Review of Progress in

QUANTITATIVE NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION Volume 12A

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Review of Progress in

QUANTITATIVE NONDESTRUCTIVE EVALUATION Volume 12A

Edited by Donald o. Thompson Center for NDE Ames Laboratory (USDOE)

and Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics

Iowa State University

Ames, Iowa

and Dale E. Chimenti Center for NDE and Department of Materials Science and Engineering The Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, Maryland

PLENUM PRESS • NEW YORK AND LONDON

The Library of Congress has cataloged earlier volumes of this title as follows:

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data

Main entry under title:

Review of progress in quantitative nondestructive evaluation. "Proceedings of the Eighth Air Force/Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency

Symposium on Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation, held August 2-7, 1981, at the University of Colorado, Boulder" - Vol. 1, verso t.p.

"First half of the proceedings of the ninth review of progress in quantitative non­destructive evaluation, held August 1-6, 1982, at the University of California, San Diego, California" - Vol. 2A, t.p. verso.

"Proceedings of the Tenth Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation, held August 7-12, 1983, atthe University of California, Santa Cruz, Califor­nia"-Vol. 3, verso ClPt.p.

Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Nondestructive testing-Congresses. I. Thompson, Donald o. II. Chimenti, Dale E.

III. United States. Air Force. IV. Air Force/Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency Symposium on Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation (8th: 1981: University of Colo­rado, Boulder) V. United States. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency. TA417.2.R48 1982 620.1'127 82-9140

ISBN 0-306-44483-6

First half of the proceedings of the Nineteenth Annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation, held July 19-24, 1992, in La Jolla, California

© 1993 Plenum Press, New York A Division of Plenum Publishing Corporation 233 Spring Street, New York, N.Y. 10013

All rights reserved

No part of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher

PREFACE

These Proceedings, consisting of Parts A and B, contain the edited versions of most of the papers presented at the annual Review of Progress in Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation held at the University of California San Diego, in La Jolla, California on July 19-July 24, 1992. The Review was organized by the Center for NDE at Iowa State University and the Ames Laboratory of the USDOE in cooperation with a number of organizations including the Air Force Wright Laboratory Materials Directorate, the American Society for Nondestructive Testing, the Center for NDE at Johns Hopkins University, the Department of Energy, the Federal Aviation Administration, the National Institute of Standards and Technology, the National Science Foundation IndustrylUniversity Cooperative Research Centers, and the Working Group in Quantitative NDE.

This year's Review of Progress in QNDE was attended by approximately 475 participants from the U.S. and many foreign countries who presented over 380 papers. With such a large volume of work to review, the meeting was divided into 36 sessions with as many as four sessions running concurrently. The Review covered all phases of NDE research and development from fundamental investigations to engineering applications or inspection systems, and it included all methods of inspection science from acoustics to x-rays. During the last twenty years, the participants of the Review have contributed to its steady growth. Thanks to their efforts, the Review is today one of the largest and most significant gatherings of NDE researchers and engineers anywhere in the world.

Drawing on experience and wishing to streamline the process, the Editors have once again structured with the Proceedings, and the Review itself, in formats as similar as the submitted papers would allow. The result of this consistent ordering has produced a logical organization for both the meeting and the present volume. The reader will find that the arrangement of papers into topical subject headings follows a plan now familiar to regular attendees of the Review, preserving the user-friendly nature of the document. Of course, some minor changes in the headings and their subcategories had to be introduced to accommodate the evolution of the field as we observe it. The contents contain subject areas which reflect the current activity in NDE; these areas are chosen to include within their scope all papers in the Proceedings. In the following paragraphs a brief summary of the research presented in each of these topical areas is offered.

Focussing on the theme of technology transition, the 1992 keynote address by Donald W. Pearman of the U.S. Dept. of Energy San Francisco Field Office reviewed recent changes in federal law that made transfer of technology from all government labs, and in particular from the DOE research establishment, more accessible to private industry. Dr. Pearman told his audience that the federal government is now clearly viewing the global competitiveness of U.S. companies as a critical component of U.S. national security. The National Technology Initiative (NTI) was discussed in the light of this new awareness, and several examples of DOE technology transfer "success stories" were offered. Following Dr. Pearman's address, Dr. J. A. Heim of the National Academy of Engineering addressed the complex issues surrounding manufacturing excellence. What elements must manufacturers identify and improve to compete in a global market? Dr. Heim discussed a set of broadly applicable, generic principles characteristic of world-class manufacturing practice. Dr. J. David Roessner of Georgia Institute of Technology put technology transfer into a national perspective. He discussed

issues concerning the transfer from universities to industry, from federal labs to industry, and from a variety of sources to small businesses. His realistic assessment of this process to date is of value to all as this topic takes on added impetus in the future.

Chapter 1 of the Review covers developments of standard techniques, which are still being actively pursued. This chapter contains papers on Elastic Wave Scattering, where emphasis is on crack-like scatterers. Wave behavior in the presence of material dispersion and anisotropy is the subject of the section on Elastic Wave Propagation. Papers on Eddy Currents treat detection, inversion, and modeling. The next section in this chapter is devoted to Radiography and Computed Tomography. The last two sections cover Optical Techniques and Thermal Techniques.

Less widely used methods, which have generally not received as much attention as the well-established techniques, are collected in Chapter 2 on Evolving Inspection Technologies. These include Laser-Based illtrasonics and Electromagnetic Techniques, like microwaves and magneto-optics. The last section covers advances in Magnetic Resonance Methods.

Chapter 3 collects the work presented on Interpretive Signal Processing and Image Analysis, with an emphasis on interpretation for the purposes of defect detection and characterization. This chapter contains three sections: one on Signal Processing, a second on Neural Networks, and the third on Imaging and Inversion Methods.

Sensors constitute the front end of essentially all nondestructive measurements or observations. They are necessary to detect the probing field and alterations of the field resulting from interactions with the object of the inspection. Therefore, sensors playa central role in any inspection. Their importance to NDE has long been recognized, and so we devote an entire chapter to Sensors and New Techniques. Chapter 4 comprises three sections: Acoustic and illtrasonic Sensors, Electromagnetic Sensors, and New Techniques and Simulations. In this last group are techniques in which the sensor is a substantial part of the development

Following a familiar pattern set in earlier volumes, Part A of the Review treats the subject of technique development, whereas Part B is dedicated to the theme of materials. At the head of the second book in Chapter 5 are collected several types of materials-related papers, where the common thread is the fact that materials are tailored to fill a specific function. The chapter is therefore entitled Engineered Materials and begins with contributions on Composite Properties. Composite Defects are covered in Section B. It is the nature of composites that they are mechanical combinations of different types of materials, each fulfilling a critical function in the performance of the composite material. The advantages gained in materials performance are tempered by the implied complications which arise when these materials are subjected to ultrasonic or eddy current inspection. Chapter 5 concludes with sections on Interfaces and Bonded Joints. This one chapter contains nearly 60 papers, a fifth of the entire book, indicating the importance of these materials to advanced technology.

It is a well established fact that NDE is useful not only for locating and sizing defects, but also for assessing important physical properties. The next chapter on Material Properties collects those papers seeking to provide more generalized inspection information, beyond flaw location and size. Chapter 6 is divided into five sections. These cover contributions on Metals, Ceramics and Semiconductors, Microstructure and Roughness, Magnetic Methods and Materials, Thin Films and Coatings, and Corrosion.

In the next chapter the materials-related themes continue with Nonlinearity, Deformation, and Fracture. All deal in some way with the nonlinear aspects of materials behavior. Chapter 7 includes two sections: one on Nonlinear Effects, and the other covering Stress and Fatigue Cracks.

Due to the recent high level of interest in condition monitoring and defect detection in large-scale structures, the next chapter is devoted to Civil Structures and Materials. Chapter 8 includes papers on steel rope, concrete, wood, and radioactive waste confinement.

vi

Each promising NDE method under research and development will eventually need to be reduced to practice to evaluate its effectiveness and reliability in realistic inspection situations. This process includes the design and testing of instruments and hardware based on the method, whether the system is intended for post-manufacturing inspection or for application during manufacturing. Chapter 9 is devoted to Systems, Process Control, and Reliability. This subject is housed once again in Part B, since the topic is closely tied to applications of inspection technology.

