review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into...
TRANSCRIPT
![Page 1: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
1
Review
![Page 2: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
! Macronutrients - proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, etc.
! Micronutrients - vitamins, minerals and water
Types of Nutrients
![Page 3: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3
Process by which organisms obtain and utilise their food. There are two parts to Nutrition:
1. Ingestion - process of taking food into the digestive system so that it may be hydrolised or digested.
2. Digestion - the breakdown of food (either
chemically or mechanically) in order to utilise nutrients
What is Nutrition?
![Page 4: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Digestion is important for breaking down food into nutrients, which the body uses for energy, growth, and cell repair. Food and drink must be broken down into smaller molecules of nutrients before the blood and lymph absorbs them and carries them to cells throughout the body.
![Page 5: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
1. Ingestion: taking in food
2. Digestion: breaking down food into nutrients
3. Absorption: taking in nutrients by cells
4. Excretion: removing any leftover wastes
There are four stages to food processing:
![Page 6: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
6
The Digestive Process ! Ingestion
! Taking in food through the mouth ! Propulsion (movement of food)
! Swallowing ! Peristalsis – propulsion by alternate
contraction & relaxation ! Mechanical digestion
! Chewing ! Churning in stomach ! Mixing by segmentation
! Chemical digestion ! By secreted enzymes: see later
! Absorption ! Transport of digested end products into
blood and lymph in wall of canal ! Excretion - Defecation
! Elimination of indigestible substances from body as feces
![Page 7: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
7
! Mouth ! Pharynx ! Esophagus ! Stomach ! Small intestine ! Large intestine ! Anus
The GI tract – Gastrointestinal tract (the muscular alimentary canal)
![Page 8: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
The accessory digestive organs (Supply secretions contributing to the
breakdown of food)
! Teeth & tongue ! Salivary glands ! Gallbladder ! Liver ! Pancreas
8
![Page 9: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Mechanical and chemical
copyright cmassengale 9
![Page 10: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
GI – Ggastrointestinal tract (alimentary canal)
![Page 11: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Digestion ! Begins'when'food'enters'the'mouth.'
! It'is'physically'broken'down'by'the'teeth.'
! It'is'begun'to'be'chemically'broken'down'by'amylase,'an'enzyme'in'saliva'that'breaks'down'carbohydrates.'
![Page 12: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Mouth
• break up food • digest starch • kill germs • moisten food
![Page 13: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Ingestion - Mouth Mechanical digestion Teeth chewing
Break up food to smaller pieces.
''''''''''''''''''
![Page 14: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Chemical digestion
Salivary glands Saliva
! Amylase – enzyme that begins carbohydrate digestion, breaks down starch into maltose
Ingestion - Mouth
Food Chemical digestion
Complex food molecules (carbohydrates, proteins and lipids) broken down into chemical building blocks (simple sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids and glycerol) Carried out by enzymes secreted by digestive glands into lumen of the alimentary canal
![Page 15: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
! The tongue moves the food around until it forms a ball called a bolus.
! The bolus is passed to the pharynx (throat) and the epiglottis makes sure the bolus passes into the esophagus and not down the windpipe!
Mouth
![Page 16: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
! The bolus passes down the esophagus by peristalsis.
! Peristalsis is a wave of
muscular contractions that push the bolus down towards the stomach.
Propulsion
![Page 17: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
! To enter the stomach, the bolus must pass through the lower esophageal sphincter, a tight muscle that keeps stomach acid out of the esophagus.
Stomach
![Page 18: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Stomach ! Food is temporarily
stored here. ! Gastric juices are
secreted. ! Has layers of muscle
that line the inside. ! Mechanically and chemically breaks down food.
![Page 19: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Gastric Juices (chemical digestion)
! Secreted by the stomach.
! Acidic (pH 1.5-2.5) (HCl).
! Pepsin- an enzyme that breaks down large proteins into amino acids.
![Page 20: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
The$Human$Diges.ve$System$! The acid kills off any
invading bacteria or viruses.
! The enzymes help break down proteins and lipids. Chemical Digestion.
