REVIEW FOR THE

UNIT 10 TESTThe Industrial Revolution

Unifications of Italy and Germany Age of Imperialism

INSTRUCTIONS: Go through the slides and answer each

question in the packet; the slide numbers are listed for each question

REVIEW FOR THE

UNIT 10 TEST

What is NATIONALISM?Nationalism is loyalty and devotion to a

nation of peopleIt is a sense of national identity exalting

one nation above all others It can be defined as pride in one’s

nation, and it can also be defined as the desire of an ethnic group to have its own country

ITALY and GERMANY: TWO DIVIDED NATIONS

As of the early 1800s, the German and Italian people were DIVIDED into numerous small states. Germany and Italy would not become fully unified until 1871

GERMAN STATES

ITALIAN STATES

GARIBALDI: UNIFIER OF ITALY

Garibaldi, who always wore a red shirt in battle, named his

forces the “Redshirts”

Giuseppe Garibaldi wanted a unified Italy under a republic style

of government

BISMARCK: UNIFIER OF GERMANY

Otto von Bismarck was the Prime Minister of Prussia in the 1860s

Bismarck’s goal was the unification of the German

states under the leadership of Prussia

Otto was an advocate of realpolitik, “politics of reality”, where there is no room for idealism

As someone in favor of realpolitik, Bismarck was ruthless and saw using force, threats, and deceit as ways to achieve his goals

BISMARCK: UNIFIER OF GERMANY

“BLOOD AND IRON”

In 1862, Bismarck makes his intentions known:

“Germany will not be united through speeches and

diplomacy, but through blood and iron.”

As a result of new methods in farming (such as crop rotation), more food was made and

Europe’s population increased

WHAT IS THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION?

“The Industrial Revolution” refers to the time period when there was a huge increase of machine-made

goods, which replaced work done by hand

The Industrial Revolution led to (1) lower costs of producing goods, (2) mass production of goods,

increased profits, (3) movement of people to cities, and (4) more people working low-skilled factory jobs

Workplace safety decreased for workers: factories were often dirty, dangerous, and

unhealthy; hours were long and pay was low

The population boom created a demand for clothing, but traditional methods of textile making were slow

As a result, the textile industry became the

first to be industrialized

The Industrial Revolution began in

England for a variety of reasons

(1) England had large deposits of natural resources, such as

iron and coal (2) England had

harbors and rivers to help power factories and move goods by

water(3) England also had a government that encouraged

invention and invested money in business

INDUSTRIALIZATION SPREADS FURTHEROTHER NATIONS FOLLOW BRITAIN’S

EXAMPLE AND INDUSTRIALIZEU.S.A.

FRANCE

GERMANY

JAPANINDUSTRIALISM + NATIONALISM = A FUTURE WAR BETWEEN THESE NATIONS

Eli Whitney’s invention of

the cotton gin stimulated a demand for

cotton textiles

In 1765, James Watt invented the first steam engine

Steam engines produced more power and allowed factories to be built in cities near workers

The textile industry and the rise of the factory system led to the growth of other industries

Factories led to a demand for faster

transportation

Roads and canals (artificial waterways)

were built in England; Robert

Fulton’s steamboat increased the speed

of water travel

Henry Bessemer invented a cheap

process for making steel

(which is stronger than iron)

STEEL-MAKING PROCESS

What is a MONOPOLY?

A situation where ONE company owns all of a

type of product or service; there is NO competition

Industrialization led to people moving out of the rural areas and moving to cities; this “urbanization” caused

massive growth of cities in industrial countries

Adam Smith explained capitalism: businesses

operated in a free market

economy based on competition,

profits, and supply and

demand

Capitalists like Adam Smith believe governments should have “laissez-faire”

(hands off) principles and avoid heavy taxes, regulations, or interference in business

Socialists have a view different from

capitalists: they argued that the

government should be involved with the

economy by enacting laws and regulations

Socialists strive for equality in society and

ending poverty by redistributing wealth

from rich capitalists to the poor workers

Karl Marx introduced a

radical form of socialism called

communism

With communism, there would be no

more private property and the

people would own all means of productions

Like socialists, communists want equality in society,

but want to get it in a different way: Marx which predicted a war between the

“haves” and “have nots”, where the

workers would rise up and overthrow the

privileged class

IMPERIALISM is the seizure of a country or territory by a stronger country. The stronger country dominates weaker countries politically, economically, and socially. The reason: the stronger country gains power with the money it makes from using the weaker country.