The organizing group, i.e. the Center for NDE at Iowa State University, wishes to acknowledge with thanks the important contributions made to the Review and to the preparation of these Proceedings by various groups and individuals. They are especially indebted to the keynote speaker, Dr. Donald W. Pearman, Jr., of the DOE Field Office, San Francisco, for his discussion of the National Technology Initiative and to Dr. J. A. Heim, National Academy of Engineering, and Prof. 1. David Roessner, Georgia Institute of Technology, for their excellent plenary presentations that dealt with requirements for manufacturing excellence and the status of technology transfer, respectively. They are also indebted to Dr. M. Avioli of EPR! and to Mr. Ward Rummel and a discussion panel for the Wednesday evening discussion of Probability of Detection concepts. A number of people from various institutions helped to organize useful special sessions. They include L. Adler, (Ohio State University), D. Jiles (ISU Center for NDE), J. Moulder (ISU Center for NDE), H. Ringennacher (United Technologies), S. Rokhlin (Ohio State University), B. VanderHeiden (Hercules, Inc.), and 1. Wagner (Johns Hopkins University Center for NDE). The session organized by H. Ringermacher on Laser Ultrasonics represented a milepost in that it was focused upon a review of "where are we?" in this new technology after several years of development. The results were most gratifying as can be verified in the contents of this volume. The organizers are also indebted to the session chairpersons for managing and keeping the sessions on time yet finding room for limited discussions. They are also indebted to Ms. Linda Penn, Ms. Teri Peterson, and Ms. Libby Bilyeu for their assistance both prior to and at the meeting and to Ms. Joann Wallace and Ms. Karen Cheney of Summit Associates, Inc., for their handling of conference logistics. The organizers, as always, are indebted to Ms. Connie Nessa and Ms. Sarah Jaqua for their dedicated and devoted attention to the preparation of meeting materials and the Proceeding manuscripts and all its parts. Finally, and by no means least, the organizers appreciate the support and contributions of the Review attendees both in their "real time" presentations and their prepared manuscripts without which these volumes would be impossible.

Donald O. Thompson Director, Center for Nondestructive

Evaluation, and Professor, Aerospace Engineering

and Engineering Mechanics Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 50011

Dale E. Chimenti Associate Director, Center for

Nondestructive Evaluation, and Research Professor, Department of

Materials Science and Engineering The Johns Hopkins University Baltimore, Maryland 21218

VII

CONTENTS

VOLUME 12A

MINISYMPOSIUM

The National Technology Initiative Making Technology Partnerships with Government Work ................................. . D. W. Pearman, Jr.

Fundamentals of Manufacturing Excellence........................................................ 23 J. A. Heim

National Issues in Technology Transfer............................................................... 31 J. D. Roessner

CHAPTER 1. DEVELOPMENTS OF STANDARD TECHNIQUES

Section A. Elastic Wave Scattering

High-Frequency Elastodynamic Boundary Integral Equation Inversion Using Asymptotic Phase Information.................................................. 41 R. A. Roberts

Numerical Calculation of Diffraction Coefficients in Anisotropic Media. ...... .... .......... ........ ........ .......... ...... .......... .... ...... ........ ............... 49 J.A.G. Temple and L. White

Ultrasonic Scattering from Spherically Orthotropic Shells.................................. 55 J. Mittleman, R. Roberts, and R. B. Thompson

2-D Elastodynamic Scattering from a Finite Closed Crack................................. 63 G. Persson

The T Matrix for Elastic Scattering by a Partly Closed Circular Crack..... .... ...... .... ................. ... ........ ...... .......... .... .............. .................. .... 69 A. Eriksson

i.

A Theoretical Approach for the Discrimination of Crack Tip and Small Defect Echoes...................................................................................... 75 A. Lhemery, R. Raillon, and M. Ouamer

Ultrasonic Scattering from a Crock which Emanates from a Rivet Hole............................................................................................................. 83 D. E. Budreck

Scattering of a Sagittal Surface Acoustic Wave from a Large Amplitude Ridge or a Deep Groove..................................................................... 91 A. R. Baghai-Wadji, and A. A. Maradudin

Reflection of Elastic Waves by an Array of Interface Cracks.............................. 99 1. Qu

Scattering by an Infinite Array of Randomly Spaced Coplanar Cracks................................................................................................................... 107 Y. Mikata

Section B. Elastic Wave Propagation

Acoustic Ray Trocing with the Connection Machine........................................... 115 C. Sullivan, Y. Wang, R. A. Kline, R. B. Mignogna, R. S. Schechter P. P. Delsanto, and L. Ferrero

Ultrasonic Field Patterns and Broadband Imaging-Simulations in Transversely Isotropic Media............................................................................... 123 M. Spies, P. Fellinger, U. Schleichert, and K. 1. Langenberg

An Efficient FEM Approach for the Study of Ultrasonic Wave Propagation in Solids............................................................................................ 131 1. M. Sullivan, Jr., R. Ludwig, and W. 1. Grimes

Improved Finite Difference Method for Long distance Propagation of Waves.......................................................... ................................. 139 D. Kishoni and S. Ta'asan

High Accuracy Method of Measuring Travelling Time of Ultrasonic Waves.................................................................................................. 147 A. Khedher and B. de Halleux

Phase Velocity and Attenuation of SH Waves in a Fiber-Reinforced Composite.......................................................................................... 155 R-B. Yang and A. K. Mal

Ultrasonic Oblique Incidence in Anisotropic Media............................................ 163 X. Zhao and D. M. Egle

Guided Waves in Piezoelectric Plates.................................................................. 171 H-T. Chien, A. H. Nayfeh, C-H. Yang, and D. E. Chimenti

Interoction of Ultrasound with Imperfectly Contacting Interfaces ....... ...... ...... ...... ........ ...... ........ ...... .................... ...... ...... .......... .......... ..... 179 R. B. Thompson

Nonspecular Reflection of Rotationally Symmetric Gaussian Beams from Shaped Fluid-Solid Interfaces.......................................................... 187 S. Zeroug and L. B. Felsen

Interaction of Gaussian Acoustic Beams with Plane and Cylindrical Fluid-Loaded Elastic Structures........................................................ 195 J. Zhang, D. E. Chimenti, S. Zeroug, and L. B. Felsen

Ultrasonic Propagation Through a Surface with a Step Discontinuity: Validation of a Hybrid, Gauss-Hermite Ray Tracing Beam Model................... ...... ................................................................... 203 M. S. Greenwood, J. L. Mai, A. Minachi, I. Yalda-Mooshabad, and R. B. Thompson

Generation of Guided Waves in Hollow Cylinders by Wedge and Comb Type Transducers................... ........................................ ............ ......... 211 J. J. Ditri, J. L. Rose, and A. Pilarski

Parallel Processing Technique for Acoustic Tomography of Multilayers ....................................................................................................... 219 R. B. Mignogna, R. S. Schechter, H. H. Chaskelis, P. P. Delsanto, L. Ferrero, R. Kline, and C. Sullivan

Section C. Eddy Currents

Solutions of Benchmark Problems in Eddy-Current NDE................................... 227 S. A. Jenkins, J. C. Treece, R. Kim Murphy, L. David Sabbagh, and H. A. Sabbagh

Eddy Current Analysis for 3-D Problems Using the Boundary Element Method .................................................................................................................. 235 Y. Liu, N. Nakagawa, and F. Rizzo

Inversion of Eddy Current Probe Impedance Data for Crack Reconstruction...................................................................................................... 243 J. R. Bowler, D. J. Harrison, and S. J. Norton

Determining Conductivity and Thickness of Continuously Varying Layers on Metals Using Eddy Currents................................................................ 251 E. Uzal, J. C. Moulder, S. Mitra, and J. H. Rose

A Model of Bolt Hole Inspection Via Eddy Current............................................ 259 N. Nakagawa and J. C. Moulder

ACFM Above a Hemispherical Pit in an Aluminum Block................................. 265 D. McA. McKirdy and A. M. Lewis

