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Review of Grades 9 - 11 Science

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Page 1: Review of Grades 9 - 11 Science. Significant Digits 1.Begin counting at the first non-zero digit a)if there is a decimal, count to the last digit Ex:

Review of Grades 9 - 11 Science

Page 2: Review of Grades 9 - 11 Science. Significant Digits 1.Begin counting at the first non-zero digit a)if there is a decimal, count to the last digit Ex:

Significant Digits

1. Begin counting at the first non-zero digita) if there is a decimal, count to the last digit

Ex: 23.50 mol (4 s.d.) 0.068 mL (2 s.d.)

b) if there is no decimal, count to the last non-zero digitEx: 750 g (2 s.d.)

Page 3: Review of Grades 9 - 11 Science. Significant Digits 1.Begin counting at the first non-zero digit a)if there is a decimal, count to the last digit Ex:

Significant Digits

2. Numbers with an infinite number of significant digits:

a) Counting Numbers (eg 12 eggs [not 11 or 13] - repeating decimal of 0)

b) Numbers as definitions of equalities (eg 1 L = 1000 mL)

c) Coefficients in a chemical equation

Page 4: Review of Grades 9 - 11 Science. Significant Digits 1.Begin counting at the first non-zero digit a)if there is a decimal, count to the last digit Ex:

Significant Digits

3. Mathematical Operationsa) Multiplication & DivisionRound off the answer to the least number of significant digits.Ex: 12.8 cm x 5.4 cm = 69 cm2 (2 s.d)

Page 5: Review of Grades 9 - 11 Science. Significant Digits 1.Begin counting at the first non-zero digit a)if there is a decimal, count to the last digit Ex:

Significant Digits

3. Mathematical Operationsb) Addition & SubtractionRound off the answer to the least number of decimal places.

Ex: 355.84 g – 73.1 g= 282.74 g= 282.7 g

Page 6: Review of Grades 9 - 11 Science. Significant Digits 1.Begin counting at the first non-zero digit a)if there is a decimal, count to the last digit Ex:

Accuracy in Measurement

Use percentage difference:% Difference = experimental value – predicted value| x

100%predicted value

Page 7: Review of Grades 9 - 11 Science. Significant Digits 1.Begin counting at the first non-zero digit a)if there is a decimal, count to the last digit Ex:

Significant Digits

Rounding OffPerformed ONLY at the end of a solutionIf discarded digit isa) 0 - 4 the last digit retained is left the sameb) 5 - 9 the last digit retained is increased by one

Page 8: Review of Grades 9 - 11 Science. Significant Digits 1.Begin counting at the first non-zero digit a)if there is a decimal, count to the last digit Ex:

Nomenclature

• Common ions - page 801• Common multivalent metal ions - page 807• Review: (See next slide)

Page 9: Review of Grades 9 - 11 Science. Significant Digits 1.Begin counting at the first non-zero digit a)if there is a decimal, count to the last digit Ex:

Nomenclature - What System to use?SYSTEM

FIRST IUPAC COMMON EXAMPLEELEMENT STOCK NONE PREFIX "IC/OUS"

metal(1 oxid #)

Xpotassium chloride

K+(KCl)Mg2+

metal(>1 oxid #)

Xcopper(I)

sulfide

Xcuprous sulfide

Cu+(Cu2S), Cu2+

Fe2+, Fe3+

metalloid(1 oxid #)

X Xsilicon

tetrahydride

Si4+

(SiH4)

metalloid(>1 oxid #)

Xarsenic (III)

fluoride

Xarsenic

trifluoride

As3+(AsF3)As5+

nonmetal Xnitrogen (II)

oxide

Xnitrogen

monoxide

N2+(NO)N3+

N4+,N5+

Page 10: Review of Grades 9 - 11 Science. Significant Digits 1.Begin counting at the first non-zero digit a)if there is a decimal, count to the last digit Ex:

Nomenclature

• Binary Compoundsuse suffix "ide" (two exceptions for polyatomic "ide" - hydroxide, cyanide)

• Ions with more than 1 oxidation number"ic" higher oxidation number "ous" lower oxidation number- Latin names: ferrum, cuprum, plumbum, aurum, stannum

Page 11: Review of Grades 9 - 11 Science. Significant Digits 1.Begin counting at the first non-zero digit a)if there is a decimal, count to the last digit Ex:

