E. Cramer, W. P. Winfree, E. R. Generazio, R. Bhatt, andD. S. Fox
Nondestructive Characterization of TMC Materials: A Correlation Between Advanced Ultrasonic Measurements and Internal Material Conditions ............................................................................................................. 1313 H. M. Parzuchowski, M. K. Reighard, K. W. Hollman, S. M. Handley, J. G. Miller, and M. R. Holland
Eddy Current Measurement of Fiber Volume Fraction in Metal Matrix Composites ............................................................................................... 1321 R. E. Beissner, G. L. Burkhardt, and J. L. Fisher
Modeling Anisotropic Conductivity Behavior of SiCp/AI Metal-Matrix Composite Extrusions ........................................................................................... 1329 P. K. Liaw, R. Pitchumani, S. C. Yao, D. K. Hsu, B. Foster, andH. Jeong
Luminescence Sensing of Stress in Composite Structures ................................... 1337 H. J. Hough, J. N. Demas, and H. N. G. Wadley
Section B. Composite Defects
Laser Ultrasonic Inspection of Graphite Epoxy Laminates .................................. 1345 C. Padioleau, P. Bouchard, R. Heon, J.-P. Monchalin, F. H. Chang, T. E. Drake, and K. I. McRae
Analysis of Detection of Delaminations in Fiber Reinforced Composite Tubes Using Axially Symmetric Guided Waves ............................... 1353 T. W. Kohl, W. P. Rogers, and S. K. Datta
Effect of Debonding in Fiber-Reinforced Composites on Ultrasonic Backscattering ...................................................................................................... 1361 P. Beattie, R. C. Chivers, and L. W. Anson
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Fabrication and NDE of Multi-Wave Thermoset GRIEP Composites ................. 1369 V. Dayal and Z. Xinlian
Ultrasonic Wave Propagation Studies in Anisotropic Plates with Built-In Material Degradation .............................................................................. 1375 K. Balasubramaniam, C. A. Issa, and S. Alluri
Photothermal Inspection of Impact Damages on Carbon-Glass Fibre Composites Using a Simple Hand Scanner Measurement System ....................... 1383 J. Varis, R. Lehtiniemi, J. Hartikainen, and M. Luukkala
Damage Accumulation in Graphite-Epoxy Composites During Compressive Fatigue ............................................................................................ 1389 C. Byrne, J. W. Krynicki, and R. E. Green, Jr.
Ultrasonic Inspection of Thin Walled Composite Tubes ..................................... 1397 T. E. Michaels, T. M. Krafchak, and B. D. Davidson
Further on Positron Testing of Carbon Fiber Composites .................................... 1405 J. G. Byrne and K. Schick
Nondestructive Evaluation of Metal Matrix Composite Products with Implanted Defects ......................................................................................... 1413 R. E. Shannon, P. K. Liaw, and W. C. Harrigan
Experimental Study of Thermal Oxidation Damage in Ceramic Composites Using Ultrasonic Waves ................................................................... 1421 Y. C. Chu, S. 1. Rokhlin, G. Y. Baaklini, and R. T. Bhatt
Section C. Interfaces
Three Dimensional Response of a Cross-Ply Composite Plate with Imperfect Interfaces .............................................................................................. 1429 R. Paskaramoorthy and S. K. Datta
Second Order Asymptotic Boundary Conditions for Modeling of Imperfect Interface ............................................................................................... 1437 S. 1. Rokhlin and W. Huang
Analysis of Bond-Stiffness Deterioration Due to Distributed Disbonds ............................................................................................................... 1445 J. D. Achenbach and Z. L. Li
On the Differentiation of Diffusion Bond Strength Using the Total Acoustic Energy Reflected From the Bond ........................................... 1453 G. C. Ojard, O. Buck, D. K. Rehbein, and M. S. Hughes
Ultrasonic Evaluation of Interfacial Properties in Layered Substrate ............................................................................................................... 1459 R. T. Ko, S. D. Kwon, and L. Adler
Scattering of Elastic Waves by Interface Cracks Between Dissimilar Materials ............................................................................................. 1467 S. Hirose and M. Kitahara
Ultrasonic Characterization of Fiber-Matrix Interphasial Properties in Ceramic Matrix Composites ............................................................ 1475 Y. C. Chu and S. 1. Rokhlin
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Real-Time Ultrasonic Investigation of Fiber-Matrix Debonding in Ceramic-Matrix Composite .................................................................................. 1483 S.-c. Wooh and I. M. Daniel