Mercury Modeling for Improved Crack Sizing in Tubing................................... 271 R. E. Shannon, W. R. Junker, N. Nakagawa, and M. Behravesh

Multi-Parameter Analysis in Eddy Current Inspection of Aircraft Engine Components................................................................................ 279 A. Fahr, C. E. Chapman, A. Pelletier, and D. R. Hay

XI

XII

Accuracy of the Image Technique for Calculating Electro-Magnetic Field Induced at the Surface of a Ferromagnetic Metal....................................... 287 S. H. H. Sadeghi and D. Mirshekar-Syahkal

Section D. Radiography and CT

Transcatter X-Ray Technique for the Inspection of Insulated, Oil-Carrying Pipelines.......................................................................................... 295 P. S. Ong, W. L. Anderson, B. D. Cook, and R. Subramanyan

Material Thickness Measurements Using Compton Backscatter......................... 303 T. Jensen and J. N. Gray

Wall-Thickness Measurement from Two Dimensional Radiographs.................. 309 W. Graeme, Jr., J. F. Singer, and R. Mayer

"Vision" Approach of Calibration Methods for Radiographic Systems................................................................................................................. 313 C. Icord, P. Rizo, and P. Sire

Use of an X-Ray Process Model to Determine Crack Detectability in a Multi-Layer Geometry ................................................................................... 319 R. M. Wallingford and J. N. Gray

General Automated Flaw Detection Scheme for NDE X-Ray Images................ 327 K. W. Ulmer and J. P. Basart

Development of a Neutron Radiography Simulation ModeL............................. 335 T. J. Groth and J. N. Gray

X-ray Computed Tomography for Geometry Acquisition................................... 343 R. Bossi, A. Crews, G. Georgeson, J. Nelson, and J. Shrader

Computed Tomography Applications in Turbine Engine OverhauL.................. 351 W. D. Rummel, M. Davis, and R. Garcia

Development and Application of Local 3-D CT Reconstruction Software for Imaging Critical Regions in Large Ceramic Turbine Rotors.......................... 357 E. A. Sivers, D. L. Holloway, W. A. Ellingson, and J. Ling

Application of the X-Ray Measurement Model to Image Processing of X-ray Radiographs........................................................................................... 365 E. M. Siwek and J. N. Gray

Support Minimized Limited View CT Using A Priori Data................................ 373 R. A. Roberts and O. Ertekin

Section E. Optical Techniques

Electronic Holography and Shearography NDE for Inspection of Modem Materials and Structures......................................................................... 381 J. F. Clarady and M. Summers

Beam Profile Reflectometry: A New Technique for Thin Film Measurements....................................................................................................... 387 1. T. Fanton, J. Opsal, D. L. Willenborg, S. M. Kelso, and A. Rosencwaig

Electronic Shearography: Current Capabilities, Potential Limitations, and Future Possibilities for Industrial Nondestructive Inspection............................................. ................................................................. 395 1. B. Deaton, Jr. and R. S. Rogowski

Quantitative Analysis of a Class of Subsurface Cracks Using Shearography and Finite Element Modeling........................................................ 403 L. D. Melvin, B. A. Childers, and J. P. Fulton

Laser Shearographic Testing of Foam Insulation on Cryogenic Fuel Tanks ............................... ............ ...... ...... ............ ........ ............ ... ....... .... .... ... 411 D. D. Burleigh, 1. E. Engel, and D. R. Kuhns

Shearography with Synchronized Pressure Stressing........................................... 419 T. Chatters, B. Pouet, and S. Krishnaswamy

Practical Estimates of the Errors Associated with the Governing Shearography Equation. ............................................................ ............................ 427 1. P. Fulton, M. Namkung, and L. D. Melvin

Noise Reduction Techniques for Electronic Speckle Interferometry....................................................................................................... 435 B. Pouet and S. Krishnaswamy

High-Speed Time-Resolved Holography for Imaging Transient Events................................................................................................................... 443 M. J. Ehrlich and 1. W. Wagner

Application of Diffracto Sight to the Nondestructive Inspection of Aircraft Structures............................................................................................ 449 J. P. Komorowski, R. W. Gould, D. L. Simpson, and O. Hageniers

Section F. Thermal Techniques

Structure Characterization with Thermal Wave Imaging..................................... 457 K. Bryan

Dual-Band Infrared Imaging Applications: Locating Buried Minefields, Mapping Sea Ice and Inspecting Aging AircrafL............................. 465 N. K. Del Grande, P. F. Durbin, and D. E. Perkins

Photothermal Measurement of Metal Film Thickness in Integrated Circuit Devices..................................................................................................... 473 X-D. Wu and G. S. Kino

Thermal Wave Detection and Analysis of Defects in Structural Composite Materials..................... ...... .............. .................... ...... ............ .............. 481 D. J. Crowther, L. D. Favro, P. K. Kuo, and R. L. Thomas

xiii

Thennal Method for Depth of Damage Detennination in Insulating Materials... .................................................... ... ... .................... ..... ............ ... .......... 487 P. A. Howell, K. E. Cramer, and W. P. Winfree

CHAPTER 2. EMERGING INSPECTION TECHNOLOGIES

XIV

Section A. Laser-Based Ultrasonics

Progress Towards the Application of Laser-Ultrasonics in Industry............................................................................................................. 495 J-P. Monchalin

Rapid Inspection of Composites Using Laser-Based Ultrasound........................ 507 A. D. W. McKie and R. C. Addison, Jr.

Source Efficiency and Sensor Detectability Factors in Laser Ultrasonics............................................... ........................................ ..................... 517 1. W. Wagner

Improved Laser Interferometry for Ultrasonic NDE............................................ 527 P. B. Nagy, G. Blaho, and L. Adler

Laser Ultrasound for the Study of Thin Sheets.................................................... 539 C. Edwards, A. AI-Kassim, and S. B. Palmer

Laser Ultrasonics for Coating Thickness Evaluation at 1200°C.............................................................................................................. 549 H. 1. Ringennacher, F. A. Reed, and 1. R. Strife

Thennoelastic Sound Source: Wavefonns in a Sensing Application........................................................................................................... 559 M. Oksanen, R. Lehtiniemi, and J. Wu

Laser Ultrasonic and Photoacoustic Characterization of Subsurface Structures........................................................................................... 563 M-C. Wu, F. R. Parker, and W. P. Winfree

Reception of Laser Generated Ultrasound from a CFRP Plate by an Air Matched Piezoelectric Composite Transducer..................................... 571 L. P. Scudder, D. A. Hutchins, and G. Hayward

Laser Generation of Rayleigh and Lamb Waves for Ultrasonic Nondestructive Testing......................................................................................... 579 R. D. Costley, Jr. and Y. H. Berthelot

An Actively-Stabilized Fiber-Optic Interferometer for Laser-Ultrasonic Flaw Detection.................................................................................... 587 S. G. Pierce, R. E. Corbett, and R. J. Dewhurst

Visualization of Laser Generated Ultrasound in a Solid, A Liquid and in Air ................................. ........................................ ...... ................... 595 D. R. Bilison and D. A. Hutchins

Crack Detection in Fuselage Panels by a Narrow-Band Laser-Based Ultrasonic System. .................... ...... .............. ...... .................................................. 603 J. Huang, S. Krishnaswamy, and J. D. Achenbach

Laser Ultrasonic Inspection of Honeycomb Aircraft Structures.......................... 611 F. H. Chang, T. E. Drake, M. A. Osterkamp, R. S. Prowant, J. P. Monchalin, R. Heon, P. Bouchard, C. Padioleau, D. A. Froom, W. Frazier, and J. P. Barton

Section B. Electromagnetic Techniques

The Present Status of Magneto-Optic Eddy Current Imaging Technology ........................................................................................................... 617 G. L. Fitzpatrick, D. K. Thome, R. L. Skaugset, E. Y. C. Shih, and W. C. L. Shih

High Resolution Photoinductive Imaging............................................................ 625 D. N. Rose, D. C. Bryk, G. Arutunian, and J. C. Moulder

A Comparison of SQUID Imaging Techniques for Small Defects in Nonmagnetic Tubes.............................................................................................. 633 D. C. Hurley, Y. P. Ma, S. Tan, and J. P. Wikswo. Jr.