Nomenclature

• Polyatomic Compounds"ate", "ite", look on the table below the periodic table

Page 12: Review of Grades 9 - 11 Science. Significant Digits 1.Begin counting at the first non-zero digit a)if there is a decimal, count to the last digit Ex:

Nomenclature - Acids

Binary - use prefix "hydro" (only use of "hydro" in chemistry nomenclature)

Polyatomic - "ate" ion forms an "ic acid"Ex: nitrate NO3

1- and nitric acid HNO3(aq)

- "ite" ion forms an "ous acid"Ex: nitrite NO2

1- and nitrous acid HNO2(aq)

Page 13: Review of Grades 9 - 11 Science. Significant Digits 1.Begin counting at the first non-zero digit a)if there is a decimal, count to the last digit Ex:

Nomenclature - Acids

Oxy-acid prefixes and suffixesHypo ... ite - 2 less "O" than "ate"

... ite - 1 less "O" than "ate" per ... ate - 1 more "O" than 'ate"

Page 14: Review of Grades 9 - 11 Science. Significant Digits 1.Begin counting at the first non-zero digit a)if there is a decimal, count to the last digit Ex:

Nomenclature

• Hydrates: water after a compoundEx: CuSO4 . 5H2O copper(II) sulfate pentahydrate

• Diatomic Ions:Hg2

2+ O22-

• Diatomic Elements H2 O2 F2 Br2 I2 N2 Cl2

Page 15: Review of Grades 9 - 11 Science. Significant Digits 1.Begin counting at the first non-zero digit a)if there is a decimal, count to the last digit Ex:

Humour Break!

• Little Willie was a chemist.Little Willie is no more.For what he thought was H2O

Was H2SO4

• Teacher: What is the formula for water?Student: H, I, J, K, L, M, N, OTeacher: That's not what I taught you.Student: But you said the formula for water

was...H to O.

Page 16: Review of Grades 9 - 11 Science. Significant Digits 1.Begin counting at the first non-zero digit a)if there is a decimal, count to the last digit Ex:

Ionic Equations

• Use Solubility rules on p.487, 801 & 808orSCH4U data sheets provided

Page 17: Review of Grades 9 - 11 Science. Significant Digits 1.Begin counting at the first non-zero digit a)if there is a decimal, count to the last digit Ex:

Ionic Equations - Example

For the reaction involving lead (II) nitrate solution and potassium iodide solution a precipitate and a salt solution are produced.

a) Write the balanced chemical equation for this chemical reaction.

b) Write the balanced ionic equation for this chemical reaction. (TIE)

c) Write the balanced net ionic equation for this chemical reaction. (NIE)

Page 18: Review of Grades 9 - 11 Science. Significant Digits 1.Begin counting at the first non-zero digit a)if there is a decimal, count to the last digit Ex:

Ionic Equations - Example

a) Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2KI(aq) PbI2(s) + 2KNO3(aq)

b) (TIE)Pb2+

(aq) +2NO31-

(aq) +2K1+(aq) +2I1-

(aq)PbI2(s)+2K 1+(aq) + 2NO3

1-(aq)

c) (NIE)Pb2+

(aq)) +2I1-(aq)PbI2(s)

Page 19: Review of Grades 9 - 11 Science. Significant Digits 1.Begin counting at the first non-zero digit a)if there is a decimal, count to the last digit Ex:

Chemical Bonding

• The difference in electronegativity (ΔEN) can be used to describe the chemical bond as

ionic (EN > 1.7)polar covalent (EN 0.5 - 1.7)nonpolar covalent (EN < 0.5)• In a polar molecule the bond dipoles do NOT

cancel.• Ex: compare H2O, CO2

Page 20: Review of Grades 9 - 11 Science. Significant Digits 1.Begin counting at the first non-zero digit a)if there is a decimal, count to the last digit Ex:

Chemical Quantities

• Recall: n number of molesm mass(g)M molar mass (g/mol)N number of entitiesNA Avogadro’s number

For solutions

C molar concentration (mol/L)

Page 21: Review of Grades 9 - 11 Science. Significant Digits 1.Begin counting at the first non-zero digit a)if there is a decimal, count to the last digit Ex:

Summary

• Text Reference: pages 778-780, 806 – 812, 814-815

Page 22: Review of Grades 9 - 11 Science. Significant Digits 1.Begin counting at the first non-zero digit a)if there is a decimal, count to the last digit Ex:

Humour Break!

• Q: Why do chemists like nitrates so much?A: They're cheaper than day rates.

• Q: Why are chemists great for solving problems? A: They have all the solutions.


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