Examination of Fiber-Matrix Interfaces of Composite Materials Using Dual Beam Scanning Acoustic Microscopy .............................................. 1491 S. Sathish, W. T. Yost, and 1. H. Cantrell
Experimental Investigation of Ultrasonic Vibrations of Thin Fibers Embedded in Matrix .......................................................................... 1499 M. deBilly, P. B. Nagy, G. Blaho, S. Meng, G. Quentin, andL. Adler
Ultrasound for Fiber Fragmentation Size Determination to Characterize Load Transfer Behavior of Matrix-Fiber Interface in Metal Matrix Composites .................................................................. 1507 P. Karpur, T. Matikas, S. Krishnamurthy, and N. Ashbaugh
Matrix-Fiber Interface Characterization in Metal-Matrix Composites Using Ultrasonic Shear-Wave Back-Reflection Coefficient Technique ............................................................................................................. 1515 T. E. Matikas and P. Karpur
Section D. Bonded Joints
Ultrasonic Evaluation of Interfacial Properties in Adhesive Joints: Evaluation of Environmental Degradation ........................................................... 1523 S. I. Rokhlin, B. Li, and A. I. Lavrentyev
A Comparison of Different Methods for the Detection of a Weak Adhesive/Adherend Interface in Bonded Joints ................................................... 1531 P. Cawley, T. Pialucha, and M. Lowe
Disbond Detection Using Peak Amplitude of Pulse-Echo Signals for Various Thicknesses and Transducer Frequencies ............................................... 1539 M. N. Abedin, P. H. Johnston, and D. R. Prabhu
Validity of Different Models of Interfaces in Adhesion and Diffusion Bonded Joints ................................................................................ 1547 T. Pialucha, M. Lowe, and P. Cawley
Ultrasonic NDE of Adhesive Metal to Metal Bond Integrity Based on a Combined Numerical and Expert System Approach .................................... 1555 R. Ludwig, 1. M. Sullivan, Jr., and D. Dai
Evaluating the Integrity of Adhesive Bonds by the Measurement of Acoustic Properties under Stresses .................................................................. 1563 V. Jagasivamani and A. C. Smith
Ultrasonic NDE of Adhesive Bonds: The Inverse Problem ................................ 1571 V. R. Iyer and V. K. Kinra
Lamb Wave Mode Selection for Increased Sensitivity to Interfacial Weaknesses of Adhesive Bonds ..................................................... 1579 A. Pilarski, J. L. Rose, 1. Ditri, D. Jiao, and K. Rajana
Nondestructive Characterization of Damaged Bonds .......................................... 1587 L. 1. Jacobs and J. Qu
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Ultrasonic Scans Using Low Frequency Unresolved Echoes .............................. 1595 D. K. Hsu, M. S. Hughes, and T. C. Patton
Simulation and Experimental Study of Ultrasonic Signals from Lap Joints in the Presence of Nonuniform Thickness Values ..................................... 1603 D. R. Prabhu, M. N. Abedin, and W. P. Winfree
Correlation of NDE Parameters with Fatigue Lifetime of Aircraft Adhesive Bonds .................................................................................................... 1611 H. Aglan, L. Kennebrew, D. Hsu, and T. Patton
Bond Surface Contamination Imaging Using an AOTF Spectrometer ......................................................................................................... 1619 L. H. Pearson
CHAPTER 6. MATERIAL PROPERTIES
Section A. Metals
Quantitative Analysis of Elastic Property of AI-Li Alloys Using Ultrasonic Velocity Measurement and TEM ........................................................ 1625 S. M. Jeon, J. D. Kim, J. K. Park, and S. S. Lee
Determination of Dynamic Elastic Properties of Powder Metallurgy Components ....................................................................................... 1631 S. Parthasarathi, T. Prucher, C. J. Yu, 1. Jo, and R. J. Henry
Surface Acoustic Wave Determination of Hardness: Forward Problem ................................................................................................................. 1639 G. Gordon, B. Tittmann, and S. Singh
Inspection of Refinery Vessels for Hydrogen Attack Using Ultrasonic Techniques .......................................................................................... 1645 W.D. Wang
The Detection of a Brittle Layer at the Bondline in Diffusion Bonded Titanium .................................................................................................. 1653 M. Lowe and P. Cawley
Ultrasonic Shearwave Measurements of Phase Transitions in Zircalloy at Elevated Temperatures .................................................................. 1661 D. R. Billson and D. A. Hutchins
Eddy Current Evaluation of Porous Magnesium Alloy Casting ........................... 1667 G. Blaho, A. Quirion, and L. Adler