Ultra Wide Band Near-Field 3-D Radar Cross Section (RCS) Holography........................................................................................................... 641 H. D. Collins and T. E. Hall

Non Destructive Evaluation of Absorbing Materials Using Microwave Stimulated Infrared Thermography ...................................................................... 649 P. Levesque, A. Deom, and D. Balageas

Experiments with Double Microwave Apertures................................................. 655 J. P. Basart and Z. Zhang

Section C. Magnetic Resonance Methods

Solid Rocket Motor NDE Using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance........................... 663 L. J. Burnett, D. R. McKay, E. M. Magnuson, and E. J. VanderHeiden

EPR Imaging Investigations of Glass Epoxy Composite Materials and Tracer Diffusion in Ceramics............................................................................... 671 W. A. Bryden, B. Collins, and T. O. Poehler

Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance as a Non-Destructive Testing TooL................ 679 G. A. Williams, Z. M. Saleh, and P. Hari

Advances in Multiple-Pulse Radio-Frequency-Gradient Imaging of Solids.................................................................................................................... 687 J. A. Marohn, D. N. Shykind, M. H. Wemer, and D. P. Weitekamp

xv

CHAPTER 3. INTERPRETIVE SIGNAL PROCESSING AND IMAGE ANALYSIS

XVI

Section A. Signal Processing

Robust Signal Processing for Material Noise Suppression in Ultrasonic Nondestructive Testing....................................................................... 695 L. Ericsson and T. Stepinski

Model-Based Signal Processing Techniques for Ultrasonic Flaw Detection: Simulation Studies............................................................................. 703 C-P. Chiou, R. B. Thompson, and L. W. Schmerr

Evaluation of Waveform Mapping as a Signal Processing Tool for Quantitative Ultrasonic ND E..... .............................. .......... .... ...... ... ... ... ......... ....... 711 P. H. Johnston and D. Kishoni

Wavelets and Their Application to Digital Signal Processing in Ultrasonic NDE................................................................................................ 719 D. M. Patterson, B. DeFacio, S. P. Neal, and C. R. Thompson

Wavelets and Nondestructive Evaluation............................................................. 727 S-E. Moubarik, D. De Vadder, and P. Benoist

Ultrasonic Signal Analysis Using Wavelet Transform......................................... 735 J. Chao, L. Udpa, and S. S. Udpa

Morphological Filters: Statistical Evaluation and Applications in Ultrasonic NDE................................................................................................ 743 M. A. Mohamed and J. Saniie

Support Minimized Nonlinear Acoustic Inversion with Absolute Phase Error Correction......................................................................................... 751 A. Safaeinili and R. A. Roberts

Software for Signal Processing and Display of Large 3-D Data Sets............................................................................................................... 759 C. A. Zala and J. M. Berkley

Accounting for Ultrasonic Signal Attenuation Through Model Parameter Interpolation................................................................ ................... ..... 767 M-H. Yoon and T. V. Ramabadran

Section B. Neural Networks

Neural Network Based Processing of Thermal NDE Data for Corrosion Detection.............................................................................................. 775 D. R. Prabhu and W. P. Winfree

Quantitative Radioscopic Profile Analysis Via Neural Networks........................ 783 E. C. Greenawald and C. F. Poranski

Ultrasonic Flaw Detection Using Neural Network Models and Statistical Analysis: Simulation Studies............................................................... 789 C-P. Chiou, L. W. Schmerr, and R. B. Thompson

Neural Network for Automating Diagnosis in Aircraft Inspection.............................................................................................................. 797 C. Brousset and G. Baudrillard

Crack-Depth Determination by a Neural Network with a Synthetic Training Data Set........... ...... .......................................... ............ ........................... 803 M. Takadoya, M. Notake, M. Kitahara, 1. D. Achenbach, Q. C. Guo, and M. L. Peterson

An Application of Object-Oriented Technology to Unified Life Cycle Engineering ....... ............ ...... ...... ........ ............ ........ ................ ..................... 811 S. 1. Wormley, H. Shah, D. Sheth, B. Forouraghi, and L. W. Schmerr

Radial Basis Functions Network for Defect Sizing.............................................. 819 S. Nair, S. Udpa, and L. Udpa

Section C. Imaging and Inversion Methods

An Inversion Approach to Ultrasonic Imaging Through Reflective Interfaces in Multi-Layered Structures................................................................. 827 K. I. McRae and C. A. Zala

An Experimental Study of Tomographic Imaging in Layered Media.................. 835 Y. Q. Wang and R. A. Kline

Application of a Finite-Difference Modeling Scheme for Ultrasonic Defect Characterization........................................................................................ 843 P. P. van 't Veen, E. I. M. Giling, M. Lorenz, and L. F. van der Wal

Optimization of Ultrasonic Defect Reconstruction with Multi-SAFT.......................................................................................................... 851 M. Lorenz, L. F. van der Wal, and A. 1. Berkhout

Accuracy Improvement of Small Defect Detection for Ultrasonic Inspection by Using Scientific Visual Analysis................................................... 859 N. Sugawara, T. Oshima, S. Mikami, and S. Sugiura

Diffusivity Measurement Using Quasi Periodic Temperature Response Modeling.............................................................................................. 867 P. R. Emeric and W. P. Winfree

An Advanced Approach for Pointwise NDE Imaging......................................... 875 E.1. Chern

Automated Interpretation of External Tank Weld Radiographs........................... 881 R. E. Reightler

Ultrasonic Tomographic Imaging of Defects in Industrial Materials............................................................................................................... 889 X. Teng and R. E. Green, Ir.

Imaging of Impact Damage in Graphite Epoxy Composites................................ 897 E. A. Birt, W. P. Winfree, B. T. Smith, and G. L. Farley

XVIi

Image Processing Techniques for Improved Porosity Estimation..... .................. ........ ...... ...... ........ ........ ...... ...... ...... ................ ................ 905 N. Saffari, A. Som, and D. T. Green

CHAPTER 4. SENSORS AND NEW TECHNIQUES

xviii

A. Ultrasonic and Acoustic Sensors

Ultrasonic Beam Propagation Through a Bimetallic Weld - A Comparison of Predictions of the Gauss-Hermite Beam Model and Finite Element Method.................................................................................. 911 A. Minachi, 1. Mould, and R. B. Thompson

Gaussian-Beam Modeling of Ultrasonic Transducers Using Near-Field Experimental Data.............................................................................. 919 C. P. Hsieh, S. Kostek, and F. E. Stanke

A Focussed Transducer/Scatterer Model for Ultrasonic Reference Standards............................................................................................. 925 L. W. Schmerr, T. Lerch, and A. Sedov

Diffraction Coefficients for Flat-Bottomed Holes from 3-D Finite Difference Calculations............. .............. .......... ............................ ........ ..... 933 J.A.G. Temple

Full Characterization of Near-Surface Flaws with Multimode Straight-Beam Transducers.................................................................................. 941 G. J. Gruber and S. R. Burger

Noncontacting Ultrasonic System for Concurrent Defect Detection in Solidified Weld Meta!.. .................................................................... 949 N. M. Carlson, J. A. Johnson, and E. D. Larsen

Performance Characteristics ofPiezocomposite Bulk Wave Transducers........................................................................................................... 957 J. A. Hossack and B. A. Auld

Imaging Surface Displacements of Piezoelectric Composites............................. 965 W. R. Scott, M. 1. Ryan III, and D. M. Granata

Development of a Small Ultrasonic Transducer for Phased-Array Fabrication............................................................................................................ 973 R. F. Tennis, W. D. Jolly, W. M. Tomlinson, K. S. Pickens, G. M. Light, and P. H. Johnston

Predetermination of Characteristics of Acoustic Emision Sensors by Electrical Response Analysis............................................................. 981 B. G. Kim and Y. H. Kim

Acoustic Emissions from Pressurized Microballons............................................ 989 G. F. Hawkins, 1. R. Lhota, 1. R. Hribar, and E. C. Johnson

