review items ecosystem structure ppt.pdf · review items ecosystem structure . the law of...
TRANSCRIPT
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Review Items
Ecosystem Structure
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The Law of Conservation of Matter
Matter cannot be created nor
destroyed
Matter only changes form
There is no “away”
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Laws Governing Energy Changes
Energy is neither created nor destroyed
Energy only changes form
You can’t get something for nothing
First Law of Thermodynamics (Energy)
ENERGY IN = ENERGY OUT
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Laws Governing Energy Changes
Second Law of Thermodynamics
In every transformation, some energy is
converted to heat (lower quality)
You cannot break even in terms of
energy quality
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Connections: Matter and Energy Laws
and Environmental Problems
High-throughput (waste) economy
Matter-recycling economy
Low-throughput
economy
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The Biotic Components of
Ecosystems
Producers
(autotrophs)
- Photosynthesis
Consumers
(heterotrophs)
- Aerobic
respiration
Decomposers
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Consumers
• Primary, secondary, tertiary, etc.
• Herbivore - plant eater
• Carnivore - meat eater
• Omnivore - mixed plant/animal diet
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The Abiotic Components of Ecosystems
1) Outside energy source
2) Physical factors that determine
weather, climate
3) Chemicals essential for life
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Outside Energy Source
Powers
photosynthesis
Warms earth
Powers water
cycle
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Physical factors that determine
weather, climate
Heat
Wind
Precipitation
Topography
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Heat
Location
Reflection
Retention
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Wind and Precipitation
• Uneven heating
• Ascending,
descending air
masses
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Modifiers
• Rotation of the
globe
• Geologic
features
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Rain Shadows
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Lake-effect Precipitation
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Chemicals Essential for Life
• Elements and
compounds
• Recycled
between biotic
and abiotic parts
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Limiting Factor Principle
• Too much or too little of any biotic factor can limit or prevent growth of a population, even if all other factors are optimal for that population.
• Single factor most over-abundant or deficient in an ecosystem determines presence/absence of specific plants/animals.
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Ecosystem Concepts and Components
Biomes
Role of
climate
Aquatic
life zones
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Biomes - terrestrial ecosystems
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Dry woodlands and
shrublands (chaparral)
Temperate grassland
Temperate deciduous forest
Boreal forest (taiga), evergreen coniferous
forest (e.g., montane coniferous forest)
Arctic tundra (polar grasslands)
Tropical savanna,
thorn forest
Tropical scrub forest
Tropical deciduous forest
Tropical rain forest,
tropical evergreen forest
Desert
Ice
Mountains
(complex zonation)
Semidesert,
arid grassland
Tropic of
Capricorn
Equator
Tropic of
Cancer
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Biomes
• Determined primarily by
precipitation
–Forests (> 75 cm rain per year)
–Grasslands (30-75 cm rain per year)
–Deserts (< 30 cm rain per year)
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Biomes
• Determined secondarily by
temperature
–Type of forest, grassland, or desert
determined by average annual
temperature
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Aquatic ecosystems
• Determined by salinity
–Marine
–Estuary
–Freshwater
Type determined by: depth, nearness
to shore, size, water movement
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Ecosystem Function
One-way flow
of energy
Cycling of
matter
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Matter and Energy Flow in Ecosystems
Food chains Food webs
Trophic
levels
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Producer
to primary
consumer
Primary
to secondary
consumer
Secondary to
higher-level
consumer
All producers and
consumers to
decomposers
Fungi
Gambel's
quail
Red-tailed hawk
Collared
lizard
Jack
rabbit
Yucca
Kangaroo rat Kangaroo rat
Agave Agave
Roadrunner Roadrunner
Diamondback rattlesnake Diamondback rattlesnake Darkling
beetle
Darkling
beetle
Bacteria Bacteria
Prickly
pear
cactus
Prickly
pear
cactus
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Ecological Pyramids
Pyramid of
energy flow
Ecological
efficiency (10%)
Pyramid of
biomass
Pyramid of
numbers
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Energy Productivity of Ecosystems
Primary productivity
Secondary productivity
Energy stored/area/time
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Matter Cycling in Ecosystems
Biogeochemical or nutrient cycles
Hydrologic cycle (H2O)
Atmospheric or gaseous cycles (C, N)
Sedimentary cycles (P, S)
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Hydrologic (Water) Cycle
Driven by physical forces
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The Carbon Cycle
Driven by biological forces:
photosynthesis and respiration
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The Nitrogen Cycle
Driven by biological forces: bacteria
Root nodules
on legumes
Cyanobacteria
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The Phosphorus Cycle
Driven by physical forces
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Community Change
Ecological succession - gradual
replacement of one kind of community
of organisms by another over time
Initiated by disturbance
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Ecological Succession: Communities in
Transition - Type #1
Primary succession
- begins with barren area, no soil
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Ecological Succession: Communities in
Transition - Type #1
Slow soil development by weathering,
activities of tolerant species
- pioneer species
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Ecological Succession: Communities in
Transition - Type #1
Gradual changeover to less tolerant
species over long periods of time
- equilibrium or successional species
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Primary Succession
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Ecological Succession: Communities in
Transition - Type #2
Secondary succession
- begins with soil already in place
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Ecological Succession: Communities in
Transition - Type #2
Rapid changeover to less tolerant
species over shorter periods of time
- rapid because soil already present
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Secondary Succession
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Succession and Wildlife
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The End Product
If undisturbed, communities change
toward a relatively stable stage
- climax community
- long-term presence if not disturbed
- dominated by less-tolerant species
- general equilibrium