Characterization of the Internal Microstructures of Granular Materials Using Computerized Tomography ....................................................... 1675 X. Lee, W. C. Dass, and C. W. Manzione
X-Ray CT for Quantitative Casting Material Evaluation ..................................... 1681 G. Georgeson and R. Bossi
High Resolution Computed Tomography Imaging for Material Characterization .................................................................................................... 1689 C. V. Kropas, C. F. Buynak, and M. E. Hughes
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Section B. Ceramics and Semiconductors
Surface Wave Inspection of Porous Ceramics and Rocks .................................... 1695 P. B. Nagy and L. Adler
Light Scatterometry as an NDE Technique for Surface Characterization of Ge Windows ....... ........................ .......... .... ...... .......... .... .... .... 1703 I. Perez, M. Wilson, M. Thomas, D. Price, and W. R. Scott
Ultrasonic Sensing Simulation of CdTe Single Crystal Growth .......................... 1711 Y. Lu and H. N. G. Wadley
Section C. Microstructure and Surface Roughness
Theory of Ultrasonic Backscatter from Multiphase Polycrystalline Solids ........................................................................................... 1719 1. H. Rose
Monte-Carlo Simulation of Ultrasonic Grain Noise ............................................. 1727 I. Yalda-Mooshabad, F. 1. Margetan, and R. B. Thompson
Modeling Ultrasonic Microstructural Noise in Titanium Alloys ......................... 1735 F. 1. Margetan, R. B. Thompson, and I. Yalda-Mooshabad
Relationships Between Ultrasonic Noise and Macrostructure of Titanium Alloys .................................................................................................... 1743 K. Y. Han, R. B. Thompson, F. J. Margetan, and 1. Rose
Wave Scattering Calculations from Multiple Inclusions Using a Volume Integral Equation .................................................................................... 1751 1. Lee and A. K. Mal
Elastodynarnic Scattering Cross-Sections for Three-Dimensional Whisker-Like Inclusions ....................................................................................... 1759 M. Kitahara, K. Nakagawa, and J. D. Achenbach
Ultrasonic Inspection, Material Noise and Surface Roughness ........................... 1767 M. Bilgen, 1. H. Rose, and P. B. Nagy
Effects of Acoustic Scattering at Rough Surfaces on the Sensitivity of Ultrasonic Inspection. ........................................ ............................ 1775 P. B. Nagy, L. Adler, and J. H. Rose
Effect of Interface Roughness on the Reflection Coefficient. .............................. 1783 1. Qu
Acoustic Microscopy Measurements to Correlate Surface Wave Velocity and Surface Roughness .......................................................................... 1791 Y. C. Lee, 1. D. Achenbach, and 1. O. Kim
Measured Effects of Surface Cloth Impressions on Polar Backscatter and Comparison with a Reflection Grating ModeL ............................................ 1799 E. I. Madaras, E. F. Brush, III, S. L. Bridal, M. R. Holland, and J. G. Miller
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Section D. Magnetic Methods and Materials
Assessment of the Magnetoacoustic Method for Residual Stress Detection in Railroad Wheels ............................................................................... 1807 D. Utrata and M. Namkung
Magnetic Property Changes in Various Structural Steels Due to Irradiation ............................................................................................................. 1815 M. K. Devine, D. C. Jiles, P. K. Liaw, R. D. Rishel, and D. S. Drinon
Preliminary Studies of Magnetic NDE Techniques for Identifying Neutron Embrittlement of Pressure Vessel SteeL.......... .................... ............ .... 1823 M. J. Sablik, H. Kwun, O. L. Burkhardt, and D. O. Cadena
Stress Detection in Steels Through Variations in Magnetic Properties .............................................................................................................. 1831 D. A. Kaminski, D. C. Jiles, S. B. Biner, and M. J. Sablik
Evaluation of Low-Cycle Fatigue Damage in Steel Structural Components by a Magnetic Measurement Technique ......................................... 1839 M. R. Oovindaraju, A. Strom, D. C. Jiles, and S. B. Biner
Barkhausen Emission Technique for Evaluating Shot Peening Quality in High Strength Steels ............................................................................ 1847 L. B. Sipahi, M. K. Devine, D. C. Jiles, and D. D. Palmer
Characterization of Asymmetry in Magnetoacoustic Emission Burst by Numerical Processes ........................................................................................ 1855 M. Narnkung, J. P. Fulton, B. Wincheski, and R. DeNale