Acoustic Wave Studies During Fast Ion Beam Interactions with Solids............................................................................................................ 995 B. C. Deemer, 1. C. Murphy, T. N. Claytor, 1. R. Tesmer, and 1. B. Spicer

Novel Thermal-Acoustic Point Transducer .......................................................... 1003 C. Fiedler, P. Bhagat, and 1. Murphy

Section B. Electromagnetic Sensors

Flexible Eddy Current Probes ............................................................................... 1009 S. N. Vernon and 1. M. Liu

Eddy Current Probe Design for Second-Layer Cracks Under Installed Fasteners ................................................................................................ 1017 R. E. Beissner, G. L. Burkhardt, E. A. Creek, and 1. L. Fisher

An Eddy Current Array Imaging System ............................................................. 1025 G. A. Geithman

Eddy Current Sensor Concepts for Interface Characterization During Bridgman Growth of CdZnTe Single Crystals ......................................... 1031 K. P. Dharrnasena and H. N. G. Wadley

Sensors for Cure Monitoring of Composite Materials ......................................... 1039 Y. Bar-Cohen, A. Chatterjee, and M. West

Factors Affecting the Performance of Eddy Current Densification Sensors ........................................................................................... 1047 B. W. Choi, K. P. Dharrnasena, and H. N. G. Wadley

Non-Contacting Capacitance Probe for Dielectric Cure Monitoring ............................................................................................................ 1055 P. M. Gammell

Capacitive Probe Array Measurements and Limitations ...................................... 1063 B. A. Auld, A. V. Clark, S. R. Schaps, and P. R. Heyliger

Analysis of the Mutual Inductance Between Two Parallel Plates for the Detection of Surface Flaws ....................................................................... 1071 M. Narnkung, C. G. Clendenin, 1. P. Fulton, and B. Wincheski

Section C. New Techniques and Simulations

Immersion Techniques for Automated Ultrasonic Inspection of Curved Parts ......................................................................................................... 1079 1. E. Michaels and T. E. Michaels

Computer Integrated NDE .................................................................................... 1085 P. Kreier, M. Gribi, T. Gamper, J-M. Durocher, D. R. Hay, and A. Pelletier

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Optical Probing of Spherical Resonance Applied to Surface Defect Inspection .................................................................................................. 1093 C. P. Hsieh and B. T. Khuri-Yakub

A New Technique for Time-Domain Ultrasonic NDE of Extremely Thin Plates ............................................................................................................ 1099 C. Zhu and V. K. Kinra

Electromagnetic Stressing of Bonded Structures ................................................. 1107 D. 1. Mayton and J. W. Wagner

Imposed w - k Magnetometer and Dielectrometer Applications .......................................................................................................... 1115 N.1. Goldfine, A. P. Washabaugh, 1. V. Dearlove, and P. A. von Guggenberg

Custom PVDF Transducers for Pulse-Echo Testing of Solid Rocket Motors for Detection of Propellant-to-Boot-Liner Unbonds ................................ 1123 L. F. Brown, W. M. Sisson, and C. P. Guerin

Potential New Applications of SQUIDS and SQUID Arrays in NDE .................................................................................................................. 1129 A. D. Hibbs

Imaging Subsurface Defects Using SQUID Magnetometers ............................... 1137 Y. P. Ma and J. P. Wikswo, Jr.

Capacitance Imaging System for Monitoring Bubble Formation and How in Fluid Bed Simulators ........................................................................ 1145 D. Paton, G. E. Fasching, and N. S. Smith, Jr.

Visualization of Displacement Fields Generated by Axisymmetric Sources on an Elastic Half-Space ......................................................................... 1153 F. B. Stulen, D. B. Pape, and L. J. House

Quantitative Thickness Measurements of Ice Layers with Remote IR Detection .......................................................................................................... 1161 D. M. Heath and W. P. Winfree

VOLUME 12B

CHAPTER 5. ENGINEERED MATERIALS

Section A. Composite Properties

Response of Cross-Ply and Quasi-Isotropic Laminates to Distributed Dynamic Surface Loads ..................................................................... 1169 S.-S. Lih and A. K. Mal

Ultrasonic Plate Waves in 3-D Braided Composites ............................................ 1177 D. E. Chimenti and A. H. Nayfeh

Real-Time Ultrasonic Determination of Elastic Constants .................................. 1185 W. R. Petrick

Validation at Lower Frequencies of the Effective Elastic Constants Measurements for Orthotropic Composite Materials ............................................................................................. 1193 B. Hosten and M. Castaings

An Acoustic Method to Predict the Effective Elastic Constants of Orthotropic and Symmetric Laminates ................................................................. 1201 B. Hosten and M. Castaings

Propagation of Laser Generated Broadband Ultrasonic Pulses in a Thick Carbon Fibre Composite Plate ................................................................. 1209 L. P. Scudder, D. A. Hutchins, and N. Guo

Theoretical and Experimental Study of Composite Materials Using Longitudinal Ultrasonic Spectroscopy ................................................................. 1217 M. Ourak, M. Ouaftouh, B. Nongaillard, 1. M. Rouvaen, and C. Bruneel

An Acousto-Ultrasonic NDE Technique for Monitoring Material Anisotropy ............................................................................................................ 1225 H.-T. Chien, S.-H. Sheen, and A. C. Raptis

Ultrasonic Determination of the Elastic Properties of Unidirectional Composites ................................................................................... 1233 A. K. Mal, S.-S. Lih, and Y. Bar-Cohen

Ultrasonics in Thick Anisotropic Materials .......................................................... 1241 E. S. Boltz and R. E. Green, Jr.

Isolating Fracture-Induced Anisotropy From Background Anisotropy ............................................................................................................ 1249 J. A. Hood and R. B. Mignogna

Integrated Ultrasonic Technique for Characterization of Composite Materials ............................................................................................. 1257 I. N. Komsky, J. D. Achenbach, and I. M. Daniel

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Porosity Measurement in Composites Using Ultrasonic Attenuation Methods ............................................................................................ 1265 F. A. Reed, T. J. Batzinger, R. W. Reed, and S. Jonsson

Characterization of Porosity in Thick Composites Using Ultrasonic Wave Velocity Measurements ............................................................ 1273 I. N. Komsky, I. M. Daniel, and S. C. Wooh

Ultrasonic Methods for Detection of Micro Porosity in Composite Materials ............................................................................................................... 1281 J. E. Michaels, T. E. Michaels, and S. Jonsson

Quantitative Thermal Diffusivity Measurements on Composite Fiber Volume Fraction (FVF) Samples ......................................................................... 1289 J. N. Zalameda and W. P. Winfree

Quantitative Nondestructive Evaluation of Carbon-Carbon Composites by Pulsed Infrared Thermography .................................................... 1297 Ph. M. Delpech, D. M. Boscher, F. Lepoutre, A. A. Deom, and D. L. Balageas

The Application of Thermal Diffusivity Imaging to SiC-Fiber-Reinforced Silicon Nitride ................................................................... 1305 K. E. Cramer, W. P. Winfree, E. R. Generazio, R. Bhatt, andD. S. Fox

Nondestructive Characterization of TMC Materials: A Correlation Between Advanced Ultrasonic Measurements and Internal Material Conditions ............................................................................................................. 1313 H. M. Parzuchowski, M. K. Reighard, K. W. Hollman, S. M. Handley, J. G. Miller, and M. R. Holland

Eddy Current Measurement of Fiber Volume Fraction in Metal Matrix Composites ............................................................................................... 1321 R. E. Beissner, G. L. Burkhardt, and J. L. Fisher

Modeling Anisotropic Conductivity Behavior of SiCp/AI Metal-Matrix Composite Extrusions ........................................................................................... 1329 P. K. Liaw, R. Pitchumani, S. C. Yao, D. K. Hsu, B. Foster, andH. Jeong

Luminescence Sensing of Stress in Composite Structures ................................... 1337 H. J. Hough, J. N. Demas, and H. N. G. Wadley

Section B. Composite Defects

Laser Ultrasonic Inspection of Graphite Epoxy Laminates .................................. 1345 C. Padioleau, P. Bouchard, R. Heon, J.-P. Monchalin, F. H. Chang, T. E. Drake, and K. I. McRae

Analysis of Detection of Delaminations in Fiber Reinforced Composite Tubes Using Axially Symmetric Guided Waves ............................... 1353 T. W. Kohl, W. P. Rogers, and S. K. Datta

Effect of Debonding in Fiber-Reinforced Composites on Ultrasonic Backscattering ...................................................................................................... 1361 P. Beattie, R. C. Chivers, and L. W. Anson

Fabrication and NDE of Multi-Wave Thermoset GRIEP Composites ................. 1369 V. Dayal and Z. Xinlian

Ultrasonic Wave Propagation Studies in Anisotropic Plates with Built-In Material Degradation .............................................................................. 1375 K. Balasubramaniam, C. A. Issa, and S. Alluri

Photothermal Inspection of Impact Damages on Carbon-Glass Fibre Composites Using a Simple Hand Scanner Measurement System ....................... 1383 J. Varis, R. Lehtiniemi, J. Hartikainen, and M. Luukkala

Damage Accumulation in Graphite-Epoxy Composites During Compressive Fatigue ............................................................................................ 1389 C. Byrne, J. W. Krynicki, and R. E. Green, Jr.