! The mucus protects the lining of the stomach from being eaten away by the acid.
![Page 21: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
The$Human$Diges.ve$System$! The stomach does do
some absorption too. ! Some medicines (i.e.
aspirin), water and alcohol are all absorbed through the stomach.
! The digested bolus is now called chyme and it leaves the stomach by passing through the pyloric sphincter.
![Page 22: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
! The stomach then churns the bolus (via peristalsis) and mixes it with gastric juice, a mixture of stomach acid, mucus and enzymes.
! Food is further broken down into a thin liquid called chyme.
Stomach (mechanical digestion)
![Page 23: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
23
Stomach digestion of proteins
![Page 24: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
The$Human$Diges.ve$System$! Chyme'is'now'in'the'small'intestine.'
! The'majority'of'absorption'occurs'here.'
! The'liver'and'pancreas'help'the'small'intestine'to'maximize'absorption.'
! The'small'intestine'is'broken'down'into'three'parts:'
![Page 25: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
The$Human$Diges.ve$System$1. Duodenum'! Bile,'produced'in'the'
liver'but'stored'in'the'gall'bladder,'enters'through'the'bile'duct.'It'breaks'down'fats.'
! The'pancreas'secretes'pancreatic'juice'to'reduce'the'acidity'of'the'chyme.''
![Page 26: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
The$Human$Diges.ve$System$2. Jejunum'! The'jejunum'is'where'
the'majority'of'absorption'takes'place.'
! It'has'tiny'fingerlike'projections'called'villi'lining'it,'which'increase'the'surface'area'for'absorbing'nutrients.'
![Page 27: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
The$Human$Diges.ve$System$! Each'villi'itself'has'tiny'fingerlike'projections'called'
microvilli,'which'further'increase'the'surface'area'for'absorption.'
![Page 28: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Absorption by Small Intestines ! Absorption through villi & microvilli
! finger-like projections ! increase surface area for absorption
![Page 29: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Small Intestine ! Most chemical digestion
takes place here. ! Simple sugars and proteins are absorbed into the inner lining.
! Fatty acids and glycerol go to lymphatic system.
! Lined with villi, which increase surface area for absorption, one cell thick.
![Page 30: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Small intestine ! Function ! chemical digestion
! major organ of digestion & absorption ! absorption through lining
! over 6 meters! ! small intestine has huge surface area = 300m2 (~size
of tennis court) ! Structure
! 3 sections ! duodenum = most digestion ! jejunum = absorption of nutrients & water ! ileum = absorption of nutrients & water
![Page 31: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Duodenum ! 1st section of small intestines
! acid food from stomach ! mixes with digestive juices from:
! pancreas ! liver ! gall
bladder
![Page 32: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Absorption in the SI ! Much absorption is thought to occur directly through
the wall without the need for special adaptations
! Almost 90% of our daily fluid intake is absorbed in the small intestine.
! Villi - increase the surface area of the small intestines, thus providing better absorption of materials
![Page 33: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
VILLI
![Page 34: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
The$Human$Diges.ve$System$3. Ileum'! The'last'portion'of'the'
small'intestine'is'the'ileum,'which'has'fewer'villi'and'basically'compacts'the'leftovers'to'pass'through'the'caecum'into'the'large'intestine.'
![Page 35: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
The$Human$Diges.ve$System$! The'large'intestine'(or'colon)'is'used'to'absorb'water'from'the'waste'material'leftover'and'to'produce'vitamin'K'and'some'B'vitamins'using'the'helpful'bacteria'that'live'here.'
![Page 36: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
The$Human$Diges.ve$System$! All'leftover'waste'is'compacted'and'stored'at'the'end'of'the'large'intestine'called'the'rectum.'
! When'full,'the'anal'sphincter'loosens'and'the'waste,'called'feces,'passes'out'of'the'body'through'the'anus.'