Finite Element Modeling of the Bulk Magnetization of Railroad Wheels to Improve Test Conditions for Magnetoacoustic Residual Stress Measurements ....................................................................................................... 1863 J. P. Fulton, B. Wincheski, M. Namkung, and D. Utrata
Nondestructive Measurement of Magnetic Permeability ..................................... 1871 D. T. Hayford, O. E. Kechter, R. J. Davis, and T. O. McCanney
Single Parameter Analysis of Hysteretic Magnetic Flux Trapping in High Tc Superconductor Ribbon ....................................................... 1879 K. L. Telschow
Reluctance Variation as a Result of Lift Off for an AC Magnetic Bridge ................................................................................................................... 1885 W. F. Schmidt and O. H. Zinke
The Effects of Magnetizer Velocity on Magnetic Flux Leakage Signals ................................................................................................................... 1891 J. B. Nestleroth and R. J. Davis
Section E. Thin Films and Coatings
Line-Focus Acoustic Microscopy Measurements of Thin-Film Elastic Constants .............................................................................................................. 1899 J. O. Kim and J. D. Achenbach
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A Reflection Ultrasonic Interference Method for Measurement of the Acoustic Velocity of Thin Layers .............................................................. 1907 D. K. Mak and G. Langlois
Ultrasonic Attenuation of Water-Infiltrated Thermal Barrier Coatings ................................................................................................................ 1915 1. Bamberg and H. Schmitt
Thermal Coating Characterization Using Thermoelasticity ................................. 1923 C. S. Welch and M. 1. Zickel
Fast Photothermal Inspection of Plasma-Sprayed Coatings of Primary Circulation Seal Rings of a Nuclear Reactor. Part Two: After the Trial Run ............................................................................................................... 1931 R. Lehtiniemi, 1. Hartikainen, 1. Rantala, 1. Varis, and M. Luukkala
The Use of Optical Beam Defection (OBD) Technique in the Thermal Diffusivity Characterization of Polymer Foils ..................................................... 1939 J. Rantala, L. Wei, P. K. Kuo, 1. Jaarinen, M. Luukkala, and R. L. Thomas
Eddy Current Thickness Measurement of the Zinc Layer on Galvanized Steel Wires ................................. .................... ................................... 1947 B. de Limburg Stirum and B. de Halleux
Evaluation of Microwave Methods for Thickness Measurements of Liquid Shim Material ....................................................................................... 1955 D. D. Palmer, S. C. Buckner, and W. S. Samford
Section F. Corrosion
Using Energy Dispersive X-Ray Measurements for Quantitative Determination of Material Loss Due to Corrosion ............................................... 1963 J. Ting, T. Jensen, and J. N. Gray
Measurement of Layered Corrosion with Compton Backscatter ......................... 1971 L. Lawson
Deconvolution of X-Ray Backscatter Diffraction Data for NDE of Corrosion .............................................................................................................. 1979 F. Qiu, W. L. Anderson, and P. S. Ong
Ultrasonic Measurement of Pipe Thickness ......................................................... 1987 C. A. Lebowitz and L. M. Brown
Investigation of Corrosion in Aluminum! Adhesive Lap-Splices Using Pulse-Echo Ultrasonic Techniques ............................................................ 1995 T. C. Patton and D. K. Hsu
Eddy-Current Measurements of Corrosion-Related Thinning in Aluminum Lap Splices ..................................................................................... 2003 S. Mitra, P. S. Urali, E. Uzal, J. H. Rose, and 1. C. Moulder
Modified AC Magnetic Bridge Scanning Patterns of Samples Simulating Flaws in Aircraft Seams ..................................................................... 2011 O. H. Zinke and W. F. Schmidt
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Thennal Wave Detection and Analysis of Adhesion Disbonds and Corrosion in Aircraft Panels ................................................................................. 2021 L. D. Favro, T. Ahmed, X. Wang, Y. X. Wang, H. J. Jin, P. K. Kuo, and R. L. Thomas
Characterization of Hidden Airframe Corrosion by Time-Resolved Infrared Radiometry (TRIR) ................................................................................. 2027 J. W. M. Spicer, W. D. Kerns, L. C. Aamodt, and J. C. Murphy
Thennographic Detection of Corrosion in Aircraft Skin ...................................... 2035 H. I. Syed, W. P. Winfree, K. E. Cramer, and P. A. Howell