Ultrasonic Inspection of Thin Walled Composite Tubes ..................................... 1397 T. E. Michaels, T. M. Krafchak, and B. D. Davidson

Further on Positron Testing of Carbon Fiber Composites .................................... 1405 J. G. Byrne and K. Schick

Nondestructive Evaluation of Metal Matrix Composite Products with Implanted Defects ......................................................................................... 1413 R. E. Shannon, P. K. Liaw, and W. C. Harrigan

Experimental Study of Thermal Oxidation Damage in Ceramic Composites Using Ultrasonic Waves ................................................................... 1421 Y. C. Chu, S. 1. Rokhlin, G. Y. Baaklini, and R. T. Bhatt

Section C. Interfaces

Three Dimensional Response of a Cross-Ply Composite Plate with Imperfect Interfaces .............................................................................................. 1429 R. Paskaramoorthy and S. K. Datta

Second Order Asymptotic Boundary Conditions for Modeling of Imperfect Interface ............................................................................................... 1437 S. 1. Rokhlin and W. Huang

Analysis of Bond-Stiffness Deterioration Due to Distributed Disbonds ............................................................................................................... 1445 J. D. Achenbach and Z. L. Li

On the Differentiation of Diffusion Bond Strength Using the Total Acoustic Energy Reflected From the Bond ........................................... 1453 G. C. Ojard, O. Buck, D. K. Rehbein, and M. S. Hughes

Ultrasonic Evaluation of Interfacial Properties in Layered Substrate ............................................................................................................... 1459 R. T. Ko, S. D. Kwon, and L. Adler

Scattering of Elastic Waves by Interface Cracks Between Dissimilar Materials ............................................................................................. 1467 S. Hirose and M. Kitahara

Ultrasonic Characterization of Fiber-Matrix Interphasial Properties in Ceramic Matrix Composites ............................................................ 1475 Y. C. Chu and S. 1. Rokhlin

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Real-Time Ultrasonic Investigation of Fiber-Matrix Debonding in Ceramic-Matrix Composite .................................................................................. 1483 S.-c. Wooh and I. M. Daniel

Examination of Fiber-Matrix Interfaces of Composite Materials Using Dual Beam Scanning Acoustic Microscopy .............................................. 1491 S. Sathish, W. T. Yost, and 1. H. Cantrell

Experimental Investigation of Ultrasonic Vibrations of Thin Fibers Embedded in Matrix .......................................................................... 1499 M. deBilly, P. B. Nagy, G. Blaho, S. Meng, G. Quentin, andL. Adler

Ultrasound for Fiber Fragmentation Size Determination to Characterize Load Transfer Behavior of Matrix-Fiber Interface in Metal Matrix Composites .................................................................. 1507 P. Karpur, T. Matikas, S. Krishnamurthy, and N. Ashbaugh

Matrix-Fiber Interface Characterization in Metal-Matrix Composites Using Ultrasonic Shear-Wave Back-Reflection Coefficient Technique ............................................................................................................. 1515 T. E. Matikas and P. Karpur

Section D. Bonded Joints

Ultrasonic Evaluation of Interfacial Properties in Adhesive Joints: Evaluation of Environmental Degradation ........................................................... 1523 S. I. Rokhlin, B. Li, and A. I. Lavrentyev

A Comparison of Different Methods for the Detection of a Weak Adhesive/Adherend Interface in Bonded Joints ................................................... 1531 P. Cawley, T. Pialucha, and M. Lowe

Disbond Detection Using Peak Amplitude of Pulse-Echo Signals for Various Thicknesses and Transducer Frequencies ............................................... 1539 M. N. Abedin, P. H. Johnston, and D. R. Prabhu

Validity of Different Models of Interfaces in Adhesion and Diffusion Bonded Joints ................................................................................ 1547 T. Pialucha, M. Lowe, and P. Cawley

Ultrasonic NDE of Adhesive Metal to Metal Bond Integrity Based on a Combined Numerical and Expert System Approach .................................... 1555 R. Ludwig, 1. M. Sullivan, Jr., and D. Dai

Evaluating the Integrity of Adhesive Bonds by the Measurement of Acoustic Properties under Stresses .................................................................. 1563 V. Jagasivamani and A. C. Smith

Ultrasonic NDE of Adhesive Bonds: The Inverse Problem ................................ 1571 V. R. Iyer and V. K. Kinra

Lamb Wave Mode Selection for Increased Sensitivity to Interfacial Weaknesses of Adhesive Bonds ..................................................... 1579 A. Pilarski, J. L. Rose, 1. Ditri, D. Jiao, and K. Rajana

Nondestructive Characterization of Damaged Bonds .......................................... 1587 L. 1. Jacobs and J. Qu

Ultrasonic Scans Using Low Frequency Unresolved Echoes .............................. 1595 D. K. Hsu, M. S. Hughes, and T. C. Patton

Simulation and Experimental Study of Ultrasonic Signals from Lap Joints in the Presence of Nonuniform Thickness Values ..................................... 1603 D. R. Prabhu, M. N. Abedin, and W. P. Winfree

Correlation of NDE Parameters with Fatigue Lifetime of Aircraft Adhesive Bonds .................................................................................................... 1611 H. Aglan, L. Kennebrew, D. Hsu, and T. Patton

Bond Surface Contamination Imaging Using an AOTF Spectrometer ......................................................................................................... 1619 L. H. Pearson

CHAPTER 6. MATERIAL PROPERTIES

Section A. Metals

Quantitative Analysis of Elastic Property of AI-Li Alloys Using Ultrasonic Velocity Measurement and TEM ........................................................ 1625 S. M. Jeon, J. D. Kim, J. K. Park, and S. S. Lee

Determination of Dynamic Elastic Properties of Powder Metallurgy Components ....................................................................................... 1631 S. Parthasarathi, T. Prucher, C. J. Yu, 1. Jo, and R. J. Henry

Surface Acoustic Wave Determination of Hardness: Forward Problem ................................................................................................................. 1639 G. Gordon, B. Tittmann, and S. Singh

Inspection of Refinery Vessels for Hydrogen Attack Using Ultrasonic Techniques .......................................................................................... 1645 W.D. Wang

The Detection of a Brittle Layer at the Bondline in Diffusion Bonded Titanium .................................................................................................. 1653 M. Lowe and P. Cawley

Ultrasonic Shearwave Measurements of Phase Transitions in Zircalloy at Elevated Temperatures .................................................................. 1661 D. R. Billson and D. A. Hutchins

Eddy Current Evaluation of Porous Magnesium Alloy Casting ........................... 1667 G. Blaho, A. Quirion, and L. Adler

Characterization of the Internal Microstructures of Granular Materials Using Computerized Tomography ....................................................... 1675 X. Lee, W. C. Dass, and C. W. Manzione

X-Ray CT for Quantitative Casting Material Evaluation ..................................... 1681 G. Georgeson and R. Bossi

High Resolution Computed Tomography Imaging for Material Characterization .................................................................................................... 1689 C. V. Kropas, C. F. Buynak, and M. E. Hughes