![Page 37: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Large intestines (colon) ! Function
! re-absorb water ! use ~9 liters of water every
day in digestive juices ! > 90% of water reabsorbed
! not enough water absorbed ! diarrhea
! too much water absorbed ! constipation
![Page 38: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Large Intestine ! Solid materials pass through
the large intestine. ! These are undigestible solids
(fibers). ! Water is absorbed. ! Vitamins K and B are
reabsorbed with the water. ! Rectum- solid wastes exit the
body.
![Page 39: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
![Page 40: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Accessory Organs ! Pancreas ! Gall Bladder ! Spleen
![Page 41: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Pancreas ! Digestive enzymes ! digest proteins
! trypsin, chymotrypsin ! digest starch
! amylase ! Buffers
! neutralizes acid from stomach
![Page 42: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Pancreas ! An organ which secretes both digestive enzymes
(exocrine) and hormones (endocrine)
! ** Pancreatic juice digests all major nutrient types.
! Nearly all digestion occurs in the small intestine & all digestion is completed in the SI.
![Page 43: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Gall bladder ! Pouch structure located near the liver which
concentrates and stores bile
! Bile duct – a long tube that carries BILE. The top half of the common bile duct is associated with the liver, while the bottom half of the common bile duct is associated with the pancreas, through which it passes on its way to the intestine.
![Page 44: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
BILE ! Bile emulsifies lipids (physically breaks apart
FATS)
! Bile is a bitter, greenish-yellow alkaline fluid, stored in the gallbladder between meals and upon eating is discharged into the duodenum where it aids the process of digestion.
![Page 45: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
![Page 46: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Liver ! Function
! produces bile ! bile stored in gallbladder until needed ! breaks up fats
! act like detergents to breakup fats
bile contains colors from old red blood cells collected in liver = iron in RBC rusts & makes feces brown
![Page 47: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
You�ve got company! ! Living in the large intestine is a community of helpful bacteria ! Escherichia coli (E. coli)
! produce vitamins ! vitamin K; B vitamins
! generate gases ! by-product of bacterial metabolism ! methane, hydrogen sulfide
![Page 48: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Appendix Vestigial organ
![Page 49: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Digestive Homeostasis Disorders
! ULCERS – erosion of the surface of the alimentary canal generally associated with some kind of irritant
![Page 50: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
! CONSTIPATION – a condition in which the large intestine is emptied with difficulty.
! Too much water is reabsorbed
! and the solid waste hardens
Digestive Homeostasis Disorders
![Page 51: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Digestive Homeostasis Disorders
! DIARRHEA – a gastrointestinal disturbance characterized by decreased water absorption and increased peristaltic activity of the large intestine.
! This results in increased, multiple, watery feces.
! This condition may result in severe dehydration, especially in infants
![Page 52: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Digestive Homeostasis Disorders
! APPENDICITIS – an inflammation of the appendix due to infection
! Common treatment is removal of the appendix via surgery
![Page 53: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Digestive Homeostasis Disorders
! GALLSTONES – an accumulation of hardened cholesterol and/or calcium deposits in the gallbladder
! Can either be �passed� (OUCH!!) or surgically removed
![Page 54: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Digestive Homeostasis Disorders
! ANOREXIA NERVOSA - a psychological condition where an individual thinks they appear overweight and refuses to eat.
! Weighs 85% or less than what is developmentally expected for age and height
! Young girls do not begin to menstruate at the appropriate age.
![Page 55: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Digestive Homeostasis Disorders
! HEART BURN – ACID from the stomach backs up into the esophagus.
![Page 56: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Which type of digestion is the following?
1. Chewing a saltine? -
2. Saliva breaking the saltine down into molecules of glucose? -
3. Your tongue breaking pieces of a hamburger
apart? 4. Pepsin (an enzyme) in your stomach breaking the
hamburger into amino acids?