CHAfYfER 7. NONLINEARITY, DEFORMATION AND FRACTURE
Section A. Nonlinear Effects
How Nonlinear can Nonlinear Be? ....................................................................... 2043 M. A. Breazeale
Detection of Acoustic Second Harmonics Using a Laser Interferometer ....................................................................................................... 2051 A. Moreau and J. F. Bussiere
Acoustic Harmonic Generation and Dislocation Dynamics of Fatigued Aluminum Alloys ................................................................................................. 2059 J. H. Cantrell and W. T. Yost
The Effects of Artificial Aging of Aluminum 2024 on its Nonlinearity Parameter ......................................................................................... 2067 W. T. Yost and J. H. Cantrell
Variation of Sound Velocity in Fatigued Aluminum 2024-T4 as a Function of Hydrostatic Pressure......................................................................... 2075 J. K. Na, W. T. Yost, and J. H. Cantrell
Propagation of Ultrasonic Plane Waves in a Plastically Defonned Medium ................................................................................................................. 2083 K. Ravi-Chandar and E. Schneider
The Temperature Dependence of Third-Order Elastic Constants in Metal-Matrix Composites ..................................................................................... 2091 H. Mohrbacher and K. Salama
Study of Interfacial Stress in Metal Matrix Composites Using Ultrasonic Velocity Measurements ...................................................................... 2099 P. A. Foltyn, K. Ravi-Chandar, and K. Salama
Nonlinear Waves in Rocks ................................................................................... 2105 K. R. McCall, P. A. Johnson, and G. D. Meegan
Strength Assessment in Adhesive Bonds Using Nonlinear Ultrasonic Measurements ....................................................................................................... 2113 P. McGowan, G. Biaho, and L. Adler
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Section B. Stress and Fatigue Cracks
The Spatial Resolution of Rayleigh Wave, Acoustoelastic Measurement of Stress .......................................................................................... 2121 J. C. Johnson and R. B. Thompson
Ultrasonic Resonance Method with EMAT for Stress Measurement in Thin Plates ........................................................................................................ 2129 H. Fukuoka, M. Hirao, T. Yamasaki, H. Ogi, G. L. Petersen, and C. M. Fortunko
Quantitative Assessment of Plastic Deformation Via Acoustic Microscopy ........................................................................................................... 2137 R. D. Weglein
Fatigue Crack Characterization in Conducting Sheets by Non Contact Stimulation of Resonant Modes ........................................................................... 2145 B. Wincheski, J. P. Fulton, R. Todhunter, and M. Narnkung
Determination of Short Crack Depth with an Acoustic Microscope ........................................................................................................... 2153 D. Knauss, D. D. Bennink, T. Zhai, G. A. D. Briggs, and J. W. Martin
Crack Length Determination by Ultrasonic Methods ........................................... 2159 D. K. Rehbein, R. B. Thompson, and O. Buck
Application of a Self-Calibrating Ultrasonic Technique to the Detection of Fatigue Cracks by the Use of Lamb Waves ..................................... 2167 I. N. Komsky and J. D. Achenbach
Ultrasonic Assessment of Microcrack Damage in Ceramics ............................... 2175 Y. C. Chu, M. Hefetz, and S. I. Rokhlin
Acoustic Emission Waveform Acquisition During Fatigue Crack Growth .................................................................................................................. 2183 D. M. Granata, P. Kulowitch, W. R. Scott, and 1. Talia
Enhanced Fatigue Crack Detection in Aging Aircraft Using Continuous Acoustic Emission Monitoring ......................................................... 2191 S. McBride, Y. Hong, and M. Pollard
Acoustic Emission from Crack Growth in 7050 Aluminum and 7075 Aluminum as a Function of Temperature and Heat TreatmenL.. ......................... 2199 S. McBride and Y. Hong
Study of Acoustic Emission Characteristics for Fracture Assessment ........................................................................................................... 2207 J. C. Yeh and C. L. Tsai
CHAPTER 8. CIVIL STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS
Inspection of Ropes and Cables Using the Transverse-Impulse Vibration Technique ............................................................................................. 2215 H. Kwun, G. L. Burkhardt, and C. M. Teller