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Section B. Ceramics and Semiconductors

Surface Wave Inspection of Porous Ceramics and Rocks .................................... 1695 P. B. Nagy and L. Adler

Light Scatterometry as an NDE Technique for Surface Characterization of Ge Windows ....... ........................ .......... .... ...... .......... .... .... .... 1703 I. Perez, M. Wilson, M. Thomas, D. Price, and W. R. Scott

Ultrasonic Sensing Simulation of CdTe Single Crystal Growth .......................... 1711 Y. Lu and H. N. G. Wadley

Section C. Microstructure and Surface Roughness

Theory of Ultrasonic Backscatter from Multiphase Polycrystalline Solids ........................................................................................... 1719 1. H. Rose

Monte-Carlo Simulation of Ultrasonic Grain Noise ............................................. 1727 I. Yalda-Mooshabad, F. 1. Margetan, and R. B. Thompson

Modeling Ultrasonic Microstructural Noise in Titanium Alloys ......................... 1735 F. 1. Margetan, R. B. Thompson, and I. Yalda-Mooshabad

Relationships Between Ultrasonic Noise and Macrostructure of Titanium Alloys .................................................................................................... 1743 K. Y. Han, R. B. Thompson, F. J. Margetan, and 1. Rose

Wave Scattering Calculations from Multiple Inclusions Using a Volume Integral Equation .................................................................................... 1751 1. Lee and A. K. Mal

Elastodynarnic Scattering Cross-Sections for Three-Dimensional Whisker-Like Inclusions ....................................................................................... 1759 M. Kitahara, K. Nakagawa, and J. D. Achenbach

Ultrasonic Inspection, Material Noise and Surface Roughness ........................... 1767 M. Bilgen, 1. H. Rose, and P. B. Nagy

Effects of Acoustic Scattering at Rough Surfaces on the Sensitivity of Ultrasonic Inspection. ........................................ ............................ 1775 P. B. Nagy, L. Adler, and J. H. Rose

Effect of Interface Roughness on the Reflection Coefficient. .............................. 1783 1. Qu

Acoustic Microscopy Measurements to Correlate Surface Wave Velocity and Surface Roughness .......................................................................... 1791 Y. C. Lee, 1. D. Achenbach, and 1. O. Kim

Measured Effects of Surface Cloth Impressions on Polar Backscatter and Comparison with a Reflection Grating ModeL ............................................ 1799 E. I. Madaras, E. F. Brush, III, S. L. Bridal, M. R. Holland, and J. G. Miller

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Section D. Magnetic Methods and Materials

Assessment of the Magnetoacoustic Method for Residual Stress Detection in Railroad Wheels ............................................................................... 1807 D. Utrata and M. Namkung

Magnetic Property Changes in Various Structural Steels Due to Irradiation ............................................................................................................. 1815 M. K. Devine, D. C. Jiles, P. K. Liaw, R. D. Rishel, and D. S. Drinon

Preliminary Studies of Magnetic NDE Techniques for Identifying Neutron Embrittlement of Pressure Vessel SteeL.......... .................... ............ .... 1823 M. J. Sablik, H. Kwun, O. L. Burkhardt, and D. O. Cadena

Stress Detection in Steels Through Variations in Magnetic Properties .............................................................................................................. 1831 D. A. Kaminski, D. C. Jiles, S. B. Biner, and M. J. Sablik

Evaluation of Low-Cycle Fatigue Damage in Steel Structural Components by a Magnetic Measurement Technique ......................................... 1839 M. R. Oovindaraju, A. Strom, D. C. Jiles, and S. B. Biner

Barkhausen Emission Technique for Evaluating Shot Peening Quality in High Strength Steels ............................................................................ 1847 L. B. Sipahi, M. K. Devine, D. C. Jiles, and D. D. Palmer

Characterization of Asymmetry in Magnetoacoustic Emission Burst by Numerical Processes ........................................................................................ 1855 M. Narnkung, J. P. Fulton, B. Wincheski, and R. DeNale

Finite Element Modeling of the Bulk Magnetization of Railroad Wheels to Improve Test Conditions for Magnetoacoustic Residual Stress Measurements ....................................................................................................... 1863 J. P. Fulton, B. Wincheski, M. Namkung, and D. Utrata

Nondestructive Measurement of Magnetic Permeability ..................................... 1871 D. T. Hayford, O. E. Kechter, R. J. Davis, and T. O. McCanney

Single Parameter Analysis of Hysteretic Magnetic Flux Trapping in High Tc Superconductor Ribbon ....................................................... 1879 K. L. Telschow

Reluctance Variation as a Result of Lift Off for an AC Magnetic Bridge ................................................................................................................... 1885 W. F. Schmidt and O. H. Zinke

The Effects of Magnetizer Velocity on Magnetic Flux Leakage Signals ................................................................................................................... 1891 J. B. Nestleroth and R. J. Davis

Section E. Thin Films and Coatings

Line-Focus Acoustic Microscopy Measurements of Thin-Film Elastic Constants .............................................................................................................. 1899 J. O. Kim and J. D. Achenbach

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A Reflection Ultrasonic Interference Method for Measurement of the Acoustic Velocity of Thin Layers .............................................................. 1907 D. K. Mak and G. Langlois

Ultrasonic Attenuation of Water-Infiltrated Thermal Barrier Coatings ................................................................................................................ 1915 1. Bamberg and H. Schmitt

Thermal Coating Characterization Using Thermoelasticity ................................. 1923 C. S. Welch and M. 1. Zickel

Fast Photothermal Inspection of Plasma-Sprayed Coatings of Primary Circulation Seal Rings of a Nuclear Reactor. Part Two: After the Trial Run ............................................................................................................... 1931 R. Lehtiniemi, 1. Hartikainen, 1. Rantala, 1. Varis, and M. Luukkala

The Use of Optical Beam Defection (OBD) Technique in the Thermal Diffusivity Characterization of Polymer Foils ..................................................... 1939 J. Rantala, L. Wei, P. K. Kuo, 1. Jaarinen, M. Luukkala, and R. L. Thomas

Eddy Current Thickness Measurement of the Zinc Layer on Galvanized Steel Wires ................................. .................... ................................... 1947 B. de Limburg Stirum and B. de Halleux

Evaluation of Microwave Methods for Thickness Measurements of Liquid Shim Material ....................................................................................... 1955 D. D. Palmer, S. C. Buckner, and W. S. Samford

Section F. Corrosion

Using Energy Dispersive X-Ray Measurements for Quantitative Determination of Material Loss Due to Corrosion ............................................... 1963 J. Ting, T. Jensen, and J. N. Gray

Measurement of Layered Corrosion with Compton Backscatter ......................... 1971 L. Lawson

Deconvolution of X-Ray Backscatter Diffraction Data for NDE of Corrosion .............................................................................................................. 1979 F. Qiu, W. L. Anderson, and P. S. Ong

Ultrasonic Measurement of Pipe Thickness ......................................................... 1987 C. A. Lebowitz and L. M. Brown

Investigation of Corrosion in Aluminum! Adhesive Lap-Splices Using Pulse-Echo Ultrasonic Techniques ............................................................ 1995 T. C. Patton and D. K. Hsu

Eddy-Current Measurements of Corrosion-Related Thinning in Aluminum Lap Splices ..................................................................................... 2003 S. Mitra, P. S. Urali, E. Uzal, J. H. Rose, and 1. C. Moulder

Modified AC Magnetic Bridge Scanning Patterns of Samples Simulating Flaws in Aircraft Seams ..................................................................... 2011 O. H. Zinke and W. F. Schmidt

Thennal Wave Detection and Analysis of Adhesion Disbonds and Corrosion in Aircraft Panels ................................................................................. 2021 L. D. Favro, T. Ahmed, X. Wang, Y. X. Wang, H. J. Jin, P. K. Kuo, and R. L. Thomas

Characterization of Hidden Airframe Corrosion by Time-Resolved Infrared Radiometry (TRIR) ................................................................................. 2027 J. W. M. Spicer, W. D. Kerns, L. C. Aamodt, and J. C. Murphy

Thennographic Detection of Corrosion in Aircraft Skin ...................................... 2035 H. I. Syed, W. P. Winfree, K. E. Cramer, and P. A. Howell