![Page 57: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Diges.on$! Phases$Include$1. Inges.on$2. Movement$
3. Mechanical$and$Chemical$Diges.on$4. Absorp.on$
5. Elimina.on$
![Page 58: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
Diges.on$! Types$! Mechanical$(physical)$
! Chew$! Tear$! Grind$! Mash$! Mix$
! Chemical$! Enzyma.c$reac.ons$to$improve$diges.on$of$$
! Carbohydrates$! Proteins$! Lipids$
![Page 59: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Diges.ve$System$Organiza.on$
• Gastrointestinal (Gl) tract – Tube within a tube – Direct link/path between organs – Structures
• Mouth • Pharynx • Esophagus • Stomach • Small intestine • Large Intestine • Rectum
59
![Page 60: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Mouth$! Teeth$mechanically$break$down$food$into$small$pieces.$$Tongue$mixes$food$with$saliva$(contains$amylase,$which$helps$break$down$starch).$
! EpigloQs$is$a$flapSlike$structure$at$the$back$of$the$throat$that$closes$over$the$trachea$preven.ng$food$from$entering$it.$
![Page 61: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Esophagus$! Approximately$10”$long$! Func.ons$include:$1. Secrete$mucus$2. Moves$food$from$the$throat$to$the$stomach$using$muscle$movement$called$peristalsis$
! If$acid$from$the$stomach$gets$in$here$that’s$heartburn.$
![Page 62: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Stomach$! JSshaped$muscular$bag$that$stores$the$food$you$eat,$breaks$it$down$into$.ny$pieces.$
! Mixes$food$with$diges.ve$juices$that$contain$enzymes$to$break$down$proteins$and$lipids.$
! Acid$in$the$stomach$kills$bacteria.$
! Food$found$in$the$stomach$is$called$chyme.$
62
![Page 63: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Small$Intes.ne$! Small$intes.nes$are$roughly$7$meters$long$! Lining$of$intes.ne$walls$has$fingerSlike$projec.ons$called$villi,$to$increase$surface$area.$
! The$villi$are$covered$in$microvilli$which$further$increases$surface$area$for$absorp.on.$
63
![Page 64: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
20/10/15 64
![Page 65: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Small$Intes.ne$! Nutrients$from$the$food$pass$into$the$bloodstream$through$the$small$intes.ne$walls.$
! Absorbs:$! 80%$ingested$water$! Vitamins$! Minerals$! Carbohydrates$! Proteins$! Lipids$$• Secretes$diges.ve$enzymes$
$ 65
![Page 66: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
Large$Intes.ne$! About$5$feet$long$! Accepts$what$small$intes.nes$don’t$absorb$
! Rectum$(short$term$storage$which$holds$feces$before$it$is$expelled).$
![Page 67: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Large$Intes.ne$! Func.ons$! Bacterial$diges.on$
! Ferment$carbohydrates$! Protein$breakdown$
– Absorbs more water – Concentrate wastes
![Page 68: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Accessory$Organs$! Not$part$of$the$path$of$food,$but$play$a$cri.cal$role.$
! Include:$Liver,$gall$bladder,$and$pancreas$
![Page 69: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/69.jpg)
Liver$! Directly$affects$diges.on$by$producing$bile$! Bile$helps$digest$fat$• filters$out$toxins$and$waste$including$drugs$and$alcohol$
69
![Page 70: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/70.jpg)
Gall$Bladder$! Stores$bile$from$the$liver,$releases$it$into$the$small$intes.ne.$
! Fady$diets$can$cause$gallstones$
![Page 71: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/71.jpg)
Pancreas$! Produces$diges.ve$enzymes$to$digest$fats,$carbohydrates$and$proteins$
! Regulates$blood$sugar$by$producing$insulin$
![Page 72: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/72.jpg)
Fun$Facts$
• HOW LONG ARE YOUR INTESTINES? At least 25 feet in an adult. Be glad you're not a full-grown horse -- their coiled-up intestines are 89 feet long!
• Food drying up and hanging out in the large intestine can last 18 hours to 2 days!
• In your lifetime, your digestive system may handle about 50 tons!!
![Page 73: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/73.jpg)
On a sheet of paper, write the name of each colored organ: ! Green:$! Red:$! Pink:$! Brown:$! Purple:$! Green:$! Yellow:$
![Page 74: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/74.jpg)
How’d$you$do?$! Green:$Esophagus$! Red:$Stomach$! Pink:$Small$Intes.ne$
! Brown:$Large$Intes.ne$! Purple:$Liver$! Green:$Gall$Bladder$! Yellow:$Pancreas$
Great Job!