Forms of Imperialism

COLONY: Europeans seize a territory with their army and rule it directly by sending governors to the colony

PROTECTORATE: Local government exists, but Europeans make all real decisions in order to protect their trade (controlling

them like a puppet)

SPHERE OF INFLUENCE: Nations gain exclusive trading rights in a territory, dominate all trade and business, but

allow the local government to make other decisions

The Industrial Revolution led to a huge demand for raw materials so countries

could make more factory-produced goodsThe Industrial Revolution

caused a huge demand for new overseas markets to sell their finished goods

Having numerous colonies in Africa and Asia helped fuel the Industrial Revolution

MOTIVES FOR IMPERIALISM

ECONOMIC

Economic motives included (1) the desire to make money, (2) to expand and control foreign trade, (3) to create new markets for products, and (4) to acquire raw materials and cheap labor

POLITICAL Political motives were based on (1) a

nation’s desire to gain power, (2) to compete with other European countries, (3) to expand territory, (4) to exercise military force, and (5) to gain prestige by winning colonies, which boosts national pride

MOTIVES FOR IMPERIALISM

SOCIAL DARWINISM: The Roots of European Racism

Social Darwinism is a social theory

which states that the level a person rises to in society

and wealth is determined by their genetic background

To Europeans, this justified their imperialism in Asia and Africa: they felt stronger people

had the right to rule weaker people

Based on the ideas behind “White Man’s Burden”, Europeans believed that they had the right and

duty to bring the results of their progress to other “inferior” and “uncivilized” countries

What sparked European interest in Africa?

Missionaries like Dr. David Livingstone were the first to

explore the interior of Africa; what they discovered caused

great interest in Africa from

European rulers

The race for African colonies

was so fierce that Europeans became afraid

wars would break out

In 1884, 14 European nations met at the

Congress of Berlin to “set the rules” for colonizing in Africa

The main agreement: any nation could claim land in

Africa by notifying the other nations and showing

it could control the areaNo African nations were invited to attend

The most dominant imperial power in

Africa was Great

Britain

In 1882, Britain seized control of the Suez Canal from a French

company so they have a shorter

passage to their colonies in Africa

and Asia

The most important empire-builder in

Africa was the British businessman,

Cecil Rhodes

Many citizens in England dreamed of

Rhodes creating a British colony that

stretched from from “Capetown to Cairo”

POLITICAL MAP OF AFRICA ETHNIC/TRIBAL MAP OF AFRICA

The artificial boundaries created by Europeans caused problems: they split up tribes and

combined tribes that did not get along; today, Africa is plagued with warfare and genocide,

partly brought on by these unnatural boundaries

Britain had so many colonies that it was said that the “sun never set on the British Empire”

Among all of Britain’s colonies, the most valuable was India (which they called “The Jewel in the

Crown of the British Empire”)

India had this nickname because it produced so many

profitable cash-crops (such as tea, cotton, coffee, and opium)

“Cash crops” are non-food products like tea

and cotton

The East India Company made huge profits creating plantations in India to harvest tea, coffee, cotton, and opium

The British emphasis on cash-

crop plantations led to food shortages

and famine in India (seven million Indians

died due to starvation in 1876)

To make sure they made money, the British pushed Indian farmers

to grow cash crops

The British were desperate to find a product that the Chinese would buy so they could

gain access to Chinese trade…

The product: opium was refined in India and smuggled into

China; opium addiction helped the

British gain access to Chinese trade

The Sepoy MutinyIn 1857, Sepoys refused to use new

ammunition cartridges greased with pork/beef fat

The tops of the new type of cartridges needed to be bitten off before they could be loaded into

the new guns The sepoys were either Muslim or

Hindu; the cow is sacred to Hindus and pork is forbidden to Muslims

The anger over their religions being offended led to the Sepoys

and then all of India rebelling against the British

The British Army intervened, defeated the Sepoys, and Britain took COMPLETE CONTROL of India, not

just control of its economy

The Sepoy Mutiny was a turning point in Indian history because it led to the British takeover of India