CHAfYfER 7. NONLINEARITY, DEFORMATION AND FRACTURE

Section A. Nonlinear Effects

How Nonlinear can Nonlinear Be? ....................................................................... 2043 M. A. Breazeale

Detection of Acoustic Second Harmonics Using a Laser Interferometer ....................................................................................................... 2051 A. Moreau and J. F. Bussiere

Acoustic Harmonic Generation and Dislocation Dynamics of Fatigued Aluminum Alloys ................................................................................................. 2059 J. H. Cantrell and W. T. Yost

The Effects of Artificial Aging of Aluminum 2024 on its Nonlinearity Parameter ......................................................................................... 2067 W. T. Yost and J. H. Cantrell

Variation of Sound Velocity in Fatigued Aluminum 2024-T4 as a Function of Hydrostatic Pressure......................................................................... 2075 J. K. Na, W. T. Yost, and J. H. Cantrell

Propagation of Ultrasonic Plane Waves in a Plastically Defonned Medium ................................................................................................................. 2083 K. Ravi-Chandar and E. Schneider

The Temperature Dependence of Third-Order Elastic Constants in Metal-Matrix Composites ..................................................................................... 2091 H. Mohrbacher and K. Salama

Study of Interfacial Stress in Metal Matrix Composites Using Ultrasonic Velocity Measurements ...................................................................... 2099 P. A. Foltyn, K. Ravi-Chandar, and K. Salama

Nonlinear Waves in Rocks ................................................................................... 2105 K. R. McCall, P. A. Johnson, and G. D. Meegan

Strength Assessment in Adhesive Bonds Using Nonlinear Ultrasonic Measurements ....................................................................................................... 2113 P. McGowan, G. Biaho, and L. Adler

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Section B. Stress and Fatigue Cracks

The Spatial Resolution of Rayleigh Wave, Acoustoelastic Measurement of Stress .......................................................................................... 2121 J. C. Johnson and R. B. Thompson

Ultrasonic Resonance Method with EMAT for Stress Measurement in Thin Plates ........................................................................................................ 2129 H. Fukuoka, M. Hirao, T. Yamasaki, H. Ogi, G. L. Petersen, and C. M. Fortunko

Quantitative Assessment of Plastic Deformation Via Acoustic Microscopy ........................................................................................................... 2137 R. D. Weglein

Fatigue Crack Characterization in Conducting Sheets by Non Contact Stimulation of Resonant Modes ........................................................................... 2145 B. Wincheski, J. P. Fulton, R. Todhunter, and M. Narnkung

Determination of Short Crack Depth with an Acoustic Microscope ........................................................................................................... 2153 D. Knauss, D. D. Bennink, T. Zhai, G. A. D. Briggs, and J. W. Martin

Crack Length Determination by Ultrasonic Methods ........................................... 2159 D. K. Rehbein, R. B. Thompson, and O. Buck

Application of a Self-Calibrating Ultrasonic Technique to the Detection of Fatigue Cracks by the Use of Lamb Waves ..................................... 2167 I. N. Komsky and J. D. Achenbach

Ultrasonic Assessment of Microcrack Damage in Ceramics ............................... 2175 Y. C. Chu, M. Hefetz, and S. I. Rokhlin

Acoustic Emission Waveform Acquisition During Fatigue Crack Growth .................................................................................................................. 2183 D. M. Granata, P. Kulowitch, W. R. Scott, and 1. Talia

Enhanced Fatigue Crack Detection in Aging Aircraft Using Continuous Acoustic Emission Monitoring ......................................................... 2191 S. McBride, Y. Hong, and M. Pollard

Acoustic Emission from Crack Growth in 7050 Aluminum and 7075 Aluminum as a Function of Temperature and Heat TreatmenL.. ......................... 2199 S. McBride and Y. Hong

Study of Acoustic Emission Characteristics for Fracture Assessment ........................................................................................................... 2207 J. C. Yeh and C. L. Tsai

CHAPTER 8. CIVIL STRUCTURES AND MATERIALS

Inspection of Ropes and Cables Using the Transverse-Impulse Vibration Technique ............................................................................................. 2215 H. Kwun, G. L. Burkhardt, and C. M. Teller

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A New Approach for the Analysis of Impact-Echo Data ..................................... 2223 I. S. Popovics and I. L. Rose

Estimation of Concrete Strength of the Colorado Street Bridge Using the Impact-Echo Technique ....................................................................... 2231 H. S. Limaye and S. E. Thomasen

VLSI Signal Processing for QNDE of Highway Bridge ...................................... 2239 Q. Cao, W. Li, and B. T. Yen

Radar Inspection of Concrete, Brick and Masonry Structures .............................................................................................................. 2245 C. P. Hobbs and I. A. G. Temple

Nondestructive Evaluation of Wood Using Ultrasonic Dry-Coupled Transducers ........................................................................................................... 2251 U. B. Halabe, H. V. S. GangaRao, and C. E. Solomon

Nondestructive Evaluation of Hardwood Logs Using Automated Interpretation of CT Images ................................... ................ .................. ............ 2257 D. L. Schmoldt, D. Zhu, and R. W. Conners

Nondestructive Evaluation of Radioactive Waste Drums Containing Cement-Solidified Liquid Wastes ........................................................................ 2265 I. Steude, I. Anders, R. Spomy, and E. Strickland

Acoustic Properties of Underground Storage Tank Simulant Wastes ................................................................................................................... 2273 M. A. Clark, D. M. Martin, and I. Gajda

Ultrasonic Characterization of the Contents of Underground Storage Tanks-The Status of Current Research Efforts ........................................ 2281 P. Jeong, D. Martin, and R. Roberts

Nondestructive Evaluation of Radioactive Waste Drums Containing Miscellaneous Waste Forms ................................................................................. 2289 J. Steude, E. Strickland, D. Summers, and R. Reyes

Use of a Portable Linear Accelerator to Radiograph a Bridge Drainage Pump ...................................................................................................... 2297 R. S. Newell and P. J. Stolarski

CHAPTER 9. SYSTEMS, PROCESS CONTROL, AND RELIABILITY

On Characterizing Operating Conditions of Ultrasonic Systems Using MTF and Related Techniques .................................................................... 2301 R. Zilber and K. Shiloh

Three-Dimensional Measurement System ............................................................ 2309 K. E. Matthews, K. B. Butterfield, and R. A. Morris

Classification of Objects by the Analysis of the Acoustic Response to an Impact. ......................................................................................... 2317 I.-F. Denis, A. de Patoul, and B. de Halleux

NDE and Design--A Unified Life-Cycle Engineering Approach ........................ 2325 L. W. Schmerr, Jr. and D. O. Thompson

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An Ultrasonic Sensor to Monitor the Mold Cavity Conditions During Injection Molding ................................................................................................. 2333 C. Thomas, J. L. Rose, and Z. K. Li

Nondestructive Evaluation of Changes in Mechanical Properties in Carbon-Carbon Composites During Processing ................................................... 2341 L. Moore, R. Kline, E. Madaras, and P. Ransone

Attenuation of Ultrasound by Hollow Ceramic Spheres Embedded Within a Curing Resin .......................................................................................... 2349 R. T. Harrold and Z. N. Sanjana

Ultrasonic Monitoring of Reaction Bonding Silicon Nitride ............................... 2357 M. L. Peterson and J. D. Achenbach

Estimation of Eddy Current Probability of Detection (POD) U sing Finite Element Method ............................................................................... 2365 S. N. Rajesh, L. Udpa, and S. S. Udpa

A Probabilistic Approach to Ultrasonic Flaw Size Estimation ............................ 2373 D. J. Sturges

Desirable Distinctions in NDE Reliability Terminology and Practice ................................................................................................................. 2381 D. J. Sturges and R. B. Abernethy

Theory Explicating the Linkage Between Quality, Productivity and Competitive Position ...................................................................................... 2389 E. P. Papadakis

A TTENDEES ................................................................................................................. 2397

CONTRIBUTORS INDEX ............................................................................................ 2417

SUBJECT INDEX ......................................................................................................... 2425

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