![Page 75: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/75.jpg)
Introduc.on$
![Page 76: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/76.jpg)
Introduc.on$! There are four stages
to food processing: 1. Ingestion: taking in
food 2. Digestion: breaking
down food into nutrients
3. Absorption: taking in nutrients by cells
4. Egestion: removing any leftover wastes
![Page 77: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/77.jpg)
The$Human$Diges.ve$System$! Begins'when'food'enters'the'mouth.'
! It'is'physically'broken'down'by'the'teeth.'
! It'is'begun'to'be'chemically'broken'down'by'amylase,'an'enzyme'in'saliva'that'breaks'down'carbohydrates.'
![Page 78: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/78.jpg)
The$Human$Diges.ve$System$! The'tongue'moves'the'food'around'until'it'forms'a'ball'called'a'bolus.'
! The'bolus'is'passed'to'the'pharynx'(throat)'and'the'epiglottis'makes'sure'the'bolus'passes'into'the'esophagus'and'not'down'the'windpipe!'
![Page 79: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/79.jpg)
The$Human$Diges.ve$System$! The'bolus'passes'down'the'esophagus'by'peristalsis.'
! Peristalsis'is'a'wave'of'muscular'contractions'that'push'the'bolus'down'towards'the'stomach.'
![Page 80: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/80.jpg)
The$Human$Diges.ve$System$! To'enter'the'stomach,'the'bolus'must'pass'through'the'lower'esophageal'sphincter,'a'tight'muscle'that'keeps'stomach'acid'out'of'the'esophagus.'
![Page 81: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/81.jpg)
The$Human$Diges.ve$System$! The'stomach'has'folds'called'rugae'and'is'a'big'muscular'pouch'which'churns'the'bolus'(Physical'Digestion)'and'mixes'it'with'gastric'juice,'a'mixture'of'stomach'acid,'mucus'and'enzymes.'
![Page 82: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/82.jpg)
The$Human$Diges.ve$System$! The acid kills off any
invading bacteria or viruses.
! The enzymes help break down proteins and lipids. Chemical Digestion.
! The mucus protects the lining of the stomach from being eaten away by the acid.
![Page 83: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/83.jpg)
The$Human$Diges.ve$System$! The stomach does do
some absorption too. ! Some medicines (i.e.
aspirin), water and alcohol are all absorbed through the stomach.
! The digested bolus is now called chyme and it leaves the stomach by passing through the pyloric sphincter.
![Page 84: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/84.jpg)
The$Human$Diges.ve$System$! Chyme'is'now'in'the'small'intestine.'
! The'majority'of'absorption'occurs'here.'
! The'liver'and'pancreas'help'the'small'intestine'to'maximize'absorption.'
! The'small'intestine'is'broken'down'into'three'parts:'
![Page 85: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/85.jpg)
The$Human$Diges.ve$System$1. Duodenum'! Bile,'produced'in'the'
liver'but'stored'in'the'gall'bladder,'enters'through'the'bile'duct.'It'breaks'down'fats.'
! The'pancreas'secretes'pancreatic'juice'to'reduce'the'acidity'of'the'chyme.''
![Page 86: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/86.jpg)
The$Human$Diges.ve$System$2. Jejunum'! The'jejunum'is'where'
the'majority'of'absorption'takes'place.'
! It'has'tiny'fingerlike'projections'called'villi'lining'it,'which'increase'the'surface'area'for'absorbing'nutrients.'
![Page 87: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/87.jpg)
The$Human$Diges.ve$System$! Each'villi'itself'has'tiny'fingerlike'projections'called'
microvilli,'which'further'increase'the'surface'area'for'absorption.'
![Page 88: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/88.jpg)
The$Human$Diges.ve$System$3. Ileum'! The'last'portion'of'the'
small'intestine'is'the'ileum,'which'has'fewer'villi'and'basically'compacts'the'leftovers'to'pass'through'the'caecum'into'the'large'intestine.'