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A New Approach for the Analysis of Impact-Echo Data ..................................... 2223 I. S. Popovics and I. L. Rose
Estimation of Concrete Strength of the Colorado Street Bridge Using the Impact-Echo Technique ....................................................................... 2231 H. S. Limaye and S. E. Thomasen
VLSI Signal Processing for QNDE of Highway Bridge ...................................... 2239 Q. Cao, W. Li, and B. T. Yen
Radar Inspection of Concrete, Brick and Masonry Structures .............................................................................................................. 2245 C. P. Hobbs and I. A. G. Temple
Nondestructive Evaluation of Wood Using Ultrasonic Dry-Coupled Transducers ........................................................................................................... 2251 U. B. Halabe, H. V. S. GangaRao, and C. E. Solomon
Nondestructive Evaluation of Hardwood Logs Using Automated Interpretation of CT Images ................................... ................ .................. ............ 2257 D. L. Schmoldt, D. Zhu, and R. W. Conners
Nondestructive Evaluation of Radioactive Waste Drums Containing Cement-Solidified Liquid Wastes ........................................................................ 2265 I. Steude, I. Anders, R. Spomy, and E. Strickland
Acoustic Properties of Underground Storage Tank Simulant Wastes ................................................................................................................... 2273 M. A. Clark, D. M. Martin, and I. Gajda
Ultrasonic Characterization of the Contents of Underground Storage Tanks-The Status of Current Research Efforts ........................................ 2281 P. Jeong, D. Martin, and R. Roberts
Nondestructive Evaluation of Radioactive Waste Drums Containing Miscellaneous Waste Forms ................................................................................. 2289 J. Steude, E. Strickland, D. Summers, and R. Reyes
Use of a Portable Linear Accelerator to Radiograph a Bridge Drainage Pump ...................................................................................................... 2297 R. S. Newell and P. J. Stolarski
CHAPTER 9. SYSTEMS, PROCESS CONTROL, AND RELIABILITY
On Characterizing Operating Conditions of Ultrasonic Systems Using MTF and Related Techniques .................................................................... 2301 R. Zilber and K. Shiloh
Three-Dimensional Measurement System ............................................................ 2309 K. E. Matthews, K. B. Butterfield, and R. A. Morris
Classification of Objects by the Analysis of the Acoustic Response to an Impact. ......................................................................................... 2317 I.-F. Denis, A. de Patoul, and B. de Halleux
NDE and Design--A Unified Life-Cycle Engineering Approach ........................ 2325 L. W. Schmerr, Jr. and D. O. Thompson
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An Ultrasonic Sensor to Monitor the Mold Cavity Conditions During Injection Molding ................................................................................................. 2333 C. Thomas, J. L. Rose, and Z. K. Li
Nondestructive Evaluation of Changes in Mechanical Properties in Carbon-Carbon Composites During Processing ................................................... 2341 L. Moore, R. Kline, E. Madaras, and P. Ransone
Attenuation of Ultrasound by Hollow Ceramic Spheres Embedded Within a Curing Resin .......................................................................................... 2349 R. T. Harrold and Z. N. Sanjana
Ultrasonic Monitoring of Reaction Bonding Silicon Nitride ............................... 2357 M. L. Peterson and J. D. Achenbach
Estimation of Eddy Current Probability of Detection (POD) U sing Finite Element Method ............................................................................... 2365 S. N. Rajesh, L. Udpa, and S. S. Udpa
A Probabilistic Approach to Ultrasonic Flaw Size Estimation ............................ 2373 D. J. Sturges
Desirable Distinctions in NDE Reliability Terminology and Practice ................................................................................................................. 2381 D. J. Sturges and R. B. Abernethy
Theory Explicating the Linkage Between Quality, Productivity and Competitive Position ...................................................................................... 2389 E. P. Papadakis
A TTENDEES ................................................................................................................. 2397
CONTRIBUTORS INDEX ............................................................................................ 2417
SUBJECT INDEX ......................................................................................................... 2425
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