British Queen Victoria assumed the title of “Empress of India”

India was not the only European colony in Southeast Asia

The Dutch profited from rubber, tin, oil resources and

cash-crop plantations

The French also profited

from rice plantations as well as cash-crops (coffee,

tea, spices)

The British refused to end the opium trade and China declared war on Britain

Britain used its modern navy to easily win the Opium Wars (1839-1842)

The Treaty of Nanjing ended the Opium Wars:Britain received Hong Kong and extraterritorial

rights in China (this means that foreigners were not subject to Chinese laws)

Another effect of China losing the Opium Wars was that China was carved into a series of spheres of influences: areas where a foreign nation had exclusive trade rights

RUSSIA’S SPHEREBRITAIN’S SPHERE

FRANCE’S SPHERE

GERMANY’S SPHERE

JAPAN’S SPHEREEach of these countries had its own sphere of

influence in China, meaning it was the only country to have trading rights in that part of China

The United States was worried about being excluded from the trade with China; in 1899, the USA proposed an Open Door Policy in China, so merchants from all

nations could trade freely in all Chinese ports

In 1900, frustrated Chinese led the Boxer Rebellion to expel foreigners from China; it was defeated

The growth of foreign influence, poverty among peasants, and Christianity upset many Chinese

In 1853, Commodore Matthew Perry of the U.S. Navy arrived in Tokyo Harbor with four well-armed steamships; he demanded that the Japanese trade

with the United States

AMERICAN SHIPS vs. JAPANESE BOATS

“Hey, Japan. Trade with us… or else!”

Japanese officials realized they were

overmatched by U.S. naval ships, so their

immediate action was to open up ports to trade with the U.S.

Japan’s Meiji emperor realized the best way to end Western influence

was to modernize

Japan sent diplomats to Europe and America to study

Western ways and adapt them to their own country

End of the feudal system

LandRedistribution

Human Rights & ReligiousFreedom

Build aModern Navy

(Britain)

Public schools(Germany, USA,

& France)

Modernize the Army

(Germany)

EmperorWorship

Intensified

WrittenConstitution(Germany)

Modernbanking system Meiji

Reforms

As a result of the Spanish-American War, Cuba gained its independence and the USA

annexed the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico

When the Filipino people were not given independence, they led an unsuccessful rebellion

against the USA in the Filipino-American War in 1899

NEXT, REVIEW SOME MATERIAL FROM THE PREVIOUS UNITS TO

REFRESH YOUR MEMORIES

This map shows the locations of the River Valley Civilizations (Ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, Indus River

Valley, and Ancient China)

European Christians

fought Muslim armies in a total of nine different Crusades in an effort to take

back Jerusalem (the Holy Land)

Martin Luther publicly posted the 95 Theses (his

complaints about the Catholic Church); this began the Protestant Reformation

Czar Peter the Great of Russia was an absolute monarch who

wanted to modernize and “Westernize” Russia to catch

up with Western Europe

The members of the Third Estate,

the French commoners,

hated having no say in the

government and having to pay all

the taxes

This cartoon shows the poor Third Estate carrying the burden of the First and

Second Estates

To improve the French economy, he introduced a fair tax system and created

a Bank of France to regulate the money supply

European leaders met in 1815 at the Congress of Vienna to restore a balance of

power in Europe after Napoleon’s fall

“IF YOU HAVE CORRECTLY

ANSWERED ALL OF THE

QUESTIONS ON YOUR REVIEW PACKET, YOU

WILL BE READY FOR THE UNIT 10 TEST. I PITY THE

FOOL WHO DIDN’T FINISH THE REVIEW.”

Originally created by

Christopher Jaskowiak