![Page 89: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
The$Human$Diges.ve$System$! The'large'intestine'(or'colon)'is'used'to'absorb'water'from'the'waste'material'leftover'and'to'produce'vitamin'K'and'some'B'vitamins'using'the'helpful'bacteria'that'live'here.'
![Page 90: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/90.jpg)
The$Human$Diges.ve$System$! All'leftover'waste'is'compacted'and'stored'at'the'end'of'the'large'intestine'called'the'rectum.'
! When'full,'the'anal'sphincter'loosens'and'the'waste,'called'feces,'passes'out'of'the'body'through'the'anus.'
![Page 91: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/91.jpg)
Diges.on$and$Homeostasis$! The'endocrine,'nervous,'digestive'and'circulatory'systems'all'work'together'to'control'digestion.'
! Before'we'eat,'smelling'food'releases'saliva'in'our'mouths'and'gastrin'in'our'stomachs'which'prepares'the'body'for'a'snack.'
The'Hormone'Gastrin'
![Page 92: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
Diges.on$and$Homeostasis$! A large meal activates
receptors that churn the stomach and empty it faster.
! If the meal was high in fat, digestion is slowed, allowing time for the fat to be broken down.
! Hence why we feel fuller after eating a high fat meal.
![Page 93: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/93.jpg)
![Page 94: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/94.jpg)
Components ! Esophagus ! Stomach ! Small Intestine ! Large Intestine ! Gall bladder ! Liver ! Pancreas
![Page 95: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/95.jpg)
Esophagus ! the tube that connects your mouth and your stomach
![Page 96: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/96.jpg)
Stomach ! A stretchy bag that holds your food after you eat
! Helps to break food into smaller pieces so your body can use it for energy and nutrition
![Page 97: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
Stomach
Esophagus
![Page 98: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/98.jpg)
Small Intestine ! Tube that is 20 feet long. ! Continues to digest food ! Food stays in your small intestine for 4 to 8 hours
![Page 99: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/99.jpg)
Small Intestine
![Page 100: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/100.jpg)
Large Intestine ! Tube that is 5 feet long ! Gets waste from small intestine ! Waste stays for 10 to 12 hours
![Page 101: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/101.jpg)
Large Intestine
![Page 102: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/102.jpg)
Gall Bladder ! Storage tank for bile (a greenish-yellow liquid)
that helps your body break down and use fats
! Located under your liver
! Shaped like a pear
![Page 103: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/103.jpg)
Gall Bladder
![Page 104: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/104.jpg)
Liver ! Factory for antibodies and bile
! Stores vitamins and sugars until your body needs them
![Page 105: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/105.jpg)
Liver
![Page 106: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/106.jpg)
Pancreas ! Helps you digest food by breaking down sugars
![Page 107: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/107.jpg)
Functions ! Digest the food we eat
! Take the nutrients out of your food so your body can use it
![Page 108: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/108.jpg)
Healthy Habits ! Eat foods that are high in fiber like fruits and vegetables
![Page 109: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/109.jpg)
! Drink plenty of water
![Page 110: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/110.jpg)
! Chew your food completely before you swallow
![Page 111: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/111.jpg)
Avoid foods high in fat
![Page 112: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/112.jpg)
Interesting Facts ! Food is in your digestive system for about 24 hours
![Page 113: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/113.jpg)
! Your stomach stretches when you eat like a balloon being filled with air
![Page 114: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/114.jpg)
! You have a trap door called the epiglottis to cover your windpipe when you swallow.
![Page 115: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/115.jpg)
! Your stomach mashes your food the way a baker kneads dough for bread.
![Page 116: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/116.jpg)
Summary Functions
! Digests food ! Absorbs nutrients for
the body
Components ! Esophagus ! Stomach ! Small intestine ! Large intestine ! Pancreas ! Liver ! Gall Bladder
![Page 117: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/117.jpg)
Summary Healthy Habits
! Eat high fiber foods ! Drink lots of water ! Chew food well ! Avoid high-fat foods
![Page 118: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/118.jpg)
Introduc.on$! The'digestive'system'is'used'for'breaking'down'food'into'nutrients'which'then'pass'into'the'circulatory'system'and'are'taken'to'where'they'are'needed'in'the'body.'
