review of organic molecules 1.carbohydrates 2.lipids 3.proteins 4.nucleic acids
TRANSCRIPT
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Review of Organic Molecules
1.Carbohydrates2.Lipids3.Proteins4.Nucleic Acids
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Carbohydrates• Composed of carbon (C),
hydrogen (H), and oxygen (O)
• USUALLY: 2 hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom for every carbon atom.
• Example: CH2O, C6H12O6
• Exceptions include carbohydrates that may be one or two oxygen short
• Example: C12H24O11
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Carbohydrates
• Monosaccharide: Only one sugar molecule
• Disaccharide: Two sugar molecules bonded together
GLUCOSE
SUCROSE
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Carbohydrates• Polysaccharide:
Many sugar molecules bonded together
• Examples:
Starch
Cellulose
Glycogen
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What are Polysaccharides Used For?
1. Starch: Plants use starch for food storage
2. Cellulose: Plants use cellulose for structural support for their cell walls.
3. Glycogen: Glycogen is a starch used for long-term energy storage in animal cells.
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How are polysaccharides made?
• Think of making a long train
• One train car is called a monomer
• Many train cars linked together is called a polymer
• The action of linking the train cars together is called polymerization
monomer polymer
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Polymerization is not just for carbohydrates!
Monomers single molecule, called a SUBUNIT
Polymers monomers linked together
Polymerizationmonomers being linked into polymers carbohydrates, lipids, proteins &
nucleic acids are ALL able to link together and polymerize
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Lipids• Mostly Carbon and
Hydrogen, with the possibility of a few Oxygen
• Used for storing energy in fats and oils
• Most common is three fatty acids bonded to molecule of glycerol
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Saturated vs. Unsaturated
• Saturated means that all Carbons have single bonds. This makes them straight.
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• Unsaturated means there are some double bonds, causing bent angles.
Saturated vs. Unsaturated
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Two Saturated Lipid Chains &One Unstaturated Lipid Chain
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Polymerization of Amino Acids• Made from of
carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen
• Building blocks of proteins are amino acids
• There are 20 types of amino acids
Only the “R” Group Changes!
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Proteins built from Amino Acids
• 8 amino acids are essential because the human body cannot build them, so they must be eaten
• The other 12 amino acids are nonessential because we can build them on our own.
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Connecting Amino Acids• Amino acids are bonded into proteins
• Amino acids are connected by peptide bonds
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Nucleic Acids• Subunit is called a Nucleotide
• Nucleotides are composed of:
1.Nitrogen Base
2.Ribose Sugar
3.Phosphate Group
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Types of Nucleic Acids
Two types of nucleic acids:
RNA: Ribo- Nucleic Acid
DNA: Deoxyribo-Nucleic Acid
Stores and transmits genetic information
SINGLE
HELIX
DOUBLE
HELIX
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Testing for Organic Molecules LabPurpose: In this lab you will test different foods to
determine if they have carbohydrates (starch and/or sugar), proteins, and/or lipids.
Materials: Food Products: Raw Meat, Potato, Spinach, Vegetable Oil, Egg White, & Apple Juice Indicators: Benedict’s Solution ( tests sugar), Iodine (tests starch), Paper (tests lipids), and Biuret’s Solution (tests protein).Other: 1 beaker
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• Which organic molecules will you investigate for each food item?
• Do you think foods only have one type of organic molecule in them?
• Design a Procedure. • What are the SPECIFIC steps of your
procedure? • Design a Data Table. • What will the data table look like? Remember
observations • Which organic molecule(s) do you predict will
be in each food item?
Testing for Organic Molecules Lab