![Page 119: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/119.jpg)
Diges.on$and$Homeostasis$! The'endocrine,'nervous,'digestive'and'circulatory'systems'all'work'together'to'control'digestion.'
! Before'we'eat,'smelling'food'releases'saliva'in'our'mouths'and'gastrin'in'our'stomachs'which'prepares'the'body'for'a'snack.'
The'Hormone'Gastrin'
![Page 120: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/120.jpg)
Diges.on$and$Homeostasis$! A large meal activates
receptors that churn the stomach and empty it faster.
! If the meal was high in fat, digestion is slowed, allowing time for the fat to be broken down.
! Hence why we feel fuller after eating a high fat meal.
![Page 121: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/121.jpg)
121
Ways to divide…. The more common
Plus: epigastric periumbilical suprapubic flank
![Page 122: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/122.jpg)
122
! Mouth = oral cavity ! Lining: thick stratified
squamous epithelium ! Lips- orbicularis oris
muscle ! Cheeks – buccinator
muscle
The Mouth
![Page 123: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/123.jpg)
123
! �Vermillion border� or red border ! Between highly
keratinized skin of face and mucosa of mouth
! Needs moisture ! Note frenulums (folds
of mucosa) ! Palate – roof of mouth
! Hard plate anteriorly ! Soft palate posterioly
! Uvula
![Page 124: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/124.jpg)
124
Tongue ! Mostly muscles
! Grip and reposition food ! Forms �bolus� of food (lump) ! Help in swallowing ! Speech – help form some consonants
! Note frenulum on previous slide: can be too tight ! Taste buds contained by circumvallate and fungiform papillae ! Lingual tonsil – back of tongue
![Page 125: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/125.jpg)
125
Teeth ! Called �dentition� (like dentist)
! Teeth live in sockets (alveoli) in the gum-covered margins of the mandible and maxilla
! Chewing: raising and lowering the mandible and moving it from side to side while tongue positions food between teeth
![Page 126: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/126.jpg)
126
Teeth ! Two sets
! Primary or deciduous ! �Baby� teeth ! Start at 6 months ! 20 are out by about 2 years ! Fall out between 2-6 years
! Permanent: 32 total ! All but 3rd set of molars by end
of adolescence ! 3rd set = �wisdom teeth�
! Variable ! Some can be �impacted� (imbedded in bone)
![Page 127: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/127.jpg)
127
Teeth are classified according to shape and function
! Incisors: chisel-shaped for chopping off pieces
! Canines: cone shaped to tear and pierce
! Premolars (bicuspids) and ! Molars - broad crowns with 4-5
rounded cusps for grinding
incisor
canine
premolar
molar
Cusps are surface bumps
![Page 128: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/128.jpg)
128
Tooth structure ! Two main regions
A. Crown (exposed) B. Root (in socket) C. Meet at neck
! Enamel ! 99% calcium crystals ! Hardest substance in
body ! Dentin – bulk of the
tooth (bone-like but harder than bone, with collagen and mineral)
! Pulp cavity with vessels and nerves ! Root canal: the part of
the pulp in the root
A
B
C
![Page 129: Review - sonhank.comsonhank.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Digestion.pdf · breaks down starch into maltose Ingestion - Mouth Food ... alimentary canal ! The tongue moves the food](https://reader035.vdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062907/5aad47bc7f8b9a9c2e8e0499/html5/thumbnails/129.jpg)
129
Tooth structure ! Cementum – bone layer
of tooth root ! Attaches tooth to
periodontal ligament ! Periodontal ligament
! Anchors tooth in boney socket of the jaw
! Continuous with gingiva (gums)
! Cavities or caries - rot ! Plaque – film of sugar,
bacteria and debris
A
B
C